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The photo-thermoelectric (PTE) effect in electronic materials effectively combines photo-absorption-induced local heating and associated thermoelectric conversion for uncooled and broadband photo-detection. In particular, this work comprehensively summarizes the operating mechanism of carbon nanotube (CNT)-film-based PTE sensors and ubiquitous non-destructive inspections realized by exploiting the material properties of CNT films. Formation of heterogeneous material junctions across the CNT-film-based PTE sensors, namely photo-detection interfaces, triggers the Seebeck effect with photo-absorption-induced local heating. Typical photo-detection interfaces include a channel–electrode boundary and a junction between P-type CNTs and N-type CNTs (PN junctions). While the original CNT film channel exhibits positive Seebeck coefficient values, the material selections of the counterpart freely govern the intensity and polarity of the PTE response signals. Based on these operating mechanisms, CNT film PTE sensors demonstrate a variety of physical and chemical non-destructive inspections. The device aggregates broad multi-spectral optical information regarding the targets and reconstructs their inner composite or layered structures. Arbitrary deformations of the device are attributed to the macroscopic flexibility of the CNT films to further monitor targets from omni-directional viewing angles without blind spots. Detection of blackbody radiation from targets using the device also visualizes their behaviors and associated changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their high thermal and optical performances, carbon nanotube (CNT) films are used in various photo-thermo-electric (PTE) applications, such as terahertz (THz) sensing and energy harvesting. To improve the performance of PTE devices, a device structure should be designed based on a deep understanding of the thermal and optical responses of the CNT film. However, the optical properties of CNT films in the THz frequency region remain unclear because of the difficulties associated with device processing and measurements. Herein, we report our findings on the thermal and optical characteristics of CNT films. The shape of the CNT film that maximizes the product of the thermal and optical factors (optimal structure of the PTE sensor) depends on the frequency of the irradiating electromagnetic wave. The optimal film thickness and width values for THz irradiation range from 300--600 nm and 50--70 µm, respectively. Subsequently, we fabricated a serially connected, multi-element PTE sensor with an optimal device structure and enhanced the detection sensitivity by approximately 13 times compared with a single-element PTE sensor. In addition, we demonstrated the first THz spectroscopy application using a PTE sensor. The findings of this study, thermal/optical factor enhancement, and micro-sized CNT film processing technology can be used to improve the performance of all CNT-based photothermal devices, including PTE sensors and thermoelectric generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One-stage buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty (BMGU) is advised for non-obstructing, simple penile strictures due to lichen sclerosus (LS), while a multistage approach is preferred for most complex cases. Our study aims to evaluate long-term treatment outcomes and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in patients undergoing multistage BMGU for LS-associated penile strictures. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on multistage penile BMGU from 2001. All patients underwent a 2-stage (2St) or 3-stage (3St) BMGU with the final closure of the urethral plate. PROs were collected from a pre-defined questionnaire. Results: Twenty patients were successfully treated, while five experienced recurrence. If a first-stage Johanson was only performed, a 3St-BMGU was more likely, and higher treatment success was observed. A time course between the first and last stages shorter than 12 m was an independent predictor of treatment failure. Patients reported high overall satisfaction and urinary flow improvement. Sexual life was not significantly affected, while aesthetic appearance was the most affected dimension. Conclusions: Staged approaches have satisfactory treatment success rates, likely depending on the duration from the first to the last stage. PROs do not differ based on the number of stages performed, and overall satisfaction with the procedure is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early inflammatory lesions of lichen sclerosus are histopathologically difficult to diagnose until the hallmark of the disease i.e., papillary sclerosis becomes visible in histological sections. Pre-sclerotic and late or resolved phases of the disease have not been extensively studied. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases diagnosed as genital lichen sclerosus over a ten-year period from 2006 to 2016, correlating the clinical findings with the histological features. Results: A total of 133 cases of genital lichen sclerosus (90 males and 43 females) were identified. Both genders demonstrated a similar histological spectrum. Fifty eight (44%) cases were identified as having pre-sclerotic lichen sclerosus, 64 (48%) as having progressive disease and 11 (8%) cases were classified as fully resolved with atrophy. Asymptomatic vitiligoid lesions were identified in 19 (14%) cases of which 12 were male. Low-grade squamous cell carcinoma was seen within the areas affected by long-standing lichen sclerosus, in four patients (3%, 2 male). Limitations: We studied only haematoxylin and eosin stained sections. The presence of basement membrane thickening could have been better illustrated with the periodic acid–Schiff stain. Conclusion: The pathogenesis of lichen sclerosus probably involves an immune reaction to the basement membrane at the epidermal interface and around the adnexa. The initial band of inflammation shifts gradually downwards from the epidermal interface into the dermis destroying the vascular channels and appendages, resulting in excessive deposition of altered extracellular matrix. Basilar infiltration of lymphocytes along with a grossly vacuolated or thickened basement membrane is proposed as the characteristic diagnostic feature of the pre-sclerotic stage. Greater awareness of the clinicopathological spectrum of lichen sclerosus should enable early diagnosis and treatment, thereby preventing structural damage and possible malignant transformation in chronic cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes (CNT), CNT–aluminum (CNT–Al), and CNT–copper (CNT–Cu) composite wires have shown remarkable electrical and mechanical properties for developing windings of single-phase induction motor. A quest has been made that if these advanced carbon nanomaterials can outclass commonly used electrical wire metals to significantly leverage electrical machines. However, these advanced materials are still in laboratory stage and most material properties are not yet experimentally reaching to their expectations. Therefore, there is need to understand the potential of these nanomaterials for electrical machines and the numerical analysis of the performance of electrical machines with various advanced novel carbon nanomaterials is still a challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive study to compare the performance of a single induction motor with its stator and rotor made with different winding materials. In doing so, the traditional copper and aluminum rotor and stator coils have been replaced by windings made of pure CNT yarn, CNT–Al, and CNT–Cu wires. A 2-D induction machine model was developed for the simulation study conducted in COMSOL Multiphysics finite element-based software. General-purpose sizing and power equations were utilized during the computation. The simulated results of flux distribution, air-gap flux density, torque, and corresponding output power were used as criteria to determine the highest quality solution. The simulation results revealed that using CNT–Cu and CNT–Al wires as machine winding can achieve 25.9% and 16.8% higher efficiency, respectively, than using CNT wires. The motor torque from the proposed finite element model was validated against the experimental results under identical speed and input voltage, and an error of 5.9% suggests that the model can be used to predict the motor performance with reasonable accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In the past few decades, single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) fibers have been considered for various applications, from aerospace to electronics including flexible devices. Here, we report an effective way of controlling the viscosity of the liquid crystal SWCNT phases for fiber spinning. By applying Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THA)‐functionalization to single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT_CONH), we enhanced the free volume of individual SWCNTs, which synergistically affected the formation of nematic liquid crystal phases. As a result, we were able to precisely control the viscosity and phase transformation of the nematic liquid crystal phases for fiber spinning. The SWCNT fiber spun from those nematic phases with plasticizer (BP30CONH5; 30 mg/mL of SWCNT_BP with 5 wt% of SWCNT_CONH) exhibited noticeably higher mechanical properties (tensile strength, 1.44 GPa and tensile modulus, 169 GPa) with higher electrical conductivity (1899 S m2/kg). These fibers were also exceptionally flexible and showed endurable performance as wearable and flexible electronic electrode devices from well‐distributed zincophilic sites (CONH). As an Zn‐ion supercapacitor, the SWCNT fiber exhibited linear and volumetric capacitances of 14.33 mF cm−1 and 22.55 F cm−3 at 0.1 mA cm−1 with capacitance retention of 98% after over 30 000 bending tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and optically transparent electrodes (TEs) are essential for most state‐of‐art organic optoelectronic devices (OOED). The demand for bendable electronic devices with aesthetic impact and multi‐functionality has driven the rapid development of flexible TEs with improved optoelectrical and mechanical properties. However, conventional rigid TEs, that is, indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate (ITO/glass), cannot match smart devices' requirements in unique fields, like electrochromic devices, electronic skins, and wearable electronics, foldable displays, smart windows, and solar cells. To substitute extensively used ITO/glass electrodes has been endeavored because of the increasing price and inherently brittle ITO and glass substrate behavior. Emerging TEs based on the combination of the polymers substrate and conducting fillers like graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and transparent conducting oxides are bendable, lightweight, and inexpensive. They have shown substantial prospects to be used in the devices mentioned above. With each tiny development in these emerging TE's, such as outstanding optoelectrical and mechanical features in flexible electrodes, they become more suitable for practical applications in miscellaneous bendable devices. This review summarizes the comprehensive overview of the modern alternative flexible TEs and their implementation in bendable and stretchable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two methods, one experimental and one based on artificial intelligence/deep learning (AI/DL) are explored in this paper for possible identification of adulteration, coagulation and spoilage of dairy milk. The unique patterns formed by dairy-milk colloids under three conditions – dilution, coagulation and staling and observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy are reported here. The patterns act as a fingerprint to the various stages of coagulation/dilution/spoilage of milk colloids. A deep-learning algorithm is then applied to the patterns thus obtained, and the results of AI/DL based identification of patterns is reported here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with superior mechanical properties are expected to play a role in the next generation of critical engineering mechanical materials. Crucial advances have been made in CNTs, as it has been reported that the tensile strength of defect-free CNTs and carbon nanotube bundles can approach the theoretical limit. However, the tensile strength of macro carbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) is far lower than the theoretical level. Although some reviews have summarized the development of such fiber materials, few of them have focused on the controllable preparation and performance optimization of high-strength CNTFs at different scales. Therefore, in this review, we will analyze the characteristics and latest challenges of multiscale CNTFs in preparation and strength optimization. First, the structure and preparation of CNTs are introduced. Then, the preparation methods and tensile strength characteristics of CNTFs at different scales are discussed. Based on the analysis of tensile fracture, we summarize some typical strategies for optimizing tensile performance around defect and tube–tube interaction control. Finally, we introduce some emerging applications for CNTFs in mechanics. This review aims to provide insights and prospects for the controllable preparation of CNTFs with ultra-high tensile strength for emerging cutting-edge applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic and electrophysical properties of mono- and bilayer films of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) located on various types of substrates including substrates in the form of films of crystalline silicon dioxide SiO2 with space symmetry groups P42/mnm and P3121 are studied. It is established that the substrate plays an important role in the formation of the profile of electronic density of states of SWCNT films. It is found that due to the substrate, the quantum capacitance of SWCNT films increases by a factor from 1.6 to 2.2 when a voltage of more than 1 V is applied. It is shown that the presence of a substrate leads to a change in the electrical resistance of monolayer films from 2 to 17%. The electrical resistance of a bilayer film in the presence of a substrate remains practically unchanged in both directions of current transfer and is equal to ~6.4 kΩ, the minimum allowable value for SWCNTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urethral stricture is a well-known complication after transurethral prostate surgery (TPS) and it is usually considered an easy-to-treat condition. We aimed to examine characteristics of post-TPS urethral stricture cases that were referred for urethroplasty at our tertiary center. Methods: We identified 201 patients with TPS-induced stricture treated with urethroplasty at our institution from 2017 to 2021. First, stricture length and location were evaluated during preoperative assessment. Second, multiple sets of multivariable logistic regression (MLR) analyses were run to assess whether clinical variables were associated with the location of the stricture. Results: Median stricture length was 5 cm (4–7). One hundred forty-one (70.1%) patients received previous no-invasive treatments (dilatation and/or direct visual internal urethrotomy). Proximal bulbar urethra was the commonest site for stricture, whereas panurethral stricture (≥10 cm) was diagnosed in 41 (20.4%) patients. Lichen sclerosus was more common in patients with penile stricture location, compared with patients with other involved segments (26% vs 19%, p = 0.03), and it was the only predictor of penile and midbulbar urethra location at MLR. Surgical approaches were augmented urethroplasty in 94% of patients, especially for patients with previous treatment including urethroplasty (95.8% vs 82.5% for naive, p = 0.004). Dorsal onlay was the preferred approach for bulbar (53.4%) and penile urethra (90.7%), whereas ventral onlay (38.2%) and double face augmentation (20.6%) were the preferred approaches in membranous strictures. Conclusions: Most patients who were referred for TPS-induced stricture attempted previous noninvasive managements. Referred TPS-induced urethral strictures were long and frequently involving multiple segments of urethra. Augmentation urethroplasty was our preferred surgical approach because of the characteristics and complexity of these strictures. The presence of lichen may increase the risk of post-TPS stricture in a specific segment of urethra, namely the penile and midbulbar urethra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several approaches have been developed to estimate age, an important aspect of forensics and orthodontics, using different measures and radiological examinations. Here, through meta-analysis, we determined the validity of age estimation methods and reproducibility of bone/dental maturity indices used for age estimation. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched to December 31, 2021 for human cross-sectional studies meeting pre-defined PICOS criteria that simultaneously assessed the reproducibility and validity. Meta-estimates of validity (mean error: estimated age-chronological age) and intra- and inter-observer reproducibility (Cohen's kappa, intraclass correlation coefficient) and their predictive intervals (PI) were calculated using mixed-effect models when heterogeneity was high (I2 > 50%). The literature search identified 433 studies, and 23 met the inclusion criteria. The mean error meta-estimate (mixed effects model) was 0.08 years (95% CI − 0.12; 0.29) in males and 0.09 (95% CI − 0.12; 0.30) in females. The PI of each method spanned zero; of nine reported estimation methods, Cameriere's had the smallest (− 0.82; 0.47) and Haavikko's the largest (− 7.24; 4.57) PI. The reproducibility meta-estimate (fixed effects model) was 0.98 (95% CI 0.97; 1.00) for intra- and 0.99 (95% CI 0.98; 1.00) for inter-observer agreement. All methods were valid but with different levels of precision. The intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was high and homogeneous across studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Dental age determination relies on the presence of wisdom teeth, which can be assigned to specific age ranges according to their stage of development. The purpose of this study is to highlight the applicability of the Demirjian staging of layman compared to expert, as well as the inclusion of all four wisdom teeth in the overall assessment, in order to emphasize and critically highlight a precise age estimation in clinical practice, especially in the case of agenesis or the presence of less than all four wisdom teeth. Material and Methods: In this study, dental age determination is performed and compared by a trained layperson and an expert using 385 orthopantomograms. The radiographs of known chronological age from male patients in the age range of 11–22 years were acquired from the University Medical Center Mainz. All four wisdom teeth were radiologically viewed if present. Demirjian staging with stages A–H was applied, and regression analysis was performed. Results: The relationship between mineralization of wisdom teeth (18, 28, 38 and 48) and age was linear for all teeth (p < 0.01), except for tooth 18 (p = 0.02). Comparing the prediction of the four teeth individually revealed that the lower teeth gave better predictions than the upper ones (R2 ≥ 0.50 vs. R2 < 0.50). Conclusions: For clinical use, the mandibular wisdom teeth should be preferred when performing dental age estimation using the Demirjian staging method. As a result of the present analysis, two ways of determining dental age by wisdom teeth can be suggested. One is to take only tooth 38, with the formula: age = 3.3 + 0.73 × mineralization of tooth_38. The second recommendation would be to take tooth_48. If both are unavailable, the formula would be age = −0.5 + 0.94 × mineralization tooth_28. Utilizing tooth 18 would not lead to more precise results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT) are manufactured nanomaterials with excellent properties and great potential for numerous applications. Recently, research has intensified toward achieving VACNT synthesis on different planar and non-planar substrates of various natures, mainly dependent on the user-defined application. Indeed, VACNT growth has to be adjusted and optimized according to the substrate nature and shape to reach the requirements for the application envisaged. To date, different substrates have been decorated with VACNT, involving the use of diffusion barrier layers (DBLs) that are often insulating, such as SiO2 or Al2O3. These commonly used DBLs limit the conducting and other vital physico-chemical properties of the final nanomaterial composite. One interesting route to improve the contact resistance of VACNT on a substrate surface and the deficient composite properties is the development of semi-/conducting interlayers. The present review summarizes different methods and techniques for the deposition of suitable conducting interfaces and controlled growth of VACNT on diverse flat and 3-D fibrous substrates. Apart from exhibiting a catalytic efficiency, the DBL can generate a conducting and adhesive interface involving performance enhancements in VACNT composites. The abilities of different conducting interlayers are compared for VACNT growth and subsequent composite properties. A conducting interface is also emphasized for the synthesis of VACNT on carbonaceous substrates in order to produce cost-effective and high-performance nano-engineered carbon composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surgical advancement of urethral reconstruction is a rapidly moving field. In the last decade, the technique for bulbar urethroplasty has evolved towards less invasive approaches with minimal transection and more tissue sparing in order to increase the patency rate. In this study, we provide a step forward in the augmented non‐transected anastomotic (ANTA) urethroplasty proposed in 2012, with a true mucosa‐sparing modification of the technique. In detail, the bulbar urethral lumen is approached with either a ventral or dorsal urethrotomy. Differently from previous techniques, the native urethral mucosa is neither transected nor resected but is reconstructed with a direct mucosa‐to‐mucosa anastomosis. This allows a complete sparing of communicant vessels that come from the corpus spongiosum to the urethral mucosa. The technique aims to preserve the native vascularity of the urethral mucosa by enlarging the native urethral plate with a direct anastomosis at the level of the stricture, and without the need for resection. In our hands the technique was easy and reproducible, and it carried promising results in the preliminary cohort where it was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Penile urethral stricture disease not associated with hypospadias is rare, and there is a wide range of commonly used surgical repair techniques for this disease. We sought to compile a multi‐institutional database of patients who had surgical correction of strictures in the penile urethra not limited to the meatus, and who had no history of hypospadias, for analysis using the Trauma and Urologic Reconstructive Network of Surgeons length, urethral segment and etiology classification system. Methods: A retrospective database from 13 institutions was compiled of patients who had undergone surgical correction of Trauma and Urologic Reconstructive Network of Surgeons length, urethral segment and etiology urethral stricture segments S2b/S2c and excluding E5, with a minimum follow‐up time of 4 months. Failure was defined as cystoscopically confirmed recurrence of a stricture measuring less than 16‐Fr. Results: We analyzed 222 patients with a median age of 57 years and a follow‐up of 49 months. The overall surgical success rate was 80.2%. On multivariate analysis, the two variables identified that were predictive of surgical success were stricture length ≤2 cm as well as use of a buccal mucosa graft as compared to use of a fasciocutaneous flap, which had success rates of 83% and 52%, respectively (P = 0.0004). No statistically significant differences were found based on incisional approach or surgical technique, nor were outcomes different based on etiology or preoperative patient demographics. Conclusions: Surgical repair of penile urethral strictures of non‐hypospadiac origin have a favorable overall success rate, at 80.2%. Regardless of incisional approach or surgical technique, all operations appear to have similar outcomes other than repairs using fasciocutaneous flap, which were statistically less successful than those using buccal mucosa graft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophilic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates were prepared by a combination of TiO2-coatings of aluminium plates through a direct titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) coating and drop coated by synthesised gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Differences between the wettability of the untreated substrates, the slowly dried Ti(OH)4 substrates and calcinated as well as plasma treated TiO2 substrates were analysed by water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The hydrophilic behaviour of the developed substrates helped to improve the distribution of the AuNPs, which reflects in overall higher lateral SERS enhancement. Surface enhancement of the substrates was tested with target molecule rhodamine 6G (R6G) and a fibre-coupled 638 nm Raman spectrometer. Additionally, the morphology of the substrates was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman microscopy. The studies showed a reduced influence of the coffee ring effect on the particle distribution, resulting in a more broadly distributed edge region, which increased the spatial reproducibility of the measured SERS signal in the surface-enhanced Raman mapping measurements on mm scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simulation method for correlating the resistivity and resistance of sparse carbon nanotube (CNT) networks via atomic force microscopy images was proposed. For the demonstration, resistance values simulated by this method were compared with values obtained by directory measuring the resistance of sparse CNT networks. Results were also compared with those obtained by a thin‐film approximation in which CNT networks are approximated as thin rectangles. Simulated resistance values were closer to the experimental values of the same samples than those estimated on the basis of the thin‐film approximation. The use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) images enabled the implementation of inhomogeneity to numerical models, as well as one‐to‐one comparison between real samples and numerical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-traumatic obliterative bulbar urethral stricture with residual urethral lumen below 3 Fr is a challenging surgical scenario for reconstructive surgeons, because either anastomotic or single augmentation urethroplasty is not an option. Objectives: To describe our double-face buccal mucosa graft (BMG) urethroplasty with dorsal onlay and ventral inlay relying on the vessels and nerve-sparing technique of Kulkarni's one-side dissection. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively maintained database of patients with non-traumatic obliterative bulbar urethral strictures who underwent double-face bulbar urethroplasty with one-side dissection and dorsal onlay plus ventral inlay BMG. Patient demographics, clinical data, and follow-up were analyzed. Results: A total of 59 patients underwent double-face urethroplasty with dorsal approach. The median age was 37 years (IQR 27–49) and the median stricture length was 5 cm (IQR 3.75–6). No patients had immediate post-operative complications. The overall success rate was 88% with a median follow-up of 30.9 months (IQR 16.9–44.2). Two patients were treated with DVIU, and two patients with open urethral surgery. One patient developed erectile dysfunction after surgery. Age, etiology, stenosis length and previous treatment were not factors related to surgical failure. Conclusion: Our preliminary albeit encouraging results showed that this approach was feasible in all patients and with negligible perioperative complications. Success rate was 88%. We did not find any factors related to surgical failure. Our dorsal double-face augmented urethroplasty may be a valid alternative to the Palminteri's ventral double-face urethroplasty, especially in those patients with mid-distal bulbar or peno-bulbar urethral strictures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive characterization of various carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns provides insight for producing high-performance CNT yarns as well as a useful guide to select the proper yarn for a specific application. Herein we systematically investigate the correlations between the physical properties of six CNT yarns produced by three spinning methods, and their structures and the properties of the constituent CNTs. The electrical conductivity increases in all yarns regardless of the spinning method as the effective length of the constituent CNTs and the density of the yarns increase. On the other hand, the tensile strength shows a much stronger dependence on the packing density of the yarns than the CNT effective length, indicating the relative importance of the interfacial interaction. The contribution of each physical parameter to the yarn properties are quantitatively analyzed by partial least square regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotube (CNT)/copper composites offer promise as lightweight temperaturestable electrical conductors for future electrical and electronic devices substituting copper. However, clarifying how constituent nanotube structures influence CNT/Cu electrical performances has remained a major research challenge. Here, we investigate the correlation between the CNT/Cu electrical performances and nanotube structure by preparing and characterizing composites containing nanotubes of different structural attributes. We prepared three types of composites--single-wall (SW)-CNT/Cu wires, SW-CNT/Cu pillars, and multi-wall (MW)-CNT/Cu wires. The composites were fabricated from the corresponding CNT templates by two-step Cu electrodeposition, which retains template nanotube attributes through the fabrication process. The nanotube characteristics (diameter, G/D, alignment, etc.) in each template as well as the internal structure and electrical performances of the corresponding composites were characterized. SW-CNT/Cu wires and pillars outperformed MW-CNT/Cu wires, showing ≈ 3x higher room-temperature four-probe conductivities (as high as 30-40% Cu-conductivity). SW-CNT/Cu also showed up to 4x lower temperature coefficients of resistances i.e., more temperature-stable conductivities thanMW-CNT/Cu. Our results suggest that few-walled small-diameter nanotubes can contribute to superior temperature-stable CNT/Cu conductivities. Better CNT crystallinity (high G/D), fewer nanotube ends/junctions, and nanotube alignment may be additionally beneficial. We believe that these results contribute to strategies for improving CNT/Cu performances to enable the real-world application of these materials as Cu substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the efficacy of perineal urethrostomy (PU) in patients with anterior urethral stricture. Methods: Patients who underwent PU for anterior urethral stricture between 2013 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed (n = 56). Surgical success was defined as no need for additional intervention. Uroflowmetry and measurement of residual urine volume (PVR) were examined postoperatively, and the patients were asked to fill out sexual health inventory for men (SHIM) and the validated Urethral Stricture Surgery Patient-reported Outcome Measure questionnaires before and after PU. The overall patient satisfaction was also assessed. Results: PU was successful in 92.9% of patients (n = 52), with a median follow-up of 34 months. Two of four were salvaged by re-do PU, and one was salvaged by forming a composite stoma using a penile skin graft. Thirty-nine patients (69.6%) filled out the questionnaires 6 months after surgery. The mean maximum flow rate, PVR, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)-total score, LUTS-specific quality of life, and EuroQol-visual analog scale scores improved significantly from 3.8 mL/s, 77.6 mL, 12.9, 2.6, and 53.6 at baseline to 17.6 mL/s, 21.3 mL, 4.1, 0.9, and 74.9 postoperatively (p = 0.003, p = 0.004, p = 0.005, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, respectively). The SHIM score did not change significantly (from 2.6 at baseline to 2.3 postoperatively; p = 0.59). As for patient satisfaction, 84.6% of patients (33/39) were "satisfied" (46.1%) or "very satisfied" (38.5%) with the outcome. Conclusions: PU had a high surgical success rate, and significantly improved patients' subjective symptoms and achieved a high level of satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibre lithium-ion batteries are attractive as flexible power solutions because they can be woven into textiles, offering a convenient way to power future wearable electronics1–4. However, they are difficult to produce in lengths of more than a few centimetres, and longer fibres were thought to have higher internal resistances3,5 that compromised electrochemical performance6,7. Here we show that the internal resistance of such fibres has a hyperbolic cotangent function relationship with fibre length, where it first decreases before levelling off as length increases. Systematic studies confirm that this unexpected result is true for different fibre batteries. We are able to produce metres of high-performing fibre lithium-ion batteries through an optimized scalable industrial process. Our mass-produced fibre batteries have an energy density of 85.69 watt hour per kilogram (typical values8 are less than 1 watt hour per kilogram), based on the total weight of a lithium cobalt oxide/graphite full battery, including packaging. Its capacity retention reaches 90.5% after 500 charge–discharge cycles and 93% at 1C rate (compared with 0.1C rate capacity), which is comparable to commercial batteries such as pouch cells. Over 80 per cent capacity can be maintained after bending the fibre for 100,000 cycles. We show that fibre lithium-ion batteries woven into safe and washable textiles by industrial rapier loom can wirelessly charge a cell phone or power a health management jacket integrated with fibre sensors and a textile display.Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries produced in the form of metre-long fibres can be woven into sturdy, washable textiles on an industrial loom and used to power other fabric-based electronic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate electronic and electro-physical properties of mono- and bilayer armchair single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films located on substrates of different types, including substrates in the form of crystalline silicon dioxide (SiO2) films with P42/mnm and P3121 space symmetry groups. The SWCNT films interact with substrate only by van der Waals forces. The densities of electronic states (DOS) and the electron transmission functions are calculated for SWCNT films with various substrates. The electrical conductivity of SWCNT films is calculated based on the electron transmission function. It is found that the substrate plays an important role in the formation of DOS of the SWCNT films, and the surface topology determines the degree and nature of the mutual influence of the nanotube and the substrate. It is shown that the substrate affects the electronic properties of monolayer films, changing the electrical resistance value from 2% to 17%. However, the substrate has practically no effect on the electrical conductivity and resistance of the bilayer film in both directions of current transfer. In this case, the values of the resistances of the bilayer film in both directions of current transfer approach the value of ~6.4 kW, which is the lowest for individual SWCNT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes have recently been rated as an effective biomaterial owing to their functionalization ability. However, the safety of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has yet to be clearly understood. To investigate how cells differentially react to minor geometric differences, we prepared well‐dispersed and stable long and short MWCNTs showing an approximately 100‐nm length difference in an in vitro system. Through an optimal combination of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) biosurfactants and ultrasonication, we first confirmed that the MWCNTs were maintained without aggregation throughout the experiments. Internalized MWCNTs in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells were then quantified in a label‐free manner using coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering, followed by an analysis of their localization via two‐photon excitation fluorescence. Intracellular MWCNTs were found to primarily localize in mitochondria with abnormal morphologies. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which was found to result from early stages of oxidative stress that consequently lead to cell death, was then proved via decreasing mitochondrial membrane potentials, with short MWCNTs showing significantly greater cytotoxicity than long MWCNTs. Our results suggest that even small length differences of MWCNTs may lead to differential responses in cells. Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were stabilized in cell culture condition by combination of biosurfactants and ultrasonication. Small length difference (100 nm) of MWCNTs generated differential cytotoxic responses via mitochondrial dysfunction in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To verify the utility of triangular extension of a hinge flap in buccal mucosal staged urethroplasty to resolve stomal stenosis after the first stage and ultimately prevent restenosis. Methods: A total of 23 patients (triangular extension group) were studied in 2013–2019. In the first stage, buccal mucosa was transplanted, and an extended triangle portion of the mucosa was placed beside the proximal and/or distal stoma that was created when the stricture segment of the urethra was resected. In the second stage, during tubularization of the urethral plate, an incision was made at the stoma to increase the caliber to which the triangular extension was inserted. The procedure was considered successful when a 17‐Fr flexible cystoscope passed through the reconstructed urethra at 6 months after the second‐stage urethroplasty and no additional surgery or bougie dilation required. The clinical course of the triangular extension group was compared with 24 patients who underwent conventional staged urethroplasty (control group). Results: In total, 20 patients from each group underwent second‐stage surgery. No patients in the triangular extension group required additional revision surgery because of stomal stenosis after first‐stage surgery, whereas five (20%) control patients did. Urethroplasty was successful in 19 patients (95%) in the triangular extension group and in 19 patients (95%) in the control group. Uroflowmetry after the second‐stage surgery indicated that the mean maximum urinary flow rate was 21.5 and 15.8 mL/s after triangular extension and the control procedure, respectively (P = 0.027). Conclusions: The triangular extension technique reduces the need for revision surgery and prevents postoperative restenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes a generalized multitone multiharmonic scattering parameters ($\mathbf {M^{2}S}$ -parameters) measurement approach suitable for multiport nonlinear network characterization in the wave-variable domain. Based on the incommensurate (or offset) frequency concept, the $\mathbf {M^{2}S}$ -parameters are directly measurable quantities independent of the incident wave phases and display a mild nonlinear dependence on the incident wave amplitudes. They feature a well-defined relationship with the frequency-domain nonlinear transfer functions derived from the Volterra theory, representing a generalization to the multiinput multiharmonic case of the widely used single-input single-frequency describing function approach. The proposed framework allows to capture the nonlinear steady-state behavior from a reduced set of measurements and can be effectively exploited for performance prediction in application-like scenarios. The approach is here applied to RF transistor and power amplifier load-pull measurements, as well as to the case of broadband modulation, showing that the performance assessment of the device can be obtained in a straightforward way from the $\mathbf {M^{2}S}$ -parameters description. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azomethine imines constitute a versatile class of dipoles that are being increasingly used for the synthesis of biologically relevant heterocycles. This review details the various reactions reported in the literature from 2015–2020 involving acyclic, C,N-cyclic and N,N-cyclic azomethine imines as well as any reported mechanistic aspects of the reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrent male anterior urethral stricture disease is a complex surgical challenge that should be managed by reconstructive urologists with experience in stricture management. Diagnosis of recurrence requires both anatomic narrowing and patient symptoms identified on validated questionnaires, with limited role for intervention in asymptomatic treatment "failures". Endoscopic management has a very specific role in recurrence, and the choice of technique for urethroplasty depends on pre-operative urethrography and cystoscopy. Surgical success depends on addressing patient concerns, complete stricture excision, tissue quality optimization, and the use of multi-stage repair when indicated. Augmentation with genital skin flaps and/or grafts is often required, with buccal mucosa as the ideal graft source if local tissue is compromised. Salvage options including urinary diversion and perineal urethrostomy must also be considered in debilitated patients with severe disease or repeated treatment failures. Unique patient populations including patients with hypospadias and lichen sclerosis are among the highest risk for repeated recurrence and require special care in surgical technique, graft selection, and post-operative management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous horn is a protuberance constituted by compact keratinous material, with a hard consistence similar to a horn, which occurs more frequently in photoexposed areas. The authors describe a case of cutaneous horn on the glans considered a rare location. Verrucous carcinoma was the histopathological diagnosis of the base of the horn and lichen sclerosis, the precursor lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioelectronic medicine aims to interface electronic technology with biological components and design more effective therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Advances in nanotechnology have moved the field forward improving the seamless interaction between biological and electronic components. In the lab many of these nanobioelectronic devices have the potential to improve current treatment approaches, including those for cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and disease underpinned by malfunctions in neuronal electrical communication. While promising, many of these devices and technologies require further development before they can be successfully applied in a clinical setting. Here, we highlight recent work which is close to achieving this goal, including discussion of nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and nanowires for medical applications. We also look forward toward the next decade to determine how current developments in nanotechnology could shape the growing field of bioelectronic medicine. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging TechnologiesNanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in BiologyDiagnostic Tools > Biosensing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate that single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) membranes can be successfully utilized as nanometer-thick substrates for enhanced visualization and facilitated study of individual nanoparticles. As model objects, we transfer optically resonant 200 nm silicon nanoparticles onto pristine and ethanol-densified SWCNT membranes by the femtosecond laser printing method. We image nanoparticles by scanning electron and bright-field optical microscopy, and characterize by linear and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The use of a pristine SWCNT membrane allows to achieve an order-of-magnitude enhancement of the optical contrast of the nanoparticle bright field image over the results shown in the case of the glass substrate use. The observed optical contrast enhancement is in agreement with the spectrophotometric measurements showing an extremely low specular reflectance of the pristine membrane (≤0.1%). Owing to the high transparency, negligibly small reflectance and thickness, SWCNT membranes offer a variety of perspective applications in nanophotonics, bioimaging and synchrotron radiation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In complex strictures, especially in elderly patients, perineal urethrostomy (PU) provide excellent voiding function. This study aimed at evaluating the long-term voiding and erectile function of PU as a permanent procedure for such strictures. Material and methods: We retrospectively evaluated 146 patients who underwent permanent PU at our institution from January 2000 to December 2018. All patients had complex urethral strictures. Patients with posterior urethral involvement were excluded. Patients were followed up at 3 months and then yearly Failure was defined as the need for any additional procedures. They were also evaluated with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Fisher's exact test and χ² test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The median age at the time of surgery was 58±7.3 years. The mean stricture length was 6.5±2.1 cm. All the patients had a history of previous surgery, and the average number of procedures per patient was 2.4. The median follow-up period was 26 months. The most common early and late postoperative complications were bleeding and stenosis of the urethrostomy, respectively. A total of 129 (88.3%) patients had a successful surgery. The number of patients with no erectile dysfunction increased from 55.4% to 67.8% after PU. The mean IIEF-5 score improved from 20.07 to 21.31 after PU, but this did not achieve statistical significance (p=0.3558). Conclusion: Permanent PU is an acceptable option for complex long-segment anterior urethral strictures, especially in elderly patients, with an excellent long-term outcome. A majority of patients also maintain a satisfactory erectile function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unprecedented formal [5+2] cyclization of N,N′‐cyclic azomethine imines with triazines has been realized, which provides a facile access to biologically important 1,2,4,6‐tetrazepine frameworks with overall high yields (up to 98% yield). This methodology is distinguished by not involving a metal catalyst, readily available starting materials, and operational simplicity, which involves the reassembly of two C−N bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Verrucous carcinoma, a rare low-grade well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, is known for its favorable biological behavior and lack of metastatic potential. However, aggressive resection is problematic in terms of compromised function and aesthetics. Hence, more conservative treatments are needed.Methods: To identify the up-to-date general biological behavior, diagnosis, and treatment trends, we searched PubMed using the keyword "penile verrucous carcinoma" without restrictions on publication date.Results: Current treatments for penile verrucous carcinoma include wide surgical excision, seldom preventive lymphadenectomy, and conservative chemotherapy without surgery or local excision with safe margins. Despite the advent of partial penectomy to minimally impact function and aesthetics, affected patients experience psychosexual problems. Local excision can be used to save the penile shaft and glans penis without preventive lymphadenectomy or adjuvant therapy and can achieve good clinical prognosis with rare recurrence.Conclusions: To preserve the functional and cosmetic aspects, we recommend local excision, especially for tumors measuring < 3 cm and classified as stage T1 according to the 2016 tumor node metastasis clinical and pathological classification for penile cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to our modern standard of living, the demand of electrical energy is growing rapidly. To meet this exigency, the conventional metal wires have become obsolete to meet highly efficient electrical energy supply demands. The suitable alternative to metal wires must exhibit good electrical and thermal conductivity, low mass density, negligible skin effects and non-corrosive properties. The axially aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) assemblies, the CNT fibers, are among the most promising materials to meet these requirements. The CNT fibers hold great potential for highly fuel-efficient electric vehicles and low-power nanochips in ever-advancing computer hardware where conventional wires have no future. This article provides an overview of the conducting nature of CNT fibers. First, CNTs as futuristic conducting material will be elucidated briefly, followed by synthesis techniques of CNT fiber. Specific attention is devoted to the direct spinning technique (FC-CVD) as the fiber produced by this method has quite high electrical conductivity (EC) and of limitless length. Then, the effect of various parameters (during synthesis like carrier gas or feedstock flow rate and after synthesis like doping of metallic nanomaterials, coating of polymers or interaction with the acidic environment) on its EC is discussed. This study would pave the way for the bright future of CNT fiber to be used as electrical wiring by concentrating on current challenges confronting this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This communication focuses on the Raman spectroscopic characterization of a voltage‐controlled electrospray deposition (VCED) of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed from acid refluxed and SDBS (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate) assisted carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion techniques. This versatile method resulted in the direct deposition of CNT films on the surface functionalized target substrates, that is—APTES (3‐aminopropyl‐triethoxysilane) treated metal (aluminum foil), semiconducting (bare Si), and insulators (microscopy grade glass, silicon dioxide, and polymethyl methacrylate or PMMA)—used in this study. During the voltage‐controlled deposition process itself, the spray area and thickness of the MWCNT films on a substrate can be easily manipulated. In this work, CNT thin films of 40‐70 nm to 3‐7 μm were produced as a function of deposition time, with excellent packing density and surface coverage. The precise thickness control of the CNT deposits on each target substrate was achieved by meticulously calibrating the mechanics of the voltage‐controlled spray system, for example, inter‐electrode distance between the target surface and the nozzle, electric field, and flow rate of the CNT solution feed, in addition to the concentration of the CNT solution and the deposition time. These overall experimental results bode well for use of this technique in a wider range of applications where CNTs films with controlled thicknesses are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the present work is to analyze a series of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with different size or ligand functionalization by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and to identify the differences in the band‐shape and energy peak position of photoemission spectra due to the particle dimension. A transmission electron microscopy characterization was performed, to verify the consistency of the results. Three types of samples were prepared starting from AgNO3 water solution and adding different capping agents. In the first two cases, the formation of NPs was promoted by the reduction of silver ions Ag+1 to metallic Ag0 through the addition of sodium borohydride, whereas in the last case, it was triggered by the exposure to UV light. Depending on the size of the NPs, a different physical behavior can be recognized. NPs with diameter of about 5 nm are characterized by the phenomenon of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The other type of samples having a diameter of about 1.5 nm presents discrete energy levels instead of electronic bands, and in this case, a typical fluorescence phenomenon can be observed. In the latter case, we can refer to such systems as nanoclusters. The XPS analyses were focused on the Ag 3D spectra looking for the possible shifts of the Ag doublet as a function of the particles size. The ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy with He II source was used for the investigation of possible changes in the valence band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a rare disease with malignant potential and has been identified by the European Society of Urology Guidelines as a risk factor for penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cancer. LS combined with urethral squamous cell carcinoma (USCC) is extremely rare. There has been only one case report of this combination in China over the last decade. The prevalence of this combination in East Asian population is unclear. In this report, a 49-year-old patient with the presence of LS, perineal masses, and abscesses was hospitalized. He underwent anti-infectious therapy, meatotomy, perineal abscess incision, and drainage and debridement of the perineal wound. USCC was diagnosed following a series of biopsies and treated with radiation therapy. The patient remains well and alive with no recurrence of USCC 13 months after radiation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Circumcision is one of the most prevalently performed surgeries worldwide. It is a common non-therapeutic procedure, which, based on the cultural and social background of people, could be performed by individuals at different levels of skill ranging from trained medical professionals to non-specialists. Therefore, this surgery could cause complications of varying frequencies and types. For example, penile damage during the circumcision procedure is a severe and rare complication leaving patients with morbidity and life-long consequences. Here, we reported two cases of penile injury during a ritual circumcision. Patients and Methods: This study was approved by the ethics committee of Ibb University of Medical Sciences.Case 1: A 6-month-old child was brought to hospital by parents with complaints of purulent discharge around the penis after ritual circumcision performed 3 days ago with complete skin loss in the whole part of the penis extended to the scrotum and suprapubic area.Case 2: A 2-month-old child was brought to hospital with complaints of penile discharge and gangrene after ritual circumcision performed 10 days ago. Results: Case 1: He was treated with daily debridement and wound irrigation followed by a surgical procedure to bury the penis in the scrotum for future reconstructive surgery.Case 2: A suprapubic cystostomy was inserted into the bladder. Then, daily debridement and wound irrigation was performed for the child. To treat penile gangrene, two options were available. The first option was to bury the penis in the scrotum and do reconstructive surgery later. The second option was to change the child's anatomical sex from male to female. Conclusion: We suggest that every child, before a circumcision procedure, should be evaluated by a medically trained professional. This procedure should also be carried out in aseptic conditions. Additionally, the circumcision procedure needs to be performed by an experienced medical professional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrapotent topical corticosteroids and circumcision are usually effective for male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc); however, refractory cases are often referred to our Male Genital Dermatology Unit. Treatment with autologous platelet‐rich plasma (TPRP) has recently been advocated as a safe and effective treatment option, but there have been no prospective studies in men to date. The objective of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of TPRP for MGLSc resistant to conventional therapy. A prospective, open‐label, single‐arm, therapeutic study was carried out in this study. Inclusion criteria: resistant to conventional therapy for at least 6 months. Procedure: infiltration of 0.1 mL/cm2 PRP every 8 weeks. Monthly data recording: visual appearance with photographs and external scoring by an expert using Investigator's Global Assessment Scale (IGA scale 0‐5), symptoms (scale 0‐5), quality of life (QoL; Dermatology Life Quality Index [DLQI]), and complications. No. of patients included was n = 5. No. of patients excluded during treatment was n = 1. Mean initial IGA: 3.6. Mean initial DLQI: 6. TPRP n = 34 (range: 2‐9; average: 6.8 per patient). Mean IGA at 18 months: 3.25. Mean DLQI at 18 months: 1.25. All patients reported being completely asymptomatic at 10 months. No. of patients with complications is n = 1 (balanitis). TPRP seems to be safe and effective, regarding symptom control and improvement in QoL; however, visual changes were minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light-weight flexible materials are needed to enable batteries that are safer, flexible, and smaller. However, the metal current collectors that are employed in current batteries are rigid, heavy, and slow in transporting electrons and ions. In this work, we demonstrate a flexible mesofiber that features an ordered mesoporous carbon scaffold threading a carbon nanotube. A facile hydrothermal synthesis method was developed to directly grow the highly ordered mesoporous carbon layer onto the surface of carbon nanotubes. The synergistic effect of these two materials in the designed meso-architecture yields excellent electrical conductivity, fast ion diffusion, and good mass loading of high-capacity active materials. We show that MnO2-loaded-mesofiber electrodes can achieve a capacitance of 160 F g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 and a capacitance retention of 58% after being cycled between 0.2 and 100 A g−1. The enhanced performance persists even at a scan rate as high as 2000 mV s−1. This fast current collector may find applications in flexible, wearable batteries and electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]