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The efficiency of natural minerals, i.e. zeolite, bentonite and goethite, regarding the retention of chromium, from maize was examined. Specifically, 1.0 kg of soil, 1.0 g of soil amendment and either 50 mg L Cr(III) or 1 mg L Cr(VI) were added in plant pots. Then, seeds of maize were cultivated. Each treatment was repeated three times. The statistical results of the experiments were analyzed by LSD test. Cr(III) addition in soil has shown that zeolite was the only amendment that increased the dry weight. Zeolite and bentonite reduced significantly the total chromium in plants after the addition of 50 mg L Cr(III). The addition of Cr(VI) in soil has shown that bentonite was the only amendment that increased the dry weight of biomass and the plants' height. All soil amendments reduced to zero the total chromium concentration measured to plants after the addition of 1 mg L Cr(VI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the efficiency of soil amendments regarding the retention of chromate ions, from water and cultivated soil with wheat ( Triticum durum). The minerals and iron oxides that have been used were zeolite, bentonite, goethite, and zeolite modified with goethite I and II. Each adsorbent was added to different Cr solutions, either Cr(NO)·9HO or CrO in a proportion of 1/100 g adsorbent mL solution. Moreover, greenhouse experiments were also conducted using the above materials as soil amendments. Two doses of chromate ions, i.e., 50 mg Cr(III) L in the form of Cr(NO)·9HO and 1 mg Cr(VI) L in the form of CrO, were added to plant pots cultivated with wheat. According to the results, the uptake of chromate ions from aqueous solutions onto different adsorbents has shown that modified zeolites (Z-G I and II) adsorb the highest amount of chromate ions, compared to all the other adsorbents. The statistical analysis of the greenhouse experimental data has shown that the increase of the dry weight in soils with amendments follows the order: Z-G II > G > Z-G I > B > Z for pots where Cr(NO)·9HO solutions were added and Z-G II > G > Z > Z-G I > B for pots where CrO solutions were added, respectively. Moreover, all the used soil amendments reduced the total Cr concentration in plants, especially Z-G II. Consequently, such modified zeolites can be used for the remediation of polluted soils with chromium and the production of high-quality food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified zeolite-activated carbons (H-CL-CB1, H-CL-CB2) in a proportion of 50/50 w/w and 20/80 w/w were used for methylene blue removal from aqueous solutions under a semi-batch operation. Dye adsorption kinetic analysis was also studied for H-CL-CB1, H-CL-CB2, modified zeolite (H-CL), commercial activated carbon (CB), hematite (HM) and clinoptilolite (CL). Equilibrium isotherms and thermodynamic analysis of dye were studied for H-CL-CB1, H-CL-CB2, CB, CL, H-CL and HM under a batch operation at 20°C, 40°C and 60°C. The physical and chemical properties of all adsorbents were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis and the point of zero charge. The maximum methylene blue removal (99% and 96%) on different modified zeolite-activated carbons (50/50 w/w and 20/80 w/w) was achieved after 57 and 130 min, respectively. Dye adsorption process onto H-CL and H-CL-CB1 (50/50 w/w) was found to be controlled by chemisorption while onto CB and H-CL-CB2 (20/80 w/w) by film diffusion. Isotherm studies have shown that dye adsorption data on CL, H-CL, H-CL-CB1 and H-CL-CB2 were best described by Freundlich isotherm while on HM and CB by Langmuir isotherm. According to thermodynamic study, the negative values of ∆G° indicate that dye adsorption process was favorable. The positive values of ∆H° indicate endothermic nature of adsorption. Zeolite-carbon adsorbents can be used as filters to remove organic compounds from wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, adsorption experiments of phosphate ions from their aqueous solutions were conducted with the use of five different materials (zeolite, bentonite, goethite, and systems I and II). The adsorption of phosphate ions were examined after mixing 2 g of each of these materials with 10 different phosphate concentrations (1.6, 3.2, 4.8, 6.5, 32.3, 193.5, 322.6, 483.9, 645.2, and 871.0 μmol L−1). The experimental equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin equations. Results indicate the following order to fit the isotherms equations: Freundlich > Temkin > Langmuir. Moreover, the five materials were used as soil amendments to soils that were cultivated with wheat, maize, and cotton. Forty days after germination, the plants were collected, the morphological characteristics were identified, and the available phosphorus in soil and the total phosphorus in plants were determined. Comparing the experimental results, goethite and system I present the best impact in the root length, leaf area index, and dry weight of each plant. The adsorbed amount of phosphorus per g of dry weight of plants increases as follows: bentonite < system I < zeolite < system II < goethite (for wheat), goethite < system II < zeolite < bentonite < system I (for cotton), and system I < system II < bentonite < zeolite < goethite (for maize). Maize can be cultivated to soils contaminated with phosphorus with the simultaneous use of system I or II as soil amendments. Wheat can be used as phytoaccumulator crop for the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with phosphorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of iron oxides (goethite) and natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) to adsorb copper from its aqueous solutions was extensively studied in the past. In this paper, the production of modified zeolites (systems I and II) from raw materials of zeolite and goethite was investigated compared to the initial materials. These two systems presented higher adsorption than goethite or clinoptilolite. Comparing the two systems, system II presented higher adsorption than system I. Isotherm studies showed that the adsorption data from all materials were best described by Freundlich isotherm. According to thermodynamic study, the values of ΔG° became more negative with the increase of temperature, indicating that the adsorption process was more favorable to higher temperature. The positive values of ΔH° indicated endothermic nature of adsorption. The use of all adsorptive materials as soil improvements was also investigated. Goethite, zeolite, and systems I and II were mixed separately with three different soils (clay loam, sandy loam, and loamy sand). Lettuces were cultivated, and the combination of system II with the loamy sand soil led to the best morphological characteristics of lettuces with the minimum adsorption of copper. Consequently, modified zeolites could be considered as two satisfactory detergents of highly copper concentration in soil and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixtures of novolac resin and olive stone biomass (20/80 and 40/60 w/w) were cured, pyrolyzed up to 1,000°C and activated with CO2 under a continuous flow operation (named N20B-cCa and N40B-cCa respectively). Commercial act vated charcoal was similarly re-activated with CO2 and used for comparison reasons (AC-a). The characterization of these materials was performed by Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis and treir specific surface area was determined according to DIN 66132. The materials were tested for their adsorption abilities at different temperatures 1298, 333 K) and initial dye concentrations (0.01-0.35 g/L) using 1 L of methy)ene blue (MB) solution in log of activated carbon. MB adsorption kinetic was also studied. The FTIR spectra of all activated carbons show absorption peaks which correspond to -OH, -CH, -C-U-C- groups and to aromatic ring. The presence of the absorption peak at about 1,400 cm-1 for N20B-cCa, N40B-cCa indicates more acidic groups on them compared to the commercial AC-a. The specific surface area of N20B-cCa, N40B-cCa and AC-a has values equal to 352, 342 and 760 m2/g respectively. From the applied kinetic models, pseudo-second-order equation could best describe MB adsorption. Consequently, such adsorbents can be used as filters to adsorb dyes from wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolite, hematite, modified zeolite and commercial activated charcoal were examined for their ability to remove methylene blue (MB) and methyl red (MR) from their aqueous solutions. Modified zeolite and hematite were produced according to the Schwertmann and Cornell method while zeolite and commercial activated charcoal were obtained from S&B and Fluka AG companies, respectively. Adsorption experiments were conducted at three different adsorbent-to-solution ratios, namely 8, 16 and 24 g/L under environmental conditions and continuous stirring. Equilibrium isotherms of MB and MR were studied at different initial concentrations (from 5 × 10-4 to 5 × 10-3 g/L). MB adsorption kinetics were also studied. The maximum adsorption of MB and MR from their aqueous solutions was achieved at 24 g/L (adsorbent-to-dye solution ratio) after 1 h and was equal to 100% (MB) on modified zeolite and 99% (MR) on commercial activated charcoal, respectively. All the other materials achieved intermediate values of dye adsorption. From the applied kinetic models, the pseudo-second-order equation best described the adsorption of MB and MR. Consequently, modified zeolite showed the highest adsorption capacity for MB, while commercial activated charcoal showed the highest adsorption capacity of MR. The studied adsorbents can be used as filters to remove dyes from wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper examines the phosphate adsorption from aqueous solutions onto goethite, bentonite, and bentonite-goethite system. The properties of the materials were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance (ATR), and NMR spectra and by the measurement of the specific surface area, the point of zero charge (p.z.c.) and the pore-specific volume. ATR and NMR spectra of bentonite and bentonite-goethite system show peaks which correspond to tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated Al. The specific surface area of the system differs according to the appropriate method used, while system's p.z.c. is higher than bentonite and lower than goethite. The pore-specific volume of bentonite-goethite system is higher than that of bentonite or goethite. According to XRD spectrum of bentonite-goethite system, goethite coats the (001) spacing of bentonite while the coating of (010) plane of bentonite is limited. The crystallinity of the system decreases and the negative permanent charge increases. Phosphate adsorption experiments took place at different pH (3.8-9.0) and concentrations (40.3-443.5 μmol L) and constant capacitance model was applied to describe adsorption. A ligand exchange mechanism characterizes the model because the charge is divided among adsorbate and adsorbent. The constant capacitance model describes the adsorption mechanism in all examined pH. This model can be utilized in such systems using the surface protonation-dissociation constant of goethite and showing the exact shape of the adsorption isotherms for different pH values. Τhe produced low-cost bentonite-goethite system presents the highest adsorption of P per kilogram of goethite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, the reclamation of lead (Pb)–contaminated soils by adding zeolite, bentonite, goethite, and two newly produced adsorbents consisting of zeolite and goethite (systems I and II) was studied. These adsorptive materials were used to reduce the transfer of Pb to plants that were cultivated to these soils. For this purpose, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted in four replicates as follows: 5 g of zeolite or bentonite or 1 g of goethite or zeolite–goethite (system I or II respectively) were added in pots that contained 1 kg of soil. Then, 1 mL of lead nitrate (0.04 M) solution and plant seeds of wheat, maize, and cotton were added. A total of 300 pots were produced including also the unamended control. Forty days after germination, the plants were collected, the morphological characteristics were identified and the available Pb in soil [extracted with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)] and the total Pb in plants were determined. The experimental results show that the greatest decrease of available Pb was present in soils that contained goethite and zeolite–goethite (system II) in pots grown with wheat and maize, respectively. Moreover, the uptake of Pb by plants was significantly reduced in all treated soils, especially in the zeolite– goethite treatment (system I) in pots grown with maize, compared to the unamended control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is a comparative study of six different non-isothermal methods of kinetic analysis for the determination of the mechanism of the thermal decomposition of CaCO3 from thermogravimetric experiments. The whole experiment was carried out in a thermogravimetric analyser with nitrogen atmosphere up to 1100°C and at five different heating rates, i.e. 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 K min–1. Applying each of these methods, the kinetic parameters of the reaction are evaluated and an assessment is made for the kinetic model that best represents the mechanism of the decomposition. The mean value of the activation energy under continuous flow of nitrogen is E=176·3–176·4 kJ mol–1. The value of the pre-exponential factor is ln (Amean/s–1)=13·7 according to model dependent methods and the phase boundary controlled reaction of cylindrical geometry is the kinetic model, which describes best the calcium carbonate decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many factors may affect the zinc (Zn) adsorption and desorption on natural clinoptilolite and iron (Fe) oxides. Among them are ionic strength and pH. In this article, the Zn retention behavior on two clinoptilolite-Fe(NO3)3 systems as a function of ionic strength and pH were evaluated. Two clinoptilolite-Fe(NO3)3 systems were obtained from the mixture of clinoptilolite and iron nitrate in different proportions and conditions and were characterized using Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The clinoptilolite-Fe(NO3)3 systems have specific surface area equal to 151 and 140 m2/g respectively and were fully iron exchanged (Fe/Al = 3.17 and 1.23 respectively). The adsorption of Zn and desorption of Zn, magnesium (Mg), and Fe were examined after mixing 1.00 g from each of the two systems with five different Zn concentrations, three different pH values, and two different electrolyte concentrations. The Zn adsorption increases as electrolyte concentration decreases and pH increases. The percentage of Zn adsorption decreases as initial Zn concentration increases. Zinc, Mg, and Fe desorption increases as pH decreases and electrolyte concentration increases. The desorption of Mg from the second system is higher than that of the first system, but the desorption of Fe from the first system is higher than that of the second. The statistical analysis reveals a strong relationship between A and B systems concerning the desorption of Mg and Fe. Consequently, the clinoptilolite-Fe(NO3)3 systems could be considered as two satisfactory detergents of high soil Zn concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) adsorption and desorption by goethite and clinoptilolite were the subjects of this article. Experimental variables were the concentrations of Cd, As, background electrolyte, and the solution pH. Cadmium adsorption by goethite and clinoptilolite increases with the increase of pH and with the decrease of electrolyte concentration. Maximum Cd desorption by goethite was found at pH 6.0 and by clinoptilolite at pH 8.0 and 0.1 M potassium chloride (KCl). Maximum As desorption by goethite was found at pH 8.0 and by clinoptilolite at pH 10.0 and 0.01 M KCl. The experimental results of Cd adsorption were successfully fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms, and the experimental results of As adsorption were comparable successfully fitted to Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, a comparative study of five different non-isothermal kinetic analysis methods for the determination of the mechanism of the thermal decomposition of dolomite from thermogravimetric experiments, is presented. The experiments were carried out in a thermogravimetric analyser under a nitrogen atmosphere from 50 to 1100°C under non-isothermal conditions at five different heating rates, i.e. 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 K min-1. By applying each of these methods, the kinetic parameters of the reaction were evaluated and the discrimination of the conversion function (kinetic model) that best verifies the experimental data was attempted. From a comparative study of the results of the above methods, it was concluded that the heating rate affects the activation energy values. For the model free methods, the activation energy was calculated at 2425 kJ mol-1 and the pre-exponential factor ln ( A, s-1 ) at 206. The phase boundary reaction model of zero order was found to best represent dolomite decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The bright X-ray binary X2127 + 119 in the core of the globular cluster M15 has long been thought to be in an unusual evolutionary state, in which the binary is embedded in a common envelope. Support for this idea comes from the absorption lines of X2127 + 119, which are blueshifted at all orbital phases, indicating the existence of outflows from the system. A common-envelope scenario implies that the absorption lines should exhibit maximum blueshift near mid-eclipse (binary phase 0.0). We have re-analysed Isaac Newton Telescope spectra of X2127 + 119 obtained in 1986, 1987 and 1988 using the latest orbital ephemeris (substantially different from that used in the original analysis), and find that the orbital phase at which the absorption lines show a maximum blueshift is not 0.0, but rather 0.25–0.3. These results indicate that a common-envelope scenario for X2127 + 119 may not work. In addition, from spectrograms of the He ii λ4686 line, we report the first tentative detection of the companion star of X2127 + 119. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present 53 simultaneous photometric (I band) and spectroscopic (6900–9500 Å) observations of GRO J0422+32, taken during 1997 December. From these we determine that J0422+32 was in its lowest state yet observed, at I=20.44±0.08. Using relative spectrophotometry, we show that it is possible to correct very accurately for telluric absorption. Following this, we use the TiO bands at 7055 and 7589 Å for a radial velocity study and thereby obtain a semi-amplitude of 378±16 km s[sup -1], which yields f(M)=1.191±0.021 M[sub ⊙] and q=9.0[sup +2.2][sub -2.7] consistent with previous observations. We further demonstrate that this little-explored method is very powerful for such systems. We also determine a new orbital ephemeris of HJD=245 0274.4156±0.0009+0.212 1600±0.000 0002E. We see some evidence for an ellipsoidal modulation, from which we determine the orbital inclination of J0422+32 to be less than 45°. We therefore calculate a minimum mass for the primary of 2.22 M[sub ⊙], consistent with a black hole, but not necessarily the supermassive one proposed recently (1997) by Beekman et al. We obtain an M4–5 spectral type for the secondary star, and determine that the secondary contributes 38±2 per cent of the flux that we observe from J0422+32 over the range 6950–8400 Å. From this we calculate the distance to the system to be 1.39±0.15 kpc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and environmental impacts from greenhouse gas emissions have spurred on efforts to reduce these emissions. Meat production, especially from cattle, is a significant contributor, releasing methane—a greenhouse gas far more potent than CO2—and driving deforestation for pastureland. As a sustainable alternative, Single-Cell Protein (SCP), derived from microorganisms like bacteria, yeast, and algae, offers high nutritional value with a lower environmental impact. SCP production has advanced through process optimization, the use of eco-friendly substrates such as agro-industrial and food waste, and the cultivation of safe microorganisms classified as Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS). Innovations in flavor and texture, including the use of myoglobin and natural polymers to mimic meat properties, have further improved SCP's appeal. Despite these advances, challenges remain in optimizing production parameters, enhancing sensory acceptance, and ensuring regulatory compliance for market introduction. This review explores the potential of SCP to serve as a sustainable protein source, addressing both environmental concerns and nutritional demands. It highlights recent advancements in production techniques and sensory improvements while discussing their role in environmentally friendly and health-conscious food systems. SCP stands out as a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, offering an efficient and sustainable alternative to conventional protein sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices (CSAPs) at the plot level is a promising yet underutilized strategy in Ethiopia, where subsistence farming predominates. This study investigates the factors influencing the intensity of CSAPs on homesteads and identifies key barriers to their broader adoption. Methods: Quantitative data were collected through household surveys. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis was employed to examine the relationship between the independent variables and farmers' decisions to intensify CSAPs. Results: The findings reveal that slope gradient, extension contacts, farming experience, dependency ratio-induced labor, and livestock diversity significantly impact farmers' decisions to enhance CSAPs. Major barriers include insecure land tenure, poor management of open grazing, labor-intensive practices, and limited access to agricultural inputs. Discussion: To promote the widespread implementation of CSAPs, it is imperative that these variables are prioritized in agricultural extension policies. Addressing these barriers is essential for enhancing the adoption of CSAPs, which will significantly contribute to sustainable agricultural development in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil contamination by toxic elements is a global problem, and the remediation of contaminated soils requires complex and time-consuming technology. Conventional methods of soil remediation are often inapplicable, so an intensive search is underway for innovative and environmentally friendly ways to clean up ecosystems. The use of amendments that stabilize the toxic elements in soil by reducing their mobility and bioavailability is one of the simplest and most cost-effective ways to remediate soil. This paper provides a summary of studies related to the use of composites based on natural zeolites and green materials for the immobilization of toxic elements in contaminated soils and highlights positive examples of returning land to agricultural use. The published literature on natural zeolites and their composites has shown that combinations of zeolite with biochar, chitosan and other clay minerals have beneficial synergistic effects on toxic element immobilization and soil quality. The effects of zeolite properties, different combinations, application rates, or incubation periods on toxic elements immobilization were tested in laboratory scale or field experiments, whereas the mobility of toxic elements in soil was evaluated by chemical extractions of toxic elements transferred to the plants. This review highlights the excellent potential of natural zeolites to be used as single or combined sustainable green materials to solve environmental pollution problems related to the presence of toxic elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-cell proteins (SCPs) derived from microorganisms are sustainable and standard-manufacturable protein sources. Corynebacterium glutamicum is one of the prospective bacteria for SCP production. To evaluate nutritional properties of C. glutamicum-SCP, pilot-scale fermentation (3,000 L) was performed under standard conditions, resulting in 23 kg of SCP in dry weight. This C. glutamicum-SCP had high protein and low-fat contents (22.4% carbohydrates, 60.9% crude protein, and 3.3% crude fat). Its fatty acid profile comprised 0.25% saturated fatty acids, 0.16% unsaturated fatty acids, no trans fatty acids, and no cholesterol. Its total iron content was 9.78 mg/100 g, of which approximately 14.8% was heme iron (1.45 mg/100 g). The Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) of C. glutamicum-SCP was 102, higher than that of soy protein isolate (90), pea protein concentrate (82), house cricket (89), or yellow mealworm (64). In conclusion, C. glutamicum-SCP can be a promising alternative protein source to replace red meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mortierella ramanniana was flask cultured with glycerol (≈ 35 g/L) being employed as substrate, under carbon and nitrogen limitation. Under carbon limitation, glycerol was rapidly consumed and total dry cell weight (X, g/L) ≈ 16 g/L containing lipid ≈ 24% w/w was synthesized. Lipids contained the important poly-unsaturated fatty acid γ-linolenic (GLA) to concentrations 9–13% w/w, with GLAmax achieved ≈ 430 mg/L. Under nitrogen limitation glycerol was slowly assimilated, lower X values (up to 12 g/L) containing higher lipid quantities (up to 45% in X) were noted and lipids contained GLA to concentrations = 6–9% w/w (GLAmax achieved was ≈ 350 mg/L). Lipid fermentation wastewater (LFW) was used as maceration water for mushrooms' solid-state fermentation. Substrates were supplemented with coffee and olive crop residues, along with soybean flour and wheat bran to achieve a low (15–20) and a high (40–60) C/N ratio. Mushrooms were studied regarding mycelial growth rates, biomass production, total phenolic compounds (TPC) consumption, enzymes (endoglucanase, laccase, manganese-dependent peroxidase/MnP) biosynthesis and exopolysaccharides (EPS) production. In high C/N, fungi exhibited the highest growth rates. Addition of LFW influenced biomass production, with the most positive effects being observed in Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus. Substrate composition and not LFW addition impacted EPS production, while C/N had various effects on it. LFW increased TPC consumption, which was particularly evident in P. ostreatus. Low C/N induced hydrolytic and ligninolytic enzymes. LFW favored laccase production, while there was no specific pattern in endoglucanase and MnP activity. Substrates of high C/N ratio were further evaluated for carposome production, where the yield and biological efficiency-BE % were calculated. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing LFW in SSF for the conversion of low-value waste into biomass, important metabolites and value-added food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has been proposed to provide cardio-protective properties through the functionality of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant enzymatic machinery. Within this article, the beneficial effects of several functional foods on HDL levels and functionality for cardio-protection are thoroughly reviewed. Emphasis is given to functional foods and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory health-promoting effects for the cardiovascular system through their benefits on HDL, which act either solely or synergistically as an adjuvant approach with well-established anti-atherogenic therapies. Promising outcomes from both in vitro and in vivo studies in animal models and clinical trials, which outline the beneficial effects of such functional foods on HDL levels and functionality, are thoroughly discussed. The mechanisms of the obtained antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and cardio-protective effects on HDL activities of functional foods containing natural bioactives are also outlined. Limitations and future perspectives on the overall benefits that these natural bioactive compounds exert as important ingredients in functional foods to induce HDL-related benefits and to strengthen cardiovascular health are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, large amounts of shrimp waste are disposed of in the environment, causing serious environmental problems. The prospect of recycling shrimp waste helps to reduce waste and protect the environment. In this study, three different shrimp species were used, including Pleoticus muellieri, Litopeneus vanamei, and Parapenaeus longirostris, separated into shells (PLMUS, LIVAS, PALOS) and tails (PLMUT, LIVAT, PALOT), and transformed into novel carbonaceous materials. Their adsorption properties were investigated using different chemical compounds (MB, MR, phenol, astaxanthin) in aqueous means. The materials were characterized through FTIR, BET, and SEM–EDS analyses. According to the results, the carbonaceous adsorbents presented high adsorption percentage of MB and astaxanthin (>90%), and low adsorption percentage of phenol and MR, owing to the different bonds that were formed between the functional groups of the organic substances and the corresponding groups on the surface of the materials. The results of the FTIR analysis show the presence of C=C groups from the aromatic rings of the adsorbed MB and MR at 1636 cm−1, the presence of O-H functional groups from the adsorbed phenols at 3330 cm−1, and the presence of C=C or C=O groups at 1730 cm−1 after the adsorption of astaxanthin. According to the BET analysis, the increase in the specific surface area follows the order: LIVAS > PLMUS > PALOT > PALOS > PLMUT > LIVAT. SEM–EDS analysis presented compact structures with the main elements of C (37–56%), O (25–35%), and Ca (12–23%) for all materials. Kinetic analysis showed that the experimental adsorption data of all the organic substances can be best described by the pseudo-second order model, indicating that chemisorption is the prevailing mechanism. Consequently, such methods promote the sustainable management and zero-waste fish farming practices, fostering the production of high-added value materials not only for decontamination purposes but also for the isolation of bioactive substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a comprehensive photometric data set taken over the entire outburst of the eclipsing dwarf nova IP Peg in 1997 September/October. Analysis of the light curves taken over the long rise to the peak-of-outburst shows conclusively that the outburst started near the centre of the disc and moved outwards. This is the first data set that spatially resolves such an outburst. The data set is consistent with the idea that long rise times are indicative of such ‘inside-out’ outbursts. We show how the thickness and the radius of the disc, along with the mass transfer rate, change over the whole outburst. In addition, we show evidence of the secondary and the irradiation thereof. We discuss the possibility of spiral shocks in the disc; however, we find no conclusive evidence of their existence in this data set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present results from photometric observations of the dwarf nova system HT Cas during the eruption of 1995 November. The data include the first two-colour observations of an eclipse on the rise to outburst. They show that during the rise to outburst the disc deviates significantly from steady-state models, but the inclusion of an inner-disc truncation radius of about 4R[sub wd] and a ‘flared’ disc of semi-opening angle of 10° produces acceptable fits. The disc is found to have expanded at the start of the outburst to about 0.41R[sub L1], as compared with quiescent measurements. The accretion disc then gradually decreases in radius reaching <0.32R[sub L1] during the last stages of the eruption. Quiescent eclipses were also observed prior to and after the eruption and a revised ephemeris is calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to population growth and climate changes, there is a rising need for alternative food and protein sources to reduce protein scarcity and the environmental impact of food industries. Single‐cell proteins (SCPs) have the potential to partially or fully substitute plant‐ and animal‐derived dietary proteins. Bacillus subtilis is an appealing bacterium for SCP production because of its fast growth and ability to obtain high protein and essential amino acid (AA) content in its biomass. It is also capable of utilizing a wide range of substrates. B. subtilis attractiveness and efficiency can be further enhanced using mutagenesis. In this study, a novel approach to creating mutant strains with enhanced protein and AA content was experimentally validated. The method is based on the application of AA inhibitors for selective pressure to ensure the growth of mutants with enhanced protein and/or AA synthesis capacity. For AA inhibitors, three herbicides were used: glufosinate–ammonium (GA), L‐methionine sulfoximine (MSO), and S‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐L‐cysteine (AEC). Initially, AA inhibitor doses for the complete inhibition of wild‐type (WT) B. subtilis strain were determined. Then, B. subtilis was treated with EMS chemical mutagen and created mutants were cultivated on a medium containing inhibitory dose of AA inhibitors. Growing samples were selected, analyzed, and compared. The optimal inhibitory concentrations of herbicides for mutant selection were 0.05–0.4 M for GA, 0.01–0.05 M for MSO, and 0.2 M for AEC. The best‐performing mutants were selected when using GA—improvement of 7.1 times higher biomass content, 1.5 times higher protein concentration, 1.2 times higher AA content, and 1.2 times higher essential AA index was achieved in comparison with WT B. subtilis. Enhanced mutants were also successfully selected when using MSO and AEC. This study demonstrates the potential of using AA inhibitors for the selection of mutants with improved protein and AA profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible and medicinal mushrooms possess excellent nutritional properties due to their incredible versatility in growing on different substrates and producing extracellular enzymes with a wide range of specificity. These features make them excellent candidates for various biotechnological applications. In this context, biotechnological applications using edible and medicinal mushrooms can focus on the bioprocessing of agro‐industrial wastes, an economical and environmentally friendly strategy. This review, based on recent original research and scientific reviews, highlights the versatility and potential of mushrooms in terms of sustainability and efficiency. We emphasized the biotechnological applications of edible and medicinal mushrooms and their enzymes including food production with high nutraceutical value by enhancing the quality and flavor of food industry products. Other biotechnological applications addressed in this review were cosmeceutical and biomedical development using mushroom extracts with bioactive compounds; wood pulp pretreatment processes in the pulp and paper industry; bioethanol production; and bioremediation for decontaminating soils and polluted effluents. These applications explain how edible and medicinal mushrooms have gained significance in biotechnology over the years, opening new avenues for innovation. The current tendency to study edible and medicinal mushrooms has gained the attention of researchers because these are still less known organisms becoming an attractive and natural source of novel bioactive compounds that could be integrated into a circular model production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel sorbents were produced using sustainable and eco-friendly methods, aimed at minimizing environmental impact while utilizing industrial by-products and natural minerals. Olive stones and molasses derived from olive mill and sugar industries, respectively, and an abundant, natural and low-cost mineral, clinoptilolite, were combined in the following proportions: 80/20 clinoptilolite/stone, 80/10/10 clinoptilolite/stone/molasses, 50/50 stone/molasses, w/w. Then, physical carbonization (CL80OL20C, CL80OL10M10C, OL50M50C) or chemical activation (CL80OL20A, CL80OL10M10A, OL50M50A) took place. The adsorbents were characterized through Raman, FT-IR, BET and SEM-EDS analysis. The CL80OL20A material presents the highest ratio of C/O in EDS analysis and the lowest ID/IG in Raman spectroscopy. The increase in the specific surface area is as follows: OL50M50C < OL50M50A < CL80OL10M10C < CL80OL20C < CL80OL20A < CL80OL10M10A. Three applications were conducted: two with dyes (methylene blue and methyl red) in aqueous means and one in olive mill wastewaters for the removal of total phenols and their addition to rice, increasing the total phenolic content and producing novel foods. The well-fitted application of the pseudo-second order kinetic model to the experimental data has shown that chemisorption is the prevailing mechanism. The adsorbed amount of the recovered phenols to rice ranges from 0.14 to 0.93 mg/g. Consequently, olive and sugar by-products can be used as filters either to adsorb dangerous organic compounds or to recover bioactive compounds from wastewater, preventing their disposal in the environment, which could otherwise lead to severe negative effects on the ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circumnuclear star formation (SF) is generally seen in galaxies hosting active galactic nuclei (AGN); however, the connection between the AGN activity and SF in them is less well understood. To explore this connection on scales of a few tens of parsecs to a few tens of kiloparsecs and larger, we carried out an investigation of SF in seven Seyfert-type AGN and one low-ionization nuclear emission-line region galaxy, using observations with the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope on board AstroSat in the near-ultraviolet (2000–3000 Å) and far-ultraviolet (1300−1800 Å) bands. A total of 1742 star-forming regions were identified, having size scales of 0.010–63.642 kpc2. Considering all the galaxies, we found a positive correlation between their total surface density of SF (ΣSFR) and extinction. For five galaxies, namely NGC 1365, NGC 4051, NGC 4321, NGC 5033, and NGC 6814, we found a gradual decrease of both extinction and ΣSFR from the centre to the outer regions. Four sources are found to lie in the main sequence of star-forming galaxies, and the other four lie away from it. We found the ratio of the star formation rate (SFR) in the nuclear region to the total SFR to be positively correlated with the Eddington ratio. This points to the influence of AGN in enhancing the SF characteristics of the hosts. However, the impact is dominant only in the central nuclear region and has no significant effect on the larger scales probed in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), originally from the western Atlantic Ocean, has recently spread to the Mediterranean and is now considered one of the one hundred most invasive species in that region. This opportunistic species, known for its adaptability to different temperatures and salinities, negatively impacts biodiversity and human activities such as fishing and tourism in the Mediterranean. However, the blue crab is gaining interest as a potential food resource due to its high nutritional value and delicate, sweet flavor. Its meat is rich in protein (14% to 30%), omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and other essential nutrients beneficial for human health such as vitamins, and minerals. Utilizing this species in the production of new foods could help mitigate the negative impact of its invasiveness and offer economic opportunities. One challenge with this potential resource is the generation of waste. Approximately 6–8 million tonnes of crab shells are produced worldwide each year, leading to disposal problems and concerns regarding environmental sustainability. To improve economic and environmental sustainability, there is a need to valorize these residues, which are an important source of proteins, lipids, chitin, minerals, and pigments that can be processed into high-value-added products. However, especially in areas with industrial pollution, attention should be paid to the heavy metal (Cd and As) contents of blue crab shells. Studies suggest that blue crab by-products can be used in various sectors, reducing environmental impacts, promoting a circular economy, and creating new industrial opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of value-added products from microorganisms, such as single-cell protein (SCP), through the valorization of agricultural byproducts enhances circular economy while offering alternative solutions for waste treatment. In this study, SCP was obtained through the biotechnological treatment and valorization of cheese whey, the main byproduct of the dairy industry, for the development of novel edible films. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report examining SCP as a biopolymer for edible film production. Specifically, Kluyveromyces marxianus, which has gained QPS and GRAS status, strain EXF-5288 cultivated in deproteinized cheese whey (DCW) lactose (10.0 g/L) in a 3 L fed-batch bioreactor, resulting in a SCPmax of 2.63 g/L with a protein content of up to 49.1% w/w. The addition of increased glycerol concentrations (30, 40, and 50% w/w of dry cells) as plasticizers was examined to develop SCP-based edible films. Regarding physicochemical characterization, increased glycerol concentration significantly increased moisture content (MC%) and solubility (S%), but there was not a significant difference in other parameters. Regarding wettability, SCP-based films could be described as oleophilic surfaces since the degree of oil contact angle (OCA) ranged between 46.7° ± 1.3 and 54.0° ± 0.5. The proposed holistic approach could contribute to the development of sustainable packaging materials through waste treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the phytoremediation strategy has been studied worldwide, little research data are available regarding the influence of mycorrhizae on the phytoremediation capacity of various plants grown in Cd-contaminated soils in Mediterranean environments. Therefore, a pot experiment was carried out to study the possible effectiveness of hemp plant (Cannabis sativa L.) in the remediation of moderately and heavily Cd-contaminated soils and additionally to quantify the effect of Cd on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMFs). For this purpose, an alkaline clay soil collected from the Farm of Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources (North Greece) was contaminated with two levels of Cd (3 and 30 mg Cd kg−1, corresponding to Levels A and B, respectively—first factor) at two incubation times (10 and 30 days—second factor) and six treatments (Control_30d, Control_10d, CdA_30d, CdB_30d, CdA_10d, CdB_10d) were created. Soil Cd concentrations, both pseudo-total and available to plants, were determined after extraction with Aqua Regia mixture and DTPA solution, respectively, before and after the cultivation of hemp plants and after the harvesting. Cd concentrations in the aboveground and underground plant parts were also estimated after digestion with Aqua Regia, while root colonization by AMFs was determined with a microscope. The highest plant's Cd concentration, more than 50%, was observed in its underground part, at all Cd-contaminated treatments, indicating a strong capacity for cadmium to gather up in the roots. Among different Cd levels and incubation days, significant differences were recorded in the rates of root colonization by AMFs. Among different Cd levels and incubation days, 3 mg Cd Kg−1 soil promoted AMF root colonization, particularly at 10-day incubation, while 30 mg Cd Kg−1 soil diminished it. Colonization was lower with longer incubation times at both levels of Cd. Hemp appears to be a viable option for phytostabilization in Cd-contaminated soils, enabling further utilization of AMFs to assist the phytoremediation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural residues are generated during the production and processing of agricultural crops. Under modern date palm plantation practices, field operations generate huge quantities of residues, which are discarded with little valorization. The date palm agro-industry produces significant amounts of waste. The accumulation of these residues can cause ecological damage to the oasis ecosystems. There is a lack of comprehensive data on long-term research studies that aim to assess the impact of date palm waste management practices. Composting and/or pyrolysis of date palm residues showed benefits for improving soil physical and chemical properties, particularly in sandy soils. This claim holds particular significance for arid and semi-arid regions, which are characterized by low fertility and are susceptible to soil degradation, accentuated by ongoing climate change. This review summarizes the existing literature concerning the valorization of date palm residues with regards to compost and pyrolysis processes, as well as the impact of their application on soil quality. Further research is required to assess the effects of using date palm residues for better soil amendment management. Research should focus on composting and biochar technologies for date palm residues and their application in arid and semi-arid regions to combat soil erosion and degradation. Increasing the beneficial uses of date palm residues could lead to sustainable and economic growth in dry areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming poses a significant threat to our planet, with the food sector contributing up to 37% of total greenhouse gas emissions. This study aimed to assess the climate change impact and healthiness of menus in a long-term care facility in Italy. We analyzed two 28-day cyclical menus using the carbon footprint (CF) and the Modified EAT-Lancet Diet Score (MELDS) to evaluate adherence to the Planetary Health Diet (PHD). Monte Carlo simulations were employed to explore 20,000 daily menu permutations. Results showed that the mean GHGEs of spring/summer and autumn/winter daily menus were 2.64 and 2.82 kg of CO2eq, respectively, with 99% of menus exceeding the 2.03 kg of CO2eq benchmark. Only 22% of menus were adherent to the PHD, with MELDSs ranging from 12 to 29. A strong inverse association between the CF and adherence to the PHD was observed. These findings suggest significant potential for reducing the CFs of meals served in nursing homes while promoting adherence to a planetary diet, presenting an opportunity to set new standards in caregiving and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycoprotein is an alternative protein produced through fungal fermentation. However, it typically relies on refined glucose syrup derived from starch, which can be costly and unsustainable. This study investigates the potential of soybean processing by-products (okara and soy whey) as alternative substrates for producing mycoprotein using Aspergillus oryzae. A. oryzae was cultured for 7 days at 30 °C in diluted okara (1:50) and soy whey (1:1) with or without agitation (100 rpm). Soy whey produced higher biomass yields (369.2–408.8 mg dry biomass/g dry substrate), but had a lower biomass concentration (0.783–0.867 g dry weight/L). Conversely, okara produced a higher biomass concentration (2.02 g dry weight/L) with a yield of 114.7 mg dry biomass/g dry substrate. However, biomass formation in okara was only observed in static conditions, as agitation caused biomass to entangle with soy pulp, hampering its production. Additionally, okara tended to release protein into the media, while soy whey accumulated protein within the biomass, reaching up to 53% w/w protein content. The results of this study provide a promising approach to addressing both soybean processing waste reduction and food security concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed, for the first time, to determine the nutritional composition, beta-glucan and ergosterol contents, phenolic compound composition, and biological and functional activities of a novel mycoprotein produced through a bioconversion process of Durvillaea spp., a brown seaweed. An untargeted metabolomics approach was employed to screen metabolites and annotate molecules with nutraceutical properties. Two products, each representing a distinct consortia of co-cultured fungi, named Myco 1 and Myco 2, were analysed in this study. These consortia demonstrated superior properties compared to those of Durvillaea spp., showing significant increases in total protein (~238%), amino acids (~219%), and β-D-glucans (~112%). The protein contains all essential amino acids, a low fatty acid content, and exhibits high antioxidant activity (21.5–25.5 µmol TE/g). Additionally, Myco 2 exhibited the highest anti-alpha-glucosidase activity (IC50 = 16.5 mg/mL), and Myco 1 exhibited notable anti-lipase activity (IC50 = 10.5 mg/mL). Among the 69 top differentially abundant metabolites screened, 8 nutraceutical compounds were present in relatively high concentrations among the identified mycoproteins. The proteins and polysaccharides in the mycoprotein may play a crucial role in the formation and stabilization of emulsions, identifying it as a potent bioemulsifier. In conclusion, the bioconversion of Durvillaea spp. results in a mycoprotein with high-quality protein, significant nutritional and functional value, and prebiotic and nutraceutical potential due to the production of unique bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Food plays a dual role in promoting human health and environmental sustainability. Yet, current food systems jeopardize both. Food waste poses a major global challenge due to its significant economic, social, and environmental impacts. Healthcare facilities generate the largest amounts of food waste compared to other forms of catering provision. Food waste correlates with environmental unsustainability and diminished patient satisfaction, compounding the prevalent challenge of hospital malnutrition and contributing to suboptimal patient outcomes. Materials and methods: In a three-year interventional study (2020-2022) at a psychiatric tertiary care center, we assessed and mitigated food waste using evidence-based measures. We conducted systematic food wastage audits over three years (2020-2022) in May and June, each lasting four weeks. Costs were analyzed comprehensively, covering food, staff, infrastructure, and disposal. Environmental impact was assessed using Umweltbelastungspunkte (UBP) and CO2e/kg emissions, alongside water usage (H2O - l/kg). Results: Economic losses due to food wastage were substantial, primarily from untouched plates and partially consumed dinners, prompting meal planning adjustments. Despite a >3% increase in meals served, both food waste mass and costs decreased by nearly 6%. Environmental impact indicators showed a reduction >20%. Vegetables, salad, and fruits constituted a significant portion of waste. Overproduction minimally contributed to waste, validating portion control efficacy. Conclusion: Our study highlights significant economic and environmental losses due to hospital food waste, emphasizing the importance of resource efficiency. The strategies outlined offer promising avenues for enhanced efficiency. The decrease in food waste observed over the three-year period underscores the potential for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Single-cell protein is a type of protein derived from fungi and it has gained attention as a meat substitute due to its high protein content, low fat content, and specific texture. However, this type of protein can be used in the development of functional foods as well as additive to high-protein products, protein bars, shakes, snacks, dairy alternatives, etc. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for new sources of protein, both for human and animal nutrition. In addition to alternative sources of protein, such as algae or edible insects, protein obtained from yeast and mold biomass is becoming more and more important. The main fungal protein producers are the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida utilis, Yarrowia lipolytica, and the molds Fusarium venenatum, Aspergillus oryzae, and Monascus purpureus. The production of fungal protein has many advantages, including the ability to regulate the amino acid composition, high protein content in dry matter, the possibility of production in a continuous process, independence from climatic factors, and the possibility of using waste substrates as ingredients of media. One of the disadvantages is the high content of nucleic acids, which generates the need for additional purification procedures before use in food. However, a number of enzymatic, chemical, and physical methods have been developed to reduce the content of these compounds. The paper presents the current state of knowledge about fungal producers, production and purification methods, the global market, as well as opportunities and challenges for single-cell protein (SCP) production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work examined the production of single-cell protein (SCP) by a newly isolated strain of Kluyveromyces marxianus EXF-5288 under increased lactose concentration of deproteinized cheese whey (DCW) and different temperatures (in °C: 20.0, 25.0, 30.0 and 35.0). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report examining the ability of Kluyveromyces marxianus species to produce SCP at T = 20.0 °C. Different culture temperatures led to significant differences in the strain's growth, while maximum biomass and SCP production (14.24 ± 0.70 and 6.14 ± 0.66 g/L, respectively) were observed in the cultivation of K. marxianus strain EXF-5288 in shake-flask cultures at T = 20.0 °C. Increased DCW lactose concentrations (35.0–100.0 g/L) led to increased ethanol production (Ethmax = 35.5 ± 0.2 g/L), suggesting that K. marxianus strain EXF-5288 is "Crabtree-positive". Batch-bioreactor trials shifted the strain's metabolism to alcoholic fermentation, favoring ethanol production. Surprisingly, K. marxianus strain EXF-5288 was able to catabolize the produced ethanol under limited carbon presence in the medium. The dominant amino acids in SCP were glutamate (15.5 mg/g), aspartic acid (12.0 mg/g) and valine (9.5 mg/g), representing a balanced nutritional profile [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste and chicken eggshell were used to synthesize three novel adsorbents, namely mesoporous graphene (MG), nano-eggshell modified graphene (nEMG), and nano-magnetic eggshell modified graphene (nM-EMG) for methyl red (MR) adsorption from simulated wastewater. The effects of adsorption conditions (pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and temperature) were investigated. MG, nEMG, and nM-EMG were characterized using SEM, TEM, BET, EDX, XRD, and FTIR analyses. MG, nEMG, and nM-EMG had specific surface areas of 15, 31, and 179 m2/g and mean pore diameters of 27, 29, and 5 nm respectively. The equilibrium adsorption capacities of MG, nEMG, and nM-EMG were 5.6, 8.1, and 6.5 mg/g respectively at MR concentration of 100 mg/L, pH 4, adsorbent dose of 1.0 g/100 mL, and temperature of 25 °C. All MR sorption processes followed the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir–Freundlich model. The adsorption rates were controlled by intra-particle and film diffusion. MR uptake on the synthesized adsorbents was spontaneous, endothermic, and chemisorption. The adsorption occurred via electrostatic interactions, π electron interactions, and hydrogen bonding. The performance of the prepared adsorbents was examined in different water matrices and compared with other MR adsorbents. After five regeneration cycles, the adsorbent reusability study showed that nM-EMG is the most stable and reusable adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses different protein sources and their role in human nutrition, focusing on their structure, digestibility, and bioavailability. Plant-based proteins, such as those found in legumes, nuts, and seeds, may contain anti-nutritional factors that impact their bioavailability apart from structural and compositional differences from animal proteins. Animal proteins are generally highly digestible and nutritionally superior to plant proteins, with higher amino acid bioavailability. Alternative protein sources are also processed in different ways, which can alter their structure and nutritional value, which is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals constitute pollutants that are particularly common in air, water, and soil. They are present in both urban and rural environments, on land, and in marine ecosystems, where they cause serious environmental problems since they do not degrade easily, remain almost unchanged for long periods, and bioaccumulate. The detection and especially the quantification of metals require a systematic process. Regular monitoring is necessary because of seasonal variations in metal levels. Consequently, there is a significant need for rapid and low-cost metal determination methods. In this study, we compare and analytically validate absorption spectrometry with a sensitive voltammetric method, which uses a bismuth film-plated electrode surface and applies stripping voltammetry. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) represents a well-established analytical technique, while the applicability of anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in complicated sample matrices such as soil samples is currently unknown. This sample-handling challenge is investigated in the present study. The results show that the AAS and ASV methods were satisfactorily correlated and showed that the metal concentration in soils was lower than the limit values but with an increasing trend. Therefore, continuous monitoring of metal levels in the urban complex of a city is necessary and a matter of great importance. The limits of detection of cadmium (Cd) were lower when using the stripping voltammetry (SWASV) graphite furnace technique compared with those obtained with AAS when using the graphite furnace. However, when using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (flame-AAS), the measurements tended to overestimate the concentration of Cd compared with the values found using SWASV. This highlights the differences in sensitivity and accuracy between these analytical methods for detecting Cd. The SWASV method has the advantage of being cheaper and faster, enabling the simultaneous determination of heavy elements across the range of concentrations that these elements can occur in Mediterranean soils. Additionally, a dsDNA biosensor is suggested for the discrimination of Cu(I) along with Cu(II) based on the oxidation peak of guanine, and adenine residues can be applied in the redox speciation analysis of copper in soil, which represents an issue of great importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effect of substrate and strain on the nutritional and functional properties of mushroom flours and protein concentrates (PCs) has not thoroughly been investigated. Methods: The proteins of P. ostreatus flours (strains AMRL144 and 150) were isolated following alkaline extraction (pH 12) and isoelectric precipitation (pH 4) as it was determined by the solubility curves. The protein quality of the flours and PCs were evaluated by determining the protein solubility index (PSI) and their functional properties, such as water (WAC) and oil absorption capacity (OAC), foam capacity (FC), foam stability (FS) and emulsion stability (ES). The amino acid (AA) composition of the flours was determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography after protein hydrolysis and o-phthalaldehyde derivatization. Results: The PSIs of the flours and PCs of P. ostreatus were comparable to those of soy protein flours and protein concentrates. The highest AA concentration was found for both strains when cultivated on the barley and oat straw (BOS) substrate, showing a similar trend as the protein content. A principal component analysis (PCA) indicated an impact of the strain on the functional properties. Conclusions: Both strains can produce high quality proteins especially when cultivated on wheat straw (WS). The FS was positively correlated with the P. ostreatus strain AMRL150 whereas the FC was positively correlated with AMRL144. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A recent focus has been on the recovery of single-cell protein and other nutritionally valuable bioproducts, such as Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) from purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) biomass following wastewater treatment. However, due to PNSB's peculiar cell envelope (e.g., increased membrane cross-section for energy transduction) and relatively smaller cell size compared to wellstudied microbial protein sources like yeast and microalgae, the effectiveness of common cell disruption methods for protein quantification from PNSB may differ. Thus, this study examines the efficiency of selected chemical (NaOH and EDTA), mechanical (homogenization and bead milling), physical (thermal and bath/probe sonication), and combined chemical-mechanical/physical treatment techniques on the PNSB cell lysis. PNSB biomass was recovered from the treatment of gas-to-liquid process water. Biomass protein and CoQ10 contents were quantified based on extraction efficiency. Considering singletreatment techniques, bead milling resulted in the best protein yields (p < 0.001), with the other techniques resulting in poor yields. However, the NaOH-assisted sonication (combined chemical/physical treatment technique) resulted in similar protein recovery (p = 1.00) with bead milling, with the former having a better amino acid profile. For example, close to 50% of the amino acids, such as sensitive ones like tryptophan, threonine, cystine, and methionine, were detected in higher concentrations in NaOH-assisted sonication (>10% relative difference) compared to bead-milling due to its less disruptive nature and improved solubility of amino acids in alkaline conditions. Overall, PNSB required more intensive protein extraction techniques than were reported to be effective on other single-cell organisms. NaOH was the preferred chemical for chemicalaided mechanical/physical extraction as EDTA was observed to interfere with the Lowry protein kit, resulting in significantly lower concentrations. However, EDTA was the preferred chemical agent for CoQ10 extraction and quantification. CoQ10 extraction efficiency was also suspected to be adversely influenced by pH and temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural sector faces the dual challenge of enhancing crop productivity and mitigating environmental impacts. Optimizing nutrient management is vital for sustainable agriculture, particularly in sloping terrains like the Himalayan region, where damaged soils require restoration. This study explores the synergistic effects of urea, poultry manure, and zeolite on wheat growth and yield in degraded mountainous soils. A total of twelve treatments were implemented in a randomized complete block design, replicated three times. The treatments included a control (T1); urea nitrogen at 120 kg N ha−1 (UN120) (T2); poultry manure (PM) at 120 kg N ha−1 (T3); zeolite-1 (Z1) at 5 t ha−1 (T4); zeolite-2 (Z2) at 5 t ha−1 (T5); UN120 + Z1 (T6); PM + Z1 (T7); UN120 + Z2 (T8); PM + Z2 (T9); ½ UN + ½ PM + Z1 (T10); ½ UN + ½ PM + Z2 (T11); and ½ UN + ½ PM + ½ Z1 + ½ Z2 (T12). The UN120 treatment demonstrated significant improvements in wheat growth, with notable increases in shoot length (79.7%), shoot fresh weight (50.8%), root length (50.6%), chlorophyll content (53.6%), and leaf area (72.5%) compared to the control. Wheat yield and its components experienced significant improvements when treated with urea nitrogen (UN) and zeolites. Among these treatments, UN120 exhibited the highest efficacy. Nutrient content analysis revealed substantial increases in shoot nitrogen (70.6%), phosphorus (33.3%), and potassium (15.6%) with UN120 treatment compared to the control. The concoction of UN and PM with zeolites further enhanced nutrient levels. Integrating mineral nitrogen sources with organic amendments and zeolites proved effective in enhancing wheat productivity in degraded mountainous soils. Despite positive results, further research is essential for widespread recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The potential of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for phytoremediation of copper-contaminated Mediterranean soils was investigated. The accumulation of copper in hemp's parts and the effect of contaminated soil on the production of cannabidiol (CBD) were, also, of primary concern. Methods: Two soil types, a Clay Loam & a Sandy Clay Loam, were exposed to two levels of Cu contamination, with low & high Cu concentrations. The soils' total and available Cu content, along with Cu in plant tissues, were determined. Height, fresh aboveground biomass and leaf chlorophyll content were further evaluated. Furthermore, the amount of cannabidiol (CBD) in the hemp flowers was determined. Results: Hemp appeared to be highly resistant, as can successfully grow in both soil types having low or high Cu levels. The maximum Cu content was detected in the highest part of the plant roots, with a progressive decline towards the upper parts of the plant (CuRoots > CuShoots > CuLeaf), in both soil types. It has been observed that more than 50% of the plant's copper concentration is accumulated in the roots. Furthermore, the hemp plants cultivated in high Cu-contaminated soils produced greater amounts of cannabidiol (CBD). Conclusion: Ηemp proved to be a promising plant for phytostabilization in Cu-contaminated soils, as its above-ground biomass is almost free of metals and can be used further for fiber production. The presence of Cu in soils did not appear to disrupt the production of the important secondary metabolite CBD, but rather increased following increasing soil Cu content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to fill a gap in the sustainable management of the reverse supply chain of Guaiamum and Uçá crab waste in Brazil, an endangered species. The study focused on the circular economy, governance, and recent developments, and identified circular economy practices in the utilization of solid waste from the fishing and collection of these species in extractive regions, in line with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A systematic literature review was conducted in major scientific databases. The selection of the 20 research publications followed pre-established criteria, including relevance to the SDGs and systematic review methodology. The results highlighted key variables related to the characteristics of by-products and the factors that influence the adoption of circular economy practices, in line with relevant SDGs. The most mentioned by-products include animal feed, organic fertilizer, biofuels, crab shell chitin biocomposite derivatives, as well as Chitosan-based composites for food packaging applications due to their non-toxicity, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. The study also identified future research opportunities covering education, policy, and management, in line with the UN SDGs. This study emphasizes the importance of the circular economy for solid crab waste in Brazil, a country with 12% of the world's mangroves, which are essential both as a nursery for crabs and for ocean nutrition. It also analyzes current trends and initiatives in the reverse management of Guaiamum and Uçá crab waste, in the context of Supply Chain and Sustainable Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cunninghamella elegans NRRL-1393 is an oleaginous fungus able to synthesize and accumulate unsaturated fatty acids, amongst which the bioactive gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) has potential anti-cancer activities. C. elegans was cultured in shake-flask nitrogen-limited media with either glycerol or glucose (both at ≈60 g/L) employed as the sole substrate. The assimilation rate of both substrates was similar, as the total biomass production reached 13.0–13.5 g/L, c. 350 h after inoculation (for both instances, c. 27–29 g/L of substrate were consumed). Lipid production was slightly higher on glycerol-based media, compared to the growth on glucose (≈8.4 g/L vs. ≈7.0 g/L). Lipids from C. elegans grown on glycerol, containing c. 9.5% w/w of GLA, were transformed into fatty acid lithium salts (FALS), and their effects were assessed on both human normal and cancerous cell lines. The FALS exhibited cytotoxic effects within a 48 h interval with an IC50 of about 60 μg/mL. Additionally, a suppression of migration was shown, as a significant elevation of oxidative stress levels, and the induction of cell death. Elementary differences between normal and cancer cells were not shown, indicating a generic mode of action; however, oxidative stress level augmentation may increase susceptibility to anticancer drugs, improving chemotherapy effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]