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Lung transplant is now an established modality for a broad spectrum of end-stage pulmonary diseases. According to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Registry, more than 50,000 lung transplants have been performed worldwide, with nearly 11,000 recipients of lung transplants alive in the United States. With the increasing use of lung transplant, pulmonologists must be cognizant of the common as well as the unique posttransplant dermatologic complications. Immunosuppression, infections, and a variety of medications and environmental exposures can contribute to these complications. This review aims to provide representative pictures and describe the pathogenesis, epidemiologic characteristics, and clinical manifestations of dermatologic complications encountered among recipients of lung transplants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segmented-channel \Si1 - x\Gex/\Si p-channel MOSFETs are fabricated using a conventional process, starting with corrugated \Si1 - x\Gex/\Si substrates. As compared with the control devices fabricated using the same process but starting with a noncorrugated \Si1 - x\Gex/\Si substrate, the segmented-channel MOSFETs show better layout efficiency (30% higher ION for IOFF = \10\ \nA per micrometer layout width) due to enhanced hole mobility and dramatically reduced dependence of performance on layout width due to the geometrical regularity of the channel region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design optimization of multigate bulk MOSFET structures is investigated for sub-20-nm gate lengths. Three-dimensional device simulations were used to optimize device design parameters such as the retrograde channel doping profile, as well as the length, width, and height of the gated channel region. Compared with the FinFET design, the results indicate that the tri-gate MOSFET design is promising for continued bulk-Si CMOS transistor scaling, because it can achieve similar on-state current performance and intrinsic delay [for the same channel stripe pitch (SP)] at a lower height/width aspect ratio (0.8 versus 2.17) and less aggressive retrograde channel doping gradient for improved manufacturability. Only by increasing the height of the channel region and/or reducing the channel SP can the FinFET bulk MOSFET design achieve better delay, but at the cost of reduced manufacturability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse back biasing of a planar germanium-on-insulator tunneling field-effect transistor provides for significant improvement in ION/IOFF, by over an order of magnitude for 0.25 V operating voltage. Optimization of the gate-to-source overlap and source doping gradient is key to maximizing the benefit of back biasing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The stress transfer efficiency (STE) and impact of process-induced stress on carrier mobility enhancement in aggressively scaled FinFETs are studied for different stressor technologies, substrate types, and gate-stack formation processes. TCAD simulations show that strained-source/drain STE is \1.5\times larger for bulk FinFETs than for SOI FinFETs. Although a gate-last process substantially enhances longitudinal stress within the channel region, it provides very little improvement in electron mobility over that achieved with a gate-first process. Guidelines for FinFET stressor technology optimization are provided, and performance enhancement trends for future technology nodes are projected. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The inversion-layer hole mobility in MOSFETs with thin silicon–germanium (\Si1 - x\Gex) channels grown pseudomorphically on Si is calculated using a self-consistent \6 \times \6\ k \cdot p Poisson–Schrödinger mobility simulator calibrated to experimental and simulation data. The addition of uniaxial compressive stress to the inherent biaxial compressive strain of the pseudomorphic \Si1 - x\Gex layer is found to further enhance hole mobility by up to 2.5\times. Two-dimensional device simulations are used to assess the benefit of the \Si1 - x \Gex heterostructure channel for boosting the on -state current (Ion) of p-channel MOSFETs with a gate length (Lg) of 18 nm; the results show a moderate (10%–40%) improvement over a bulk-Si MOSFET. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Drift-diffusion models are used in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulations to study and compare the scalability of germanium (Ge) versus silicon (Si) p-channel double-gate MOSFETs near the end of the technology roadmap. Direct source-to-drain tunneling (DSDT) and uniaxial compressive stress effects are taken into account. The higher dielectric constant of Ge results in degraded short-channel effects and lower drive currents for a given off-state leakage specification. With large compressive uniaxial channel stress (1.5 GPa), Ge can outperform Si for gate lengths (Lg) greater than 15 nm. Due to its lower effective hole transport mass, Ge suffers more from DSDT, resulting in degraded p-channel MOSFET performance at very short Lg. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The capability to accurately characterize lateral etch rate is needed for the manufacture of micro/nano-electro-mechanical devices which incorporate air-gaps. Optical microscopy can be used to monitor the etch-front and to detect whether a structure has been completely undercut (“released”), but not if the gap thickness is too small, e.g., less than 10 nm. In this paper, an electrical method of lateral-etch end-point detection is presented. By electrically testing cantilever beams of differing widths, the lateral etch rate can be determined. The accuracy of this method is verified via correlation with optical interferometry (R = 0.998) for gap thicknesses down to 70 nm. This new electrical characterization method is shown to be applicable to gap thicknesses as small as 4 nm. \hfill[2009-0265] [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Involvement from the dermatology community in the current revolution in sensors, personal health devices, computing, and machine learning algorithms can enable us to reach the promise of precision medicine in dermatology to deliver the 'right treatment at the right time'. Machine learning combined with digital health technology offers enormous potential to expand access to dermatological services, engage patients in the management of their conditions, and provide tools that enable clinicians to be more effective in their delivery of health care. We offer our framework for how machine learning, rather than replacing dermatologists, will be essential in realizing the promise of precision dermatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of body-thickness scaling on strain-induced carrier-mobility enhancement in thin-body CMOSFETs with high-k/metal gate stacks, based on quantum-mechanical simulations calibrated with measured data, is presented to provide insight into device performance enhancement trends for future technology nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]