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The article examines the effect of repeatedly planted soybeans on the growth and productivity of Orzu and Tomaris varieties. Phenological observations made on the plant, i.e., the height of the stem, the number of pods and the number of grains in each pod, and the weight of 1000 grains are given. In addition, when each variety was irrigated in the order of 70-70-60, 70-75-65, 70-80-70, the changes in the soil, i.e., the air regime of the soil, the volume mass of the soil, the water permeability of the soil, the moisture content of the soil before irrigation and at the end of the application period were determined and a conclusion was drawn based on the results of the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Apart from manual activation methods of irrigants during final irrigation procedure, multiple irrigant activation devices have been introduced which can influence the postoperative pain. Aim: To evaluate postoperative pain after final irrigation with open and closed-ended endodontic needles and Endoactivator during root canal treatment. Materials and Methods: This randomised controlled trial was conducted in Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, from June 2018 to August 2018. Total of 75 symptomatic irreversible pulpitis patients were randomly assigned into three groups. In group EN-1, final irrigation protocol was performed with 30-gauge notched tip needle (Pac-Dent, India), group EN-2 using side-vented, closed 30-gauge needle (Max-i-Probe, Dentsply, USA) and in group EA using Endoactivator (Dentsply, USA). Pain using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was evaluated at 8, 24 and 48 hours. Participants were prescribed Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) as an escape medication. Comparison between the three groups at each time interval was done using Kruskal Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney U test as post-hoc test. Change in VAS score over different time intervals (8, 24 and 48 hours) in each group was compared using Kruskal Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. The p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. SPSS version 20 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Mann-Whitney U test revealed significant difference between EN-1 and EN-2 (p=0.002) and between EN-1 and EA (p<0.001) at 8-hour time interval; between EN-1 and EA (p=0.002) at 24 hour time interval and between EN-1 and EN-2 (p=0.01) as well as between EN-1 and EA (p=0.002) at 48 hour time. Mann- Whitney U test showed significant difference (p<0.05) in number of NSAIDs taken at 8 hour between EN-1 and EA (p=0.04) and between EN-2 and EA (p=0.01); at 8-24 hour between EN-1 and EA and between EN-1 and EN-2 (p<0.001); at 24-48 hour between EN-1 and EA and between EN-1 and EN-2 (p<0.001). Conclusion: Number of NSAIDS taken by patients was significantly higher in open-ended needle irrigation group compared to side-vented needle and Endoactivator group in all the three time intervals along with postoperative pain. Thus, during final irrigant activation, application of Endoactivator or side-vented needle can be more beneficial in decreasing the incidence of postendodontic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to compare the effect of a single diode laser application and agitation of EDTA with diode laser with different parameters at different time intervals on root fracture. Ninety mandibular incisors were instrumented except the negative control group. The specimens were divided randomly into 10 groups according to final irrigation procedure: ( G1) non-instrumented; ( G2) distilled water; ( G3) 15% EDTA; ( G4) ultrasonically agitated EDTA; ( G5) single 1.5 W/100 Hz Diode laser; ( G6) single 3 W/100 Hz Diode laser; ( G7) 1.5 W/100 Hz Diode laser agitation of EDTA for 20 s; ( G8) 1.5 W/100 Hz Diode laser agitation of EDTA for 40 s; ( G9) 3 W/100 Hz Diode laser agitation of EDTA for 20 s; and ( G10) 3 W/100 Hz Diode laser agitation of EDTA for 40 s. The specimens were filled, mounted in acrylic resin, and compression strength test was performed on each specimen. Statistical analysis was carried out using one way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests ( P = 0.05). The statistical analysis revealed that there were statistically significant differences among the groups ( P < 0.05). Laser-agitated irrigation with a 3 W/100 Hz Diode laser for both 20 s and 40 s decreased the fracture resistance of teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: New solutions are needed to overcome the disadvantages of irrigation solutions that are frequently used to remove the inorganic part of the smear layer. The goal of the current study was to compare the effect of 5%, 10%, and 17% GA, 9% HEBP, 17% EDTA, and 10% CA on the fracture strength of endodontically treated premolars. Methods: Eighty-eight mandibular premolar teeth were selected. Eleven intact specimens were preserved as negative controls. After root canal preparation, the specimens were divided into 8 groups for the final irrigation procedure: Positive control (distilled water), 17% EDTA, 10% CA, 9% HEBP, 5% GA, 10% GA, and 17% GA (n = 11). After the final irrigation procedure, the root canals were obturated. Access cavities were filled with composite resin. A universal testing machine was used to measure the force required to fracture the specimens. Data were statistically analyzed. Results: The negative control group showed higher fracture strength than all other groups except the positive control group (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference among the EDTA, CA, HEBP, and GA groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, 1-minute use of 17% EDTA, 10% CA, 9% HEBP, 5% GA, 10% GA, and 17% GA as final irrigation solutions, in combination with NaOCl, had no effect on the fracture resistance of premolar teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Evaluating the efficacy of sonic activation in root canal cleaning using an Endocator adenosine triphosphate (ATP) tester. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the cleaning efficacy of needle irrigation and sonic activation by measuring ATP values and colony-forming units (CFUs) during root canal procedure. Settings and Design: The design of the study is an in vitro study. Materials and Methods: Eighty (n = 80) extracted mandibular molars were selected, and distal root canals were enlarged to F2 with ProTaper Gold rotary files. Canals were rinsed with 2 mL of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 2 mL of distilled water. Samples are sterilized, Enterococcus faecalis is inoculated and incubated at 37° for 4 weeks. Baseline ATP values and CFU are measured. Samples are divided into four groups of n = 20 and are irrigated. Group 1:2 mL of distilled water for 30 s. Group 2: 2 mL of distilled water activated with SmartLite Pro EndoActivator (SLP-EA) for 30 s. Group 3: 2 mL of 1% NaOCl for 30 s. Group 4: 2 mL of 1% NaOCl activated with SLP-EA for 30 s. The irrigation procedure was repeated for nine cycles. ATP values and CFU are recorded after each cycle. Friedman, Kruskal–Wallis, Wilcoxon, and Tukey's post hoc tests are used for statistical evaluation. Results: A significant decrease in ATP values and CFU from baseline to residual level is observed in all groups (P ≤ 0.05). Microbial load reduction is significant in Group 4, followed by Groups 2 and 3. Conclusions: 1% NaOCl + SLP-EA showed better efficacy by recording lower ATP values and CFU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Infected dentinal tubules are a possible source of bacteria that are responsible for the failure of root canal treatment. Therefore, disinfection of dentinal tubules by increasing the penetration of the irrigation solution is important for success in retreatment cases. This study utilized confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to assess and compare the impact of XPR, ultrasonic irrigation (UI) and sonic activation (SA) on NaOCl penetration into dentinal tubules following endodontic retreatment. Methods: A total of forty mandibular premolars were enrolled in this investigation. Following root canal preparation up to ProTaper X3 file (30/0.07), root canals were obturated with gutta-percha and bioceramic root canal sealer with single cone technique. The root canal filling materials were removed using ProTaper nickel-titanium rotary retreatment files until the working length was reached. The retreatment procedure was finalized using the ProTaper Next X4 (40/0.06). The teeth were divided into four groups based on the irrigation activation technique: control (conventional needle irrigation), SA, UI and XPR. During the final irrigation procedure, Rhodamine B dye was introduced to 5% NaOCl for visualization via CLSM. Subsequent to image acquisition, the maximum penetration, penetration percentage, and penetration area were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, and Bonferroni Dunn multiple comparison tests through R software (p < 0.05). Results: In the middle third, UI yielded a significantly higher penetration percentage than the control group (p < 0.05). The UI and XPR groups showed increased penetration percentages in the coronal and middle thirds compared with the apical third (P < 0.05). Maximum penetration was notably reduced in the apical third than in comparison with the coronal and middle thirds in all groups (p < 0.05). In the control, SA and XP groups, the penetration area was ranked in descending order as coronal, middle and apical (p < 0.05). Conversely, in the ultrasonic group, the penetration area was significantly lower in the apical third than in the middle and coronal thirds (p < 0.05). Conclusions: UI enhanced the penetration percentage in the middle third of the root compared with that in the control group. XPR and SA showed no significant effect on NaOCl penetration following retreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Current Research in Dental Sciences is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of various endodontic irrigation regimens, using NaOCl followed by different agents for smear layer removal, on the surface and interface of Biodentine with dentine. Materials and methods: Furcal perforations were produced in 60 permanent mandibular molars. The walls of the perforated area were contaminated with blood and then perforations were covered with Biodentine and the teeth were divided into six groups (n = 10). In the control group, all irrigation procedures were performed using distilled water. In the other five groups 5.25% NaOCl was used as initial irrigant followed by: distilled water (DW group); 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA group); 37% phosphoric acid (PA group); 10% citric acid (CA group); and 7% maleic acid (MA group). The specimens were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after the irrigation procedure to evaluate the morphology of Biodentine on the surface. SEM images were analysed qualitatively using a score system (Score 0, no modification between initial and final images; Score 1, modification between initial and final images). Pushout bond strength test was performed 7 days after sample preparation. Data were statistically analysed using Kruskal--Wallis and Dunn tests (P < 0.05). Results: All irrigation regimens modified the topography of Biodentine. The regimens that used NaOCl/DW and NaOCl/EDTA showed significantly lower push-out bond strength values when compared to NaOCl/PA, NaOCl/CA, NaOCl/MA and control (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The regimens using NaOCl/DW or NaOCl/EDTA compromised the push-out bond strength results when compared with other groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was aimed to evaluate push‐out bond strength and apical‐microleakage after application of three different calcium silicate‐based cements with irrigation solutions on simulated immature teeth. 40 maxillary permanent canine teeth were used for push‐out bond strength test, and 120 maxillary permanent incisors were used for microleakage evaluation. 120 root slices were divided into four main groups (EDTA, Chitosan, Phytic acid, and Saline) and immersed these solutiouns according to irrigation procedures. Each irrigation group was divided into 3 subgroups (Biodentine, MTA Repair HP, and NeoPUTTY). The prepared teeth were divided into four groups according to irrigation procedure for microleakage test. EDTA irrigation with Biodentine group showed highest push‐out bond strength value and saline group with Neoputty showed the lowest push‐out bond strength value. The highest microleakage value was seen in saline group with MTA Repair HP, while the lowest microleakage value was observed chitosan with Biodentine group. Chitosan and phytic acid solutions can be recommended as an alternative irrigation solution to 17% EDTA in single‐session apexification treatment, since they are non‐toxic, naturally occurring materials, effectively remove the smear layer, and have a positive effect on bond strength and apical leakage. Research Highlights: One of the factors affecting the long‐term success of root canal treatment is a hermetic seal. Non‐hermetic or inadequate filling triggers a chronic inflammatory reaction in periapical tissues, causing fluids to enter the spaces and negatively affecting the success of the treatment. Therefore, this study will help clinicians choose the right biomaterial and irrigation solution that will affect the success of root canal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed to assess the efficacy of different final irrigation agitation techniques on dentin tubule penetration of nanoparticle calcium hydroxide (NCH) dressing. Ninety‐six extracted upper incisors were shaped up to #40file. Then, Four experimental groups were formed according to the final irrigation procedure: conventional needle irrigation (CNI), manual dynamic agitation (MDA), sonic agitation (SA) and ultrasonic irrigant agitation (UIA). According to the intracanal drug used, these groups were divided into two subgroups: calcium hydroxide (CH) and NCH. Prepared CH preparations were labelled with Rhodamine B, and CH or NCH were placed in root canals. In the UIA group, both CH and NCH had the highest penetration depth and percentage compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). The penetration depth and percentage of NCH in the UIA and SA groups were significantly higher than in the CH groups (p < 0.05). UIA is more effective than other groups in increasing dentinal tubule penetration of CH and NCH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study compared the effects of different irrigation solutions on the microhardness of root dentin. Methods: Fifty single-rooted human teeth were chosen, and the roots were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10) according to the irrigant used for 5 min: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2% boric acid (BA), 5% BA, 10% BA, and distilled water (DW). After the irrigation procedure, dentin surface microhardness was calculated using a Vickers indenter 100 μm from the root canal lumen. Comparisons between the groups were performed with a two-way ANOVA test and and Tukey's multiple comparison test (p = 0.05). Results: All irrigation solutions decreased the microhardness of root canal dentin. The DW and 2% BA had a minimum effect on the microhardness of root canal dentin, whereas a significant decrease in surface microhardness was found in 10% BA group (p < 0.05). The coronal third of the 10% BA group showed the lowest percentage decrease, with a significant difference between the apical and middle thirds (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, 5% BA and 17% EDTA showed similar effects on the microhardness of root canal dentin. Further clinical research is required to evaluate the biocompatibility and safety of BA solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Oral Research is the property of Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. To report the effectiveness of an intraoperative posterior chamber irrigation technique to enhance vitreous cavity support during postvitrectomy phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Methods. The irrigation technique was performed during phacoemulsification cataract surgery on 10 postvitrectomy eyes (9 patients) with moderate or hard density cataracts and with low vitreous cavity support. A cohesive viscoelastic tamponade was applied to pressurize the anterior chamber to start the procedure. The vitreous cavity was then irrigated using a 26-gauge flushing cannula injecting balanced salt solution under the iris through the zonules, until the vitreous cavity pressure balanced and exceeded the anterior chamber pressure and viscoelastic flowed out from the corneal incision. Intraoperative performance with the irrigation technique, postoperative visual acuity, and anatomy, and complications were retrospectively evaluated. Results. The irrigation procedure instantly enhanced posterior segment pressure before capsulorhexis in 4 eyes, before phacoemulsification in 4 eyes, after phacoemulsification in 2 eyes, before intraocular lens implantation in 6 eyes, and after implantation in 3 eyes. Phacoemulsification cataract surgery was facilitated by the irrigation technique, with a stabilized anterior chamber and robust vitreous cavity support. No complications occurred intraoperatively and postoperatively. At a 3-month follow-up, favorable visual and anatomic outcomes were achieved in all eyes. Conclusions. The irrigation technique balanced the pressure of anterior and posterior segments. Thus, vitreous cavity support and anterior chamber depth were well stabilized during phacoemulsification cataract surgery in postvitrectomy eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical site infection (SSI) poses a substantial postoperative challenge, affecting patient recovery and healthcare costs. While surgical wound irrigation is pivotal in SSI reduction, consensus on the optimal method remains elusive. We developed a novel device for surgical wound irrigation and conducted preclinical and clinical evaluations to evaluate its efficacy and safety. Two preclinical experiments using swine were performed. In the washability test, two contaminated wound model were established, and the cleansing rate between the device and the conventional method were compared. In the contamination test, the irrigation procedure with a fluorescent solution assessed the surrounding contamination of drapes. Subsequently, a clinical trial involving patients undergoing abdominal surgery was conducted. The washability test demonstrated significantly higher cleansing rates with the device method (86.4% and 82.5%) compared to the conventional method (65.2% and 65.1%) in two contamination models. The contamination test revealed a smaller contaminated region with the device method than the conventional method. In the clinical trial involving 17 abdominal surgery cases, no superficial SSIs or adverse events related to device use were observed. Our newly developed device exhibits potential for achieving more effective and safe SSI control compared to conventional wound irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate how an antioxidant treatment would influence the immediate bond strength of dental adhesives to endodontically treated dentine. Scientific evidence was researched in five databases using selected descriptors. Two independent reviewers conducted the investigation and assessed the data and methodological quality of the studies. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were specified for article selection; only studies in English and published between 2001 and 2022 were evaluated. A total of 18 studies were selected and analysed. According to most studies, the irrigation procedure and substrate preparation in endodontic therapy may affect the immediate bond strength. Antioxidants can improve bond strength and adhesion following the use of the most frequently used irrigants in root canal treatments. Therefore, antioxidant treatment can be considered a proper technique to enhance the bond strength of endodontically treated teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Texto & Contexto Enfermagem is the property of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pos-Graduacao de Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of ultrasonically and sonically activated irrigation in terms of extrusion risk, root canal debridement, and biofilm removal, considering distinct apical preparation sizes, through an ex vivo study in human teeth. Instrumented teeth, to an apical size of 35/.06 or 50/.06, were assigned to three different irrigation procedures: ultrasonically activated irrigation, sonically activated irrigation, and conventional manual irrigation. Apical extrusion risk was evaluated by quantifying irrigant and debris extrusion (n = 10/group). Debris evaluation and smear layer removal from the root canal wall were conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 5/group), and the elimination of a mature biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis was assessed through resazurin assay and SEM (n = 10/group). For statistical analyses, Student's paired t-test and the ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey were used. Activated irrigations exhibited a higher risk of extrusion for the larger apical size, while the risk for manual irrigation remained independent of the apical size. Substantially fewer residual debris and smear layers were observed after the activation of the irrigant, and there was a notable enhancement in biofilm elimination compared to manual irrigation (p < 0.05). Notably, the effectiveness of both activated irrigations was more pronounced in root canals prepared to a size 50/.06, with ultrasonic activation showing enhanced improvements. The findings of this study underscore the substantial impact of both ultrasonically and sonically activated irrigation on the effectiveness of root canal disinfection and debridement. This impact is especially prominent with larger apical size, albeit accompanied by an increased risk of extrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunel is the property of Ceska Tunelarska Asociace ITA-AITES, z.s and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: Using N acetyl cysteine (NAC) and Chlorhexidine as final irrigants, the study aims to examine the push out bond strength of distinct sealers. Materials and Methods: Access and biomechanical preparation were done on decoronated 80 single-rooted teeth. Canals were alternatively irrigated using 5ml of 5.25% NaOCl and 5ml of 17% EDTA solution during instrumentation. On the basis of final irrigation procedure, the samples are divided into two groups: Group 1 – NAC and Group 2 – 2% Chlorhexidine. Using paper points, canals were dried and subdivided depending on the sealers used, Group 1A and 2A- AH plus and 1B and 2B- BioRoot RCS. Teeth were obturated and middle root sections were tested for push-out bond strength using universal testing equipment. Statistical analysis was done. Results: NAC with AH-plus sealer had the maximum push-out strength, whereas Chlorhexidine with BioRoot RCS sealer had the lowest. Conclusion: NAC increases the bond strength of the obturating materials as the final irrigant. NAC can be considered as a final irrigant for endodontic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various factors that may interfere with the activity of biomaterials during endodontic therapy. One of them is the canal system irrigation procedure with different rinsing solutions performed after the placement of bioactive cements. The authors investigate the influence of citric acid, a chelating agent, on the surface and the chemical composition of Biodentine tricalcium silicate-based cement using a multimethod approach. Twenty samples were divided into two groups based on the material setting time. They were subjected to citric acid irrigation with or without ultrasonic activation for 5 and 20 min. The chemical analysis was made with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The visual assessment of Biodentine surface was carried out in scanning electron microscope (SEM). The volume of material loss during the procedure was measured with Keyence optic microscope and dedicated digital software. Statistical analysis was performed. The results of the study show that the irrigation with citric acid influenced the surface appearance of the material and changed its chemical composition in both investigated groups. The ultrasonic activation (US) of the liquid has also aggravated its impact. Further research is needed to assess if that fact may change the sealing properties of the material influencing the long-term clinical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study aimed to assess the postobturation push-out bond strength of noneugenol-based sealers among different activation groups. Methods: One hundred sixteen single-rooted extracted mandibular premolar teeth were obtained. They were split into six groups-Group I: conventional cleaning and shaping (CCS) and sealing with AH Plus; Group II: CCS with MTA Fillapex; Group III: diode laser group with AH Plus; Group IV: diode laser group with MTA Fillapex; Group V: ultrasonic activation group with AH Plus; and Group VI: ultrasonic activation group with MTA Fillapex. Coronal and apical horizontal root sections were obtained from each sample and subjected to push-out bond strength. An independent t-test was done to compare the two groups of sealers. Results: A comparison of the irrigation activation in each sealer group was made using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test. A comparison of the coronal and apical groups was made by paired t-test. Both the sealers exhibited higher push-out bond strength values after ultrasonic irrigation in the apical section. Higher values were obtained when AH Plus sealer was used. Push-out bond strength tests between MTA Fillapex and AH Plus with various irrigation activation regimes revealed that AH Plus had a stronger bond to the root dentin when combined with ultrasonic activation in the apical third of the root dentin. Conclusion: The study concluded that the higher values of push-out bond strength were noted in the AH Plus sealer group in the ultrasonic activation group in the apical root dentin section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geomechanik und Tunnelbau is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ultrasound (US)-guided salivary gland irrigation is a popular conservative treatment method that improves the success rate and reduces complications of the sialo-irrigation procedure. US is routinely used for evaluation of various salivary gland diseases because of its easy accessibility and absence of ionizing radiation. US also allows dynamic studies with real-time imaging during diagnostic or surgical procedures. However, conventional US images have limitations in salivary duct visualization. Although US images acquired with saline irrigation have improved visualization because of ductal system dilation by the pulling effect, the resultant image quality remains insufficient for diagnosis. Therefore, contrast agents are required during US-guided sialo-irrigation procedures to produce diagnostic image quality. Air bubbles in saline solution have high echogenicity and enhance image quality by acting as a US contrast agent. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of US-guided sialo-irrigation with a saline-air contrast medium, to estimate its diagnostic and treatment efficacy, and to examine the procedure in two patients. In the study, two patients underwent US-guided salivary gland irrigation with air-bubble mixed saline solution. During the procedure, we were able to visualize the salivary gland duct and subsequently irrigate and clean the inside of the duct. As a result, the patients' symptoms were relieved and saline solution mixed with air bubbles was confirmed to be an effective contrast agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of transanal irrigation on bowel function and quality of life in a prospective cohort of Danish patients with fecal incontinence or constipation. Methods: Patients with fecal incontinence or constipation of heterogeneous origin were treated by a specialist nurse at the Anal Physiology Clinic/Department of Surgery at Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. If satisfactory results were not obtained after conservative bowel management, patients were instructed in the use the transanal irrigation procedure and were consecutively recruited for this observational cohort study in the period from March 2010 to September 2013. Patients completed questionnaires regarding bowel function, quality of life and the transanal irrigation procedure at baseline and after 12 months. Results: A total of 507 were introduced to transanal irrigation. Eighty-three percent were females. The median age was 56 (range 19-86) years. At follow-up, 216 (43%) patients still used transanal irrigation, 174 (34%) reported that they had discontinued the treatment for various reasons, while no response was obtained from the remaining 117 (23%) patients. The main reason for not adhering to the treatment was an unsatisfactory outcome, which was reported by 86 (49.4%) of those who discontinued the treatment. Among patients still using the procedure at follow-up, a statistically significant improvement of bowel function scores (St. Marks/Wexner incontinence score, Wexner constipation score and obstructed defecation syndrome score) was detected: the Wexner incontinence score decreased from 12.4 at baseline to 10.2 at follow-up ( p < 0.001); the St. Marks incontinence score decreased from 14.9 to 12.7 ( p < 0.001); the Wexner constipation score decreased from 14.3 to 12.4 ( p < 0.001); and the obstructed defecation syndrome score also dropped, from 15.1 to 11.8 ( p < 0.001). Furthermore, the influence of bowel dysfunction on daily activities and quality of life diminished significantly, while the general satisfaction with bowel function increased significantly ( p < 0.001 in all three measures). Conclusions: Bowel function and quality of life improved in the group of patients adhering to transanal irrigation after 12 months. However, more than one-third of the patients discontinued the treatment within the first year with transanal irrigation. Thus, further studies are needed in order to identify factors predicting success and failure with this treatment and to improve supervision during initiation and follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dentistry, disinfection with antimicrobials is employed under different conditions and at different time points. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of disinfectant dental sprays was proposed, among other measures, to help prevent the transmission of infections during dental procedures that require highly effective antiseptics at particularly short contact times. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of electrolyzed saline (EOS) compared with other antiseptics in terms of the spread of enveloped and nonenveloped viruses by ultrasonic scaler (USS)–generated dental spray. Suspension tests were performed to evaluate the antiviral efficacy of EOS against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and human adenovirus (HAdV), which served as models for enveloped and nonenveloped viruses, respectively. EOS, mostly composed of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), reduced the amount of both virus types in the presence or absence of artificial saliva by > 4 log10 50% tissue culture infectious dose (P < 0.001). In addition, the mechanism of virucidal effect was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Following this assessment, a virus-laden dental spray transmission model was used to simulate virus-infected patients undergoing dental procedures with USS. Attenuation was achieved by substituting the USS coolant with one of the effective, pretested antiseptics. Due to safety concerns, nonhuman viral pathogens—equine arteritis virus (EAV) and feline calicivirus (FCV)—served as enveloped and nonenveloped virus models, respectively. Viral infection was evaluated by direct droplet/aerosol infection of RK-13 or CRFK cells. In addition, the biocompatibility of the antiseptics was tested with exposure to human oral keratinocytes. EOS demonstrated strong virucidal activity against both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses and was able to absolutely prevent airborne transmission of EAV and FCV through dental spray in the splatter and droplet/aerosol samples. The study emphasized that EOS, a chlorine-based antiseptic, is a promising, reasonably safe, broad-spectrum agent for preventing dental spray–mediated viral transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endodontic therapy aims at preventing or curing apical periodontitis. To conduct this, the cleaning and shaping of the canals are essential. By using an irrigant, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), practitioners attempt to wash out debris, dissolve organic and inorganic tissue, lubricate the canals, prevent smear layer formation, and disrupt biofilms. Different methods have been developed to optimise the effectiveness of irrigants, including manual or passive techniques (the conventional method used worldwide) and active techniques (the irrigant is activated by certain devices to improve its flow in the root canal system). Some techniques included in the active category are ultrasonic and sonic methods, apical negative pressure irrigation, and multisonic activation. These active techniques appear to have higher effectiveness when compared to the conventional syringe method during the root canal treatment procedure. However, it is unclear whether they also have a higher influence on the treatment outcome and healing of apical periodontitis. There is a consensus on the need for endodontic studies with standardized protocols and methods to reach a standardized clinical protocol when using active irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic film-bottomed treatment (FBT) is a critical agricultural practice in arid regions, aimed at enhancing crop productivity by improving soil moisture retention and nutrient availability. However, the effects of different depths of film-bottomed treatment (DFBT) on nitrogen (N) absorption and translocation in spring wheat remain inadequately understood. We conducted a field experiment on sandy soil to investigate the effects of different DFBT depths (60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 cm) and on total N absorption amount (TNAA), total N translocation amount (TNTA) in all nutritive organs, grain nitrogen content (GN), and grain yield (GY). Morphological measurements included GY, GN, TNAA, and TNTA in the stem, sheath, leaf, spike axis, kernel husk (SAKH), and culm. The results showed that FBT significantly reduced soil moisture loss, with the 100 cm depth reducing soil leakage by 59.6% (p < 0.001). At the flowering stage, nitrogen derived from fertilizer (NDF) and soil nitrogen (NDS) were significantly higher at the 80 cm depth (p < 0.001). At maturity, the total nitrogen absorption amount (TNAA) and translocation amount (TNTA) in the main stem and across nutrient organs were significantly higher under the 80 cm DFBT (p < 0.001), leading to improved nitrogen use efficiency. The correlation between TNTA and GN was strongest at 80 cm (p < 0.001). Grain yield (GY) and GN were optimized at intermediate depths, particularly at 80 cm, suggesting this depth provides an optimal balance between water retention and drainage efficiency. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing DFBT depth, particularly at 80 cm, to achieve enhanced water retention, efficient nitrogen utilization, and improved crop productivity in arid agricultural systems. This research provides critical insights into sustainable agricultural practices under water-limited conditions, offering practical guidance for improving food security in arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer (AHPB), AH Plus (AHP), MTA Fillapex (MTAF), and Sure-Seal (SS) sealers for dentinal tubular penetration ability. Methods: Forty extracted human mandibular premolars were instrumented and divided into 4 groups based on the sealer used for filling (n = 10): AHPB, AHP, MTAF, SS. After filling the root canals, the roots were entombed in acrylic resin blocks and cut vertically in the long axis to obtain 1-mm-thick disks from 3 mm (at apical third), 8 mm (at middle third) and 13 mm (at coronal third) away the apical foramen. The images of 120 samples (30 for each group) were scanned by using confocal laser scanning microscopy and analyzed with the ImageJ software. Total penetration area and the root canal area were measured, and the ratio of these values were recorded as sealer penetration ratio. The data were evaluated for each third and in total using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey's test. The significance level was set to P < 0.05. Results: In the apical, middle and coronal thirds and in total, MTAF and AHP, and SS and AHPB had statistically significant identical penetration ratio values. Both SS and AHPB demonstrated statistically considerably greater penetration % as compared to MTAF and AHP in all thirds (P < 0.05), and in total (P < 0.05). Conclusion: AHPB and SS provided a higher penetration % than AHP and MTAF in apical, middle and coronal thirds, and in total. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to analyze image biomarkers of the parotid glands in ultrasonography images with reduced shape effects, providing a reference for the radiomic diagnosis of parotid gland lesions. Methods: Ultrasound (US) and sialography images of the parotid glands, acquired from September 2019 to March 2024, were reviewed along with their clinical information. Parotid glands diagnosed as within the normal range were included. Overall, 91 US images depicting the largest portion of the parotid glands were selected for radiomic feature extraction. Regions of interest were drawn twice on 50 images using different shapes to assess the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Feature dimensions were statistically reduced by selecting features with an ICC > 0.8 and applying four statistical algorithms. The selected features were used to distinguish age and sex using the four classification models. Classification performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), recall, and precision. Results: The combinations of the information gain ratio algorithm or stochastic gradient descent and the naïve Bayes model showed the highest AUC for both age and sex classification (AUC = 1.000). The features contributing to these classifications included the first-order and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (high-order) features, particularly discretized intensity skewness and kurtosis, intensity skewness, and GLCM angular second moment. These features also contributed to achieving one of the highest recall (0.889) and precision (0.926) values. Conclusions: The two features were the most significant factors in discriminating radiomic variations related to age and sex in US images with reduced shape effects. These radiomic findings should be assessed when diagnosing parotid gland pathology versus normal using US images and radiomics in a heterogeneous population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical greenery or green walls are spreading rapidly not only in Southeast Asia but also in colder regions such as Western and Central Europe. The simultaneous growth and densification of larger cities has accelerated this trend recently as these cities require increased green space to improve living quality. A significant issue directly affecting security aspects regarding building components covered with different kinds of plants is their fire behaviour. A major parameter expected to influence this behaviour is the moisture content of the plants and their ability to retain moisture in case of irrigation interruption. In this study, four different plant species were chosen due to their hardiness which favours their usage as vertical greenery under the climatic conditions of Central Europe. Bomb and cone calorimetric investigations and single-flame source tests were carried out on them. These tests have been executed at different plant moisture contents as the fire behaviour of plants is obviously influenced by their moisture content. The results quantify the remarkable individuality of the plants with respect to their reaction to fire exposure in both moist and dry conditions. The findings can be extrapolated to quantify the overall fire behaviour of a green façade, especially the accruing heat content. Additionally, an optimized position of different plants within the façade can be derived to reduce the flame propagation probability upward of the façade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumptive use of water by irrigated crops is typically quantified using the crop coefficient–reference evapotranspiration (Kc–ETo) procedure; yet, recent results showed that Kc might change with ETo, in response to high atmospheric demand. It is not known if the reduced Kc at high ETo applies to other crops with different aerodynamic features of the canopies. This paper seeks to provide the Kc values for soybean, wheat and potato, and propose an adaptation to the Kc–ETo procedure, hypothesising that the inverse relation between Kc and ETo would be general for all types of crops. Our results showed average Kc values of 0.90, 1.18 and 1.28, respectively, for soybean, wheat and potato cropping systems in the Brazilian cropping systems. However, Kc decreased as ETo increased, for all crops considered in this study, because of the increase of internal plant resistances to vapour diffusion from the leaves to the atmosphere. When ETo was above > 4 mm d−1, the water use by such crops was lower than that prescribed by Allen et al. (JAMA, 1998). The time-based Kc curves in Allen et al. (JAMA, 1998) are inappropriate for the studied crops under high demanding conditions and, besides the considerations suggested by Allen et al. (JAMA, 1998) (i.e., crop development stage, presence or absence of weeds), Kc recommendations for practical irrigation management should be based on the average ETo values of the previous days of the irrigation procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The main etiology of pulp diseases and per-radicular lesion is presence of microorganisms. The disinfection phase of root canal therapy is fundamental determinant in complete healing of periapical tissue. The purpose of this study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of 3% NaOCL-17%EDTA, MTAD and 3% NaOCL-10% citric acid against Enterococcus faecalis. Method: This study utilized 45 human primary teeth with single root. The samples infected with E. faecalis for 2 days. Incubation all the infected samples in brain heart infusion broth (for 2 weeks). before irrigation procedure swaps from all the canals were taken and considered as controls. Post irrigation samples were taken after complete treatment. Evaluation the disinfection efficacy of three methods was done by cfu/ml to show the number of the remaining bacteria, statistical analysis was done using one way anova and post-hoc Dennett t3 test. Result: All samples treated with 3% NaOCL- 17% treated with 3% NaOCL and 17% EDTA showed nearly complete absence of bacteria. The 15 samples treated with MTAD showed similar results to the first group, while the least antibacterial effect was seen in the 3% NaOCL-10% citric acid group. Statistical analysis of data showed highly significant difference between groups (P< 0.01). Conclusion: This study showed that both 3% NaOCL-17% EDTA and MTAD are effective against E. faecalis, while 3% NaOCL and 10% citric acid showed the least effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To evaluate the wetting behaviour of three different classes of endodontic sealers, silicone ( Roekoseal Automix)-, epoxy-resin (2 Seal, AH Plus)- and methacrylate-based sealers ( Endo Rez, Real Seal, Real Seal SE, Seal 3 D) on dentine specimens with and without chemical pre-treatment. Methodology Eighty caries-free molar teeth were used for the preparation of 160 dentine discs. Half of the discs were rinsed with distilled water, and the remainder were treated with 3% Na OCl, followed by 17% EDTA and 2% CHX to simulate the final rinse under clinical-like conditions. For both irrigation methods, 10 droplets of each sealer were analysed. Data were statistically analysed using multivariate anova (general linear model, α = 0.05) that assessed the effects of material, irrigation procedure and time on the measured contact angle as well as their interaction. Results Contact angle was primarily influenced by the material ( P < 0.05), followed by time ( P < 0.05). Irrigation procedure had a significant influence ( P < 0.05) on contact angle formation of all materials except Endo Rez and AH Plus. Endo Rez had the highest values, and Roekoseal Automix had the lowest values for all measurements. Real Seal SE had lower values after chemical treatment. Conclusions The silicone-based sealer Roekoseal Automix had better wettability than epoxy-resin- or methacrylate-based sealers. The irrigation regime significantly favoured the wettability of 2 Seal and Real Seal SE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evaluating the effect of different obturation techniques on postoperative pain level and radiographic healing on non-surgical endodontic retreatment (NSER) applied in a single visit in teeth with a single root canal and apical periodontitis (AP). Materials and methods: Sixty-three teeth from 50 systemically healthy patients (mean age 34.19 ± 9.75 years; 27 women, 23 men) were included in the study. Residual root canal filling materials were removed. All teeth were randomly divided into three groups according to the obturation technique: cold lateral compaction (CLC), continuous wave compaction (CWC), and thermoplasticized gutta-core (TGC). Pain status was evaluated using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NRS) in all cases. Periapical index (PAI) scores were recorded in preoperative and postoperative 6-month on the periapical radiographs. Data were analyzed as statistically (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The significance level was determined as p < 0.05. Results: It was found that more postoperative pain occurred in the 3rd-hour interval after CLC and CWC compared to the 7th-day interval (p < 0.05). There was no difference in postoperative pain between obturation techniques in all evaluated time intervals (p > 0.05). There was no difference in the PAI scores recorded at six months between obturation techniques for all periods (p > 0.05). Similar radiographic improvement was observed in all obturation techniques at 6-months (p > 0.05). Conclusion: CLC, CWC, and TGC root canal obturation techniques were found to have similar efficacy after NSER in a single visit in teeth with AP at six months. Trial registration: The research was retrospectively registered on the website www.clinicaltrials.gov with the registration number NCT06226740 on 26/01/2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive cultivation is a key agricultural activity in Spain, primarily for producing oil. The extraction process of olive oil from the drupe yields a by-product known as 'alperujo', which can be composted and utilized as fertilizer. This research examines the impact of composted 'alperujo' on arthropod assemblages in the tree canopy, comparing it to mineral fertilization over the years 2021 and 2022. The study was conducted in two olive groves with different management systems (superintensive and traditional). Two types of sampling methods were used for the canopy: visual survey and sweep net. Under superintensive management, the presence and damage of Eriophyidae (Acari; Trombidiformes) in the shoots was significantly lower in the compost treatment in 2022 (20% of the shoots were occupied/damaged) compared to the mineral treatment (60% of the shoots were occupied/damaged). Araneae abundance was significantly higher (p = 0.033) in the compost treatment compared to the mineral treatment. However, under traditional management, no clear effect on arthropod assemblage was observed. In conclusion, the addition of compost to the superintensive grove helped to limit the presence of some arthropod pests compared to mineral treatment, contributing to a more sustainable crop. Grove type management appeared to play a significant role in the arthropod assemblages and effect of compost addition, but future research utilizing a greater number of groves (replicates) and an extended observation period should be performed to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otitis media results from a multitude of factors that cause inflammation of the lining of the tympanic cavity and/or structures of the middle ear, including infections, middle ear polyps, and neoplasms. Cats with otitis media can be asymptomatic or exhibit clinical signs of otitis externa, neurologic deficits, or upper respiratory tract disease. A therapeutic challenge is presented by cats' unique, almost complete, septum bulla in the ventral cavity of the middle ear. Diagnosis of otitis media relies on visualization of material in the middle ear by otoscopy or imaging. Treatment requires management of the underlying cause as well as removal of the material in the middle ear by minimally invasive (e.g., myringotomy and bulla lavage) or surgical (e.g., ventral bulla osteotomy) techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eradication of microorganisms present in the root canal system during endodontic therapy is one of the critical factors affecting the final outcome of endodontic treatment. However, even adequate technique of the root canal treatment and use of irrigants according to the established protocol does not lead to the complete elimination of microorganisms during endodontic treatment. The presence of Enterococcus (E.) faecalis inside the root canal system may be an important factor contributing to the failure of the treatment. Introducing agitation techniques in irrigation, such as passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and the use of the activating instrument XP-endo Finisher (XPF), contribute to a better debridement and disinfection of the root canal. This study was conducted on 42 root canals experimentally inoculated with E. faecalis and exposed to three irrigation protocols. These have included a standard irrigation protocol using a syringe and needle, passive ultrasonic irrigation, and activation of the irrigant using an XPF instrument. The reduction in microorganisms was evaluated using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction in real-time (RT-PCR) as well as via the method of determining the number of colony forming units on nutrient medium (CFUs). The results of this study showed that the use of supplementary irrigation protocols, PUI, and XPF led to a significant decrease in the number of microorganisms inside the root canal of experimental teeth. These findings indicate a significant positive impact of these procedures on the disinfection of the root canal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The materials used in root canal filling and radiotherapy (RT) application can affect the load-to-failure of the teeth. This study aimed to compare the load-to-failure of the teeth filled with AH Plus (AHP) or AH Plus bioceramic (AHPB) before or after 60 Gy- and 70 Gy-dose radiotherapy. Materials and methods: One hundred and ten maxillary incisors were endodontically prepared up to ProTaper Next X4 instruments. The teeth were randomly divided into 5 main groups as: non-irradiated, root canal treatment (RCT) before 60 Gy radiotherapy, RCT before 70 Gy radiotherapy, RCT after 60 Gy radiotherapy, RCT after 70 Gy radiotherapy. These groups were divided into 2 subgroups for filling material: AHP ve AHPB. After filling and radiotherapy procedures, the teeth were fixed on the thermoplastic mask plane. The plane were placed in the middle of a rectangular prism shaped glass phantom, and irradiated via a linear accelerator device. The teeth were then embedded in cylindrical acrylic blocks and the force (N) that caused the fracture was recorded under the Universal testing device. Student t-test was used for statistical comparisons. Statistical significance level was determined as p < 0.05. Results: After 70 Gy dose radiotherapy, the group filled with AHPB showed statistically significantly lower fracture strength than the group filled with AHP (p < 0.05). In the control group, before 60 Gy RT group, after 60 Gy RT group, and before 70 Gy RT group, the sealers had statistically significantly similar load-to-failure. (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The group filled with AHPB caused a lower fracture strength than the group filled with AHP following a 70 Gy dose of RT. The sealers in the control group, before 60 Gy RT group, after 60 Gy RT group, and before 70 Gy RT group exhibited comparable load-to-failure values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different cements (Panavia V5, RelyX U200) and placement techniques (indirect ultrasonic vibration and manual method) on the bond strength of glass fiber posts in teeth with different post space preparation methods and to evaluate the failure types. (2) Methods: A total of 120 human upper central teeth were collected for the study. One week after root canal treatment, 10 mm long post space preparation was performed using post drills. Post spaces were irrigated in three different ways, namely NaOCl, NaOCl + EDTA solutions, and passive ultrasonic irrigation of NaOCl and EDTA solutions. Glass fiber posts were divided into two groups for resin cement systems, namely RelyX U200 (3M ESPE) or Panavia V5 (Kuraray Medical). Two different methods, namely the indirect ultrasonic vibration and the manual method, were applied for post placement. Then, 1.2 mm sections were taken from the middle and coronal regions of the inserted fiber posts for a push-out test. (3) Results: the Irrigation × Cement (p = 0.002), Cement × Section (p = 0.043) and Placement × Section (p = 0.049) pairwise interactions were statistically significant. (4) Conclusions: in our study, the effects of different post cavity preparations, different cement types, and different placement techniques on the bond strength of the fiber post were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the climatic factors within the limits of the sector, where the respective researches were carried out, their tendency to change, towards the creation of arid conditions, was found. The change of climatic factors imposes the need to review the cultivation technologies of agricultural plants. An element of the technological cultivation process was used mulch from plant residues, Miscanthus sp. The experiment was carried out with the laying of mulch with a layer thickness of about 5 cm, the width of the strip about 50 cm and the length in a row of 15 meters. In order to measure the parameters, sensors were fixed in the soil, which determine, in the layer of 10-15 cm: the temperature in the soil, the temperature at the surface of the soil, the humidity of the soil, the electrical conductivity of the soil, as well as the amount of sunlight that falls on the surface of the soil. The respective sensors were placed both in the mulched and non-mulched area. At the time of initiation of the experiment, the soil moisture in the layer of 10-15 cm from the surface was about 20.48%. After covering the soil with mulch throughout the vegetation period, it was found that the soil moisture, in the case with mulch, is practically twice as high as in the case without mulch. The layer of mulch from plant residues contributes to: maintaining moisture in the soil, regulating the thermal regime of the soil, preventing erosion processes, stopping the development of weeds, enriching the soil with mineral nutrients, etc. Also, the use of mulch contributes to reducing the financial and human resources for maintaining plantations by about 25%. The productivity of the plants was about 25.5-29.5% compared to the control, the amount of sugars is about 2-3% higher compared to the case without mulch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate efficacy of three root canal irrigation protocols (2.5% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA, 0.5% BioAKT, and Dual Rinse HEDP) on canal debridement using scanning electron microscope. Materials and methods: Forty-five single rooted human mandibular premolars with nearly straight single canals were selected, the crowns of all teeth were removed near the level of cementoenamel junction to obtain approximately 14±1 mm uniform root lengths. After instrumentation with ProTaper Universal rotary files up to F4 (40/06), roots were randomly divided into three equal groups (n = 15) according to the final irrigation protocol. Group I: samples were finally rinsed with 5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl for 2 min, followed by distilled water, then 5 ml of 17% EDTA for 1 min. Group II: samples were finally rinsed with 5 ml of 0.5% BioAKT for 3 min. Group III: 5 ml of dual rinse HEDP was used for 3 min. Canal cleanliness was evaluated using scanning electron microscope with magnification of ×1000. Results: Group III and group II had the best cleanliness of the root canal while group I had the worst result. There were statistical significant differences between group I versus group II and group III (P ≤ 0.05) while there was no significant difference between group II versus group III. Regardless the final irrigation method, the coronal and middle thirds showed less amount of smear layer and remaining debris than the apical third. Conclusion: None of the tested final irrigating protocols resulted in completely clean canal wall. BioAKT and Dual Rinse HEDP showed significant reduction in smear layer and remaining debris compared to NaOCl followed by EDTA irrigation protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The main goal of the present experimental research was to analyze the smear layer removal efficacy of chelating agents and correlate with the amount of calcium released from the radicular dentin with the canal space. Methods: Forty single-rooted teeth were exposed to standardized root canal instrumentation technique with copious amount of irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution between each instrumentation, following which the specimens were randomly allocated into four groups: Group I: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Group II: 0.2% Chitosan, Group III: Qmix™, and Group IV: Control group with no final irrigation. After the irrigation protocol, the specimens were subjected to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation to determine the smear layer removal efficacy and induced plasma mass spectrophotometric analysis was done to quantify the amount of calcium ions content in the irrigating solution. The data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Dunnett's tests for smear layer removal analysis. Quantitative data were interpreted by the analysis of variance and Tukey's-Karmer test for the spectroscopic data analysis. Results: The result of the SEM analysis showed that there was no significant difference among the smear layer removal efficacy between the experimental groups with P > 0.05. The quantitative spectrophotometric data showed that the highest calcium ions release was from the 17% EDTA group followed by 0.2% chitosan and lesser from the Qmix™ group. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this in vitro experimental research, all the three experimental groups showed a better smear layer removal efficacy. EDTA showed the greater amount of mineral release compared to Qmix™ and chitosan group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]