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Downscaled climate projections need to be linked to downscaled projections of population and economic growth to fully develop implications for land, natural resources, and ecosystems for future scenarios. We develop an empirical spatiotemporal approach for jointly projecting population and income at the county scale in the United States that is consistent with neoclassical economic growth theory and overlapping labor markets and that accounts for labor migration and spatial spillovers. Downscaled projections generated for the five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways used to support global scenario analysis generally show growth focused around relatively few centers especially in the southeast and western regions, with some areas in the Midwest and northeast experiencing population declines. Results are consistent with economic growth theory and with historical trends in population change and convergence of per capita personal income across US counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article questions the advocacy for industrial planning or reindustrialization as a means of restoring the productivity leadership to the U.S. The author believes that advocates of the concept simply mean that government should perform more effectively the functions that people expect it to perform. The advocates stress the need for government to maintain and enhance the network of roads and bridges and to upgrade the education and skills of the work force. The elements of reindustrialization is presented and the author questions whether it is likely to help or hinder in the task of lifting the economy up.

The article reports on the marketing and distribution differences between the United States and Great Britain. The author puts forth the idea that American marketing calls for products to become obsolete very quickly due to newer models being marketed. An example of refrigerator models is presented to illustrate this point. The United States' market is described as more energetic and experimental than Britain's. Technological innovation, natural resources and a growing domestic market are the primary factors which aid the U.S. market. The British consumer is noted for a distrust of novelty, innate conservatism and preference for that which is familiar.

The article focuses on state-owned business enterprises in underdeveloped nations. It comments on the use of foreign assistance programs to enable developing nations to become self-sufficient. It states that private foreign enterprise is often viewed as akin to colonialism and mentions that many developing countries are former colonies. It suggests that state-owned business enterprises do not need to represent a commitment to socialism. It states that the U.S. is in a position through financing state enterprises to improve the country's performance, possibly through a combination of education and conditions stipulated with loans and grants used for state enterprises.

Coastal risks are increasing from both development and climate change. Interest is growing in the protective role that coastal nature-based measures (or green infrastructure), such as reefs and wetlands, can play in adapting to these risks. However, a lack of quantitative information on their relative costs and benefits is one principal factor limiting their use more broadly. Here, we apply a quantitative risk assessment framework to assess coastal flood risk (from climate change and economic exposure growth) across the United States Gulf of Mexico coast to compare the cost effectiveness of different adaptation measures. These include nature-based (e.g. oyster reef restoration), structural or grey (e.g., seawalls) and policy measures (e.g. home elevation). We first find that coastal development will be a critical driver of risk, particularly for major disasters, but climate change will cause more recurrent losses through changes in storms and relative sea level rise. By 2030, flooding will cost $134–176.6 billion (for different economic growth scenarios), but as the effects of climate change, land subsidence and concentration of assets in the coastal zone increase, annualized risk will more than double by 2050 with respect to 2030. However, from the portfolio we studied, the set of cost-effective adaptation measures (with benefit to cost ratios above 1) could prevent up to $57–101 billion in losses, which represents 42.8–57.2% of the total risk. Nature-based adaptation options could avert more than $50 billion of these costs, and do so cost effectively with average benefit to cost ratios above 3.5. Wetland and oyster reef restoration are found to be particularly cost-effective. This study demonstrates that the cost effectiveness of nature-based, grey and policy measures can be compared quantitatively with one another, and that the cost effectiveness of adaptation becomes more attractive as climate change and coastal development intensifies in the future. It also shows that investments in nature-based adaptation could meet multiple objectives for environmental restoration, adaptation and flood risk reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the site of human subjects research has public health, regulatory, ethical, economic, and social implications, we sought to determine the global distribution and migration of clinical research using an open-access trial registry. Methods: We obtained individual clinical trial data including location of trial sites, dates of operation, funding source (United States government, pharmaceutical industry, or organization), and clinical study phase (1, 1/2, 2, 2/3, or 3) from ClinicalTrials.gov. We used the World Bank's classification of each country's economic development status ["High Income and a Member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)", "High Income and Non-Member of the OECD", "Upper-Middle Income", "Lower-Middle Income", or "Low Income"] and United Nations Populations Division data for country-specific population estimates. We analyzed data from calendar year 2006 through 2012 by number of clinical trial sites, cumulative trial site-years, trial density (trial site-years/106 population), and annual growth rate (%) for each country, and by development category, funding source, and clinical study phase. Results: Over a 7-year period, 89,647 clinical trials operated 784,585 trial sites in 175 countries, contributing 2,443,850 trial site-years. Among those, 652,200 trial sites (83%) were in 25 high-income OECD countries, while 37,195 sites (5%) were in 91 lower-middle or low-income countries. Trial density (trial site-years/106 population) was 540 in the United States, 202 among other high-income OECD countries (excluding the United States), 81 among high-income non-OECD countries, 41 among upper-middle income countries, 5 among lower-middle income countries, and 2 among low-income countries. Annual compound growth rate was positive (ranging from 0.8% among low-income countries to 14.7% among lower-middle income countries) among all economic groups, except the United States (-0.5%). Overall, 29,191 trials (33%) were funded by industry, 4,059 (5%) were funded by the United States government, and 56,397 (63%) were funded by organizations. Countries with emerging economies (low- and middle-income) operated 19% of phase 3 trial sites, as compared to only 6% of phase 1 trial sites. Conclusion: Human clinical research remains concentrated in high-income countries, but operational clinical trial sites, particularly for phase 3 trials, may be migrating to low- and middle-income countries with emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a diffusion process to describe the global dynamic evolution of credit operations at a national level given observed operations at a subnational level in a sovereign country. Empirical analysis with a unique dataset from Brazilian federate constituents supports the conclusions. Despite the heterogeneity observed in credit operations at a subnational level, the aggregated dynamics at a national level were accurately described by the proposed model. Results may guide management of public finances, particularly debt manager authorities in charge of reaching surplus targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we extend some usual techniques of classification resulting from a large-scale data-mining and network approach. This new technology, which in particular is designed to be suitable to big data, is used to construct an open consolidated database from raw data on 4 million patents taken from the US patent office from 1976 onward. To build the pattern network, not only do we look at each patent title, but we also examine their full abstract and extract the relevant keywords accordingly. We refer to this classification as semantic approach in contrast with the more common technological approach which consists in taking the topology when considering US Patent office technological classes. Moreover, we document that both approaches have highly different topological measures and strong statistical evidence that they feature a different model. This suggests that our method is a useful tool to extract endogenous information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a realistic agenda that would promote a sustainable, long-term commitment to economic growth in the U.S. Topics discusses include fundamental elements of this strategy to promote long-term American competitiveness; incentives to offshore jobs; and fiduciary accountability of institutional investors.

The article discusses the methods of planning for a post-war economy on the Pacific Coast of the United States. This area of the nation has been more intensely affected by wartime distortions than any other area of the nation. Because this area serves as an embarcation points for many military personnel, it has boomed in the defense industry business, as well as represents a potential combat zone. Thus, planning in this region is important to avoid a heavy displacement of workers as the country adjusts to a peacetime economy. The area has received assistance from national organizations such as the Committee for Economic Development as well as state and local governments.

Official statistical data on the structure, evolution and performance of the U.S. economy are produced by a variety federal, state and local agencies. Much of the methodology, policy frameworks and infrastructure for U.S. economic measurement have been in place for decades. There are growing concerns that the economy is evolving more rapidly than are the economic statistics we use to monitor it. We discuss both the challenges and opportunities to modernizing federal economic statistics. We describe an incremental approach that federal statistics agencies can follow to build a 21st century economic measurement system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the life and career of economist Albert Otto Hirschman. It offers information his educational background and his service in the U.S. Army during World War II. Emphasis is given to aspects of his academic career and scholarly legacy in development economics and the study of developing countries.

The article presents a reprint of the article "Start with a sound budget, then challenge everything that's holding the economy back," by George P. Shultz and his coworkers published in the "Wall Street Journal." It mentions that the U.S. needs to develop a long term strategy which must be based on principles of the free-enterprise system. It focuses on strategic economic thinking which can establish policies that help in economic growth, employment, and American geopolitical leadership.

Because of several policy distortions, including import-substitution industrialization, widespread government intervention, and both domestic and international competitive barriers, there has been a general presumption that Latin America has been much less productive than the leading economies in the last decades. In this paper we show, however, that until the late 1970s Latin American countries had high productivity levels relative to the United States. It is only after the late 1970s that we observe a fast decrease of relative total factor productivity (TFP) in Latin America. We also show that the inclusion of human capital in the production function makes a crucial difference in the TFP calculations for Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of economics since 1945 was marked by an increasing internationalization that was simultaneously in large part a process of Americanization. This article focuses on the role refugee economists from Continental Europe played in the rise of American economics. It focuses on the emigration of German-speaking economists after 1933; and then deals with the special case of Jacob Marschak who emigrated twice, first from the Soviet Union in 1919 and then from Nazi Germany, and exerted a greater influence in Britain and in the USA. Finally important contributions by émigré economists to game theory, public finance and development economics are reflected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accountability movement in public policy hails a new programme for US foreign assistance - the Millennium Challenge Account established in 2004 with the aim of 'picking winners' for grants among developing countries based on their demonstrated quality of governance. This article uses the MCA's own rating system to dispute its claim to know in advance which countries are best positioned to meet major development goals. High governance scores alone bear little or no relationship to growth in national income or decline in poverty. Attempting to measure public-policy performance limits the range of choice available to policy-makers, and may inadvertently limit true performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographers emphasize decreased mortality and “economic development” as the main contributors generating the demographic transition. Contrary to previous findings, we show that simple dynastic models à la Barro–Becker can reproduce observed changes in fertility in response to decreased mortality and increased productivity growth if the intertemporal elasticity of substitution is low enough. We show that this is largely due to number and welfare of children being substitutes in the utility of parents in this case. We find that with an IES of one-third, model predictions of changes in fertility amount to two-thirds of those observed in U.S. data since 1800. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article surveys a half century of American policy toward African countries, tracing its origins to the policy advocated in the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration by then Vice President Richard Nixon that the United States should both acknowledge that African nationalism was a positive force and accept that the newly independent countries of the continent would need to focus on economic development. Tracing the evolution of U.S.-Africa interaction over the course of the succeeding ten presidencies, the author discerns a considerable continuity in Washington's adherence to the twin Nixonian principles that economic development should be the core policy and that respect for African independence and “nationalism” constitutes the foundation of diplomatic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the economic development and modernization policies of the United States with respect to developing countries in Asia, beginning with the activities of U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles in the 1950's. The author examines attitudes toward development and development policy stemming from the reformist impulses of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and going forward the utility of development policy in the context of the Cold War. The discrepancy between the rhetoric and political behavior of the U.S. in its development policy is also discussed.

The article discusses American economic development cooperation policy toward nations in Southeast Asia during the 1950's. Initially reviewed are the ideals and institutional bases of that American development policy. The regional application and outcomes of those American stances are specifically examined with respect to the modernization and attempts to transform the economies of Indonesia and South Vietnam. The limitations of these efforts are outlined in what the author says are new interpretations based on the efforts' occurring in the context of local resistance and the Cold War.

The neoliberalization of urban governance has profoundly problematized issues of 'local' and 'urban' democracy on both sides of the Atlantic. This paper explores the changing modalities of urban democracy under neoliberalism through a case study of Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati. A historically maligned inner-city neighbourhood, Over-the-Rhine is the locus for a concerted neoliberalizing gentrification drive and site of a coordinated resistance to market-oriented redevelopment. Three key processes of neoliberal restructuring are analyzed to highlight the centrality of contestations over local democracy for local economic development. Governance restructuring and the implementation of key spatial imaginaries are argued to produce a neoliberal articulation of urban democracy that discursively legitimizes development from above via an understanding of the neighbourhood as a physical environment, usurping pre-existing grassroots organizations conceptualizing Over-the-Rhine as a social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the research on passports and economic development during the ninteenth century by the elites in the U.S. It states that the differences of the universal decline in the standard of living in the nonmodern America were authenticated for slaves and the dwellers of separated regions. It mentions that the evidence from the applications of passport at present proposes that even in the structured market in the urban northeast, part of the population was almost resistant against the forces that cause the decline of net-nutritional status that the common man went through.

It is widely held that foreign direct investment (FDI) has a positive effect on economic growth. To test this hypothesis, we perform convergence regressions derived from a theoretical model on the impact of FDI on endogenous technological change in small economies. The model includes FDI externalities that enhance growth, but also shows that FDI can crowd out host country income and reduce local innovation. The empirical analysis employs disaggregated US data for various FDI-related activities—in addition to the conventionally used aggregate FDI stocks and flows. We estimate the net FDI impact on the convergence rate of per-capita income to US levels, controlling for human development, financial development, and trade. We find that FDI accelerates convergence for high-income countries only, otherwise slowing it down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the growth and expansion of entrepreneurship education in the U.S. It is reported that entrepreneurship education first emerged in 1947 with the offering the first college-level entrepreneurship course by Harvard University. It is stated that entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities in Canada has grown in terms of course offerings over the last twenty years at rates of 444% at the undergraduate level and 232% at the graduate level. The institutionalization of cross-disciplinary entrepreneurship education has also been identified as a contributing factor to economic development in the knowledge economy.

Deutz P. and Gibbs D. Industrial ecology and regional development: eco-industrial development as cluster policy, Regional Studies. Aspects of industrial ecology fit closely with work in regional development investigating clustering, networking, and local economic development. However, there has been limited cross-fertilization between these bodies of literature. This paper uses an empirical focus on eco-industrial developments in the USA to postulate that industrial ecology can be viewed as a distinct cluster concept and to consider the implications of this for both industrial ecology and regional development policies. [image omitted] Deutz P. et Gibbs D. L'ecologie industrielle et l'amenagement du territoire: le developpement industriel ecologique comme politique d'agglomeration, Regional Studies. Des aspects de l'ecologie industrielle sont en correlation etroite avec des recherches dans le domaine de l'amenagement du territoire qui examinent l'agglomeration, la connexion et le developpement local economique. Cependant, il y a eu peu de synergie entre ces faisceaux de documentation. Cet article porte de facon empirique sur les developpements industriels ecologiques aux E-U afin de postuler que l'on peut envisager l'ecologie industrielle comme une notion indeniable d'agglomeration et en considerer les retombees a la fois pour l'ecologie industrielle et les politiques d'amenagement du territoire. Ecologie industrielle Parcs industriels ecologiques Symbiose industrielle Agglomerations regionales Connexion Deutz P. und Gibbs D. Industrieokologie und Regionalentwicklung: oko-industrielle Entwicklung als Cluster-Politik, Regional Studies. Die Aspekte der Industrieokologie sind eng mit der Arbeit der Regionalentwicklung verzahnt, was die Untersuchung von Clusterbildungen, Netzwerken und lokaler Wirtschaftsentwicklung anbelangt. Die gegenseitige Befruchtung zwischen diesen Literaturkorpern fiel jedoch bisher eher begrenzt aus. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand eines empirischen Fokus auf den okoindustriellen Entwicklungen in den USA postuliert, dass sich die Industrieokologie als eigenstandiges Cluster-Konzept betrachten lasst, und es werden die Auswirkungen auf die Politiken fur Industrieokologie und Regionalentwicklung untersucht. Industrieokologie Oko-Industrieparks Industriesymbiose Regionalentwicklung Cluster Netzwerke Deutz P. y Gibbs D. Ecologia industrial y desarrollo regional: desarrollo ecoindustrial como politica de aglomeracion, Regional Studies. Los aspectos de la ecologia industrial estan estrechamente vinculados al trabajo en el desarrollo regional que estudia la aglomeracion, las redes y el desarrollo economico local. Sin embargo, la mutua hibridacion entre estos organismos de literatura ha estado limitada. En este articulo usamos un enfoque empirico sobre los desarrollos ecoindustriales en los EE.UU. para postular que la ecologia industrial puede considerarse un concepto distintivo de aglomeraciones y para considerar que efectos tiene esto en la ecologia industrial y las politicas de desarrollo industrial. Ecologia industrial Parques ecoindustriales Simbiosis industrial Desarrollo regional Aglomeraciones Redes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Climate Policy (Earthscan) is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new model of knowledge-based regional economic development was invented in Boston during the 1930s and subsequently transferred to northern California where it also had independent roots. Drawing upon academic, business and government resources and configuring them in new formats created new firms and new industries. Nevertheless, the two regions often appear dissimilar when they are contrasted synchronically, due to the different stages they may be in at the time. Thus, some observers argue that Boston and Silicon Valley are distinctive watersheds, irrelevant to follow-on regions. However, if the development process of these two prototypical high-tech regions are analysed diachronically, a trajectory with similar phases of development may be identified. We suggest that these two regions exemplify a general model for high-tech regional growth and renewal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewed scholarly interest in clusters of firms has increased attention on institutions-including business associations-that serve them. Scholars investigating "labor market intermediaries" also wonder to what extent employers' associations conduct workforce development. Much research has been done on business associations in Europe and less developed countries; less studied are those in the United States. This article fills this gap by reporting survey results from 716 American business associations. The article asks, To what extent do American business associations engage in economic development activities beyond lobbying? Does involvement in economic development predict involvement in workforce development? and Are those who engage in more strategic economic development activities more likely to conduct strategic workforce development? Using regression analysis, we find that a substantial share are involved in more strategic economic and workforce development activities and that economic development-specifically, more strategic activities-is a strong predictor of engagement in workforce-related activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kuznets' inverted-U hypothesis implies that economic growth worsens income inequality first and improves it later at a higher stage of economic development. In addition to economic growth, other factors such as population growth, resource endowment, price instability, openness, currency devaluation, etc. have been identified as determinants of income inequality. Previous research used cross-sectional data to test not only the Kuznets' hypothesis, but also empirical validity of other factors and provided mixed conclusions. In this article we use time-series data from the US and recent advances in time-series modelling to show that economic growth worsens income inequality in the short-run and improves it in the long-run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries use location incentives programs to attract investment into a recipient country as a whole or to priority grams, one to shift resources to disadvantaged regions within a country (Israel) and the other to shift investment flows from regions, with the goal of promoting growth. The authors focus on two cases, both involving location-related incentives programs, one to shift resources to disadvantaged regions within a country (Israel) and the other to shift investment flows from the United States to a possession (Puerto Rico). In both cases, the programs led to increased employment in the short run but did not alter the fundamental economic problems of these areas. The authors show that there is a governmental failure in their operation of location-related incentives programs and that these governments find it difficult to discontinue incentive programs once they have been introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars, practitioners, and policy makers have all called for greater connectivity between workforce development and economic development to more efficiently connect people to jobs and improve regional competitiveness. Economic and policy changes of the last decade have created a fertile environment for collaborative models of achieving workforce and economic development goals simultaneously. Employing survey results from 170 workforce administrators across the United States, the author uses regression analysis to examine the factors that influence connection and to understand the relationship between this connection, the use of sector-based strategies, and development outcomes. The results suggest that connectivity is increasing and has a positive influence on the use of sector-based strategies. In addition, both the level of connection and the use of sectors have significant influence on achieving desired outcomes. Understanding and enhancing the strategic linkage across the two functions are critical for connecting people to jobs and building strong economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard economic indicators suggest that the USA experienced long-run economic growth throughout the nineteenth century. However, biological indicators, including human stature, offer a different picture, rising early in the century, falling (on average) mid-century, and rising again at the end of the century. This pattern varied across geographical regions. Using a unique data set, consisting of mean adult stature by state, we test for convergence in stature among states in the nineteenth century. We find that during the period of declining mean stature (1820–1870), heights actually diverged. Later in the century (1870–1890) we find a type of “negative” convergence indicating that stature among states tended to converge to a new, lower steady state. Only towards the end of the century (1880–1900) do we find classic convergence behavior. We argue that the diversity of economic experiences across regions, including urbanization, industrialization, and transportation improvements, explain this pattern of divergence and then convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the neoliberal form of capitalism, economic expansion tends to be accompanied by rising profits and stagnant wages, creating a potential problem of overproduction. This obstacle to expansion has been overcome in the U.S. economy in the neoliberal era through rising household debt and the emergence of asset bubbles. However, certain trends in the U.S. economy suggest that the past methods of promoting expansion and averting severe crises in the neoliberal era may be becoming nonviable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines changes in intraindustry specialization indicators over the 1992–2004 period to assess the potential for structural adjustment problems that may arise in the United States with growth in trade resulting from the United States–Central America–Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) between the United States and six Central American countries—Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and the Dominican Republic. CAFTA-DR will expand market access for US exporters. Few US industries are likely to encounter structural adjustment problems. Given the relatively large size of the US economy, and the small number of industries that face potential adjustment pressures, the United States should have liberalized all trade immediately. When potential adjustment pressures are indicated, long tariff phaseouts, complex rules of origin, and import safeguards are used to delay factor adjustments in import-sensitive industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines how inward foreign direct investment (FDI) impacts manufacturing productivity in select industries across US regions. Although some evidence has documented the phenomenon of knowledge spillovers to national economies, little is known about how the regional penetration of foreign investment affects the productivity performance of local firms. The analysis proceeds in a novel fashion by adjusting aggregate data on industry operating statistics to “net out” the contaminating influence of foreign firms producing in each of the host regional economies. A cross section of state-by-industry observations is used to estimate labor productivity, controlling for FDI penetration both by region and by industry. In general, the results demonstrate that domestic firms do not reap productivity gains as a result of a larger presence of foreign affiliates. Related research efforts, although not specifically concerned with the regional transmission of FDI spillovers, offer corroborative support for these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information concerning the development research at the World Bank in the U.S. The Bank's internal think tank, the Development Economics Research Group (DECRG), is virtually unmatched in terms of the volume, quality, and impact of its work on development issues. By promoting economics as the sole lens through which to understand and respond to the development process, it restricts what is studied, delimits how the issues are analyzed, and thereby offers clients an unnecessarily narrow menu of policy options and strategies.

The article discusses the importance of race to transport and cultural history in the U.S. The theory of race provides the political-ideological conditions under which systems of maritime and rail transport did their work of moving capital, people, and commodities around the world. It stated that some people has inclined to be characterised as threatening to a social order based on spatial, cultural, and biological segregation of the fictive categories known as races. Furthermore, the author cited that the rise of systems on modern transport would have been impossible without industrialization that required a new and compelling concept of race.

Copyright of Canadian Public Administration is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. This study explores the entrepreneurial tendencies of Mexican immigrants in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) on the U.S. side of the Mexican border vis-à-vis the U.S. interior. Methods. Using 2000 Census data available in the 5% Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, we empirically analyze the self-employment rates and earnings of Mexican immigrants residing in U.S. cities near Mexico versus those in nonborder MSAs. Results. Our findings indicate that Mexican immigrants in MSAs along the U.S.-Mexico border have significantly higher self-employment rates (but lower earnings) than their counterparts in the rest of the United States and non-Hispanic whites in border cities. Explanations for these findings include the existence of trade opportunities in U.S. border cities as well as intense labor market competition that crowds a greater share of immigrants into self-employment. Conclusion. Immigration reform that curtails the immigration flow from Mexico might hinder small business formation and economic development on the U.S. side of the Mexican border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]