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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pea root rot complex (PRRC) describes a group of closely associated soilborne pathogens that cause root rot disease in field pea. Aphanomyces euteiches and several Fusarium spp. are the most prevalent and damaging microorganisms within this complex, although the impact of interspecific interactions on disease progression remains largely unexplored. Furthermore, a fast and reliable method of detecting and quantifying these pathogens is not currently available. The objectives of this experiment were to: (i) investigate the effect of microbial interactions on root rot severity in pea under greenhouse conditions; and (ii) characterize changes in colonization rates when multiple pathogens are present using qPCR. Seeds were exposed to three species of Fusarium and were planted into A. euteiches‐infested soil in varying combinations. For each experimental treatment, an index of disease severity was used to visually rate disease symptoms. Additionally, two triplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were designed to detect and quantify changes in pathogen population dynamics on the roots. Both assays demonstrated a high degree of sensitivity and efficiency. Results from two independent greenhouse trials indicated an increase in disease severity in the presence of multiple pathogen species compared to single inoculations. Specifically, roots infected with A. euteiches were more susceptible to fusarium root rot than those exposed only to Fusarium spp. These observations were confirmed by qPCR results, which revealed significant changes in colonization rates when multiple species were present. These findings suggest an increased risk of yield loss in regions where A. euteiches and Fusarium spp. co‐occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, a comparison between two different machine tool columns is presented. The two columns are realized with a different technology: classic metalworking versus metal foam sandwiches. The aim of the experimental tests is the evaluation of their different mechanical performances and characteristics, with a particular focus on the dynamic response and on the convenience to consider system damping as a key parameter. This kind of comparison is generally believed as difficult, because the foam-filled structures usually show not-linear behavior, which makes not applicable the usual experimental modal procedures. The comparison is carried out in terms of both modal analysis and wide frequency range excitation, as described in the paper. A new method is introduced by the authors to deem which technology is the more suitable, based on overall dynamic response in a wide range of frequency, rather than on modal damping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Microbiology is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Microbiology is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fungal and oomycete communities in symptomatic roots, crowns and lower stem tissues of field pea plants from sites across the Canadian prairies were characterized using plate culture and sequence-based identification. Symptomatic plants were sampled at the mid-flowering stage from a total of 21 fields in 2014 and 2015. Fungi and oomycete species were isolated on agar medium and grouped into operational taxonomic groups (OTU) based on their morphology. From the OTUs, 40 fungal and oomycete species were identified according to translation elongation factor-1 alpha or ITS sequences. Fusarium spp. accounted for more than 60 % of total isolations. The fungal communities were similar in roots and crowns, but differed from communities in lower stems. In 2014, the most prevalent fungi isolated from roots were F. avenaceum, F. solani and F. redolens, but F. solani was dominant in 2015. In crown tissues, F. avenaceum was most prevalent in 2014 but F. solani was more prevalent in 2015. Stem tissues were primarily colonized by Peyronellaea spp. (= Ascochyta / Phoma spp.) and Alternaria spp. in 2014, but there was a drastic decrease in Peyronellaea spp. in 2015. This study indicated that climate, primarily precipitation levels, and local edaphic characteristics may play a profound role in the structure of phytopathogen communities associated with the root and foot rot diseases complex of field pea on the Canadian prairies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Traditional culture methods for identifying the plant fungal pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary and Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. are slow and laborious. The goal of this study was to develop a multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) assay to detect and quantify DNA from S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. A primer set (SsIGS_5) for S. sclerotiorum was designed that targeted the intergenic spacer (IGS) regions of the ribosomal DNA. Addition of a probe to the assay increased its specificity: when the primer/probe set was tested against 21 fungal species (35 strains), amplification was detected from all S. sclerotiorum strains and no other species. For qPCR, the SsIGS_5 primer and probe set exhibited a linear range from 7·0 ng to 0·07 pg target DNA ( R2 = 0·99). SsIGS_5 was then multiplexed with a previously published primer/probe set for B. cinerea to develop a high-throughput method for the detection and quantification of DNA from both pathogens. When multiplexed, the sensitivity and specificity of both assays were not different from individual qPCR reactions. The multiplex assay is currently being used to detect and quantify S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea DNA from aerosol samples collected in commercial seed alfalfa fields. Significance and Impact of the Study A primer and probe set for the quantification of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum DNA in a PCR assay was developed. The probe-based nature of this assay signifies an improvement over previous assays for this species by allowing multiplex reactions while maintaining high sensitivity. The primer/probe set was used in a multiplex real-time PCR assay for the quantification of S. sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea DNA, enabling rapid analysis of environmental samples. In crops susceptible to both pathogens, this multiplex assay can be used to quickly quantify the presence of each pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Botany is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Exercise is known to improve mental and physical functioning and to improve quality of life. The obstacles faced by individuals with chronic kidney disease on maintenance haemodialysis include increased levels of fatigue, decreased motivation, and the inability to schedule exercise around daily activities and dialysis schedules. Aim: This pilot study was undertaken to determine the feasibility and potential efficacy of an individually-tailored exercise program for in-centre haemodialysis patients. Method: A 16 week program was designed and evaluated in relation to changes in physical capacity, the extent of exercise undertaken, and quality of life indicators. Results and Conclusion: The resultant recommendations regarding the level of motivational support, the time and physical requirements in implementing an exercise program will provide useful information for others embarking on similar studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 12 years 627 patients presented to Wentworth Hospital, Natal with chronic destructive pneumonia (CDP). Common symptoms were haemoptysis, the production of foul-smelling sputum, and chest pain. The disease pursued a chronic course with acute exacerbations which may be lethal. The majority of patients were African men aged between 20 and 50 years who were free from other significant disease apart from dental infection. Radiographically and pathologically CDP had the characteristics of a necrotising pneumonia, and microbiological investigation showed mixed aerobic and anaerobic flora in the lower respiratory tract. Gram-positive aerobic cocci and Bacteroides species were the predominant organisms. In 120 patients treatment regimens were based on chloramphenicol, in 429 cephalosporins, and in 78 on combination therapy with cephalosporins, penicillin, and metronidazole. One hundred and seventy patients also required operative management in an attempt to control progress of the disease. The overall inpatient mortality rate from CDP was 7.8%. In the group of patients treated with combination therapy the mortality rate was 1.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to understand the role of communication in triggering, maintaining or exacerbating challenging behaviour is crucial when working with a client group with severe learning disabilities. Speech and language therapists are becoming increasingly involved in this process. The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT 1996), recommend that the most appropriate form of intervention includes:I. facilitating carers in the understanding of the nature and causes of challenging behaviour, particularly in relation to communication2. facilitating carers in understanding the role of the environment and their own communication in relation to the clients challenging behaviour3. facilitating carers in developing more appropriate ways of communicating with clients with challenging behaviour4. Supporting carers in developing appropriate activities for the client (RCSLT I996)This project used the above principles to investigate the effect of speech and language therapy on the communication environment in a home for people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour. The results show an increase in: the length of interactions initiated by the staff with the service users; the use of non- verbal communication to support interactions and a decrease in the number of attempts the service users needed to make before a staff response was given. The author concludes that speech and language therapy was effective in improving the communication environment. The impact of the improved communication environment on challenging behaviours was not measured. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)