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Copyright of Archiv für Orthopädische und Unfall-Chirurgie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Mistletoe extracts are used in adjuvant cancer treatment, but little is known concerning their mode of action. There is, however, evidence that antigens in these extracts may stimulate cells of the immune system, thereby modifying the altered immunological reactivity in tumour patients. Methods: In order to find out whether the postulated immunomodulatory properties of mistletoe extracts are mediated by cytokines, a spectrum of different cytokines was analysed in the supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy ( n = 23) and allergic ( n = 16) individuals after stimulation with the fermented mistletoe lectin-1 (ML-1) free mistletoe extract Iscador Pini (IP) in vitro, and their cytokine patterns were compared to those from tumour patients with either breast cancer ( n = 20) or colorectal tumours ( n = 22). Results: PBMC from healthy and allergic individuals produced high levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and to a lesser extent Th1- and Th2-related cytokines. This finding was in contrast to data obtained in tumour patients. Thus, the concentration of TNF-α was significantly lower in the cell cultures from breast cancer patients than in controls, and patients with colorectal tumours released IFN-γ/IL-2 (5%) in the supernatants significantly less frequently than PBMC from healthy controls (26%). Similar results were obtained when the Th1- and monocyte/macrophage-related cytokines were analysed in the unstimulated cell cultures. Conclusions: These in vitro studies provide evidence that there is a reduced immunological reactivity to the fermented ML-1 free mistletoe extract in tumour patients and may give some clues as to how mistletoe-derived antigens could act on immune cells involved in the tumour defence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Langenbecks Archiv fuer Chirurgie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Langenbecks Archiv fuer Chirurgie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of World Journal of Surgery is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context: Few athletic training program directors (PDs) have completed formal leadership training to prepare them for educational roles. Literature suggests there is a need for leadership within athletic training, but specific leadership behaviors have not been documented (Kutz, 2006). It is important for PDs to understand their leadership practices to enhance student academic success. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between athletic training students' (ATSs) perceptions of their PD's leadership behaviors and overall athletic training program success (measured by Board of Certification [BOC] examination first-attempt pass rates). Design: A descriptive study was performed using an online 360° feedback assessment survey, the Leadership Practices Inventory-360 (LPI). Setting: Subjects completed online surveys within computer labs or on personal computers at their own convenience. Participants: A regional sample of accredited undergraduate entry-level athletic training education programs was selected. Five universities located in the mid-Atlantic region participated (5 PDs and 81 ATSs). Data Collection and Analysis: The LPI survey was administered through an online format where participants subjectively and objectively reported the frequency of the PDs' leadership behavior; defined by Kouzes and Posner's (2002) The Five Practices: Model the Way, Inspire a Shared Vision, Challenge the Process, Enable Others to Act, and Encourage the Heart. The 5 leadership practices were the independent variable and program performance on the BOC examination was the dependent variable. The LPI has been deemed valid and reliable, the internal reliability measured by Cronbach α >.75 level. Findings showed statistically significant influences between ATS perceptions of their PD demonstrating all 5 leadership practices and satisfactory BOC exam pass rates, analyzed by a Pearson correlation coefficient. Findings also revealed leadership practice "Model" was significantly predictive of ATSs' first-attempt pass rates, analyzed by a stepwise linear regression. Results: BOC exam pass rates were satisfactory when ATSs perceived their PD portraying all 5 leadership practices. A positive correlation was indicated for BOC examination scores among Model (r(79) = .415, P < .05), Inspire (r(79) = .377, P < .01), Challenge (r(79) = .392, P < .01), Enable (r(79) = .303, P < .01), and Encourage (r(79) = .277, P < .05). A stepwise linear regression model revealed "Model the Way" (β = .415) predicted 16% of the dependent variable first-attempt pass rate. Conclusions: Athletic training students who viewed their PD frequently using all 5 leadership practices resulted in satisfactory BOC examination scores. Students who viewed their PD frequently using leadership practice "Model the Way" resulted in increased likelihoods of first-attempt BOC examination pass rates. Frequently demonstrating all 5 leadership practices will increase engagement, commitment, loyalty, and motivation from constituents (Kouzes & Posner, 2012). PDs' leadership effectiveness creates positive student perceptions, which increase student commitment, engagement, and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Langenbecks Archiv fuer Chirurgie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Langenbecks Archiv fuer Chirurgie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Langenbecks Archiv fuer Chirurgie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Langenbecks Archiv fuer Chirurgie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)