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Research has attested to the importance of three lower-order executive functions (EFs; inhibition, shifting, and updating) and visual attention (VA) for sport performance. However, there is limited research examining the association between EF and VA in sport. The present study systematically reviewed literature from Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, APA PsycInfo, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Discover EBSCO that examined both EF and VA in sport following PRISMA guidelines. Experiments that were full-texts published in English, contained original data, quantitatively measured EF and VA, and allowed for direct or inferred comments on the relationship between EF and VA were eligible for inclusion. Twenty-two experiments met the inclusion criteria. Results showed large discrepancies in the labelling of sporting expertise, that EF outcomes typically focus on response accuracy over response time, and that quiet eye and number and duration of fixations are popular VA variables. Though limited, studies comparing EF and VA directly indicated a positive relationship suggesting an important link between the two. In sum, more direct assessments of the association between EF and VA are needed to understand their respective and joint contribution to sport performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Physical activity (PA) guidelines suggest a link between PA, sedentary time, and sleep quality (SQ). Step cadence is an emerging proxy for PA intensity, with zero cadence (ZC) indicating sedentary time. No research has explored the relationship between ZC and SQ. This study examines the relationship between ZC and SC, compared to traditional PA and sedentary metrics, all measured via accelerometry. Methods: Sleep and PA was assessed in 138 adults (53 male, 85 female, age = 23.5 ± 8.0 year.) via accelerometry. Sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous intensity PA, and ZC minutes per day were measured. SQ variables included sleep efficiency (SE), total sleep time (TST), and minutes of awake time after sleep onset (WASO). Correlation analysis and analysis of covariance was used to assess relationships between study variables and to assess differences in PA and sedentary behavior between normal and poor sleepers. Results: Sedentary time was negatively associated with SE (r = -0.24, P < 0.05) and TST (r = -0.51, P < 0.001). ZC was negatively associated with SE (r = -0.25, P < 0.05), TST (r = -0.39, P < 0.001) and positively associated with WASO (r = 0.17, P < 0.001). Poor sleepers accumulated greater ZC minutes than normal sleepers when categorized by SE (555.9 ± 69.1 vs. 521.6 ± 83.7, P = 0.02)) or TST (570.4 ± 77.7 vs. 524.5 ± 76.7, P < 0.01). Conclusion: Results suggest that zero cadence minutes is a viable metric for assessing sedentary time and may be of greater utility to more traditional measure of sedentary time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphones can increase productivity and ease accessing information, however the possible negative implications for high smartphone use or problematic smartphone use (PSU) are not fully understood. The current study examined anxiety-linked memory and attention deficits to determine whether PSU moderates these relationships. Cross-sectional data from 506 young adults aged 18–29 years (68% female) were analysed in separate regression models to investigate whether PSU (Mobile Phone Problem Use scale) moderated the relationship between state and trait anxiety (State-Cognitive and Trait-Cognitive subscales of State Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety) and everyday memory and attentional failures (the False Triggering, Forgetfulness and Distractibility subscales of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire). Our results showed that PSU moderated the combined influence of state and trait anxiety for distractibility, such that those who reported higher PSU and higher trait anxiety reported greater errors of distractibility during higher, but not lower state anxiety. However, our predictions for false triggering and forgetfulness were not supported; the only significant finding was a trend for higher trait anxiety to be related to increased failures of false triggering and forgetfulness. Real-world implications of findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public opinions are divided on the relative benefits versus harms of allowing mobile phones in schools. When debating the consequences of mobile phones in schools, politicians often argue that students' use of mobile phones distract from their learning, increase cyberbullying and lead to poor mental health outcomes. We conducted a scoping review of the global literature, followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and pre-registered our protocol with the Open Science Framework (OSF). Our search and screening process identified 22 studies that met our inclusion criteria and shed light on our research questions: whether mobile phone use in schools impacts academic outcomes, mental health and wellbeing and cyberbullying. We found an absence of randomized controlled trials with evidence resting on a small number of studies with different designs, samples, operational definitions of mobile phone bans (i.e. partial, or complete bans) and outcome measures, making reconciliation of findings challenging. Nonetheless, we provide a synthesis of the latest evidence for decision-makers tasked with deciding for or against mobile phone bans in schools. Directions for future research are provided and practical implications for schools are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Province of Ontario, Canada, launched a wastewater surveillance program to monitor SARS-CoV-2, inspired by the early work and successful forecasts of COVID-19 waves in the city of Ottawa, Ontario. This manuscript presents a dataset from January 1, 2021, to March 31, 2023, with RT-qPCR results for SARS-CoV-2 genes and PMMoV from 107 sites across all 34 public health units in Ontario, covering 72% of the province's and 26.2% of Canada's population. Sampling occurred 2–7 times weekly, including geographical coordinates, serviced populations, physico-chemical water characteristics, and flowrates. In doing so, this manuscript ensures data availability and metadata preservation to support future research and epidemic preparedness through detailed analyses and modeling. The dataset has been crucial for public health in tracking disease locally, especially with the rise of the Omicron variant and the decline in clinical testing, highlighting wastewater-based surveillance's role in estimating disease incidence in Ontario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the second half of the eighteenth century onwards, song collections gave dramatic presence to the distinctive landscapes, histories, and traditions of the nations and regions of Britain and Ireland. This essay analyzes some of the musical, linguistic, and cultural features of 'national airs' through case studies from Scotland and Wales. Focusing on editors John Parry, George Thomson, and Alexander Campbell, we trace crosscurrents of travel, language, and translation revealing how Romantic songs move unpredictably between manuscript and print, beyond national borders and across lines of class—powerfully shaping the cultural and political imagination of the Celtic-speaking countries in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) can cause outbreaks of flu-like illness in university settings. Most infections in healthy young adults are mild; severe illnesses rarely occur. In Fall 2022, an adenovirus outbreak was identified in university students. Methods HAdV cases were defined as university students 17–26 years old who presented to the University Health Service or nearby emergency department with flu-like symptoms (eg, fever, cough, headache, myalgia, nausea) and had confirmed adenovirus infections by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Demographic and clinical characteristics were abstracted from electronic medical records; clinical severity was categorized as mild, moderate, severe, or critical. We performed contact investigations among critical cases. A subset of specimens was sequenced to confirm the HAdV type. Results From 28 September 2022 to 30 January 2023, 90 PCR-confirmed cases were identified (51% female; mean age, 19.6 years). Most cases (88.9%) had mild illness. Seven cases required hospitalization, including 2 critical cases that required intensive care. Contact investigation identified 44 close contacts; 6 (14%) were confirmed HAdV cases and 8 (18%) reported symptoms but never sought care. All typed HAdV-positive specimens (n = 36) were type 4. Conclusions While most students with confirmed HAdV had mild illness, 7 otherwise healthy students had severe or critical illness. Between the relatively high number of hospitalizations and proportion of close contacts with symptoms who did not seek care, the true number of HAdV cases was likely higher. Our findings illustrate the need to consider a wide range of pathogens, even when other viruses are known to be circulating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Western Diet commonly consists of high-fat meals (HFMs) with saturated fats (SF) and increased omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O6FA) to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3FA) ratios. Even a single high-fat meal (HFM) may increase airway inflammation assessed via exhaled nitric oxide (eNO). When HFMs are consumed chronically, persistent airway inflammation may lead to deleterious structural changes in the airways, decrease pulmonary function, and increase the risk of respiratory disease development. To examine the effect of varying fatty acid composition in a HFM on eNO, pulmonary function, and airway resistance. Fifteen individuals [6 M/9 F; 21.9 ± 1.5 years old] each completed three HFM conditions {SF, O6FA, and O3FA; 12 kcal/kg body weight, 63% total fat, and 0.72 g/kg sugar smoothies} in random order separated by at least 48 h. Airway inflammation assessed via eNO, pulmonary function measured using the maximum flow volume loop (MFVL) and airway resistance measured using impulse oscillometry (iOS) were taken at baseline, 2h and 4h postprandially. There was no difference in eNO or iOS across time in any condition or between conditions (p > 0.05). There was a significant time by condition effect for FEV1 post-HFM in the SF and O6FA conditions (p < 0.05). Different fatty acid compositions do not increase eNO or iOS in healthy, college-aged participants after consumption of a HFM, though the minimally processed meals with fruit added may contribute to these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess changes in physical activity (PA) after a COVID-19 shutdown on a primarily residential university campus. Methods: Eighty students, faculty, and staff (FS) of a university (age: 32.2 ± 13.6 yr) who wore a consumer wearable technology (CWT) device completed an anonymous survey by inputting data for 30 days prior to- and 30 days following an academic break in 2020, in which the university transitioned to remote learning. Results: Steps decreased after spring break in all subjects (p <.001), but steps were impacted to a greater extent in students. 30-day, weekday, and weekend step averages all decreased in students (p <.001). FS were able to maintain their weekend step averages. Conclusions: PA decreased in a university community after the COVID-19 shutdown. Students, no longer active transport for campus life, saw a greater impact on their PA. These changes could have an impact on health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Performing an episiotomy where clinically indicated is a key intervention in the Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury Care Bundle (OASI‐CB) implemented across England and Wales to reduce the risk and increase the detection of severe perineal trauma after birth. Standards of consent provided to people in maternity care generally and for episiotomy specifically have been reported as suboptimal. Compromising birthing people's personal autonomy or sense of control has been linked to a dissatisfying birth experience, negative psychological sequelae, and litigation. Methods: This study explored experienced midwives' practice of informed consent for episiotomy during a midwife‐led birth. We sampled 43 midwives across eight NHS Trusts in England and Wales using online focus groups and telephone interviews about their experience of consent in episiotomy. Using qualitative content analysis and art‐based co‐analysis methods with eight midwives from across the research sites, we co‐analyzed and co‐constructed three themes and four practice recommendations from the data. Results: Three themes were constructed from the data: Assent rather than consent, Change in culture to support best practice, and Standardized information. These themes informed the shaping of four recommendations for best practice in episiotomy informed consent. Conclusion: This study has shown how variations in midwifery practice and culture may impact birthing people's experience of informed consent in episiotomy. Midwives may not have the knowledge or skills to conduct a detailed consent conversation, leading to variation in practice and messages for birthing people. The use of antenatal discussion aids can offer women the opportunity to become informed and fully participate in the decision‐making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer survivors commonly contend with concurrent cognitive difficulties such as problems with attention and concentration, and psychological distress, including anxiety and depression. However, the associations between attentional and emotional difficulties within the specific context of melanoma survivors remain relatively unexplored. Premised on attentional control theory, the current study employed a cross-sectional design to explore the interplay among trait anxiety (dispositional) and situational anxiety (cancer-related worry), depression and attentional control (ability to inhibit distractors and flexibly shift within and between tasks) in a sample of 187 melanoma survivors aged 18 to 58 years (Mage = 36.83 years, SDage = 5.44 years; 93% female). Data were analyzed using a moderated multiple regression, with anxiety, cancer worry and depression as predictors, and attentional control as the criterion variable. After statistically controlling for the variance of chemotherapy, we found that individuals with higher trait anxiety and higher cancer-related worry reported greater attentional control at low levels of depression, yet poorer attentional control at high depression, relative to individuals with low anxiety. Our findings suggest that anxiety and depression are differentially related to attentional control in melanoma survivors. The results provide a marker for clinicians addressing anxiety and depression in this population. Implications for primary healthcare are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhibitory control may be vital in elite sport. The authors examined the link between athletic expertise, inhibitory control, and sport performance in a two-part quasi experiment. Inhibitory control was indexed using the Stop-Signal Task, athlete expertise was categorized on literary recommendations, and sport performance was assessed using athlete and coach ratings. Study 1 examined cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns of inhibitory control across athletic expertise. Study 2 investigated whether the inhibitory control-sport performance relationship was moderated by expertise. Study 1 showed that expertise was linked to greater inhibitory control cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Study 2 revealed that expertise was related to superior performance on the Stop-Signal Task and athlete and coach performance ratings, and this relationship was moderated by athletic expertise. Inhibitory control relates to sport performance, increases with greater athlete expertise, and develops longitudinally. Long-term participation in sport may bring about changes in inhibitory control, which may lead to improved sport performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problematic smartphone use has been associated with poorer mental health in different population groups; however, little is known about how levels of smartphone use were associated with mental health outcomes of adults in Australia. Using data from a cross-sectional survey among Australian adults aged 18–59 years (n = 655, Mean = 24.55 [SD = 5.59] years; 66% female), the current study aimed to examine association between problematic smartphone use and different psychological outcomes. Participants completed measures of problematic smartphone use with Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS), mental health outcomes with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), in addition to some socio-demographics. Smartphone use was categorised into three groups: low-moderate, moderate-high, and high-severe. A total of 160 adults (24.4%) reported high-severe smartphone use. Multivariable linear regression analyses showed that smartphone use was inversely associated with psychological outcomes in a dose-dependent manner with high-severe smartphone uses having the most adverse effects. Compared to low-moderate use, average depression score was 3.5 points higher for moderate-high smartphone use (β = 3.51, 95% CI: 1.63–5.40) and 6.9 points higher for high-severe smartphone use (β = 6.91, 95% CI: 4.74–9.07). Similarly, average stress score was 3.4 points higher for moderate-high smartphone use (β = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.75–5.06) and 7.0 points higher for high-severe smartphone use (β = 7.02, 95% CI: 5.11–8.93). Similar association estimates were found for anxiety and sleep quality. Reducing smartphone use has the potential to optimise depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep quality; however, longitudinal research is warranted to establish directionality of the association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acute effect of exercise on β-cell function during a high-fat meal (HFM) in young adults (YA) versus old adults (OA) is unclear. In this randomized crossover trial, YA (n = 5 M/7 F, 23.3 ± 3.9 yr) and OA (n = 8 M/4 F, 67.7 ± 6.0 yr) underwent a 180-min HFM (12 kcal/kg body wt; 57% fat, 37% CHO) after a rest or exercise [~65% heart rate peak (HRpeak)] condition ~12 h earlier. After an overnight fast, plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA) were determined to estimate peripheral, or skeletal muscle, insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) as well as hepatic [homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] and adipose insulin resistance (adipose-IR). β-Cell function was derived from C-peptide and defined as early-phase (0-30 min) and total-phase (0-180 min) disposition index [DI, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) adjusted for insulin sensitivity/resistance]. Hepatic insulin extraction (HIE), body composition [dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)], and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were also assessed. OA had higher total cholesterol (TC), LDL, HIE, and DI across organs as well as lower adipose-IR (all, P < 0.05) and VO2peak (P = 0.056) despite similar body composition and glucose tolerance. Exercise lowered early-phase TC and LDL in OA versus YA (P < 0.05). However, C-peptide area under the curve (AUC), total phase GSIS, and adipose-IR were reduced postexercise in YA versus OA (P < 0.05). Skeletal muscle DI increased in YA and OA after exercise (P < 0.05), whereas adipose DI tended to decline in OA (P = 0.06 and P = 0.08). Exercise-induced skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity (r = -0.44, P = 0.02) and total-phase DI (r = -0.65, P = 0.005) correlated with reduced glucose AUC180min. Together, exercise improved skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity/DI in relation to glucose tolerance in YA and OA, but only raised adipose-IR and reduced adipose-DI in OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined the relationship between use of social media platforms and sleep quality in Australian adults. Data from 814 adults aged 18-59 years (65% female) were collected using an online survey. Participants reported socio-demographics, social media usages, and sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Two-thirds (68%) of participants reported poor sleep quality (overall PSQI score >5). Facebook (73%) and Facebook Messenger (70%) were the most used social media platforms, then Instagram (68%) and YouTube (63%). Multivariable logistic regression showed that Facebook Messenger users had 70% higher odds (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.20-2.41), while WhatsApp users had 38% lower odds (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.42-0.90) of reporting poor sleep quality compared to their non-user counterparts. Higher social media use was associated with poor sleep quality in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, participants using social media for >3.5 hrs/d, compared to using social media ≤2 hrs/d, had more than double the odds for reporting poor sleep quality (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.49-4.01 for using social media 3.5-5.0 hrs/d versus OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.77-4.41 for using social media >5.0 hrs/d). The findings underscore the need for more efficient ways to use social media platforms to optimise sleep quality. Implications for practitioner psychologists are discussed. What is already known about this topic: Higher social media use is associated with poorer sleep quality in adolescents. One in two Australian adults report sleep problems. There is scant research about the link between social media and sleep in adults. What does this topic add: Australian adults use social media on average 3.9 hrs/day. Using social media > 3.5 hours per day showed double the odds of adults reporting poor sleep quality than using social media ≤ 2 hours per day. Practitioners assisting Australian adults with poor sleep should consider social media use as a potential contributor, albeit more research is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As technological advances allow the development of new products, the number of synthetic chemical compounds released into the soil, surface water and groundwater increases, posing a threat to the environment. Therefore, treatability studies to improve bioremediation strategies (biostimulation and bioaugmentation) were applied to samples of soil containing nitro and chlorinated aromatic compounds from a former chemical manufacturing site in Brazil. Native microorganisms were stimulated to degrade compounds including dichloroanilines, dichloronitrobenzenes, 2‐chloronitrobenzene, and 1,2‐chlorobenzene, through oxygen exposure and pH (6.0‐8.4) and moisture content (13‐23%) adjustments. For the inoculation of soil samples, a culture enriched from site groundwater was developed. The aeration alone stimulated the indigenous microbes to degrade some of the compounds. However, reinoculation with an enriched culture and moisture content adjustment increased the attenuation rates by 3.6 and 1.4 times, respectively. The pH values in the range of 7.6 and 8.4 seem not to harm microbes' activity and moisture content higher than 16% is recommended to enhance biodegradation. Based on the findings, it is likely that natural attenuation is happening in aerobic zones at the site. Results indicate both bioremediation strategies (biostimulation and bioaugmentation through reinoculation with enriched culture mainly composed of organisms from the Diaphorobacter genus) are promising strategies to enhance bioremediation. However, considering the applicability of the strategies on a field scale, further experiments will broaden the understanding of biodegradability of compounds, such as their inhibitory effects when in higher concentration (>150 mg/kg), individually or combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knowledge of the specific dynamics of influenza introduction and spread in university settings is limited. Methods: Persons with acute respiratory illness symptoms received influenza testing by molecular assay during October 6–November 23, 2022. Viral sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were conducted on nasal swab samples from case‐patients. Case–control analysis of a voluntary survey of persons tested was used to identify factors associated with influenza; logistic regression was conducted to calculate odds ratios and 95% CIs. A subset of case‐patients tested during the first month of the outbreak was interviewed to identify sources of introduction and early spread. Results: Among 3268 persons tested, 788 (24.1%) tested positive for influenza; 744 (22.8%) were included in the survey analysis. All 380 sequenced specimens were influenza A (H3N2) virus clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2, suggesting rapid transmission. Influenza (OR [95% CI]) was associated with indoor congregate dining (1.43 [1.002–2.03]), attending large gatherings indoors (1.83 [1.26–2.66]) or outdoors (2.33 [1.64–3.31]), and varied by residence type (apartment with ≥1 roommate: 2.93 [1.21–7.11], residence hall room alone: 4.18 [1.31–13.31], or with roommate: 6.09 [2.46–15.06], or fraternity/sorority house: 15.13 [4.30–53.21], all compared with single‐dwelling apartment). Odds of influenza were lower among persons who left campus for ≥1 day during the week before their influenza test (0.49 [0.32–0.75]). Almost all early cases reported attending large events. Conclusions: Congregate living and activity settings on university campuses can lead to rapid spread of influenza following introduction. Isolating following a positive influenza test or administering antiviral medications to exposed persons may help mitigate outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Girls' lacrosse participation and head injury rates have increased within the past decade. In response, optional headgear was implemented following the recently developed ASTM International lacrosse headgear performance standards. It remains unknown how lacrosse headgear responds to blunt impacts after use. Our purpose was to compare the peak linear acceleration between girls' lacrosse headgear conditions (pristine and used) during blunt impacts. Pristine headgear (n = 10) were tested in their original condition and used headgear (n = 10) were worn for an entire competitive season. A Cadex Monorail Impactor impacted all headgear following ASTM standards (F1446-15b, F2220-15, and F3137-15) in the required testing locations. A 2x 7 repeated-measures analysis of variance compared peak linear acceleration among headgear conditions and impact locations with a simple effects analysis planned comparison. There was no difference between headgear conditions for peak linear acceleration (pristine: 47.12 [13.92] g; used: 46.62 [14.84] g; F = 2.11, P > .05). A main effect for impact location (F = 983.52, P < .01), and an interaction effect of condition and impact location (F = 12.79, P < .01) were observed. All headgear, regardless of condition, met the ASTM performance standard. This suggests that headgear performance may not degrade subsequent to a single season of high school girls' lacrosse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) and its derivatives (NQs, juglone, plumbagin, 2-methoxy-1,4-NQ, and menadione) have a variety of therapeutic applications, many of which are attributed to redox cycling and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously demonstrated that NQs also oxidize hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to reactive sulfur species (RSS), potentially conveying identical benefits. Here we use RSS-specific fluorophores, mass spectroscopy, EPR and UV-Vis spectrometry, and oxygen-sensitive optodes to examine the effects of thiols and thiol-NQ adducts on H2S-NQ reactions. In the presence of glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (Cys), 1,4-NQ oxidizes H2S to both inorganic and organic hydroper-/hydropolysulfides (R2Sn, R=H, Cys, GSH; n = 2–4) and organic sulfoxides (GSnOH, n = 1, 2). These reactions reduce NQs and consume oxygen via a semiquinone intermediate. NQs are also reduced as they form adducts with GSH, Cys, protein thiols, and amines. Thiol, but not amine, adducts may increase or decrease H2S oxidation in reactions that are both NQ- and thiol-specific. Amine adducts also inhibit the formation of thiol adducts. These results suggest that NQs may react with endogenous thiols, including GSH, Cys, and protein Cys, and that these adducts may affect both thiol reactions as well as RSS production from H2S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Producers of premium-niche products increasingly use place-of-origin branding strategies for differentiation in domestic and international markets. There has been little research focusing on the significant role of product labels in this regard. Employing content analysis of 253 different product labels using established measures of country-of-origin branding, this exploratory study investigates how Australian distillers use place-branding elements on product labels. Findings show producers communicate "place" using 58 separate phrases, other than the generic "Made in ...", allowing distillers to convey "place", "localness", and by extension, product authenticity and quality. Findings extend knowledge of place-of-origin branding and its value for promoting premium-niche products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 50-kg scale, high solids anaerobic digester (AD) comprising six sequentially fed leach beds with a leachate recirculation system was operated at 37°C for 88 weeks. The solid feedstock contained a constant fibre fraction (a mix of cardboard, boxboard, newsprint, and fine paper) and varying proportions of food waste. Previously, we reported on the stable operation of this digestion system, where significantly enhanced methane production from the fibre fraction was observed as the proportion of food waste increased. The objective of this study was to identify relationships between process parameters and the microbial community. Increasing food waste led to a large increase in the absolute microbial abundance in the circulating leachate. While 16S rRNA amplicons for Clostridium butyricum were most abundant and correlated with the amount of FW in the system and with the overall methane yield, it was more cryptic Candidatus Roizmanbacteria and Spirochaetaceae that correlated specifically with enhanced methane from the fiber fraction. A faulty batch of bulking agent led to hydraulic channeling, which was reflected in the leachate microbial profiles matching that of the incoming food waste. The system performance and microbial community re-established rapidly after reverting to better bulking agent, illustrating the robustness of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the bilateral kinematic patterns across the posterior aspect of the medium National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment anthropomorphic test device headform during blunt impacts. Such information is important for interpreting and properly deriving blunt impact performance metrics. Two medium National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headforms modified according to National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment document ND-081 were attached to a male 50th percentile Hybrid III neck and were impacted at 14 locations along the posterior aspect of the headform (7 ear side, 7 non-ear side). Impacts were performed on a pneumatic linear impactor at 2, 3, and 4 m/s using the impactor head specified by the Standard Pneumatic Ram Test Method Document 081-18am. The peak linear acceleration, peak angular acceleration, and peak angular velocity values were quantified for each impact. The results indicate that peak linear acceleration seems to be consistent, peak angular acceleration is markedly less at the nape and rear regions, whereas peak angular velocity is greatest at the nape and rear regions. Additionally, there are numerous instances where the values between impacts to the ear side of the headform differ from impacts to the non-ear side according to our type-I error rate (alpha = 0.05). Our results provide an indication that there is a large variation in peak angular acceleration at different impact sites across the headform compared to little variation in peak linear and peak angular velocity. Additionally, there are some asymmetries present in the headform that may have clinical relevance for peak linear accelerations and peak angular accelerations, but not for peak angular velocity in the range of values we observed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic diets high in saturated fat (SF) and omega-6-fatty acids (O6FAs) elevate fasting triglycerides (TRGs) and glucose (GLU). Postprandial TRGs, GLU, and Metabolic Load Index (MLI) are better predictors of disease risk compared to fasting levels alone. Conversely, diets high in omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) may be cardioprotective. Unfortunately, many existing postprandial studies are not standardized to body weight and given in an amount individuals would typically consume in their daily lives; the MLI is not calculated, and varying types of fat content are not examined. Therefore, we sought to determine whether SF, O3FAs, or O6FAs altered postprandial TRGs, GLU, and MLI from a standardized mixed meal. Methods: Fifteen individuals (6 M and 9 F) visited the laboratory three times, separated by at least 48 h, to consume HFM smoothies with varying FA composition (SF, high O6FAs, and high O3FAs). The smoothies were standardized to 12 kcal/kg body weight, 63% total fat, and 0.72 g/kg sugar. TRGs and GLU were collected at baseline and at 2 h and 4 h postprandially; the MLI was calculated by summing the TRG and GLU responses at each time point. Results: There was a significant increase in TRGs across time points (p < 0.001). For TRGs, there was a trend toward a significant interaction between smoothie type and time (p = 0.06) due to the increase in TRGs in the SF compared to the O3FA smoothie. There was an increase in postprandial GLU that varied across smoothie types (p = 0.036). Taken together, the MLI was elevated in the SF smoothie compared to the O3FAs at 2 h (p = 0.041). Conclusion: A SF smoothie in the morning elevated the metabolic load compared to an O3FA smoothie. Mechanisms of action in the competing clearance of TRGs and GLU warrant further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including Indigenous student support, bullying prevention, and the needs of school counselors and psychology trainees.

In comparison to children, adolescents achieve significantly less physical activity (PA). Additionally, activity differences exist among genders and race/ethnicities. One means of influencing the PA habits of adolescents is high school physical education. Although PE class reaches students of all ages, genders, and races, motivation and experiences across these groups appear to differ. The purpose of this study was to determine if PE descriptors, motivators, and experiences in ninth- and 10th-grade students differed across gender, race/ethnicity, and grade. Ninth- and 10th-grade students (n = 698) completed a questionnaire about the factors that influence their motivation and experiences in PE class. Responses were compared across gender, race/ethnicity, and grade. Primary findings show that males and freshmen had more positive experiences in PE class than females and sophomores, respectively. Additionally, Caucasian students had more negative experiences in PE class in comparison to students of any other race/ethnicity. These findings illustrate the necessity for PE teacher sensitivity when they teach students of different genders, grades, and ethnic backgrounds. Special attention should be given to the social aspect of PE classes among females, student transition from middle school to high school, and the varying experiences in PE of students of different races/ethnicities. The results demonstrate the need for future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphones have many characteristics that make them attractive to adolescents. Recent work, however, has established a link between smartphone-related problems and self-esteem (self-worth) and social anxiety (fear of social relations). To date, little is known about the characteristics underpinning these relationships in combination. Driven by theory, the present study examined the association between self-esteem, social anxiety, and nomophobia (fear of being without access to a smartphone) and problem smartphone use (PSU) in a sample of early adolescents (N = 254). Self-esteem (Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale), social anxiety (Social Avoidance and Distress Scale) and their combined contribution (self-esteem × social anxiety) served as predictor variables of nomophobia (Nomophobia Questionnaire) and PSU (Mobile Phone Problem Usage Scale – Adolescent version) in separate moderated regression analyses. We found that lower self-esteem was associated with higher nomophobia and PSU, and that higher self-esteem may be a protective factor in those lower in social anxiety, such that they are not prone to excessive smartphone use. Our findings offer preliminary markers for psychologists addressing the challenges related to excessive smartphone use in this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to determine fasting and high-fat meal (HFM)-induced post-prandial systemic inflammation and airway inflammation (exhaled nitric oxide (eNO)) in older adults (OAs) compared to younger adults (YAs) before and after acute exercise. Twelve YAs (23.3 ± 3.9 y n = 5 M/7 F) and 12 OAs (67.7 ± 6 y, n = 8 M/4 F) completed two HFM challenges. After an overnight fast, participants underwent an HFM session or pre-prandial exercise (EX, 65% VO2Peak to expend 75% of the caloric content of the HFM) plus HFM (EX + HFM) in a randomized order. Systemic inflammatory cytokines were collected at 0, 3, and 6 h, while eNO was determined at 0, 2, and 4 h after the HFM (12 kcal/kg body weight: 61% fat, 35% CHO, 4% PRO). TNF-α was higher in OAs compared to YAs (p = 0.005) and decreased across time from baseline to 6 h post-HFM (p = 0.007). In response to the HFM, IL-6 decreased from 0 to 3 h but increased at 6 h regardless of age or exercise (p = 0.018). IL-8 or IL-1β did not change over the HFM by age or exercise (p > 0.05). eNO was also elevated in OAs compared to YAs (p = 0.003) but was not altered by exercise (p = 0.108). There was a trend, however, towards significance post-prandially in OAs and YAs from 0 to 2 h (p = 0.072). TNF-α and eNO are higher in OAs compared to YAs but are not elevated more in OAs post-prandially compared to YAs. Primary systemic inflammatory cytokines and eNO were not modified by acute exercise prior to an HFM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reductive dehalogenases (RDases) are corrinoid-dependent enzymes that reductively dehalogenate organohalides in respiratory processes. By comparing isotope effects in biotically catalyzed reactions to reference experiments with abiotic corrinoid catalysts, compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) has been shown to yield valuable insights into enzyme mechanisms and kinetics, including RDases. Here, we report isotopic fractionation (ε) during biotransformation of chloroform (CF) for carbon (εC = -1.52 ± 0.34‰) and chlorine (εCl = -1.84 ± 0.19‰), corresponding to a ΛC/Cl value of 1.13 ± 0.35. These results are highly suppressed compared to isotope effects observed both during CF biotransformation by another organism with a highly similar RDase (>95% sequence identity) at the amino acid level, and to those observed during abiotic dehalogenation of CF. Amino acid differences occur at four locations within the two different RDases' active sites, and this study examines whether these differences potentially affect the observed εC, εCl, and ΛC/Cl. Structural protein models approximating the locations of the residues elucidate possible controls on reaction mechanisms and/or substrate binding efficiency. These four locations are not conserved among other chloroalkane reducing RDases with high amino acid similarity (>90%), suggesting that these locations may be important in determining isotope fractionation within this homologous group of RDases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosylation can be a critical quality attribute in biologic manufacturing. In particular, it has implications on the half‐life, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and must be closely monitored throughout drug development and manufacturing. To address this, advances have been made primarily in upstream processing, including mammalian cell line engineering, to yield more predictably glycosylated mAbs and the addition of media supplements during fermentation to manipulate the metabolic pathways involved in glycosylation. A more robust approach would be a conjoined upstream–downstream processing strategy. This could include implementing novel downstream technologies, such as the use of Fc γ‐based affinity ligands for the separation of mAb glycovariants. This review highlights the importance of controlling therapeutic antibody glycosylation patterns, the challenges faced in terms of glycosylation during mAb biosimilar development, current efforts both upstream and downstream to control glycosylation and their limitations, and the need for research in the downstream space to establish holistic and consistent manufacturing processes for the production of antibody therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foul condensate produced during the chemical recovery step of the kraft pulping process is a methanol-rich wastewater stream commonly treated through a steam-stripping process to extract volatile components before their combustion. Applying anaerobic digestion to treat this wastewater stream presents an opportunity to recover the inherent renewable bioenergy without the associated steam utilization and improve the overall energy balance of the mill. In this study, a comparison of the performance and microbiology of anaerobic digesters treating foul condensate under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions was performed. In terms of performance, both digesters performed similarly with an optimal organic loading rate and hydraulic retention time of 4 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD/[m3·day]) and 1.5 days, respectively, which produced similar methane yields of ∼200 L CH4 per kg COD loaded resulting in a methane productivity of ∼0.75 L/(L·day). The anaerobic digesters removed 95–99% of methanol-associated COD but only 16–25% of non-methanol-associated COD in the feedstock. Microbial community analysis showed that under mesophilic conditions, methylotrophic methanogenesis was the principal mechanism for methanol removal while a hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway was dominant under thermophilic and favored under higher sulfur loading conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is well recognised that medical students need to acquire certain procedural skills during their medical training, however, agreement on the level and acquisition of competency to be achieved in these skills is under debate. Further, the maintenance of competency of procedural skills across medical curricula is often not considered. The purpose of this study was to identify core procedural skills competencies for Australian medical students and to establish the importance of the maintenance of such skills. Methods: A three-round, online Delphi method was used to identify consensus on competencies of procedural skills for graduating medical students in Australia. In Round 1, an initial structured questionnaire was developed using content identified from the literature. Respondents were thirty-six experts representing medical education and multidisciplinary clinicians involved with medical students undertaking procedural skills, invited to rate their agreement on the inclusion of teaching 74 procedural skills and 11 suggested additional procedures. In Round 2, experts re-appraised the importance of 85 skills and rated the importance of maintenance of competency (i.e., Not at all important to Extremely important). In Round 3, experts rated the level of maintenance of competence (i.e., Observer, Novice, Competent, Proficient) in 46 procedures achieving consensus. Results: Consensus, defined as > 80% agreement, was established with 46 procedural skills across ten categories: cardiovascular, diagnostic/measurement, gastrointestinal, injections/intravenous, ophthalmic/ENT, respiratory, surgical, trauma, women's health and urogenital procedures. The procedural skills that established consensus with the highest level of agreement included cardiopulmonary resuscitation, airway management, asepsis and surgical scrub, gown and gloving. The importance for medical students to demonstrate maintenance of competency in all procedural skills was assessed on the 6-point Likert scale with a mean of 5.03. Conclusions: The findings from the Delphi study provide critical information about procedural skills for the Clinical Practice domain of Australian medical curricula. The inclusion of experts from medical faculty and clinicians enabled opportunities to capture a range of experience independent of medical speciality. These findings demonstrate the importance of maintenance of competency of procedural skills and provides the groundwork for further investigations into monitoring medical students' skills prior to graduation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal (HFHC) results in elevated postprandial glucose (GLU), triglycerides (TAG) and metabolic load index (MLI; TAG (mg/dl) + GLU (mg/dl)) that contributes to chronic disease risk. While disease risk is higher in older adults (OA) compared to younger adults (YA), the acute effects of exercise on these outcomes in OA is understudied. Twelve YA (age 23.3 ± 3.9 yrs, n = 5 M/7 F) and 12 OA (age 67·7 ± 6.0 yrs, n = 8 M/4 F) visited the laboratory in random order to complete a HFHC with no exercise (NE) or acute exercise (EX) condition. EX was performed 12 hours prior to HFHC at an intensity of 65 % of maximal heart rate to expend 75 % of the kcals consumed in HFHC (Marie Callender's Chocolate Satin Pie; 12 kcal/kgbw; 57 % fat, 37 % CHO). Blood samples were taken at 0, 30, 60, 90 minutes, and then every hour until 6 hours post-meal. TAG levels increased to a larger magnitude in OA (Δ∼61 ± 31 %) compared to YA (Δ∼37 ± 34 %, P < 0·001), which were attenuated in EX compared to NE (P < 0·05) independent of age. There was no difference in GLU between OA and YA after the HFM, however, EX had attenuated GLU independent of age (NE: Δ∼21 ± 26 %; EX: Δ∼12 ± 18 %, P = 0·027). MLI was significantly lower after EX compared to NE in OA and YA (P < 0·001). Pre-prandial EX reduced TAG, GLU and MLI post-HFHC independent of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few strains of Dehalococcoides mccartyi harbour and express the vinyl chloride reductase (VcrA) that catalyzes the dechlorination of vinyl chloride (VC), a carcinogenic soil and groundwater contaminant. The vcrA operon is found on a Genomic Island (GI) and, therefore, believed to participate in horizontal gene transfer (HGT). To try to induce HGT of the vcrA-GI, we blended two enrichment cultures in medium without ammonium while providing VC. We hypothesized that these conditions would select for a mutant strain of D. mccartyi that could both fix nitrogen and respire VC. However, after more than 4 years of incubation, we found no evidence for HGT of the vcrA-GI. Rather, we observed VC-dechlorinating activity attributed to the trichloroethene reductase TceA. Sequencing and protein modelling revealed amutation in the predicted active site of TceA, which may have influenced substrate specificity. We also identified two nitrogen-fixing D. mccartyi strains in the KB-1 culture. The presence of multiple strains of D. mccartyi with distinct phenotypes is a feature of natural environments and certain enrichment cultures (such as KB-1), and may enhance bioaugmentation success. The fact that multiple distinct strains persist in the culture for decades and that we could not induce HGT of the vcrA-GI suggests that it is not as mobile as predicted, or that mobility is restricted in ways yet to be discovered to specific subclades of Dehalococcoides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Expert recommendations for child/adolescent obesity include extensive investigation for weight‐related comorbidities, based on body mass index (BMI) percentile cut‐offs. This study aimed to estimate the cost of initial investigations for weight‐related comorbidities in children/adolescents with obesity, according to international expert guidelines. Methods: The annual mean cost of investigations for weight‐related comorbidities in children/adolescents was calculated from a health‐funder perspective using 2019 cost data obtained from three New Zealand District Health Boards. Prevalence data for child/adolescent obesity (aged 2–14 years) were obtained from the New Zealand Health Survey (2017/2018), and prevalence of weight‐related comorbidities requiring further investigation were obtained from a previous New Zealand study of a cohort of children with obesity. Results: The cost of initial laboratory screening for weight‐related comorbidities per child was NZD 28.36. Based on national prevalence data from 2018/2019 for children with BMI greater than the 98th percentile (obesity cut‐off), the total annual cost for initial laboratory screening for weight‐related comorbidities in children/adolescents aged 2–14 years with obesity was estimated at NZD 2,665,840. The cost of further investigation in the presence of risk factors was estimated at NZD 2,972,934. Conclusions: Investigating weight‐related comorbidities in New Zealand according to international expert guidelines is resource‐intensive. Ways to further determine who warrants investigation with an individualised approach are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the effort to reduce concussions in American football, helmet manufacturers are seeking new technologies to reduce peak head impact kinematics. However, the efficacy of these new helmet technologies is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of an intermediary liner on the blunt impact kinematic performance of an American football helmet using a custom test similar to the NOCSAE (ND-081) and NFL linear impactor test methods. Twelve Schutt F7 football helmets with the Radian Diffusion System technology were evaluated under three conditions: with the system (hypothesized to function as a slip plane), without the system, and with a modified system using cloth to cover the hook and loop attachment that, by design, mechanically adheres the system to the comfort liner of the helmet. Helmets were impacted three times at 6 m/s (281 J) at six locations [side, rear boss non-centroidal, rear boss centroidal, rear, front boss, and a random location used for all helmets] using a pneumatic ram. While an effect was found for linear accelerations at the Rear, Rear Boss Center of Gravity, Rear Boss Non-Centroidal, and Random locations, no overall differences between liner conditions were observed for peak resultant linear (p = 0.310) and angular accelerations (p = 0.231), or peak resultant angular velocity (p = 0.127). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open science means sharing all information in the research process as early as possible and making the output available without restriction on use. In the most expansive definition of open science, this includes sharing early‐stage inventions that could be the subject of patent applications. We illustrate how this expansive open science definition has attracted pharmaceutical companies to partner with universities to tackle big problems in biomedicine. We propose that by applying this framework to engineering, it will also encourage industry to work collaboratively with researchers in academia to tackle some of our big problems: climate change, energy sustainability, food security, and water quality and quantity. However, there are misgivings or misconceptions about adopting open science in engineering. This article explores some of the barriers to open science in academia in general, and specifically as applied to university‐based research in chemical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflection-impulsivity is a dimension of cognitive or decision-making style. We conducted two quasi-experimental studies to examine reflection-impulsivity in athletes using an information sampling task. In Study 1 (n = 108; Mage= 22.7 ± SDage = 1.42; 50% female), we used a cross-sectional design to compare performance across athletic expertise (super-elite, elite, amateur, novice or non-athlete) and sport type (external-paced or self-paced). In Study 2 (Time 1 n = 106; Mage= 21.32 ± SDage = 5.77; 53% female and Time 2 n = 64; Mage= 21.19 ± SDage = 5.12; 44% female), we examined changes in reflection-impulsivity across a 16-week playing season. Study 1 showed more accurate and more efficient performance as athletic expertise increased. Study 2 revealed better effectiveness and efficiency following sport participation, a 16-week playing season, most notably in elite-level performers. No sport-type differences were noted. Taken together, the studies demonstrate an association between reflection-impulsivity and athletic expertise, while also providing evidence that competitive sports participation leads to efficient decisions based on reflection, without sacrificing accuracy, which is often a consequence of impulsive decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this position paper on ventilatory support at home for children is to provide expert consensus from Australia and New Zealand on optimal care for children requiring ventilatory support at home, both non-invasive and invasive. It was compiled by members of the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ) and the Australasian Sleep Association (ASA). This document provides recommendations to support the development of improved services for Australian and New Zealand children who require long-term ventilatory support. Issues relevant to providers of equipment and areas of research need are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research attests to the important contributions of emotional, athletic, and cognitive expertise for sport performance. However, little is known regarding the interplay between trait emotional intelligence, athletic expertise, and working memory. The aim of this research was to examine the interplay between working memory (emotional, capacity and ability), trait emotional intelligence and athletic expertise. In total, 437 participants aged between 18 and 27 years with a range of athletic expertise (i.e., non-athlete n = 96, novice n = 92, amateur n = 85, elite n = 83, and super-elite n = 81) completed the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire Short Form, an Emotion Recognition Task (i.e., working memory-emotional), a Spatial Span Task (i.e., working memory-capacity), and a Spatial Working Memory Test (i.e., working memory-ability). Structural equation modelling indicated a significant positive relationship between trait emotional intelligence and all three components of working memory (i.e., emotional, capacity and ability). Also, this differed over athletic expertise whereby those with more expertise reported larger effects than those with less expertise. These findings suggest that trait emotional intelligence is important for working memory in athletes. Moreover, the link between cognitive and affective processes are increasingly relevant as athletes develop expertise levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sleep is essential for overall health and can impact academic performance. Prior research reports reduced sleep time in college students. Poor sleep may impact physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior, or vice versa, but has not been examined extensively in this population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine markers of sleep quality, PA, and sedentary behavior in college students using objective means. Methods: A convenience sample of college students underwent body composition analysis and 7-day objective PA and sleep assessment via accelerometry. Results: Among 81 college students (53 women), there was no association between total sleep time (TST) and weekly average PA. TST was negatively associated with sedentary minutes per day, sedentary bouts per day, and total time in sedentary bouts per day. Greater sedentary bouts per day and average sedentary minutes per day were seen in those with a TST < 6 h, with no difference in body composition. Further, TST was negatively associated with sedentary minutes accumulated on the subsequent day, for all 7 days. Conclusion: In a primarily residential college student cohort, poor sleep is associated with sedentary behavior more than PA. These students, who require a high amount of transport PA to and from campus during the week, are compensating by sleeping more and moving less on the weekend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]