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Objective: To assess the role of the choroid plexus (CP) of the fourth ventricle (4V) in fetuses with an open 4V and a normal cerebellar vermis. Methods: Two groups of patients were recruited in two fetal medicine referral centers. The prospectively collected control group included singleton pregnancies with a normal sonographic examination after first‐trimester combined screening for chromosomal abnormalities and normal outcome, recruited in the period between 2019 and 2022. The study group was selected retrospectively by searching our databases to identify all cases with an isolated open 4V and normal anatomy and size of the cerebellar vermis. The inclusion criteria of the study group were: (1) gestational age between 20 and 22 weeks; (2) a brainstem–vermis angle ≥ 18° in the midsagittal plane with an otherwise normal cerebellum and vermis; (3) 4V‐CP visible and seen separately from the vermis; (4) absence of other intra‐ and extracranial anomalies; and (5) available prenatal and/or postnatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Results: In 169 cases of the control group, the 4V‐CP was seen separately from the cerebellar vermis and was noticed to progressively fill the space caudal to the 4V, between the vermis and brainstem. From 12 to 22 weeks, the surface areas of the vermis and medial portion of the 4V‐CP increased progressively with advancing gestation (P < 0.0001). Intra‐ and interobserver correlation analysis showed good reproducibility for the measurements. Among the cases with an open 4V and a normal vermis, it was retrospectively feasible to visualize the 4V‐CP separately from the inferior part of the vermis in 41 fetuses. In five of these cases, the open 4V was due to a small CP. In all 41 fetuses, the diagnosis on MRI was isolated upward rotation of the cerebellar vermis, and no additional anomaly was found. Conclusions: Closure of the 4V is dependent on the 4V‐CP and not only the cerebellar vermis. In fact, a small CP may represent another cause of an open 4V. Therefore, separate visualization of the 4V‐CP and cerebellar vermis is crucial to improve discrimination between the different causes of an open 4V at the anomaly scan and its clinical implications. © 2023 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the indications for fetal echocardiography (FE), a procedure used to detect congenital heart disease in fetuses. The authors conducted a systematic literature search to identify guidelines and expert consensuses published between 2014 and 2023. They found that there is a lack of consensus among these sources regarding the risk factors that warrant FE. While there was complete agreement on three risk factors, there were disagreements and inconsistencies for others. The authors suggest that an international agreement would be beneficial for physicians and guideline developers, and further evidence is needed to justify FE for many risk factors. [Extracted from the article]

This article, titled "EP18.16: Fetal dilated jugular lymphatic sacs on first trimester ultrasound and their implications in antenatal screening," explores the clinical significance and rate of genetic anomalies and fetal malformations in fetuses with dilated jugular lymphatic sacs (JLS) during the first trimester ultrasound. The study found that the presence of dilated JLS was associated with an increased nuchal translucency (NT) thickness in the majority of cases. Fetal structural anomalies were identified in a significant number of cases, and genetic anomalies, particularly chromosomal anomalies, were also present. The article concludes that the presence of dilated JLS, especially in combination with increased NT, is highly associated with genetic disorders and/or fetal malformations. However, cases with isolated dilated JLS and NT <95th percentile generally had good pregnancy outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To describe the sonographic appearance and position of the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle (4V-CP) between 12 and 21 weeks' gestation in normal fetuses and in fetuses with Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) or Blake's pouch cyst (BPC).Methods: The study population comprised 90 prospectively recruited normal singleton pregnancies and 41 pregnancies identified retrospectively from our institutional database that had a suspected posterior fossa anomaly at 12-13 weeks' gestation based on the ultrasound finding of abnormal hindbrain spaces. In all cases the final diagnosis was confirmed by prenatal and/or postnatal magnetic resonance imaging or postmortem examination. All pregnancies underwent a detailed ultrasound assessment, including a dedicated examination of the posterior fossa, at 12-13 weeks, 15-16 weeks and 20-21 weeks of gestation. Two-dimensional ultrasound images of the midsagittal and coronal views of the brain through the posterior fontanelle and three-dimensional volume datasets were obtained. Multiplanar orthogonal image correlation with volume contrast imaging was used as the reference visualization mode. Two independent operators, blinded to the fetal outcome, were asked to classify the 4V-CP as visible or not visible in both normal and abnormal cases, and to assess if the 4V-CP was positioned inside or outside the cyst in fetuses with DWM and BPC.Results: Of the 41 fetuses with apparently isolated cystic posterior fossa anomaly in the first trimester, eight were diagnosed with DWM, 29 were diagnosed with BPC and four were found to be normal in the second trimester. The position of the 4V-CP differed between DWM, BPC and normal cases in the first- and second-trimester ultrasound examinations. In particular, in normal fetuses, no cyst was present and, in the midsagittal and coronal planes of the posterior fossa, the 4V-CP appeared as an echogenic oval-shaped structure located inside the 4V apparently attached to the cerebellar vermis. In fetuses with DWM, the 4V-CP was not visible in the midsagittal view because it was displaced inferolaterally by the cyst. In contrast, in the coronal view of the posterior brain, the 4V-CP was visualized in all cases with DWM at 12-13 weeks, with a moderate decrease in the visualization rate at 15-16 weeks (87.5%) and at 20-21 weeks (75%). In the coronal view, the 4V-CP was classified as being outside the cyst in all DWM cases at 12-13 weeks and in 87.5% and 75% of cases at 15-16 and 20-21 weeks, respectively. In fetuses with BPC, the 4V-CP was visualized in all cases in both the midsagittal and coronal views at 12-13 weeks and in 100% and 96.6% of cases, respectively, at 15-16 weeks. In the coronal view, the 4V-CP was classified as being inside the cyst in 28 (96.6%), 27 (93.1%) and 25 (86.2%) cases at 12-13, 15-16 and 20-21 weeks, respectively. The medial segment of the 4V-CP was visualized near the inferior part of the vermis.Conclusions: Our study shows that longitudinal ultrasound assessment of the 4V-CP and its temporal changes from 12 to 21 weeks is feasible. The 4V-CP is located inside the cyst, just below the vermis, in BPC and outside the cyst, inferolaterally displaced and distant from the vermian margin, in DWM, consistent with the pathogenesis of the two conditions. The position of the 4V-CP is a useful sonographic marker that can help differentiate between DWM and BPC as early as in the first trimester of pregnancy. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of cerebellar vermis at 12-22 weeks of gestation: why is traditional assessment incorrect? First-trimester ultrasound assessment of the fetal posterior fossa (PF) on a midsagittal view of the head through the anterior fontanelle has been described extensively[1]. In this study, we found that standard- and high-frequency transvaginal transducers and a high-frequency transabdominal transducer allowed clear visualization of the 4V-CP and its differentiation from the vermis. [Extracted from the article]

Conclusions Following a rigorous GRADE methodology for guidelines and recommendations building, we provide up-to-date best evidence on indications for referral scan based on maternal and fetal risk factors with the aim to provide a useful tool for clinicians as well as for health decision-makers. Although there is a consensus on offering the obstetrical referral scan in case of fetal risk factors (i.e. suspicion of fetal anomaly, nuchal translucency >= 3.5 mm, and early-onset fetal growth restriction), indications are not well established in cases where the high risk is derived from anamnestic or family/maternal risk factors. In order to answer this question, we built guidelines by GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) methodology on the best available evidence. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To assess the risk of 22q11.2 deletion in fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of right aortic arch without intracardiac anomalies (RAA-no ICA).Methods: This was a retrospective study of all fetuses with RAA-no ICA diagnosed prenatally at three referral centers, between 2004 and 2014. A detailed sonographic examination was performed in each case, including visualization of the thymus and of the head and neck vessels to identify the presence of an aberrant left subclavian artery (ALSA). Karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion were always offered either prenatally or postnatally. Clinical and echocardiographic examinations were performed in livebirths and a postmortem examination in cases of termination of pregnancy.Results: During the study period, 85 fetuses were diagnosed prenatally with RAA-no ICA. Genetic or clinical data were not available for three cases and these were excluded from analysis. 22q11.2 deletion was found in 7/82 cases (8.5% (95% CI, 3.8-17.3%)). The thymus was small or non-visualized in all seven cases and additional abnormal sonographic findings were present in four.Conclusion: 22q11.2 deletion is present in a clinically significant proportion of fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of RAA-no ICA. In such cases, a detailed sonographic examination, with assessment of the thymus in particular, may be useful to further define the level of risk for 22q11.2 deletion. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusions Following a rigorous GRADE methodology for guidelines and recommendations building, we provide the up-to-date best evidence on indications for referral scan based on maternal and fetal risk factors with the aim to provide a useful tool for clinicians as well as for health decision-makers. In order to answer this question, we built guidelines by GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) methodology on the best available evidence. Although there is a consensus on offering the obstetrical referral scan in case of fetal risk factors (i.e. suspicion of fetal anomaly, nuchal translucency >= 3.5 mm, and early-onset fetal growth restriction), indications are not well established in cases where the high risk is derived from anamnestic or family/maternal risk factors. [Extracted from the article]

In fetuses with DWM, on median view of posterior fossa, it was not possible to visualise the 4th VCP. The aim of this study was to describe the sonographic appearance and position of the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle (4th VCP) between 12 and 21weeks of gestation in normal fetuses and in fetuses with posterior fossa anomalies. Results 41 fetuses with apparently isolated cystic posterior fossa anomaly based on first trimester ultrasound assessment of intracranial spaces, were reviewed in the second trimester and were found to have Dandy Walker Malformation (DWM) in 8 cases, Blake's Pouch Cyst (BPC) in 29 and they were normal in 4 patients. [Extracted from the article]

An abstract of the article "Ductus venosus agenesis: prenatal diagnosis and fetoneonatal outcome of 35 cases" by N. Volpe and others is presented.

Objective The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the sonographic appearance of the posterior brain anatomy in normal fetuses at 11 to 14 weeks of pregnancy and to determine the fetal outcome when one of the posterior brain anatomical space is not recognized. Methods Two groups of patients were included in the study: a control group of consecutive 311 healthy fetuses with a normal sonogram and a study group of 21 fetuses with absence of one of the three posterior brain spaces. In each fetus, images of the mid-sagittal view of the fetal face and brain at 11 to 14 weeks of gestation were obtained. Results In all fetuses with absence of one of the three posterior brain spaces, a severe anomaly, including open spina bifida, cephalocele, Dandy-Walker complex, and chromosomal aberrations, was associated. Conclusion Our study indicates that the sonographic finding characterized by the absence of one of the three posterior brain spaces seems to facilitate not only the detection of open spina bifida, as previously reported, but also of other neural tube defects, such as cephalocele, and is an important risk factor for cystic posterior brain anomalies, and/or chromosomal abnormalities. Thus it seems a poor prognostic finding for major fetal abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the role of the brainstem-vermis (BV) angle in the diagnosis of fetal posterior fossa abnormalities at 15-18 weeks' gestation. Methods: We examined retrospectively three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound volumes acquired at 15-18 gestational weeks in fetuses with normal posterior fossa (controls) and in those with cystic posterior fossa. Whether the fourth ventricle appeared open posteriorly in axial views was noted and the BV angle was measured. A detailed follow-up was obtained in all cases. Results: Of the 139 controls, 46 cases were excluded because of inadequate quality of the 3D volumes. Of the 93 remaining normal fetuses, 84 (90.3%) had a closed fourth ventricle and a BV angle < 20°, whereas 9/93 (9.7%) had an open fourth ventricle and a BV angle between 20° and 37°. The study group of 11 fetuses included seven with Dandy-Walker malformation and four with Blake's pouch cyst. In abnormal cases as a whole, the BV angle was significantly increased compared with that in controls (P < 0.0001). However, fetuses with Blake's pouch cyst and normal fetuses with an open fourth ventricle had strikingly similar sonograms: the BV angle was between 20° and 37° and the fourth ventricle appeared open only when viewed using a more steeply angulated scanning plane than that of the standard transcerebellar plane; in fetuses with Dandy-Walker malformation the fourth ventricle was widely open posteriorly, even in the standard transcerebellar view, and the BV angle was > 45°, significantly increased compared both with that in normal fetuses (P < 0.0001) and with that in fetuses with Blake's pouch cyst (P = 0.004). Conclusion: An open fourth ventricle is found in about 10% of normal fetuses at 15-18 weeks' gestation. Measurement of the BV angle is useful in such cases, as a value ≥ 45° is associated with a very high risk of severe posterior fossa malformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the role of the brainstem-vermis (BV) angle in the diagnosis of fetal posterior fossa abnormalities at 15-18 weeks' gestation. Methods We examined retrospectively three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound volumes acquired at 15-18 gestational weeks in fetuses with normal posterior fossa (controls) and in those with cystic posterior fossa. Whether the fourth ventricle appeared open posteriorly in axial views was noted and the BV angle was measured. A detailed follow-up was obtained in all cases. Results Of the 139 controls, 46 cases were excluded because of inadequate quality of the 3D volumes. Of the 93 remaining normal fetuses, 84 (90.3%) had a closed fourth ventricle and a BV angle < 20°, whereas 9/93 (9.7%) had an open fourth ventricle and a BV angle between 20° and 37°. The study group of 11 fetuses included seven with Dandy-Walker malformation and four with Blake's pouch cyst. In abnormal cases as a whole, the BV angle was significantly increased compared with that in controls (P < 0.0001). However, fetuses with Blake's pouch cyst and normal fetuses with an open fourth ventricle had strikingly similar sonograms: the BV angle was between 20° and 37° and the fourth ventricle appeared open only when viewed using a more steeply angulated scanning plane than that of the standard transcerebellar plane; in fetuses with Dandy-Walker malformation the fourth ventricle was widely open posteriorly, even in the standard transcerebellar view, and the BV angle was > 45°, significantly increased compared both with that in normal fetuses (P < 0.0001) and with that in fetuses with Blake's pouch cyst (P = 0.004). Conclusion An open fourth ventricle is found in about 10% of normal fetuses at 15-18 weeks' gestation. Measurement of the BV angle is useful in such cases, as a value ≥ 45° is associated with a very high risk of severe posterior fossa malformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the feasibility of examining aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) at first and second trimester gestation, its prevalence and associations in an unselected population. Methods Right subclavian artery (RSA) was prospectively evaluated in 6617 routine patients. When ARSA was detected, fetal echocardiography was offered and fetal karyotyping was discussed. If invasive testing was performed with normal karyotype, fluorescence in situ hybridization for 22q11.2 microdeletion and additionally, in case of nuchal translucency (NT) measurement above the 99th centile, oligo array-based comparative genomic hybridization, were offered. In all aneuploidies, NT and first trimester additional ultrasonographic (US) markers assessment (nasal bone, tricuspid valve, ductus venosus) were recorded. Results RSA assessment was feasible in 85.3% and 98% of first and second trimester examinations, respectively (overall feasibility 94%). There were detected 89 ARSA (1.42% of the feasible cases), of which 66 in the first trimester. More than 20% were associated to other abnormalities: 10 aneuploidies; 2 microdeletions (15q11.2 and 22q11.2); in the euploid fetuses, 8 associated abnormalities were observed, 4 of which were cardiac defects. In the case of 22q11.2 microdeletion, ARSA was associated only with increased NT. Conclusion Prenatal routine US assessment of the RSA is feasible by highly experienced operators in first trimester screening. There is an important association of ARSA detected in unselected population with fetal abnormalities, including aneuploidies, cardiac defects and genetic anomalies. In trisomy 21 fetuses, ARSA can be the only first trimester US marker or, when associated to increased NT, it can represent the only 'additional' marker. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the anatomical features and the associations of partial atrioventricular septal defect (pAVSD) in the fetus. The study uses the data of 30 cases of pAVSD since 1996 looking at variables including indications for fetal echocardiography, diagnostic features, and chromosomal anomalies. Results of the study show that pAVSD seems to be associated with a high rate of chromosomal/non-chromosomal syndromic conditions in fetus.

Abnormal ventral induction may result in disorders of formation, cleavage, and midline development of prosencephalic structures. Holoprosencephaly is a developmental field defect of impaired cleavage of prosencephalon. The most widely accepted classification of holoprosencephaly recognizes three major varieties: the alobar, semilobar and lobar types, according to the severity of the malformation. The brain malformations, characterized by the fusion of the cerebral hemisphere along the midline are commonly associated with facial anomalies. Corpus callosum agenesis and septo-optic dysplasia are disorders of prosencephalic midline development, and usually have less severe presentations but still, affected subjects may suffer from neurodevelopmental retardation, and/or endocrinologic and visual disorders. In this article we report an up-to-date of pathogenesis, prenatal sonographic findings, differential diagnosis and prognosis of the aforementioned anomalies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article assesses whether the use of the reconstructed en-face view with color Doppler imaging of the four cardiac values can demonstrate the different types of spatial relationship of the arterial trunks with the transposition of the great arteries (TGA) in order to derive the risk of coronary abnormalities. The information gathered may be used during counseling to predict the likelihood of abnormal coronary arterial distribution.

The article focuses on the study which explore whether the use of four-dimensional ultrasound examination with B-flow imaging and spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) can supply additional information with respect to 2D gray-scale and color Doppler echocardiography in the prenatal diagnosis and characterization of the anomaly. The study population comprised a group of three total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) fetuses that had been examined by conventional echocardiography.

Objectives: To assess the reliability of two-dimensional gray-scale (2D) and color Doppler echocardiography in the study of the size and anatomy of the central pulmonary arteries and of the sources of pulmonary blood flow in a case series of fetuses with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD), and to evaluate whether the use of 4D ultrasound with B-flow imaging and spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) can improve prenatal diagnostic accuracy. Methods: The study population comprised a group of seven PA-VSD fetuses that had been examined by 2D and color Doppler echocardiography exclusively, and a group of five additional cases identified initially by conventional echocardiography and examined further by 4D ultrasound, for all of which a thorough postnatal or autopsy study of the size and anatomy of the pulmonary arteries and blood supply was available. Results: 2D and color Doppler echocardiography failed to assess the anatomy of the central pulmonary arteries and the source of the pulmonary blood supply in 33% and 25% of the 12 cases, respectively. 4D ultrasound with B-flow imaging and STIC assessed successfully the anatomy of the pulmonary arteries and the source of pulmonary blood supply in all five fetuses examined. Conclusions: The prognosis of PA-VSD is influenced by the anatomy of the pulmonary arteries and the sources of the pulmonary blood supply, and by coexisting extracardiac and genetic anomalies. Our findings, although limited to a small sample size, suggest that 4D echocardiography with B-flow imaging and STIC, unlike 2D ultrasound, can provide thorough visualization of very small vessels and of the arterial blood supply to the lungs of fetuses with PA-VSD. 4D ultrasound may be used in the future to improve and help to detail the diagnosis of other fetal cardiac defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To report, in a population of fetuses diagnosed with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (PACC), the sonographic characterization, incidence of cerebral, extracerebral and chromosomal anomalies, and outcome. In addition, in some of our cases a comparison was made between findings on ultrasound and fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: This was a retrospective study of all cases of PACC seen at two referral centers for prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies over a 10-year period. The following variables were assessed: indication for referral, additional cerebral and extracerebral malformations, chromosomal abnormalities, and pregnancy and fetal/neonatal outcome. Results: Among 54 cases of fetal agenesis of the corpus callosum detected in the referral centers during the observation period, PACC was diagnosed at prenatal sonography in 20 cases and confirmed at pre/postnatal MRI and necropsy examinations in 19 cases (35%). These 19 constituted the study group. The diagnosis was made in the sagittal planes and in 12 cases it was made prior to 24 weeks. In most cases the indication for referral was the presence of indirect signs of callosal anomalies, such as colpocephaly. In 10 cases PACC occurred in association with other anomalies and in nine it was isolated. MRI was particularly useful for demonstrating some additional cerebral anomalies such as late sulcation, migrational pathological conditions and heterotopia. Regarding pregnancy outcome, of those diagnosed before 24 weeks which had associated anomalies, all except two were terminated. Of the nine cases with isolated PACC, all were liveborn. Follow-up was available in eight, and two of these (25%) showed evidence of significant developmental delay. In our series the outcome of isolated PACC was not better than that of complete agenesis of the corpus callosum reported in other series. Conclusions: PACC can be diagnosed reliably and characterized in prenatal life. The sonographic sign present in most cases is colpocephaly. Prenatal MRI can be performed to confirm the diagnosis. It is particularly useful to demonstrate some additional cerebral anomalies such as late sulcation, migrational pathological conditions and heterotopia. The relatively poor survival rate is due to the high rate of terminations and associated major anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the outcome of fetuses with an abdominal cyst detected at 11-14 weeks of gestation and to investigate the correlation with subsequent diagnosis of anorectal malformations (ARM). Spontaneous resolution of the cyst was documented at the 2nd trimester scan in 44 cases, among those 28 had a normal postnatal outcome. In 56 cases the cyst was an isolated finding apparently: only in 12 the cysts persisted throughout the pregnancy and 1 choledocal, 2 hepatic, 3 splenic, 3 mesenteric and 3 mechonium cysts were prenatally diagnosed. [Extracted from the article]

Methods A non-consecutive series of normal fetuses undergoing first trimester screening scan was assessed by a single experienced operator. Conclusions The ultrasound evaluation of the maxilla and upper lip on the axial plane is feasible at the 11+0-13+6 weeks' scan. To evaluate the feasibility of the visualisation of the maxilla and upper lip on the axial plane at 11+0-13+6 weeks of gestation, and to evaluate the sensitivity of the view in the detection of orofacial clefts (OFC). [Extracted from the article]

Results 75 fetuses with conotruncal anomalies were diagnosed at early fetal echocardiography. Conclusions Conotruncal anomalies diagnosed before 16 weeks of gestation can progress in severity throughout pregnancy in over one fifth of cases. To examine the evolution of conotruncal anomalies from the initial diagnosis at early fetal echocardiography through the gestation and to evaluate the impact of the early diagnosis on the outcome of these congenital heart defects. [Extracted from the article]

In 4 of these cases a malalignment VSD progressed in TOF and 2 cases of TOF progressed in TOF with pulmonary atresia (PA). Progression from a malalignment VSD to tetralogy of Fallot and from TOF to TOF with PA throughout pregnancy was documented in the study. [Extracted from the article]

To investigate the association between a low PAPP-A (<= 0.2 MoM) and the risk of structural abnormalities in the first trimester of pregnancy. 142 were singleton pregnancies and 5 patients had a twin pregnancy. Twin pregnancies were complicated by a TRAP sequence in 1 case, by a spontaneous abortion of 1 twin in 1 case, and by a structural anomaly of one twin in 1 case. [Extracted from the article]

OC03.04: Prospective detection and differential diagnosis of cystic posterior fossa anomalies by assessing posterior brain at 11-14 weeks Abnormal appearance of the posterior brain at 11-14 weeks is a marker of cerebral anomalies: in fact an increased amount of fluid, particularly when the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle is not visible and only two brain spaces instead of 3 are seen, may indicate the presence of cystic or cyst-like posterior fossa anomalies, such as Blake's pouch cyst (BPC) or Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM). Both BSOB measurement and BST angle were significantly different in fetuses with DWM, BPC and controls (p < .0001). [Extracted from the article]

OC27.03: Outcome of abdominal cysts detected at 11-14 weeks of gestation: a two-centres' experience To ascertain the outcome of fetuses with an abdominal cyst detected at 11-14 weeks' gestation. This was a retrospective study in two referral centres for prenatal diagnosis that included all fetuses found to have an abdominal cyst on ultrasound examination at 11-14 weeks. [Extracted from the article]

An abstract of the article "Fetal echocardiography at 11-14 weeks by experienced obstetricians in a routine population during first trimester US screening for chromosomal abnormalities," by G. Rembouskos and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the article "The three-vessels and trachea view as part of screening of congenital heart defects in a low-risk population during the first trimester screening," by V. De Robertis and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the article "Abnormal sonographic appearance of posterior brain at 11-14weeks and fetal outcome," by T. Fanelli and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the article "The retronasal triangle view and maxillary gap at 11-13 weeks in the detection of cleft lip and palate with or without secondary palate involvement," by V. De Robertis and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the article "Fetal double aortic arch: 2D and 4D echocardiography, associations and outcome," by V. De Robertis and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the conference paper "Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of isolated vascular rings," by G. Campobasso and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the conference paper "Role of ultrasound in surgical terminations under seven weeks gestation" by A. Matah and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Sonographic characteristics of the atrial septum in fetuses with d-transposition of the great arteries needing emergency neonatal balloon atrioseptostomy" by G. Tuo and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the article "Late development of the normal cerebellar vermis: is it really an obstacle to the early diagnosis of Dandy-Walker malformation?" by E. Contro, F. De Musso, V. De Robertis, A. Tempesta, N. Rizzo, G. Pilu, and P. Volpe is presented.

An abstract of the article "Comparison of the cardiac findings at 11 to 14 weeks' gestation with the second trimester findings," by G. Campobasso, V. De Robertis, G. Rembouskos, G. Volpe, A. Tempesta, and P. Volpe is presented.

An abstract of the article "First and second trimester assessment of aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) assessment in routine population," by G. Rembouskos and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the conference paper "Aberrant subclavian artery in chromosomally (including 22q11 microdeletion) normal and abnormal fetuses," by V. De Robertis and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the conference paper "Fetal interrupted aortic arch: 2D-4D echocardiography, associations and outcome," by A. Tempesta and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the conference paper "Feasibility and duration of a complete 11 + 0 -13 + 6 wks fetal assessment" by E. Ancuta and colleagues is presented.