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Background: Cystic lesions of the breast are generally classified as simple, complicated or complex. A complex breast cyst is however defined as a lesion which contains both cystic (anechoic) and solid (echogenic) components. There is a need to understand the sonographic criteria and differential diagnoses of complex cysts which have varying risks of malignancy, as against simple or complicated cysts which are typically benign. Objectives: To examine the sonographic subdivisions of complex breast cysts, correlating with histopathological diagnosis as seen in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria. Materials and Methods: A 5-year retrospective review of 106 women who had complex breast cysts diagnosed on high resolution ultrasound (Mindray DC-8, 2013; transducer frequency 7.5-12 MHz). The lesions were categorized as: Type 1 (cysts with thick wall or septa), Type 2 (cysts with a small mural nodule), Type 3 (cystic and solid lesion with >50% cystic component), Type 4 (cystic and solid lesion with >50% solid component). The final diagnosis was either by short term ultrasound follow-up, Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology/core biopsy or excision biopsy. Results: Out of a total of 248 patients with breast cysts, 106 women had complex cysts. 27 (25.4%) patients had cysts with either thick wall or septa or both; 11 (10.4%) had a small intra-mural nodule; 14 (13.2%) had solid-cystic mass with >50% cystic component and 54 (50.9%) had solid-cystic mass with >50% solid component. Overall 66% were benign while 34% were malignant. The commonest pathology to present as a complex breast cyst was invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified. Conclusion: Complex cysts are associated with varying risks of malignancy. Also, a certain pathology could exhibit sonographic features of any of the subdivisions (Type 1-4). Therefore, meticulous attention should be paid to other associated imaging findings as well as detailed history and thorough clinical examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of single-session ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol sclerotherapy in simple breast cysts.Methods: From January 2002 to January 2014, 35 simple breast cysts (mean volume, 8.2 mL; range, 4-33 mL) in 28 females (mean age, 39 years) were evaluated. In a single session, all cysts were aspirated using 20G needles, refilled with 99% ethanol (90% of the volume of the aspirated fluid), and reaspirated completely after 10 minutes of exposure under ultrasound guidance. Follow-up ultrasonography examinations were performed at one week, one month, three months, and six months for all patients and 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months for available patients. Follow- up duration varied between 6 and 24 months (mean, 15 months).Results: The technical success rate of ultrasound-guided percutaneous etha-nol sclerotherapy was 97%. The needle tip was dislocated and ethanol was given into the breast parenchyma in one patient (3%). One cyst (3%) was reaspirated at the first week follow-up due to intracystic hemorrhage. Of the 34 cysts treated, 25 (74%) completely responded to therapy and were no longer detectable on follow-up examinations. Eight cysts (24%) significantly decreased in size and then completely disappeared at six months. At the end of the follow-up period, the clinical success rate reached 100%, and none of the cysts were visible. Except mild to moderate sensation of burning or pain which disappeared or subsided significantly in a couple of minutes, no other complications were observed in patients.Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided ethanol sclerotherapy is a fast, safe, and highly effective method in the treatment of simple breast cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Parenchymal breast cysts are considered to be rare in men and are sparsely described in the literature. The purpose of this study was to review our institution's experience with male breast cysts in an effort to improve overall understanding and management of this rare entity. Methods: An institutional review board--exempt retrospective study was performed. Radiology reports for males who underwent mammogram and/or breast ultrasound at any of our institution's primary or satellite locations from January 1995 to January 2020 were screened to find males with breast cysts. If cysts were reported and images were available, case review was performed to confirm parenchymal breast cyst(s) and patient characteristics were collated. Results: Of 5425 male cases presenting for breast imaging, 19 (0.4%) cases of male breast cysts were confirmed, with a mean patient age of 41.6 years (range: 2-81 years). The most common indication leading to cyst discovery was a palpable lump, corresponding to the site of the cyst in 5 (26.3%) patients and near the site where cyst(s) were ultimately discovered in 7 (36.8%) patients. There were 8 (42.1%) instances of cysts without concurrent gynecomastia. Three (15.8%) men underwent needle sampling. There were no cases of atypia or malignancy on needle biopsy or on subsequent clinical follow-up, with median clinical follow-up of 70.3 months (range: 3.3-259.4 months). Conclusion: Male breast parenchymal cysts are rare, but their prevalence is likely underestimated. If detected incidentally or upon targeted evaluation, biopsy may be averted if classic benign cyst features are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the effects of pneumocystography on the remission rates of nonpalpable breast cysts patients. Use of the perforated compression plate technique in nonpalpable cysts aspiration; Consideration of cystic breast disease as the common cause for breast lumps in women; Utilization of fine-needle aspiration in cysts diagnosis.

National and international regulatory agencies and professional societies mandate systematic improvements in both the safety of patients and heath care workers (HCW), including the integration of safety technologies into the procedures of obstetrics and gynecology (Ob-Gyn). Using national resources for patient safety and literature review, these safety technologies were identified: (1) a safety needle to reduce needle sticks to HCW, and (2) the reciprocating procedure device (RPD) to reduce injuries to patients. These technologies were introduced in a trial fashion into routine breast cyst aspiration, and physician responses were determined. The safety needle presented a number of difficulties associated with the safety sheath, but could be used efficiently for breast cyst aspiration. The RPD safety device functioned well for breast aspiration procedures and was well accepted by physicians. New safety technologies can be successfully evaluated and introduced into the clinic to improve patient and HCW safety during outpatient breast procedures. Since these technologies have been demonstrated to decrease injuries to patients and HCW by 60–70%, serious efforts should be undertaken to systematically integrate safety technologies into the routine practice, including aspiration of breast cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of ultrasound in breast diagnosis has resulted in the increasing identification of incidental benign-appearing lesions, of which complex (or atypical) breast cysts are frequently reported. Complex breast cysts were estimated to be reported in approximately 5% of breast ultrasound examinations. A systematic review of the literature on sonographically detected complex breast cysts was carried out. The quality of primary studies and extracted data on cancer detection was assessed. Very few studies have examined complex breast cysts and quantified the associated cancer detection rate. In most of these studies, subjects have been selected on the basis of progress to intervention, which would overestimate the likelihood of malignancy. The only study to examine complex cysts from all consecutive ultrasounds reported one case of non-invasive cancer from 308 lesions − 0.3% (95% confidence interval, 0.01−1.84). Ultrasound features associated with a higher risk of the lesion being a cancer are: thickened walls, thick internal septations, a mix of cystic and solid components, and an imaging classification of indeterminate. Using the information from the present review, complex breast cysts were categorized on the basis of associated risk of malignancy, and an approach to the management of these lesions to assist clinical decision-making was suggested. Provided adequate information is given to the patient, complex breast cysts with a very low risk of malignancy do not always require image-guided biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine whether injection of absolute alcohol into cysts cavities, after cyst aspiration, is useful to treat benign breast cysts (BBCs) and to reduce its rate of recurrence. Fifteen women with recurrent BBC were enrolled in a 3.5 years follow-up study. Cyst aspiration and replacement by an equal volume of absolute alcohol (99%) within cysts cavities was performed under guidance of ultrasonography. BBC was defined as a breast cyst without cytologic changes for malignancy. Ultrasonographic breast images and breast biopsies were performed to verify cyst resolution and recurrence. Breast cysts completely disappeared in six (40%) women and significantly decreased its average size (67 ± 38 to 5.2 ± 6.8 mm, p = 0.002) in eight (53.3%) women. At the end of the follow-up (42.1 ± 13.3 months) study, 14 women (93.3%; 14/15) were free of recurrence; one (6.7%) woman did not show variation (54 mm) in the size of BBC. Alcohol sclerotherapy can then be considered as a useful alternative option in the treatment of recurrent BBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Medical Journal is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Breast cancer is a common malignancy in which early breast cancer detection by the help of imaging can improve the treatment outcome. Thermography utilizes infrared beams which are fast, non-invasive, and non-contact and the output created images by this technique are flexible and useful to monitor the temperature of the human body. Case presentation: Our patient is a 25-year-old woman who was referred to Tehran's Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, in October 2014 and June 2017 to perform clinical examinations of breast cancer at the Invasive and New Radiology Research Center of Tehran. The results of the sonography for the left breast and bilateral axillary regions and sonography guided biopsy from the left axillary region indicated that: it was consistent with the tangential prominence at 11-12 O’ clock in the left breast tissue and echo gene was found without any suspected findings. Then, using the non-contact infrared imaging camera VisIR 640 (Thermoteknix Systems Ltd, Cambridge, UK), the feasibility of thermography method in the patient's follow-up was investigated. Conclusion: Thermography can be used to detect abnormal areas in the breast tissue that may have cystic origin. The results indicated that the accuracy of the identification and matching of patient cysts in mammography and ultrasonography with the results of thermography in both periods of October 2014 and June 2017. Considering the results, it is noteworthy that the diagnostic clock of the breast cysts in the patient is consistent with the results of the clinical trials with the thermography. Moreover, in a 2 years intervals, the status of thermal morphology status of the cystic region did not considerably change which showed a relatively stable status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of mammography and the outpatient follow up in the management of breast cysts. Prospective data was collected in 203 women from July 2000 to July 2005. All women had an ultrasound scan and aspiration. One hundred and seventy-six women above 35 years had a mammogram. All women were followed up 4–6 weeks later. Women with M3 or M4 mammography or with suspicious ultrasound findings on initial clinical visit were investigated further; 96.53% presented with a lump in the breast. Aspiration was performed in all women. Three patients had a residual lump on 4–6 week follow up. One was found to be benign and two were revealed to have cancer. The mammogram findings in these two patients were M3 and they would have merited further investigation anyway. In total 176 patients had a mammogram and a departmental ultrasound scan of the breasts of which 41 patients required further investigations following which cancer was found in nine patients (4.4%). Mammography is an important tool in the management of breast cysts. Outpatient follow up did not contribute significantly to the care of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study is presented of a 14 year-old female presented with breast cysts rapidly enlarging with replacement of breast parenchyma and asymmetry. Ultrasound of the abdomen and pelvis excluded cyst development in other organs; and bilateral skin sparing mastectomy was performed with angiography. She was treated of diffuse cystic changes with periductal fibrosis and ductal hyperplasia.

Objective: To study the prevalence of breast cysts in several age groups of the general female population and their association with the MspAI polymorphism of the gene CYP17. Results: In 204 ultrasound tests, cysts were present in 22% of the studied population. The epidemiological-clinical profile of these women was Caucasian, aged 41-50 years, regular menstrual cycles, multiparous and complaining of mastalgia. The genetic distribution of polymorphisms of the gene displayed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the wild homozygous phenotype was observed in 36.4% of the case group and in 37.6% of the control groups; the heterozygous phenotype was observed in 50% of the study group and 46.3% of control group and a mutated homozygous phenotype was seen in 13.6% of the study group and 16.1% of the controls. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups ( p = 0.92). Conclusion: The prevalence and most of the epidemiological profile of breast cysts were in agreement with the literature. There was no statistically significant difference among the genotypic groups (wild homozygous, heterozygous and mutated homozygous), despite a slightly increased frequency of the mutated genotype in the control group. This difference indicates a trend of the MspAI polymorphism of the gene CYP17 to act as a protective factor against the development of breast cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search for improved imaging modalities for detection and diagnosis of breast cancer, a high negative prediction value is also important. Photoacoustic (optoacoustic) imaging is a relatively new technique that has high potential for visualizing breast malignancies, but little is known about the photoacoustic appearance of benign lesions. In this work, we investigate the visibility of benign breast cysts in forward-mode photoacoustic mammography using 1064-nm light, as currently applied in the Twente photoacoustic mammoscope. Results from (Monte Carlo and k-wave) simulations and phantom measurements were used to interpret results from patient measurements. There was a strong agreement among the results from simulations, phantom, and patient measurements. Depending on the absorption contrast between cyst and breast tissue, cysts were visible as either one or two confined high-contrast areas representing the front and the back of the cyst, respectively. This edge enhancement is most likely the consequence of the local sudden change in the absorbed energy density and Grüneisen coefficients. Although the current forward-mode single-wavelength photoacousticmammoscope cannot always unambiguously discriminate cysts from malignancies, this study reveals specific features of cysts compared to malignancies, which can be exploited for discrimination of the two abnormalities in future modifications of the imager. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes an experiment in Wales where 200 women with proven breast cysts were administered either n-6 essential fatty acid found in evening primrose oil or a placebo, and the reactions were compared. Description of breast cysts and method of selection; Results of the experiment; Side effects of treatment.

Background Elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations have been reported in a variety of carcinoma, including those of the breast. The risk of breast cancer is higher in patients suffering from gross cystic disease. The breast cyst fluid contains unusual amounts of low- and high- molecular substances, including steroid hormones and their conjugates. The present study was undertaken to find out the presence of homocysteine in the fluid filling the cysts and have its concentration compared with other thiols, levels of Na+/K+ ratio and steroid hormones. Materials and methods Fourteen women suffering from gross cystic disease were enrolled in this study. Cystic concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly) and glutathione (GSH) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, with fluorescence detection; estradiol (E2), progesterone, allopregnanolone and pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) by RIA methods. Results Mean levels of Hcy, Cys, Cys-Gly, Na+/K+, E2 and PregS in the fluid filling the breast cysts were significantly higher than the corresponding plasma concentrations. In addition, a negative correlation was found between cystic Hcy and the Na+/K+ ratio (Rs = -0·72, P = 0·003) and positive correlations between cyst Hcy and estradiol (Rs = 0·64, P = 0·018) and Hcy and PregS (Rs = 0·60, P = 0·025). Conclusion The study provides the first evidence of thiol concentrations in the breast cyst fluid. The finding of a negative correlation between homocysteine and the Na+/K+ ratio support the idea that the homocysteine concentration in breast cysts might be used clinically as a marker for the development of breast cancer disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on two female patients with fibroadenomas and two female patients with breast cysts, all of whom exhibited the highest prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in serum among a total of 200 women with benign breast diseases. Production and release of PSA by the hyperplastic breast tissue.

SUMMARY Ultrasound examination of the breast is extensively carried out to differentiate cystic from solid masses. Ten atypical cysts are presented that do not fulfil all the criteria for the ultrasonic diagnosis of breast cysts. These had internal echoes and some showed irregular contours or diminished through transmission. Diagnostic aspiration confirmed the cystic nature of these lesions. None showed cytologic evidence of malignancy or haemorrhage. The purpose of this paper is to bring this entity to the attention of radiologists so that echogenic cysts are considered in the differential diagnosis of well defined, solid appearing breast masses seen on ultrasound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on interventional radiology (IR) and its role in modern medical practice. IR is considered a sub-specialty in diagnostic radiology that involves minimally-invasive targeted treatment options to handle different medical conditions under imaging guidance. One of the available IR procedures and applications is balloon angioplasty and stenting which involves balloon use to dilate areas of stenosis in veins and arteries. One of the applications of image-guided drainage is breast cysts.

The article focuses on the reply for a "letter to the editor" on the treatment of breast cysts which includes treatment required for benign lesions, particularly in symptomatic patients, who reported of lumps and pain.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to an article on "Effectiveness of single-session ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol sclerotherapy in simple breast cysts".

We performed a retrospective review of 5375 aspirations performed during the last 16 years of noncomplex cysts. Cytology results and outcomes following aspirations of simple and complicated cysts performed by the senior author at our institution were reviewed. Complex cysts with associated solid components which were core biopsied are excluded from this review. We present our data as the largest series to date performed by one breast radiologist at a single institution. Our data separate cysts with atypia or malignant cytology into those sampled concurrently with solid neoplasms and those which were isolated lesions. Various technical issues which have not been previously addressed in the literature are discussed. Noncomplex cysts are benign 99% of the time. Cysts with papillary cytology require no further workup. Margin-negative seromas do not require cytologic analysis of fluid. Sixteen malignancies were revealed (0.3%), eight of which were solitary cysts (0.1%). Atypical cytology predicted malignancy in 21%; therefore, atypical cytology requires further workup. Malignant cytology was associated with breast cancer in 90.9% of patients; therefore, all patients with malignant cytology require biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the breast cyst aspiration technique for family physicians. Patient selection; Procedure of the technique; Management and follow-up.

A family history ( FH) of breast cancer ( BC) is known to increase an individual's risk of disease onset. However, its role in disease severity and mortality is less clear. We aimed to ascertain associations between FH of BC, severity and BC-specific mortality in a hospital-based cohort of 5354 women with prospective information on FH. We included women diagnosed at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust between 1975 and 2012 ( n = 5354). BC severity was defined and categorized as good, moderate, and poor prognosis. Data on BC-specific mortality was obtained from the National Cancer Registry and medical records. Associations between FH and disease severity or BC-specific mortality were evaluated using proportional odds models and Cox proportional hazard regression models, respectively. Available data allowed adjustment for potential confounders (e.g., treatment, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity). FH of any degree was not associated with disease severity at time of diagnosis (adjusted proportional OR: 1.00 [95% CI: 0.85 to 1.17]), which remained true also after stratification by period of diagnosis. FH of BC was not associated with BC-mortality HR: 0.99 (95% CI: 0.93 to 1.05). We did not find evidence to support an association between FH of BC and severity and BC-specific mortality. Our results indicate that clinical management should not differ between women with and without FH, when the underlying mutation is unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The modern approach to palpable breast masses is to get cytopathologic diagnosis before definitive surgery. We aimed to compare fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) with core biopsy in histopathologic diagnosis of palpable breast masses. Materials and Methods: Data were collected on 123 women who have suspicious palpable breast masses from 2007 to 2010. Results: Of the 123 patients, core biopsies were performed on 64 patients (Group 1) and FNAC on 59 patients (Group 2). Malignancy was confirmed in 25 out of 32 clinically suspicious patients in Group 1 (78.1%), and 20 out of 21 participants in Group 2 (95.2%). Among the clinically suspicious patients, 81.8% of 33 patients in Group 1, and 90.3% of 31 patients in Group 2 were identified malignancy. Sensitivity was 100% for core biopsy and 95% for FNAC. Specificity was 100% in both procedures. False negativity rate in FNAC were 5%. Conclusion: Sensitivity and specificity showed that in the case of true histopathologic classification, core biopsy is superior to FNAC. Nevertheless, FNAC's role as a fast, simple and cheap diagnosis cannot be ignored. It is an effective diagnostic tool in most patients, in comparison to the correct and specific typing of core biopsies in benign lesions which protect patients from the open biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cysts are a common cause of breast pain, lumps, and patient anxiety. Older studies incidentally reported a decrease in cyst recurrence when air was injected for diagnostic purposes after aspiration. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of cyst recurrence after ultrasound-guided aspiration and injection of air for therapeutic purposes. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed 113 cysts aspirated in 90 women; 88 had air injected for therapeutic purposes after aspiration, and 25 did not. Subsequent mammograms and sonograms were reviewed (mean follow-up 21 months, range of 8–36 months) to assess for recurrence. Demographic and imaging features were not different between the two study groups. Of the 88 cysts that had air injected after aspiration, 14 recurred (16%) compared with 20 of 25 cysts (80%) that did not have air injected following aspiration. Cyst recurrence correlated with air injection, but did not correlate with cyst size, menopausal status, or use of hormone replacement therapy. Only one patient complained of pain, and no complications occurred. The injection of air into cysts following aspiration may be useful for therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant galactocele is a rare bening cystic form of milk products of the breast. Giant galactocele's sonographic features are described in many reports, but shear wave elastography (SWE) findings are not fully known. Galactocele ultrasound findings have been described, but some lesions are confusing. SWE may show a hard tissue-like finding in the galactocele and may be confused with malignancy especially in the chronic lesions. In the present case report, we aimed to present routine sonographic and SWE findings of a giant galactocele in a 29 year old woman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the value of quantitative 3-Tesla (3T) magnetic resonance (MR) assessment in the diagnosis of breast lesions. A total of 44 patients with breast lesions were selected. All the patients underwent MR plain scanning and T1 dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging. The vascular function parameters of the lesions, namely volume transfer constant (Ktrans), rate constant (Kep), extravascular extracellular volume fraction (Ve) and integrated area under the curve (iAUC), were acquired. These parameters were compared between benign and malignant breast lesions, and also among differential grades of invasive ductal carcinoma. The values of Ktrans, Kep and iAUC were significantly different between the benign and malignant tumors; however, the values of Ve in the benign and malignant tumors were not significantly different. The values of Ktrans, Kep and iAUC in invasive ductal carcinoma were significantly different between grade I and grade II, and between grade I and grade III; however, there was no significant difference between grade II and grade III. The Ve values in invasive ductal carcinoma did not significantly differ among grades I, II and III. Among the vascular function parameters, Ktrans exhibited the highest sensitivity and specificity in the differentiation of benign and malignant lesions. Quantitative 3-T MR assessment is valuable in the diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions. It can also provide reference values for the differentiation of the histological grade of breast invasive ductal carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cysts represent the most common cause of a breast mass in women. On the contrary, in men, the presence of a benign apocrine cyst is an exceedingly rare occurrence, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We describe herein a case of benign apocrine breast cyst without concurrent gynecomastia in a 41-year-old male. Diagnostic evaluation and management are discussed, along with a review of the literature. Given the extreme rarity of benign breast cysts in males, a thorough investigation is essential in male patients presenting with cystic breast lesions. Diagnostic breast imaging may be challenging. Surgical resection of the cyst should be considered in the presence of atypical imaging features to exclude underlying malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the effect of needle aspiration in cystic disease of the female breast. Simulation of scirrhous carcinoma; Detection of cancers through mammography; Examination of cyst fluid.

The article discusses medical research. Liesegang rings (LRs) are rare, acellular laminated ring-like structures that have been observed mostly in inflammatory, cystic, necrotic and hemorrhagic tissue processes. They can accompany various lesions: renal cysts, necrotic renal tissue, breast cysts, eyelid cysts, conjunctival cysts, inflamed synovium, peritoneal endometriotic implants and mucocele of the paranasal sinuses. The rings are characterized by peripheral concentric layers with radial cross-striations that surround an amorphous, central core.

Thrombospondin is an adhesive protein that has been implicated in malignancy, specifically in tumour progression and angiogenesis. We developed a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of thrombospondin in plasma and breast cyst fluid. The assay exhibited high accuracy, with recoveries of 102-136% and acceptable imprecision, with an intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of < 7·5% across the analytical range 30-1000 ng/mL and inter-assay CV of 4·4% and 7·7% at 152 and 224 ng/mL, respectively. Thrombospondin measured in the breast cyst fluid of patients with gross cystic disease of the breast showed that patients with type II (Na+) cysts had significantly higher concentrations than type I (K+) cysts. The plasma thrombospondin reference range was determined as 131-274 ng/mL. Patients with breast cancer had significantly higher plasma thrombospondin concentrations than normal individuals or patients with benign breast disease. Plasma thrombospondin was higher in breast cancer patients with lymph node involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study wherein a finite element model of breast cyst fluid behavior during streaming detection implementation was developed and validated. Simulation methods used; Details of the phantom experiments; Streaming generation time experiments; Results and discussion; Conclusion.

A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with apocrine features was investigated, the focus was on the histological characteristics of the cancer cells in a 68-year-old female exhibiting an ulcerated lesion of the right breast. Diagnostic imaging methods identified a lobulated solid tumor and indicated multiple enlarged lymph nodes in the left axilla, which confirmed the diagnosis of advanced breast cancer, thus, a mastectomy was performed. Macroscopic investigations identified the tumor as a white, solid lesion measuring 66 x 68 x 47 mm, which exhibited necrosis. Histologically, the tumor was predominantly solid and exhibited nest patterns, in addition to intracellular keratinization. Immunohistochemical staining identified the tumor cells as positive for cy tokeratin 5/6, 34βE12 and P63. The lesion was considered to be an SCC demonstrating negative expression for the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, therefore, the tumor was a triple-negative breast cancer. Conversely, approximately one-third of the tumor cells indicated abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and gross cystic disease fluid, which was demonstrated via protein-15 staining, this indicated the presence of apocrine features. In addition, the androgen receptor was expressed in the tumor cells, thus the lesion was diagnosed as an SCC of the breast, exhibiting apocrine features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]