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Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is vital for the reduction of the environmental impact of the aviation industry while decreasing the dependence of the USA on foreign petroleum fuels. To date, SAF, especially from cellulosic feedstocks, have struggled to overcome two barriers: (1) meeting price parity with their petroleum counterparts and (2) the large capital investment required for industrial‐scale biorefineries. Repurposing of industrial facilities has been suggested as a means of addressing both challenges. In this study we look at the financial impact of manufacturing SAF using three repurposing value levels. To demonstrate the application of this methodology, we examine case studies based on a wood‐based alcohol‐to‐jet process. Each level evaluated assumes a different portion of the existing facility is useable. The impact on capital costs and minimum fuel selling price is estimated for generalized case studies as well as for specific case studies spread across multiple regions of the USA. The best economic outcomes are achieved when large‐scale facilities have both inside and outside battery limit assets that can be repurposed. The geospatially explicit variables that have the largest economic impact are feedstock price, feedstock composition, and industrial natural gas price. However, the scale and value of repurposing both outweigh the geospatial variables within reasonable limits. Of the locations studied, the lowest minimum selling price (MSP) of $1.16/L was calculated at the Washington facility, a nearly 19% reduction from a matching scaled greenfield facility, a result of existing equipment and infrastructure reducing total capital investment by one‐third and plentiful feedstock. © 2022 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Following the removal of lead from gasoline, paint and pipes were thought to be the main sources of lead exposure in the United States. However, consumer products, such as certain spices, ceramic and metal cookware, traditional health remedies, and cultural powders, are increasingly recognized as important sources of lead exposure across the United States. OBJECTIVE: This paper reviews data from four US jurisdictions that conduct in-home investigations for children with elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) to examine the prevalence of lead exposures associated with consumer products, in comparison with housing-related sources. METHODS: Authors reviewed investigation data (2010–2021) provided by California, Oregon, New York City, and King County, Washington, and compared the extent of lead exposures associated with housing-related vs. consumer products–related sources. DISCUSSION: The proportion of investigations identifying consumer products–related sources of lead exposure varied by jurisdiction (range: 15%– 38%). A review of US CDC and US FDA alerts and New York City data indicates that these types of lead-containing products are often sourced internationally, with many hand carried into the United States during travel. Based on surveillance data, we believe that US immigrant and refugee communities are at an increased risk for lead exposures associated with these products. To engage health authorities, there is a need for evidentiary data. We recommend implementing a national product surveillance database systematically tracking data on consumer products tested by childhood lead poisoning prevention programs. The data repository should be centralized and accessible to all global stakeholders, including researchers and governmental and nongovernmental agencies, who can use these data to inform investigations. Effectively identifying and addressing the availability of lead-containing consumer products at their source can focus resources on primary prevention, reducing lead exposures for users abroad and in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the application of the recently developed next-generation intensity-duration-frequency (NG-IDF) curves in hydrological design, focusing on a small snow-dominated basin in Washington state. Four methods are used to assess the NG-IDF performance: (1) basin outlet flood frequency analysis, (2) use of standard precipitation-based intensity-duration-frequency (PREC-IDF) curves following surface water design manuals typically used in the basin, (3) utilization of locally constructed PREC-IDF curves, and (4) use of locally constructed NG-IDF curves. The standard PREC-IDF design method assumes precipitation as rainfall and neglecting snowmelt or rain-on-snow (ROS) events that can lead to significant flood underestimations in the test basin. In contrast, the NG-IDF method incorporates snow processes and shows promising improvements in accurately estimating design floods. The validation analysis demonstrates the superiority of NG-IDF over standard and local PREC-IDF in this test basin. The study highlights the necessity for adjustments in current design manuals to ensure sufficient flood protection, particularly in light of the planned substantial investments in US infrastructure. Engineers use precipitation data to plan for floods, but current methods have limitations by assuming all precipitation is in the form of rain. The paper discusses how traditional methods often underestimate the risk of floods in snow areas. To address these issues, the study introduces the next-generation tool. The next-generation tool considers not only rainfall but also snowmelt events, which are common in mountainous areas. This approach is especially useful in regions like the Yakima River Basin (YRB) in Washington State, where snowmelt dominates the flow. The study tested the next-generation tool and compared it with the traditional rainfall-based method. It found that the next-generation tool better estimates flood risk in a small snow basin within YRB. These findings are crucial for engineers and planners because they suggest that the next-generation tool can improve flood risk assessments and better prepare for potential snowmelt-related floods. The next-generation tool could become a useful tool in flood management and infrastructure planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US West Coast's earthquake early warning system ShakeAlert detects earthquakes as they happen and creates rapid signals that can reach users before shaking does. ShakeAlert is an ambitious system, involving many entities and elements. Its development and operation require interdisciplinary and interagency collaboration. In this paper, we consider these relationships and their effects, drawing on participant observation and 36 interviews from between 2019 and 2021 with people in university, government, and industry roles related to ShakeAlert. We describe what is involved in operating the system as "riskwork," referencing a sociological literature on the many activities required to do risk analysis and risk mitigation. To reveal the complexities of ShakeAlert's earthquake early warning riskwork, we first outline ShakeAlert's history. Then, we consider the experiences of developing the system during the years it began to be widely available in California, Washington, and Oregon. We analyze research participants' reflections related to a theme consistent across many of their experiences: that of uncertainty. The uncertainties we consider here are related to the purpose of the ShakeAlert system, structures and processes for organization and collaboration, and system use and users. We show how these uncertainties are institutional in nature; related to the very interdisciplinary and interagency nature of the project and, consequently, difficult to resolve. We discuss interrogate their implications for the ShakeAlert system. Doing so, we raise concerns about how riskwork undertaken under conditions of these institutionalized uncertainties may reduce opportunities for members of some groups to participate meaningfully in decision-making. Our research contributes to efforts to document and better understand the riskwork entailed in hazard risk mitigation, as well as the institutionalized uncertainties that can emerge in such contexts. It is also our hope that it will also facilitate the mobilization of support for those whose work we describe. This paper foregrounds aspects of operating an earthquake early warning system that are rarely written about. It describes qualitative and descriptive research, and as such its goals are largely to advance understanding about the kinds of work that ShakeAlert entails, and so what other earthquake early warning systems and projects like them also might involve. Practical applications of findings might include (1) efforts to support for riskworkers who labor in conditions of institutional uncertainty, including acknowledgment of the challenges they take on and adjustment of expectations as possible; (2) creation of opportunities for riskworkers to network and build relationships of trust with each other to facilitate collaboration; (3) development of processes for assuring inclusion of groups key to a project's success but not well networked with others in order to formally increase pathways for inclusion; and (4) reduction of institutionalized uncertainties where and when possible. While conditions related to ShakeAlert have changed since data was collected, practical applications of findings described here are also relevant to other interdisciplinary and interagency risk mitigation projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are multiple dam failures and dam safety incidents every year in the United States. There are currently no standard policy requirements for when or how to conduct failure or incident investigations. In order to understand the state of the industry, this study reviewed 58 different dam failure or incident investigation reports based on incidents that occurred in the United States from 1960 through 2022. The investigations ranged from well-known failures/incidents of large dams such as Oroville Dam and Teton Dam, to little known structures such as Hawkins Dam, a small dam in the state of Washington that had a spillway failure in 2014. The investigations were analyzed and evaluated for characteristics such as the length of time for the investigation team to get on-site, the amount of time to complete the full investigation, what organization funded the investigation, independence of the investigation team, scope of the investigation, and several other parameters. Based on the analysis, investigations after the year 2000 have seen more time pass before the investigation team can visit the site and investigations have taken longer to complete. Investigations are often not fully independent, are most commonly funded by federal agencies, and often do not investigate human, programmatic factors, or consequences. This paper makes 10 recommendations for improving investigations in the future, including recommended definitions for incidents and failures. In this paper, the authors recommend that (1) a dam safety incident be defined as a potential failure mode has initiated and progressed but has not led to an uncontrolled release from the reservoir; (2) a high flow release be defined as: An incident when there are consequences downstream of a dam due to controlled flows passed by the dam, not due to the failure of a dam or dam component; and (3) that dam failures be separated into three types based on the severity of downstream consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retirement plans can create strong financial incentives that have important labor market implications, and many states have adopted alternative plan designs that significantly change these incentives. The authors use longitudinal data to investigate the impact of Washington State's 1996 introduction of a hybrid retirement plan on late-career attrition. The unique setup of Washington's plans allows them to provide empirical evidence on the influence of financial incentives created by statutory retirement eligibility thresholds. Findings show that despite facing very different financial incentives, teachers enrolled in the hybrid and traditional plans respond similarly to reaching a key retirement eligibility threshold. The authors hypothesize that teachers are anchoring to the eligibility thresholds, muting the influence of the financial incentives. They also provide evidence that, in the presence of bright-line eligibility thresholds that can anchor workers' separation behavior, commonly used structural models may overpredict workers' responsiveness to the financial incentives embedded in retirement plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pneumatic spray delivery-based solid set canopy delivery system (PSD-SSCDS) has been successfully configured for efficient spray applications in modern apple orchards typical of the state of Washington state. This study investigates the spray performance of optimized PSD-SSCDS against an axial-fan airblast sprayer in terms of spray deposition, coverage, and off-target drift in a tall spindle architecture of a commercial apple orchard. For field evaluation, mylar cards and water sensitive paper samplers were placed in different canopy zones on either side of the leaf surface, and 500 ppm of biodegradable fluorescent tracer solution was sprayed with PSD-SSCDS and an airblast sprayer. Additionally, aerial and downwind samplers were installed to evaluate ground runoff and drift, as well as aerial drift. The spray deposited on the mylar cards was analyzed using fluorometry, and spray coverage on WSPs was evaluated using image processing techniques. PSD-SSCDS (645.0 ± 94.7 ng cm-2, mean ± standard error) and an airblast sprayer treatment (661.6 ± 26.9 ng cm-2) had comparable mean spray deposition with no significant difference in different canopy zones for both treatments. However, the spray coverage was significantly higher for the airblast sprayer (32.7 ± 2.4%) compared to PSD-SSCDS (22.5 ± 3.1%). These differences are likely due to air-assist in airblast spraying, which is absent in PSD-SSCDS. Evidently, the airblast sprayer had significantly higher losses to the ground and aerial drift compared to PSD-SSCDS, as the ground drift for the latter was mostly confined within 4.1 m downwind of the sprayed row and spray losses to air were minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation planners often rely on heuristic indices when challenged with prioritizing potential projects under a constrained budget. This paper presents a comparative analysis of several prioritization indices (PIs) of culvert fish passage barriers, which can contribute to declines in anadromous fish populations. A federal injunction requires Washington state to restore 90% of habitat blocked by state‐owned culverts by 2030, prompting the development of numerous PIs, by various entities (i.e., counties, cities) within the injunction area. Our comparative analysis of PIs within the injunction Case Area investigates their ability to distinguish between barriers, their transferability in terms of scoring metrics, how scoring weights differ, and the preferences implied thereby. We document the use of six distinct PI methods by 10 entities and find that some PIs used many shared metrics, whereas others used a high percentage of unique metrics that would be difficult to replicate outside the entity's jurisdiction. Although habitat potential, habitat quantity, and connectivity were considered across all PIs, we found a high level of variation in terms of the metric weights. Our methods can be employed in other geographies or for other restoration PI planning efforts, and our results may facilitate the development and refinement of future PIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on recent governmental initiatives in Washington, D.C. to bolster the long-term physical and financial viability of its limited-equity cooperative housing stock. Drawing on in-depth interviews with members of the DC Limited Equity Cooperative Taskforce, it interrogates the relationship between recent municipal housing policy and the growing asset-based racial wealth gap. The findings indicate that limited-equity cooperatives provide myriad benefits to their residents, yet ultimately fail to curb systemic limitations on black wealth in the property market and rectify historical patterns of racial disparity in the distribution of governmental resources. This paper argues that policy makers must proactively assess how new models of shared equity homeownership affect or even perpetuate racial disparities in wealth and continuously interrogate the structural impacts of affordable housing policy on the (re)distribution of resources in urban centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused immense and immeasurable disruption to billions of lives worldwide, and the strain on healthcare workers and facilities will undoubtedly be seen for years to come. Many factors impact the incidence and prevalence of COVID-19 in states, such as policies and legislation, funding, partisanship of the statehouse, vaccination rates, and rurality. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the differences in the daily positive cases between Indiana and Washington State and examine the respective ways each state tried to mitigate the morbidity and mortality of the virus. Indiana and Washington State were chosen as the states have similar populations in different geographical locations in the country and varying responses to the pandemic. Data was obtained from the respective state health departments over a period of two and a half years from March 2020 to December 2022. Independent t-tests were used for the analysis of the data between Indiana and Washington. Overall, Indiana had a higher daily positive case rate when compared to Washington. Indiana had a lower vaccination rate and had more hospitalizations and deaths compared to Washington and the US population as a whole. The difference in the findings of each state could be attributed to the partisanship of the state and the ways in which partisanship influences the enacting of legislation and policies intended to mitigate disease, as well as public health funding allocated by the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nestled in the remote Cascade mountains of Washington State, Holden Village operates as a year-round Lutheran retreat center with a robust musical and liturgical culture. While on sabbatical in the Village in 1986, composer Marty Haugen wrote his Holden Evening Prayer liturgy, a now-iconic setting beloved around the world. Known in the Village as Vespers '86, Haugen's liturgy soon became canonical. Over 35 years later, however, Vespers '86 is a fraught icon of collective identity. As Village leadership welcomes a greater diversity of people, Haugen's liturgical language, theological perspective, and musical style do not universally resonate. Yet others adore—and sometimes demand—Haugen's liturgy, regarding it as essential to the Village. Suggestions to adapt Haugen's liturgy have been met with a simple question, one posed by Haugen himself: Why not write a new one? This paper chronicles the collaborative process of liturgical composition at Holden that resulted in Vespers '23. Centering methodologies of participant-observation and ethnographic interview, I engage the Holden community as a liturgical musician and ethnomusicologist. The resulting paper shows how this unique cohort navigates identity, belonging, tradition, and change through the rich and contested sites of music and liturgy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new moth records from Washington State, most of which were collected as bycatch in exotic pest surveys conducted in 2019. Also included are further locality information and older collection dates for two species only recently documented in the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As rapid inflation, continuing supply chain disruptions and the war in Ukraine impact petroleum prices worldwide, fuel supply disruptions have become an increasing concern. This paper describes Washington State's geographical, political and organisational context as it influences fuel disruption planning, as well as the history and philosophy of Washington's fuel-planning programme. Finally, the paper discusses planning best practices and gives some examples of their real-world use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crash frequency modeling has been an active research topic in traffic safety, for which various techniques have been proposed that can be loosely classified as either statistical models or machine learning (ML) methods. Statistical models are suitable for drawing inferences and producing relationships that are verifiable by domain experts. However, they generally suffer from low predictive performance due to built-in assumptions about the crash data and adherence to prespecified functional forms. On the other hand, ML methods are data-driven and free from pre-supposed conditions on the dataset, yet they are often not interpretable. In this paper, a combination scheme is proposed to leverage the advantages of both techniques, and it is evaluated using crash data collected from urban highways in the state of Washington. The results show that this combination scheme could significantly improve the predictive performance and model fitness of statistical models without adversely impacting their interpretability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doppler-lidar wind-profile measurements at three sites were used to evaluate NWP model errors from two versions of NOAA's 3-km-grid HRRR model, to see whether updates in the latest version 4 reduced errors when compared against the original version 1. Nested (750-m grid) versions of each were also tested to see how grid spacing affected forecast skill. The measurements were part of the field phase of the Second Wind Forecasting Improvement Project (WFIP2), an 18-month deployment into central Oregon–Washington, a major wind-energy-producing region. This study focuses on errors in simulating marine intrusions, a summertime, 600–800-m-deep, regional sea-breeze flow found to generate large errors. HRRR errors proved to be complex and site dependent. The most prominent error resulted from a premature drop in modeled marine-intrusion wind speeds after local midnight, when lidar-measured winds of greater than 8 m s−1 persisted through the next morning. These large negative errors were offset at low levels by positive errors due to excessive mixing, complicating the interpretation of model "improvement," such that the updates to the full-scale versions produced mixed results, sometimes enhancing but sometimes degrading model skill. Nesting consistently improved model performance, with version 1's nest producing the smallest errors overall. HRRR's ability to represent the stages of sea-breeze forcing was evaluated using radiation budget, surface-energy balance, and near-surface temperature measurements available during WFIP2. The significant site-to-site differences in model error and the complex nature of these errors mean that field-measurement campaigns having dense arrays of profiling sensors are necessary to properly diagnose and characterize model errors, as part of a systematic approach to NWP model improvement. Significance Statement: Dramatic increases in NWP model skill will be required over the coming decades. This paper describes the role of major deployments of accurate profiling sensors in achieving that goal and presents an example from the Second Wind Forecast Improvement Program (WFIP2). Wind-profile data from scanning Doppler lidars were used to evaluate two versions of HRRR, the original and an updated version, and nested versions of each. This study focuses on the ability of updated HRRR versions to improve upon predicting a regional sea-breeze flow, which was found to generate large errors by the original HRRR. Updates to the full-scale HRRR versions produced mixed results, but the finer-mesh versions consistently reduced model errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to identify new landscape indicators assessing the physical characteristics and structure of the "slow cities" identified by the Slow City (Cittaslow) Movement. The movement currently includes about 300 (297 in 2023) cities from all around the world, and agrees to work on a set of goals/criteria. Although these criteria mostly highlight the unique values of the cities, they are not enough to provide an accurate evaluation of the space/land. This situation puts slow cities, once they receive the designation, in a redundant position to compete with large cities in terms of their recognition, and tourism potential, and as a result of this it poses a threat to the cities' original values. The paper proposes new criteria based on landscape indicators (critical parameters to evaluate the physical conditions of the landscape) to assess the spatial characteristics of nominated cities in Turkey, using comprehensive surveys. The surveys were conducted both in Turkey and the US states of Washington and Oregon, with samples of expert studies in the spatial planning area. According to the surveys' strengths in the statistical power test, the index value of landscape indicators was determined, when the relevant landscape indicators were reviewed. As a result, new criteria at two different scales (macro and micro) were proposed to be included in the assessment system of the Cittaslow Movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare access for Washington State Home Care Aides (HCAs). Analyzing 62 months of medical claims data from over 35,000 HCAs, the research reveals significant healthcare disruptions during the early pandemic, especially in outpatient settings. However, healthcare utilization rebounded swiftly, surpassing pre-COVID levels as new variants emerged. Furthermore, the analysis indicated significant decreases in healthcare utilization for respiratory conditions in later stages of the pandemic, suggesting that the implementation of non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical interventions played a crucial role in preventing the transmission of respiratory diseases. Notably, behavioral health-related utilization among HCAs increased significantly throughout most pandemic phases, underscoring the importance of enhancing behavioral health support during public health crises. This research represents the first comprehensive study unveiling the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on HCAs' healthcare access and opening avenues for further research and policy development to support this essential workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this exploratory study was to (a) construct a virtual reality (VR) test environment to measure speech recognition in noise (SIN) and localization, and (b) use the VR test environment to establish degree of binaural hearing benefit among a small number of adults with single-sided deafness (SSD) using a cochlear implant (CI). Method: This pilot study included five adults implanted for SSD. The test environment was composed of an eight-speaker array that delivered restaurant noise and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers sentences. VR head-mounted display goggles delivered a video recording of a busy restaurant. Participants completed SIN and localization in two conditions: (a) normal-hearing ear and a CI on the contralateral SSD side (CI-ON) and (b) normal-hearing ear and unaided on the contralateral SSD side (CI-OFF). Results: Overall, CI benefits for SIN and localization within the VR test environment were improved for some participants, although not all. CI benefit for SIN and localization was dependent on speaker location. Conclusions: VR test environments present new opportunities for studying SIN and localization abilities in participants with CIs. This pilot study shows that, within a VR test environment, degree of CI benefit among SSD participants for SIN and localization varies across speaker location and across participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an invasive alien species, Asian giant hornets are spreading rapidly and widely in Washington State and have caused significant disturbance to the daily life of residents. Therefore, this paper studies the hornets' spread and classification models based on the GM-Logistic and CSRF models, which are significant for using limited resources to control pests and protect the ecological environment. Firstly, by combining the improved grey prediction model (GM) with the logistic model, this paper proposes a GM-Logistic model to obtain hornets' spread rules regarding spatial location distribution and population quantity. The GM-Logistic model has higher accuracy and better fitting effect when only a few non-equally spaced sequences data are used for prediction. Secondly, a cost-sensitive random forest (CSRF) model was proposed to solve the problems of hornets' classification and priority survey decisions in unbalanced datasets. The hornets' binary classification model was established through feature extraction, the transformation from an unbalanced dataset to a balanced dataset, and the training dataset. CSRF improves the adaptability and robustness of the original classifier and provides a better classification effect on unbalanced datasets. CSRF outperforms the Random Forest, Classification and Regression Trees, and Support Vector Machines in performance evaluation indexes such as classification accuracy, G-mean, F1-measure, ROC curve, and AUC value. Thirdly, this paper adds human control factors and cycle parameters to the logistic model, obtaining the judgment conditions of report update frequency and pest elimination. Finally, the goodness-of-fit test on each model shows that the models established in this paper are feasible and reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an efficient statistical method (denoted as 'Adaptive Resources Allocation CUSUM') to robustly and efficiently detect the hotspot with limited sampling resources. Our main idea is to combine the multi-arm bandit (MAB) and change-point detection methods to balance the exploration and exploitation of resource allocation for hotspot detection. Further, a Bayesian weighted update is used to update the posterior distribution of the infection rate. Then, the upper confidence bound (UCB) is used for resource allocation and planning. Finally, CUSUM monitoring statistics to detect the change point as well as the change location. For performance evaluation, we compare the performance of the proposed method with several benchmark methods in the literature and showed the proposed algorithm is able to achieve a lower detection delay and higher detection precision. Finally, this method is applied to hotspot detection in a real case study of county-level daily positive COVID-19 cases in Washington State WA) and demonstrates the effectiveness with very limited distributed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominance of the 'After the Washington Consensus' for international development is based on mainstream-neoclassical economics that has been imposed by Washington upon debt-stranded developing and developed countries. Against this tide, the purpose of this paper is to develop an alternative scheme and recommendations for international development, pulling from the Marxist political economy practice. Considering, Marxist political economy as a living tradition, the paper contributes to offering a Marxist political economy perspective to international development in the form of a retort to the 'After the Washington Consensus'. 'After the Washington Consensus' represents an evolution from the Washington Consensus, due to the need for capital to adapt to new forms of exploitation. Students and scholars of international development would benefit from this worthwhile exercise that distinguishes in a succinctly and methodically manner between mainstream-neoclassical and Marxist political economy perspectives on international development. The paper concludes that in contradistinction, a Marxist political economy approach to international development that serves the interests of the working class does not have any commonalities with the 'After the Washington Consensus' that serves the interests of international capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the effectiveness of various employer-based travel demand management strategies in promoting multimodality and mode substitution among employees in Washington state using a mixed multinomial logit model. The study found that employee transportation coordinators played an important role in encouraging the use of sustainable travel modes. Spatial analysis revealed that individuals who lived and worked in proximity were more likely to adopt multimodal transportation. The study also highlighted the convenience of driving alone and the lack of information on sustainable alternatives as two major barriers to the adoption of sustainable transportation modes and recommended educational campaigns to increase awareness. To inform practice, this study identified transit subsidies, parking pricing, and work schedule flexibility as the most effective TDM strategies to promote multimodality and mode substitution, followed by compressed workweeks, and providing easy access to transit and amenities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large wood is an integral part of many rivers, often defining river‐corridor morphology and habitat, but its occurrence, magnitude, and evolution in a river system are much less well understood than the sedimentary and hydraulic components, and due to methodological limitations, have seldom previously been mapped in substantial detail. We present a new method for this, representing a substantial advance in automated deep‐learning‐based image segmentation. From these maps, we measured large wood and sediment deposits from high‐resolution orthoimages to explore the dynamics of large wood in two reaches of the Elwha River, Washington, USA, between 2012 and 2017 as it adjusted to upstream dam removals. The data set consists of a time series of orthoimages (12.5‐cm resolution) constructed using Structure‐from‐Motion photogrammetry on imagery from 14 aerial surveys. Model training was optimized to yield maximum accuracy for estimated wood areas, compared to manually digitized wood, therefore model development and intended application were coupled. These fully reproducible methods and model resulted in a maximum of 15% error between observed and estimated total wood areas and wood deposit size‐distributions over the full spatio‐temporal extent of the data. Areal extent of wood in the channel margin approximately doubled in the years following dam removal, with greatest increases in large wood in wider, lower‐gradient sections. Large‐wood deposition increased between the start of dam removal (2011) and winter 2013, then plateaued. Sediment bars continued to grow up until 2016/17, assisted by a partially static wood framework deposited predominantly during the period up to winter 2013. Plain Language Summary: We measure the large wood in the Elwha River, Washington, USA, during and after dam removal. The presence of two dams had previously limited the movement of sediment and wood through the system. The removal of those dams liberated large amounts of sediment and wood from the former reservoir bottoms, which traveled downstream and deposited in the river channel. We develop an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model to measure all wood and sediment in the Elwha River corridor downstream of the two former dams, from a time‐series of high‐resolution imagery collected from aircraft. These measurements, accurate to within 15% of true values, provide a unique opportunity to understand how large wood occurs and behaves over multiple years and tens of kilometers. We found that the deposition of large wood on bars was coincident with and promoted the growth of sediment bars. The AI model we made could be powerful enough to find large wood in other places and images for similar purposes. Our data sets and models are made available to stimulate further studies of changes in river form resulting from interactions between water flow, wood, sediment, and vegetation. Key Points: We develop automated methods for detection and mapping of large wood, sediment, vegetation, and water from a time‐series of orthoimageryHigh‐resolution, reach‐wide measurements reveal wood dynamics in two Elwha River reaches adjusting to upstream dam removals over 5.5 yearsLarge wood deposition increased after dam removal, then plateaued, and bars continued to grow assisted by a partially static wood framework [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health systems have long been interested in the best practices for staffing in the acute care setting. Studies on staffing often focus on registered nurses and nurse-to-patient staffing ratios. There were fewer studies on the relationship between interprofessional team members or contextual factors such as hospital and community characteristics and patient outcomes. This qualitative study aimed to refine an explanatory model by soliciting hospital personnel feedback on staffing and patient outcomes. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis to understand hospital personnel's perspectives and experiences of factors that affect acute care inpatient outcomes. Interviews were conducted in 2022 with 38 hospital personnel representing 19 hospitals across Washington state in the United States of America. Results: Findings support a model of characteristics impacting patient outcomes to include the complex and interconnected relationships between community, hospital, patient, and staffing characteristics. Within the model, patient characteristics were positioned into hospital characteristics, and in turn these were positioned within community characteristics to highlight the importance of setting and context when evaluating outcomes. Together, these factors influenced both staff characteristics and patient outcomes, but these two categories also share a direct relationship. Conclusion: Findings can be applied to hospitals and health systems in a variety of contexts to examine how external factors such as community resource availability impact care delivery. Future research should expand on this work with specific attention to how staffing changes and interprofessional team composition can improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benthic algae and autotrophic seston are important bases of stream food webs, and several different environmental factors may influence their biomass. We explored how benthic algae and autotrophic seston biomass (using chlorophyll-a as a proxy for algal biomass) were associated with stream temperature, channel width, canopy cover, stream cardinal orientation, benthic macroinvertebrate functional feeding group abundance, salmonid biomass, and water velocity in 16 small, fish-bearing streams in the temperate rainforest of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State, USA, in the summer of 2020. We performed a mixed-effects regression analysis of extracted chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and then used model averaging to determine significant (α = 0.05) algal–environmental associations for benthic algae and autotrophic seston separately. We found that benthic algae chl-a concentration increased significantly with stream temperature (p = 0.0085) and decreased significantly with water velocity (p = 0.0053). For autotrophic seston, we found that chl-a concentration increased significantly with benthic macroinvertebrate predator abundance (p = 0.0007) and stream temperature (p = 0.0160). This study underscores the need to consider a broad range of environmental variables when making research and management decisions concerning stream ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes capacity building and formative assessments completed at five faith-based organizations (FBOs) in Washington, DC to inform sustainable health promotion programming led by certified health ministers. Five FBO partners were recruited with two congregation members from each FBO completing a health minister certificate program. A series of health assessments were conducted to assess each FBO's capacity to implement evidence-based lifestyle change programs that are responsive to congregation members' health needs. Results indicated a need for programming to support older adults in managing high blood pressure and arthritis. Health ministers represent a significant opportunity for building capacity within FBOs to deliver programming that can improve health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Wild salmon stocks in the Pacific Northwest are imperiled by a variety of declining habitat factors, including riparian shade and in‐channel large wood. In this paper, a relatively simple lidar model of the riparian canopy was used along anadromous streams in the Skagit River watershed in western Washington State, United States, to delineate where riparian trees were most lacking, and where restoration efforts would have the greatest benefit in terms of shade and large wood recruitment potential. Within a 45‐m riparian buffer, 61% of riparian zones were currently incapable of delivering large wood to the stream. Current potential for large wood recruitment is greatest adjacent to stream edges and falls off rapidly with distance from the channel. Approximately 99% of large wood recruitment potential lies within 45 m of the channel edge, and 50% of the wood potential is within 9 m. A hypothetical canopy model in which all trees mature to a 100‐year height would provide 18% more shade distributed over the entire watershed, and 90% more shade in the tributaries. Most of the potential gains in improved shade and large wood contributions are in agricultural areas, as opposed to forestry or urban land uses. The shade and large wood models were constructed from widely available geographic information system tools and are readily transferable to other watersheds with similar characteristics. Model outputs are intended for use in planning restoration projects, as an input to stream temperature models, and to inform policy on restoration priorities and regulatory buffer widths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Midlatitude cyclones approaching coastal mountain ranges experience flow modifications on a variety of scales including orographic lift, blocking, mountain waves, and valley flows. During the 2015/16 Olympic Mountain Experiment (OLYMPEX), a pair of scanning ground radars observed precipitating clouds as they were modified by these orographically induced flows. The DOW radar, positioned to scan up the windward Quinault Valley, conducted RHI scans during 285 h of precipitation, 80% of which contained reversed, down-valley flow at lower levels. The existence of down-valley flow in the Quinault Valley was found to be well correlated with upstream flow blocking and the large-scale sea level pressure gradient orientated down the valley. Deep down-valley flow occurred in environments with high moist static stability and southerly winds, conditions that are common in prefrontal sectors of midlatitude cyclones in the coastal Pacific Northwest. Finally, a case study of prolonged down-valley flow in a prefrontal storm sector was simulated to investigate whether latent heat absorption (cooling) contributed to the event. Three experiments were conducted: a Control simulation and two simulations where the temperature tendencies from melting and evaporation were separately turned off. Results indicated that evaporative cooling had a stronger impact on the event's down-valley flow than melting, likely because evaporation occurred within the low-level down-valley flow layer. Through these experiments, we show that evaporation helped prolong down-valley flow for several hours past the time of the event's warm frontal passage. Significance Statement: This paper analyzes the characteristics of down-valley flow over the windward Quinault Valley on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State using data from OLYMPEX, with an emphasis on regional pressure differences and blocking metrics. Results demonstrate that the location of precipitation over the Olympic Peninsula is shifted upstream during events with deep down-valley flow, consistent with blocked upstream airflow. A case study of down-valley flow highlights the role of evaporative cooling to prolong the flow reversal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Since 2012, the production, sale, and use of marijuana and its derivatives for recreational consumption have been legalized in 15 states and Washington, DC, but remain controversial nationwide. Critics argue that marijuana retail outlets attract criminal activity in surrounding areas and promote social disorganization. This paper examines this issue by analyzing secondary data from Washington State, one of the first states to legalize the medical and recreational use of marijuana. Methods: Using geocoded police incident reports as a proxy for criminal events, retail outlet licensing/sales data, and other contextual data, we use a difference-in-difference and other quasi-experimental techniques to model whether the opening of a recreational outlet affects crime in the surrounding neighborhoods, specifically in the cities of Seattle, Bellevue, and Tacoma. Results: The analyses find modest but statistically significant increases in property crime in Census block groups containing new retail stores. Conclusions: The findings from this study are consistent with some previous research that finds a link between marijuana outlets opening and an increase in neighborhood crime, but additional research is needed to further explore the association, for instance, in other states that have legalized recreational marijuana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component of the water cycle, and an accurate prediction of ET is essential for water resource management, irrigation scheduling, and agricultural productivity. Traditionally, ET has been estimated using satellite-based remote sensing, which provides synoptic coverage but can be limited in spatial resolution and accuracy. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer improved ET prediction by providing high-resolution imagery of the Earth's surface but are limited to a small area. Therefore, UAV and satellite images provide complementary data, but the integration of these two data for ET prediction has received limited attention. This paper presents a method that integrates UAV and satellite imagery for improved ET prediction and applies it to five crops (corn, rye grass, wheat, and alfalfa) from agricultural fields in the Walla Walla of eastern Washington State. We collected UAV and satellite data for five crops and used the combination of remote sensing models and statistical techniques to estimate ET. We show that UAV-based ET can be integrated with the Landsat-based ET with the application of integration factors. Our result shows that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of daily ET for corn (Zea mays), rye grass (Lolium perenne), wheat (Triticum aestivum), peas (Pisum sativum), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) can be improved by the application of the integration factor to the Landsat based ET in the range of (35.75–65.52%). We also explore the variability and effect of partial cloud on UAV-based ET estimation. Our findings have implications for the use of UAVs in water resource management and highlight the importance of considering multiple sources of data in ET prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, Washington State passed a law requiring life-safety alerts and warnings to be delivered to its residents in languages they understand. In response, King County Emergency Management and its partners developed an inclusive emergency communications plan to address this challenge. A key goal of this plan was the development of a trusted partner network (TPN), run by volunteers from the county's various language and ethnic groups, to relay timely life-safety alerts to their communities, in order to save additional lives and property. This paper outlines the development of the TPN from concept to activation, and shares the lessons learned along the way. It also describes the limitations of the programme and the various factors that jurisdictions should consider before replicating such a programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our small community college library developed a learning object repository to support a cross-institutional, land-based, multidisciplinary academic initiative using the open-source platform Omeka S. Drawing on critical, feminist, and open practices, we document the relational labor, dialogue, and tensions involved with this open education project. This case study shares our experience with tools and processes that may be helpful for other small-scale open education initiatives, including user-centered iterative design, copyright education, metadata design, and userinterface development in Omeka S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide-related media content has preventive or harmful effects depending on the specific content. Proactive media screening for suicide prevention is hampered by the scarcity of machine learning approaches to detect specific characteristics in news reports. This study applied machine learning to label large quantities of broadcast (TV and radio) media data according to media recommendations reporting suicide. We manually labeled 2519 English transcripts from 44 broadcast sources in Oregon and Washington, USA, published between April 2019 and March 2020. We conducted a content analysis of media reports regarding content characteristics. We trained a benchmark of machine learning models including a majority classifier, approaches based on word frequency (TF-IDF with a linear SVM) and a deep learning model (BERT). We applied these models to a selection of more simple (e.g., focus on a suicide death), and subsequently to putatively more complex tasks (e.g., determining the main focus of a text from 14 categories). Tf-idf with SVM and BERT were clearly better than the naive majority classifier for all characteristics. In a test dataset not used during model training, F1-scores (i.e., the harmonic mean of precision and recall) ranged from 0.90 for celebrity suicide down to 0.58 for the identification of the main focus of the media item. Model performance depended strongly on the number of training samples available, and much less on assumed difficulty of the classification task. This study demonstrates that machine learning models can achieve very satisfactory results for classifying suicide-related broadcast media content, including multi-class characteristics, as long as enough training samples are available. The developed models enable future large-scale screening and investigations of broadcast media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many North American jurisdictions have legalized the operation of recreational marijuana dispensaries. A common concern is that dispensaries may contribute to local crime. Identifying the effect of dispensaries on crime is confounded by the spatial endogeneity of dispensary locations. Washington State allocated dispensary licenses through a lottery, providing a natural experiment to estimate the causal effect of dispensaries on neighborhood-level crime. Combining lottery data with detailed geocoded crime data, we estimate that the presence of a dispensary has no significant impact on local crime in the average neighborhood. We estimate a small rise in property crime in low-income neighborhoods specifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding drivers of marine-terminating ice sheet behavior is important for constraining ice contributions to global sea level rise. In part, the stability of marine-terminating ice is influenced by solid Earth conditions at the grounded-ice margin. While the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) contributed significantly to global mean sea level during its final post-Last-Glacial-Maximum (LGM) collapse, the drivers and patterns of retreat are not well constrained. Coastal outcrops in the deglaciated Puget Lowland of Washington State – largely below sea level during glacial maxima, then uplifted above sea level via glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) – record the late Pleistocene history of the CIS. The preservation of LGM glacial and post-LGM deglacial sediments provides a unique opportunity to assess the variability in marine ice sheet behavior of the southernmost CIS. Based on paired stratigraphic and geochronological work, with a newly developed marine reservoir correction for this region, we identify that the late-stage CIS experienced stepwise retreat into a marine environment between 15 000 and 14 000 years before present, consistent with timing of marine incursion into the region reported in earlier works. Standstill of marine-terminating ice for at least 500 years, paired with rapid vertical landscape evolution, was followed by continued retreat of ice in a subaerial environment. These results suggest rapid rates of solid Earth uplift and topographic support (e.g., grounding zone wedges) stabilized the ice margin, supporting final subaerial ice retreat. This work leads to a better understanding of shallow-marine and coastal-ice-sheet retreat and is relevant to sectors of the contemporary Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets and marine-terminating outlet glaciers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2021, the Governor of Washington declared a youth mental health crisis. State data revealed high rates of youth suicide and inadequate access to services. This study aims to ascertain the kinds of support across the mental health care continuum recommended by young people and key stakeholders who could assist with implementation in Seattle. We interviewed 15 key informants to identify the contextual, structural, and individual-level factors that increase the risk of poor mental health and deter access to care among youth. We complimented these data with a 25-item survey of 117 participants in King County to assess the feasibility and acceptability of interventions for youth mental health. We conducted a deductive thematic qualitative analysis of the interviews and performed descriptive analyses of the quantitative data, using t-tests and χ2 tests to summarize and compare participant characteristics stratified by age group. Qualitative informants attributed challenges to youth mental health to social isolation and relational problems. Example interventions included creating environments that increase belonging and implementation of culturally congruent mental health services. Quantitative study participants rated all evidence-based mental health interventions presented as highly acceptable. However, youth preferred interventions promoting social connectedness, peer support, and holistic approaches to care, while non-youth preferred interventions focused on suicide, and substance abuse prevention. Key informants and survey participants identified schools as the most important setting for mental health interventions. There were no significant differences among quantitative outcomes. Our findings highlight the need for interventions that reduce isolation and increase social connectedness to support youth mental health. As the city designs youth responsive interventions, schools and digital platforms should be prioritized. Engaging multiple stakeholders, particularly young people, tackling cultural stigma surrounding mental health, and improving access to safe community spaces are important considerations for youth mental health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delved into challenges confronting minority-owned business leaders in Washington State's Puget Sound region. Employing a descriptive phenomenological method, it explored diverse experiences spanning ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds. Key findings highlight the necessity of resources like mentorship, concerns about state policies favoring larger corporations, and the ongoing assessment of diversity initiatives. While acknowledging discrimination, few participants disclosed direct experiences. Through in-depth analysis, the study unveiled systemic barriers and cultural influences impacting business strategies. It offers insights for policymaking, business support, and future research, advocating for an inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem and equitable opportunities for minority entrepreneurs within and beyond the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Climate change is a strong contributing factor in the lengthening and intensification of wildfire seasons, with warmer and often drier conditions associated with increasingly severe impacts. Land managers are faced with challenging decisions about how to manage forests, minimize risk of extreme wildfire, and balance competing values at risk, including communities, habitat, air quality, surface drinking water, recreation, and infrastructure. Aims: We propose that land managers use decision analytic frameworks to complement existing decision support systems such as the Interagency Fuel Treatment Decision Support System. Methods: We apply this approach to a fire-prone landscape in eastern Washington State under two proposed landscape treatment alternatives. Through stakeholder engagement, a quantitative wildfire risk assessment, and translating results into probabilistic descriptions of wildfire occurrence (burn probability) and intensity (conditional flame length), we construct a decision tree to explicitly evaluate tradeoffs of treatment alternative outcomes. Key Results: We find that while there are slightly more effective localized benefits for treatments involving thinning and prescribed burning, neither of the UWPP's proposed alternatives are more likely to meaningfully minimize the risk of wildfire impacts at the landscape level. Conclusions: This case study demonstrates that a quantitatively informed decision analytic framework can improve land managers' ability to effectively and explicitly evaluate tradeoffs between treatment alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the entanglement of mobility, immobility, labour control, and immigration control in Washington State in the US. I analyse two cases: first, one where aggressive immigration enforcement has destabilized a local labour regime, impacting workers' im/mobilities in ways that employers felt made their businesses vulnerable. In this case, employers responded with a politics of protection that involved cooperation with immigrant rights groups, but not in ways that challenge immigrant marginalization. Next, I analyse the H2A visa programme, a temporary foreign worker programme that concentrates power over labour's mobility with the employer in ways that have made workers vulnerable to unfree work conditions. Together, these cases demonstrate how state control of im/mobilities can do different kinds of work in the context of the struggle between employers and workers. I apply this lens to reimagining labour solidarity that centres the freedom to move rather than the protection of workers' marginality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary law enforcement methods are largely defined by crime control and militarization in the "warrior" policing model. In 2013, the Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission (WSCJTC) adopted an alternative "guardian" training model for the Basic Law Enforcement Academy (BLEA) focused on procedural justice, community partnerships, de-escalation, and crisis intervention. The current study investigates BLEA graduates' perceptions of guardian policing and training elements. Researchers interviewed new officers who completed BLEA training with the guardian curriculum (n = 17) and officers trained in a warrior-based curriculum (n = 11). Themes are analyzed from interview data, including officer perceptions of BLEA guardian training and related programs. The paper concludes with discussion of limitations, themes, and policy implications of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many people living with substance use disorder require multiple types of support to reduce use and mitigate harms. Recovery community centers have emerged alongside formal substance use treatment and mutual self-help groups as another option to support peoples' recovery. Research on the helpfulness of recovery community centers is limited. The purpose of this paper was to describe what Staff and Member Facilitators perceived as helpful components of a recovery community center. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 Staff and six Member Facilitators of a recovery community center, Recovery Café, in Seattle, Washington. Qualitative interviews were analyzed via grounded theory approach. Eleven themes emerged on the helpful components of Recovery Café, including tangible/infrastructure and intangible/experiential strengths. Three themes related to opportunities for program improvement. Many themes on the helpful components were consistent with prior research on recovery community centers and other supports for recovery. Findings provide insight into potential active ingredients and mechanisms of recovery community centers and highlight the potential role of recovery capital. Additional research is needed to test these components to improve the understanding of if and how recovery community centers work to support people with substance use disorders in recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Craft food and beverage makers regularly emphasize transparency about the ethical, sustainable sourcing of their ingredients and the human labour underpinning their production, all of which helps elevate the status of their products and occupational communities. Yet, as with other niche ethical consumption markets, craft industries continue to rely on employment conditions for agricultural workers that reproduce inequalities of race, class, and citizenship in the dominant food system. This paper interrogates the contradiction between the exaltation of craft cidermakers' labour and the devaluation of farmworker labour by assessing how craft beverage actors make sense of inequalities facing manually skilled agricultural workers. Through a focus on the emerging craft cider industry, this paper draws on in-depth interviews and ethnographic data with a range of urban and rural cider actors in the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington State). I find that actors in the craft cider industry engage with inequalities affecting farmworkers through three main patterns: (1) Justifications of the status quo; (2) Supply chain fog; and (3) Misgiving/critique. By using an analytical framework that integrates critical agrarianism and the politics of sight, this study provides insights into both barriers and opportunities to redistribute social recognition and material rewards across food supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performing repeat pore‐fluid sampling over long time‐scales can provide valuable information on unsaturated zone contaminants and their potential flux to ground water. This information can be used to manage groundwater remedies and identify contaminants that need to be sequestered in the vadose zone to minimize flux to ground water. Pore‐water samples are commonly used to obtain contaminant concentrations within the vadose zone, but existing methods are limited as they only provide a single sample at one location and time. The vadose zone advanced monitoring system (VZAMS) has been designed to integrate multiple technologies into a single down‐borehole system that allows for sampling of pore fluids (liquid and gas) to provide information about contamination and hydraulic conditions at multiple depths (∼0.3‐m intervals) within a cased borehole. Testing has been completed at the laboratory scale to verify the sampling elements of VZAMS, including geochemical testing for representative contaminants known to exist at the Hanford Site, located in southeastern Washington State. Physical tests focused on the ability of the sampler to draw fluid under unsaturated conditions. Initial geochemical testing showed that the stainless steel material used with the porous cuff may affect the sampled concentrations of redox‐sensitive contaminants under very dry conditions. Additional laboratory testing demonstrated that the VZAMS components are able to collect representative samples for substances of interest under expected field conditions. In this paper, the design and functionality of a novel instrument are demonstrated in support of subsequent testing in the field. Core Ideas: A new down‐borehole tool to sample vadose zone pore fluid was designed, constructed, and tested in the laboratory.Laboratory‐scale tests demonstrate the ability of the sampler components to effectively draw fluid samples.The downhole tool is able to collect representative fluid samples without geochemical alteration of constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic, a neurotoxin and carcinogen, is a legacy contaminant in the sediments of many urban lakes and poses health risks to aquatic ecosystems and lake users. Arsenic uptake into the aquatic food web is enhanced in shallow, polymictic lakes compared to deep, seasonally stratified lakes. We present the results of a 17‐month field study in Lake Killarney, a shallow, urban lake in Federal Way, Washington, USA, which examines the physical and biogeochemical mechanisms controlling arsenic mobilization and transport from sediment into lake waters, a prerequisite for arsenic uptake into the food web. In Lake Killarney, arsenic mobilization and transport into bottom waters occurred only when stratified conditions and elevated temperatures facilitated deoxygenation of bottom waters. Frequency of lake mixing varied seasonally and controlled the vertical distribution of arsenic in the water column. Convective mixing was the main contributor to elevated vertical turbulent intensity in the water column during periods of high arsenic mobilization, and thus to the upwards transport of arsenic from bottom waters. Maximum near‐surface arsenic occurred when the lakebed sediment temperature was elevated and the water column was overturning frequently. This work clarifies the mechanisms that contribute to vertical arsenic transport in shallow lakes and provides a basis for identifying contaminated systems with the physical and biogeochemical conditions that promote transport of arsenic into near‐surface water. Plain Language Summary: Arsenic, a toxic pollutant found in many urban lakes, can get taken up into the food web and make its way into fish and other animals consumed by humans. Arsenic has a larger impact on the food web in shallow lakes compared to deep lakes. To understand why this is the case, we carried out a 17‐month field study in Lake Killarney, a shallow, urban lake in Washington, USA. In this paper, we examine the processes that control the movement of arsenic from the bottom to the surface of contaminated lakes. We found that more arsenic moved out of lake sediments into bottom waters when the lakebed sediment was warm and the lake was separated into layers of different density. The frequency of lake mixing changed throughout the year and controlled how arsenic was distributed in the lake water. Highest arsenic concentrations in lake surface water occurred when the lakebed sediment temperature was elevated and the lake mixed frequently. This work clarifies the mechanisms that contribute to arsenic transport in shallow lakes and provides information needed to identify systems with conditions that lead to high levels of surface water arsenic. Key Points: In polymictic, temperate lakes, stratification and high temperatures are needed to promote anoxia and arsenic release in bottom waterConvective mixing is a key mechanism transporting arsenic from lake bottom waters to surface waters inhabited by oxygen‐requiring biotaArsenic release in shallow, temperate lakes overlaps with high primary producer growth and leads to arsenic accumulation in the food web [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare book collections do not form in a vacuum; they are shaped by the individuals who assemble and curate them. This is certainly the case with the rare book holdings of Becker Medical Library at Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine. This paper examines some of the most significant donors to Becker's rare book collections in order to explore how these collections are a reflection of the interests and priorities of the physicians who assembled them, and also raises the issue of how the makeup of these collections create a Western-focused narrative regarding the history of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local-level hazard mitigation plans have the potential to reduce communities' losses from natural hazards, some of which are projected to intensify with climate change, although there remain gaps in knowledge regarding the quality of these plans. This study used an established protocol to assign plan quality scores to county-level hazard mitigation plans in Washington State. Plans received higher scores in some components of quality (e.g. vision statement) than in others (e.g. specific policies), and overall quality varied with geography and plan authorship. This paper concludes with recommendations for future planning and research that may support community resilience to natural hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]