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Alpinae oxyphyllae fructus (AOF), the dried mature fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel of the Zingiberaceae family, shows many special pharmacological effects. In recent years, there has been an abundance of research results on AOF. In this paper, the new compounds isolated from AOF since 2018 are reviewed, including terpenes, flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, phenolic acid, sterols, alkanes, fats, etc. The isolation methods that were applied include the microwave-assisted method, response surface method, chiral high-performance liquid chromatography–multiple reaction monitoring–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MRM-MS) analytical method, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole–electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS) method, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method, hot water leaching method, ethanol leaching method, and so on. Additionally, the pharmacological effects of AOF found from 2018 to 2024 are also summarized, including neuroprotection, regulation of metabolic disorders, antioxidant activity, antiapoptosis, antiinflammatory activity, antidiabetic activity, antihyperuricemia, antiaging, antidiuresis, immune regulation, anti-tumor activity, renal protection, hepatoprotection, and anti-asthma. This paper provides a reference for further research on AOF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chelidonium majus L. (C. majus), commonly known as "Bai Qu Cai" in China, belongs to the genus Chelidonium of the Papaveraceae family. It has rich medicinal value, such as alleviating coughs, asthma, spasms and pain. Recent studies have demonstrated that C. majus is abundant in various alkaloids, which are the primary components of C. majus and have a range of pharmacological effects, including anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-tumor effects. So far, 94 alkaloids have been isolated from C. majus, including benzophenanthridine, protoberberine, aporphine, protopine and other types of alkaloids. This paper aims to review the research progress in phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of C. majus alkaloids, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the application of C. majus in the field of medicinal chemistry and to afford reference for further research and development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a family member of Asteraceae and is a notorious weed with a few different names as congress weed, carrot weed (Gajarghas), and wild feverfew. It poses significant threats to human health, agriculture, and biodiversity in regions like Australia and India. This harmful plant is associated with a range of health issues including mutagenicity, skin rashes, Diarrhea, allergy-related respiratory issues, dermatitis through contact, and skin allergies, as well as animal and human dehydration. Efforts to manage Parthenium weed have often been ineffective due to its rapid re-infestation. Despite its acknowledged toxicity, Parthenium is still used in traditional medicine for treating fevers, headaches, wounds, diabetes, diarrhea, anemia, heart problems, and malaria. Studies have indicated that P. hysterophorus L. extract contains a diverse range of compounds including proteins, amino acids, terpenoids, quinones, alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, and coumarins. Essential oils from this plant contain compounds such as germacrene-D, β-myrcene, and trans-β-ocimene, which are responsible for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, insecticidal, larvicidal, anti-microbial, hypoglycemic, and anticancer properties. This review paper's objective is to furnish a thorough summary encompassing the phytochemistry, ethnobotanical applications, toxicology, and biological activities linked with P. hysterophorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bai Hua Qian Hu (Qianhu; Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn) is a classical medicinal plant traditionally prescribed for respiratory ailments, including cough, pulmonary hypertension, and asthma. In this review, we summarize the research progress of the toxicology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, phytochemistry, botany, quality control, and traditional uses of P. praeruptorum in order to support future investigations into the scientific and therapeutic promise of this important medicinal plant. Information pertaining to P. praeruptorum was collected from scientific databases (ScienceDirect, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, Web of Science), as well as toxicology papers from local conferences, M. Sc. and Ph.D. theses and dissertations, local magazines, classic texts on Chinese botanical drugs, and peer-reviewed journals. The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org) was utilized to verify the taxonomy of P. praeruptorum. P. praeruptorumwas found to containmore than 119 distinct phytochemicals, including simple coumarins, pyranocoumarins, furanocoumarins, flavonoids, ketones, organic acids, and sterols, among others (e.g., praeruptorins A and B). Both crude plant extracts and purified metabolites of P. praeruptorum have been reported as treatments for hypertension, osteoporosis, Huntington's disease, and cancer. In addition, extracts of P. praeruptorum are reported to exhibit diverse pharmacological activities, including osteogenic, anti-osteoclastogenic, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. Research into the pharmacology and phytochemistry of P. praeruptorum partially support both traditional uses and extraction methods. However, further research is required to elucidate the relationships between these metabolites, their molecular mechanisms, their structure-function roles, and their antagonistic and synergistic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moslae Herba (MH) can be used for both medicine and food and has a long history of medicine. MH has the effects of sweating and relieving the exterior, removing dampness and harmonizing, and is mainly used for colds caused by damp heat in summer. It is called "Xiayue Zhi Mahuang" in China. So far, 123 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from MH, including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, and other chemical compounds. Its chemical components have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic sedation, antipyretic, immune regulation, insecticidal, and other effects. In addition, because of its aromatic odor and health care function, MH also has development and utilization value in food, chemical, and other fields. This paper reviewed the research progress of MH in botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology and provided a possible direction for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants from the Sceletium genus (Aizoaceae) have been traditionally used for millennia by the Khoe and Khoen people in southern Africa, as an appetite suppressant as well as a mood elevator. In more recent times, this mood-elevating activity has been commercialised in the South African natural products industry for the treatment of anxiety and depression, with several products available both locally and abroad. Research on this species has seen rapid growth with advancements in analytical and pharmacological tools, in an effort to understand the composition and biological activity. The Web of Science (WoS) database was searched for articles related to 'Sceletium' and 'Mesembrine'. These data were additionally analysed by bibliometric software (VOSviewer) to generate term maps and author associations. The thematic areas with the most citations were South African Traditional Medicine for mental health (110) and anxiolytic agents (75). Pioneer studies in the genus focused on chemical structural isolation, purification, and characterisation and techniques such as thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography (HPLC, UPLC, and more recently, LC-MS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study mesembrine alkaloids. Different laboratories have used a diverse range of extraction and preanalytical methods that became routinely favoured in the analysis of the main metabolites (mesembrine, mesembranol, mesembranone, and Sceletium A4) in their respective experimental settings. In contrast with previous reviews, this paper identified gaps in the research field, being a lack of toxicology assays, a deficit of clinical assessments, too few bioavailability studies, and little to no investigation into the minor alkaloid groups found in Sceletium. Future studies are likely to see innovations in analytical techniques like leaf spray mass spectrometry and direct analysis in real-time ionisation coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART-HR-TOF-MS) for rapid alkaloid identification and quality control purposes. While S. tortuosum has been the primary focus, studying other Sceletium species may aid in establishing chemotaxonomic relationships and addressing challenges with species misidentification. This research can benefit the nutraceutical industry and conservation efforts for the entire genus. At present, little to no pharmacological information is available in terms of the molecular physiological effects of mesembrine alkaloids in medical clinical settings. Research in these fields is expected to increase due to the growing interest in S. tortuosum as a herbal supplement and the potential development of mesembrine alkaloids into pharmaceutical drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet is a genus of chicory in the family of Asteraceae, and it is a "medicine food homology" herbal medicine, which has the effect of detoxifying heat, diuretic and swelling, and strengthening the stomach. This paper reviews the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and practical applications of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet and provides a comprehensive account of its role in human health and diet, pharmacological activities, and toxicity. Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet, "medicine food homology" herbal medicine, is often widely used in compound formulations with functions such as clearing the liver, promoting gallbladder, and enhancing immunity. Previous studies have found that multiple chemical components have been isolated and identified from Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet, mainly including 89 compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, polysaccharides, and phenylpropanoids. Meanwhile, the extract has various biological activities, including hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic, regulating blood lipids, aiding digestion, anticancer, regulating intestinal microbiota and immune function, antioxidant, and has been proven in both in vivo and in vitro studies. As an important plant resource, the current research focuses on the traditional efficacy of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet. The chemical composition of this genus of plants is complex and their pharmacological activities are diverse. Further in-depth studies on the molecular mechanisms and toxic side effects of its specific compounds in the organism are needed. Therefore, this review provides a reference for the development and utilization of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. et Huet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae) is a cosmopolitan species native to Europe commonly known as lettuce, sowthistle, chicory, or fake dandelion, considered a weed. However, for many years in various cultures around the world, it has been used as food and medicinal plant. The aim of this integrative review is to document the ethnomedical, phytochemical, and pharmacological information of this species. Forty-one papers document the use of S. oleraceus to heal of a wide variety of diseases. However, gastrointestinal problems, diabetes, inflammation, infections, hepatitis, wounds, and to consume it as food are the most common uses. On the other hand, only 11 items highlight that the main groups of secondary metabolites in this species are flavonoids and terpene lactones. Finally, 45 items reveal that antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative and cytotoxic were the most studied pharmacological activities. In vitro and in vivo studies of extracts and components isolated from different parts of S. oleraceus have provided a concrete overview of the pharmacological properties of this species that supports its ethnomedical uses in cultures from different parts of the world. The reports of this species have focused solely on the study of the complete plant, leaves, and aerial parts, so it is necessary to study other parts of this species to search for bioactive compounds. No clinical studies were found, which creates an opportunity to expand scientific knowledge of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gleditsia caspica Desf. (Caesalpinaceae) is traditionally used to treat diverse diseases. This research paper aims to investigate anti-proliferative properties and phytochemical compounds of methanolic extract from the pods of G. caspica. MTT test was used to measure in vitro anti-proliferative effect of the soxhlet-extracted methanolic extract of G.caspica pods with the concentration ranging from 25-1000 μg/ml against A549 cell line. The extract was applied to SPE, HPLC preparative system, and spectral analysis (1HNMR, 13CNMR, and UV) for fractionation, purification, and identification of phytoconstituents, respectively. The results indicated that the extract prevented proliferation of A549 cell line dependent on time and concentration. After 48 h and 72 h, there was a significant decrease in cell viability initiated from 100 and 500 (μg/ml) concentrations in comparison to untreated control. Phytochemical assessment of the extract resulted in two alkaloids, locustoside A and saikachinoside A, and four flavonoids quercetin-3,7-diglucoside, luteolin-4',7–diglucoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, and quercetin. This experiment was an activity-guided phytochemical study. In prior studies, quercetin and quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside showed in vitro inhibitory effect on proliferation of A549 cell line. However, the cytotoxic properties of the other identified compounds have not been reported. Cytotoxic properties of G.caspica was previously attributed to saponins, while isolated flavonoids and alkaloids could be responsible for the extract’s cytotoxic effects. This paper first explored cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract from the pods of G.caspica on A549 cell line and identified flavonoids and alkaloids of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise pollution is the major drawback of Internal Combustion engines. Automotive engineers and researchers have been working consistently on reducing automotive noise as well as pollution. While designing the mufflers, care must be taken not only for noise reduction but also for back pressure, space constraints, cost incurred, etc. Various methods to design and analyze the mufflers have been devised by researchers across the globe. In this paper an attempt has is made to present a Tuning of muffler for Low and broadband noise. Geometrical parameters influencing design of Helmholtz Muffler has been carried out in this Study. For Broadband noise, impact of Porosity and wool packing material has been chosen as a design parameter. Results observed that for exhaust system with two muffler components we have dedicated Helmholtz chamber, while for exhaust system with single muffler component, internal of muffler to have both broadband and Helmholtz integrated. Reactive mufflers like Two pass mufflers and Three pass mufflers can be taken as an initial reference to have acoustic tuning for both Helmholtz and broadband noise tuning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus medica var. sarcodactylus (Siebold ex Hoola van Nooten) Swingle is not only a delicious fruit with rich nutrients, but also a traditional Chinese medicine with clinical values. The botanical characteristics of C. medica var. sarcodactylus (Siebold ex Hoola van Nooten) Swingle are systematically summarized and descripted in this paper. C. medica var. sarcodactylus (Siebold ex Hoola van Nooten) Swingle is used to treat many diseases in Chinese folk as a traditional medicine. Compounds (1–180) were identified from C. medica var. sarcodactylus (Siebold ex Hoola van Nooten) Swingle, including flavonoids (1–45), lignans (46–69), coumarins (70–93), volatile oils (94–163), carbohydrates (164–168), and others (169–180), and their structural characteristics are summarized and analyzed. The extracts or compounds of this plant have been reported to exert various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, hypolidemic, anti-microbial, immunosuppressive, anti-depressant, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective activities, and their effective doses and experimental models are summarized and discussed in this paper. Future studies should focus on extraction technology, component analysis, molecular mechanism of C. medica var. sarcodactylus (Siebold ex Hoola van Nooten) Swingle to fill the study gap, as well as to provide an important theoretical basis and valuable references for in-depth researches and exploitations of C. medica var. sarcodactylus (Siebold ex Hoola van Nooten) Swingle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ampelopsis grossedentata (AG) is mainly distributed in Chinese provinces and areas south of the Yangtze River Basin. It is mostly concentrated or scattered in mountainous bushes or woods with high humidity. Approximately 57 chemical components of AG have been identified, including flavonoids, phenols, steroids and terpenoids, volatile components, and other chemical components. In vitro studies have shown that the flavone of AG has therapeutic properties such as anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, enhancing immunity, regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, being hepatoprotective, and being anti-tumor with no toxicity. Through searching and combing the related literature, this paper comprehensively and systematically summarizes the research progress of AG, including morphology, traditional and modern uses, chemical composition and structure, and pharmacological and toxicological effects, with a view to providing references for AG-related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passiflora foeitda Linn commonly known as rakhi plant is widely used in ayurveda and folk lore India traditional medicine. The various part of the plant is extensively used in the treatment of several disease and disorders of the human. The present review highlighted the phyto-chemistry, medicinal uses and some recent research done in the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dried root and rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance (A. officinarum) have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years to alleviate pain, promote digestion, warm the stomach, and disperse cold. This review aims to comprehensively and in-depth summarize the most recent research on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacology of A. officinarum. By searching various databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer, ScienceDirect, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for literature on "A. officinarum Hance," as well as relevant textbooks and digital documents, an overall and critical review of the subject was conducted. The traditional uses of A. officinarum were summarized, and 337 compounds from A. officinarum were summarized, including flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, volatile oils, and other compounds. Studies have found that the crude extract of A. officinarum and its compounds has a wide range of biological activities, such as improving gastrointestinal function, anti-inflammatory properties, anti-tumor activity, antibacterial properties, memory enhancement, and analgesic effects. Modern pharmacological studies have provided strong evidence and explanations for the traditional medicinal uses of A. officinarum, which brings a broad prospect for its medicinal use. However, more research is needed to explore the structure-activity relationship and potential mechanisms of action of its bioactive chemicals. Furthermore, it is essential to conduct more clinical trials in order to accelerate research and development of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), a traditional and highly valued botanical drug, has been used for thousands of years and is known around the world for its uses in food, medicine, and healthcare. The comprehensive study of P. ginseng is crucial for the quality assurance of medicinal materials and optimal resource utilization. Despite being present in trace amounts, P. ginseng volatile oil has a wide range of chemical metabolites with important medicinal potential. The volatile oil has shown promise in defending the cardiovascular system, as well as in terms of its ability of antibacterial, anti-aging, anti-platelet coagulation, anti-inflammatory, support the nervous system nutritionally, and shield it from harm. Due to its low composition and lack of thorough investigation, P. ginseng volatile oil's therapeutic applicability is still restricted although it exhibited many benefits. This review aims to provide insights into the chemical composition, extraction processes, pharmacological effects, and mechanisms of action of P. ginseng volatile oil, and to provide theoretical support and guidelines for future research and clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia amygdalina is a perennial shrub that belongs to the family Asteraceae. The herb is an indigenous African plant that grows in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa. It is probably the most used medicinal plant in the genus Vernonia. Previous studies on the traditional medicinal value, nutritional composition, classes of phytochemical or compound isolation, and evaluation of their pharmacology activity are numerous. This provokes us to review and provide up-to-date evidence-based information on the study plant. A systematic online search using the databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, Elsevier and Sci-Hub was carefully applied, using some important key words to get appropriate information. The leafy part of Vernonia amygdalina contributes greatly to the nutritional requirements for human health and to food security since it contains enough concentrations of proximate composition, minerals, and vitamins. The plant parts are used in traditional medicine for many human and animal healthcare purposes, including diarrhea, diabetes, wound healing, tonsillitis, evil eye, retained placenta, headache, eye disease, intestinal parasite, bloating, hepatitis, toothache, anthrax, malaria, urine retention, gastritis, stomach disorders, and snake bites. The chemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones, steroids, cardiac glycosides, oxalates, phytates, cyanogenic glycosides, and phenols. Additionally, various compounds such as vernolide, luteolin, vernodalol, vernoamyoside A, vernoamyoside B, isorhamnetin, glucuronolactone, and 1-Heneicosenol O-ß-D-glucopyranoside were isolated. Some of the isolated compounds pharmacological activity was evaluated against some diseases and showed antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antihelmintic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory potencies. Thus, the review provides comprehensive information about ethnomedicinal value, nutritional composition, isolated classes of phytochemicals, and compounds, including an evaluation of the pharmacological activity of the isolated compounds of Vernonia amygdalina. A review with this much information could be extremely valuable for future research on developing innovative nutraceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, commonly known as Fuzi in. traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is widely utilized in clinical practice despite its inherent toxicity. Since ancient times, TCM practitioners have explored various processing techniques to broaden its clinical applications and enhance its safety profile. This review aims to summarize the effects of processing on the chemical composition, toxicity, and pharmacological properties of Fuzi, as well as investigate potential underlying mechanisms. Methods: Data on phytochemistry, toxicology, pharmacology, and processing methods of Fuzi were gathered from the literature of electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI. Results: Fuzi contains over 100 kinds of chemical compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, among which alkaloids are the main active compounds. Diester-diterpenoid alkaloids are the main contributors to Fuzi's toxicity and have side effects on some organs, such as the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous system, and reproductive system. The chemical composition of aconite, particularly its alkaloid content, was changed by hydrolysis or substitution reaction during processing to enhance its efficacy and reduce its toxicity. Salted aconite could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Fuzi in treating kidney diseases and influence its pharmacokinetics. Conclusion: Processing plays an important role in increasing the efficiency and decreasing toxicity of aconite. Further studies are needed to elucidate the changes of aconite before and after processing and the underlying mechanisms of these changes, thereby providing evidence for the clinical safety of drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactivity of plant secondary metabolites is influenced by the plants' environment and the symbiotic endophytic fungi in their tissues. This study aims to compare the effect of differences in agro-climatic conditions and geographical location on phytocompound and the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera methanol extract and their endophytic fungi. Samples were collected from 2 locations with different environmental conditions. The phytocompound analysis was conducted with FTIR and GCMS. The antibacterial activity was evaluated to the tested bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. Analysis of phytocompound revealed endophytic fungi have greater compounds than the leaves. Antibacterial activity in endophyte fungi and leaves in location 2 is higher than in location 2. Two isolates showed the best antibacterial activity from location 1 and location 2. EN5 and J14 had inhibition zones respectively against E. coli (30.5±0.7; 20±0), S. aureus (33.5±1.7; 19±4.2), S. typhi (30.5±0.7; 20±0) and against B. subtilis. (15.3±1.4; 11.5±0.7). Based on this, it was concluded that differences in environmental conditions affect the phytocompounds and bioactivity of Moringa leaves and their colonizing endophytic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brassicaceae family, commonly referred to as cruciferous plants, is globally cultivated and consumed, with the Brassica genus being particularly renowned for its functional components. These vegetables are rich sources of nutrients and health-promoting phytochemicals, garnering increased attention in recent years. This study presents a comprehensive microscopic, chromatographic, and spectroscopic characterization of Brassica napus L. seeds from Kazakhstan aimed at elucidating their morphological features and chemical composition. Microscopic analysis revealed distinct localization of flavonoids, total lipids, and alkaloids. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of seed extracts demonstrated a complex chemical profile with significant quantities of non-polar compounds in the hexane extracts. Additionally, methanolic extracts revealed the presence of diverse chemical compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and glucosinolates. The chemical composition exhibited varietal differences across different Brassica species, with B. napus L. seeds showing higher concentrations of bioactive compounds. Furthermore, liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) analysis provided insights into the chemical composition, with sinapine isomers, feruloyl, and sinapoyl choline derivatives as major compounds in the seeds. This study contributes to a better understanding of the chemical diversity and quality control methods’ approximations of B. napus L. seeds, highlighting their importance in functional food and nutraceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. There are two major types of ginseng roots: white ginseng and red ginseng, each with numerous preparations. White ginseng is prepared by air-drying fresh Asian ginseng roots after harvest. Red ginseng is prepared by steaming roots in controlled conditions using fresh or raw Asian ginseng. Red ginseng is commonly used in Asian countries due to its unique chemical profile, different therapeutic efficacy, and increased stability. Compared with the widespread research on white ginseng, the study of red ginseng is relatively limited. In this paper, after a botanical feature description, the structures of different types of constituents in red ginseng are systematically described, including naturally occurring compounds and those resulting from the steam processing. In red ginseng phytochemical studies, the number of published reports on ginsenosides is significantly higher than that for other constituents. Up to now, 57 ginsenosides have been isolated and characterized in red ginseng. The structural transformation pathways during steaming have been summarized. In comparison with white ginseng, red ginseng also contains other constituents, including polyacetylenes, Maillard reaction products, other types of glycosides, lignans, amino acids, fatty acids, and polysaccharides, which have also been presented. Appropriate analytical methods are necessary for differentiating between unprocessed white ginseng and processed red ginseng. Specific marker compounds and chemical profiles have been used to discriminate red ginseng from white ginseng and adulterated commercial products. Additionally, a brief phytochemical profile comparison has been made between white ginseng and black ginseng, and the latter is another type of processed ginseng prepared from white or red ginseng by steaming several times. In conclusion, to ensure the safe and effective use of red ginseng, phytochemical and analytical studies of its constituents are necessary and even crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Agastache genus is part of the Lamiaceae family and is native to North America, while one species, Agastache rugosa (A. rugosa), is native to East Asia. A review on the phytochemistry and bioactivity of Agastache genus was last performed in 2014. Since then, a lot of progress has been made on the characterization of the phytochemical and pharmacological profiles of Agastache species. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to present a summary of the findings on the phytochemistry and biological effects of several Agastache species, including both extracts and essential oil characterization. We performed a comprehensive search using PubMed and Scopus databases, following PRISMA criteria regarding the study selection process. The available data is focused mainly on the description of the chemical composition and bioactivity of A. rugosa, with fewer reports referring to Agastache mexicana (A. mexicana) and Agastache foeniculum (A. foeniculum). Agastache species are characterized by the dominance of flavonoids and phenolic acids, as well as volatile compounds, particularly phenylpropanoids and monoterpenes. Moreover, a series of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-atherosclerotic, and cardioprotective properties, have been reported for species from the Agastache genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tecomella undulata is a type of shrub in the family Bignoniaceae. It is a small tree that grows in the dry parts of India, Pakistan, and Arabia. It has a lot of commercial and medical value and can be used to make a lot of different things. In Rajasthan's desert area, the "Desert teak" or "Marwar teak" is the most important woodproducing tree species. Tecomella undulata is known in both conventional and folk systems of indigenous medicines to have important healing properties. Hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-termite, immunomodulatory, anticancer, cytotoxic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiobesity activities are just a few of the plant's numerous, well-known therapeutic characteristics. The plant is the source of the ayurvedic drug rohitakarishta, which is used to treat liver, spleen, and blood disorders. This tree is in danger of going extinct because conservation efforts aren't as good as they could be and because the pharmaceutical and lumber industries want more of it. This species is now considered "threatened" in the Indian state of Rajasthan. One of the main problems with this tree is that it is susceptible to many diseases and pests. This makes it harder for it to grow and spread. Even though seeds are often used to spread it, natural plant growth isn't as common because seeds can be carried by the wind to faraway places, harsh weather can make it hard for seeds to spread, seeds can die if they are not harvested and stored properly, and there aren't as many seeds that can grow back. Because the tree grows so slowly, there are no good ways to speed up its reproduction through vegetative propagation. No one has tried to start breeding programmes to make T. undulata better. Even though there is some research on T. undulata's cytology, function in agroforestry and silviculture, association with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza, and use of biotechnological tools, the number of research papers on the identification of bioactive components and confirmation of pharmacological effects has grown exponentially in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin, a polyphenol, targets multiple signaling molecules and shows activity at the cellular level, supporting its various health benefits. Thereafter, the present study examines the effects of different doses of dietary curcumin on growth indices, feed efficiency, serum metabolites, redox (oxidation) status, immunity, histological assessment, and antioxidant-related genes in red tilapia (Oreochromis sp, Oreochromis aureus x O. mossambicus). A total of 1200 red tilapia with an average weight of 19.1±0.03 g were distributed in 12 cement ponds (3×3.5×1m). Each treatment was assigned three pounds (n=100 replicates). For 60 days, fish were fed baseline diets containing 0, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g of curcumin/kg of diet. The treated fish showed increased body weight and SGR (specific growth rate) compared to the T0 group (P<0.05). Curcumin in the diet significantly improved weight gain, percentages, and FCR (feed conversion ratio), with a dose-dependent effect (P < 0.05). Curcumin supplementation showed no influence on feed intake, fish mortality, or survival rate (P >0.05). The curcumin-treated fish groups improved tissue structure in hepatocytes, pancreatic lumens, hepatic blood sinusoids, and intestine tissue layers, particularly the mucosal layer. The T0.8 group had reduced liver enzymes (AST and ALT) and greater total protein and albumin levels (P<0.05). The T0.6 and T0.8 groups showed significantly lower MDA levels than the other groups (P < 0.05). Curcumin groups demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant indices (CAT, GPx, and SOD) compared to the basal diet (P<0.05). Curcumin administration resulted in significant improvements in IgM and lysosome levels (P<0.05). All supplemented groups had considerably (P<0.05) higher levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx mRNA than the control group. Consequently, administering 0.6–0.8 g/kg of curcumin to red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) diets may improve the fish's growth, health, tissue composition, and antioxidant response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The bioefficacy of accessible chemical structures has been established, leading to some optimization to address these constraints. Methods: This study aimed to identify the computational interactions of molecular docking, molecular simulations, and Network Pharmacology, which were used to predict the anticancer efficacy of Capsaicin and Quinidine complexes. Results: The molecular docking studies exhibited that the identified phytocompounds had excellent binding energy against all of these target receptors, with 6OP9 affinity binding energy at -8.62 kcal/mol and for 3VHE at -8.18 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulation for 100 ns of MD studies with RMSD and RMSF plots indicated that the ligand is stable, as it establishes interactions within active site residues such as LYS868, ASP1046, PHE1447, LEU14035, and LEU1099, followed by hydrogen bond interactions with THR768, ASP833, PHE834, LEU726, SER728, VAL734, and MET801. Based on human intestinal absorption, bioavailability score, P-glycoprotein, and BBB penetrant data, these are positive physiochemical inhibitors of Capsaicin and Quinidine. In network pharmacology, the essential genes identified were associated with cancer development (HER-2, HER-3), not specific to those that play a role in the carcinogenesis of the breast as well discussed by the targeted therapy trials mentioned above, that is, VEGFR1-3 and FGFR2 versus identification of progression-related genes involved, including ESR1, SRC, and HSP. Conclusions: In vivo studies are needed to confirm the anticancer action of cancer regulatory proteins, and clinical trials are required to prove its safety and efficacy in other human subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeds' abundant biologically active compounds make them a suitable primary platform for the production of natural extracts, innovative foods, medicines, and cosmetics. High levels of industrial and agricultural residues and byproducts are generated during the processing of grapes, although some parts can also be repurposed. This paper examines the phytochemical composition, manufacturing processes, and health-improving attributes of many varieties of grape oil derived using various extraction methods. Since the results are influenced by a range of factors, they are expressed differently among studies, and the researchers employ a variety of measuring units, making it difficult to convey the results. The primary topics covered in most papers are grape seed oil's lipophilic fatty acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols. In addition, new methods for extracting grape seed oil should therefore be designed; these methods must be affordable, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly in order to increase the oil's quality by extracting bioactive components and thereby increasing its biological activity in order to become part of the overall management of multiple diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamiaceae is a botanical family rich in aromatic species that are in high demand such as basil, lavender, mint, oregano, sage, and thyme. It has great economical, ecological, ethnobotanical, and floristic importance. The aim of this work is to provide an updated view on the aerobiology of species from the family Lamiaceae, with an emphasis on novelties and emerging applications. From the aerobiology point of view, the greatest interest in this botanical family is related to the volatile organic compounds emitted by the plants and, to a much lesser extent, their pollen. Research has shown that the major volatile organic compounds emitted by the plants from this botanical family are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The most important monoterpenes reported across studies include α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, menthol, limonene, and γ-terpinene. Most reports tend to cover species from the subfamily Nepetoideae. Volatile oils are produced by glandular trichomes found on aerial organs. Based on general morphology, two main types are found in the family Lamiaceae, namely peltate and capitate trichomes. As a result of pollinator-mediated transfer of pollen, Lamiaceae species present a reduced number of stamens and quantity of pollen. This might explain the low probability of pollen presence in the air from these species. A preliminary synopsis of the experimental evidence presented in this work suggests that the interplay of the organic particles and molecules released by these plants and their environment could be leveraged for beneficial outcomes in agriculture and landscaping. Emerging reports propose their use for intercropping to ensure the success of fructification, increased yield of entomophilous crops, as well as in sensory gardens due to the therapeutic effect of volatiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean is a high-value food source, and the invasive weeds Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone ochroleuca) could release allelochemicals that inhibit the growth of this crop. The impact of A. ochroleuca on the germination and growth of soybean is not well documented. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the TLC profiles of different extracts of A. ochroleuca and assess the effects of extracts on the germination of soybean seeds. Shoots and roots of A. ochroleuca were weighed and 100 g of each was separately extracted with 1000 mL deionized water, hexane or acetone. Ten concentrations of water extracts ranging from 10 to 100 mL per 100 mL of deionized water and three concentrations of acetone and hexane extracts ranging from 2.5 to 7.5 g/L were separately used for seed germination bioassays. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was used to compare the chemical profiles in the shoot and root water, and in the hexane and acetone extracts of A. ochroleuca. The highest reduction was recorded from the water extract, at 100%. The TLC profiling of A. ochroleuca addressed different classes of compounds, including alkaloids, phenolic acids and flavanoids. There is, however, a need to identify the most active phytochemicals in the suppression of germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinia zerumbet. (Pers.) B.L. Burttand R.M. Sm., commonly known as shell ginger, Siamese ginger, Thai ginger, or Galangal, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. A. zerumbet is traditionally used in various countries across the globe for its medicinal properties. This review aims to compile and analyze the available literature on the phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological properties of A. zerumbet. Traditional medicine employs A. zerumbet to treat various diseases, and it is also part of the traditional Okinawan diet in Japan. The leaves and rhizomes of A. zerumbet are commonly utilized as spices and flavorings in various dishes, including rice, meats, and pasta. The phytochemical constituents of A. zerumbet include terpenes and terpenoids such as linalool, α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and ascorbic acid. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated various biological activities, including its use as an antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional uses of A. zerumbet and highlighting its chemical constituents for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypericum ascyron L. (H. ascyron) is a significant medicinal plant traditionally used for various conditions like hematemesis, hemoptysis, injuries from falls, irregular menses, dysmenorrhea, and liver fire-induced headaches. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases like SciFinder and Web of Science to explore its traditional uses, geographical distribution, botanical description, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. The objective of this review is to lay groundwork and suggest fresh avenues of investigation into the possible uses of the plant. Currently, two hundred and seventy compounds have been isolated and identified from H. ascyron, including phloroglucinols, xanthones, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids and triterpenoids, volatile components, and other compounds. Notably, phloroglucinols, xanthones, and flavonoids have exhibited remarkable pharmacological effects like antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities. Despite extensive research, further studies are needed to understand new components and mechanisms of action, requiring more detailed investigations. This thorough exploration could facilitate the advancement and utilization of H. ascyron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile oil serves as a traditional antipyretic component of Bupleuri Radix. Bupleurum marginatum var. stenophyllum (Wolff) Shan et Y. Li belongs to the genus Bupleurum and is distinguished for its high level of saikosaponins and volatile oils; nonetheless, prevailing evidence remains inconclusive regarding its viability as an alternative resource of other official species. This study aims to systematically compare the volatile oil components of both dried and fresh roots of B. marginatum var. stenophyllum and the four legally available Bupleurum species across their chemical, molecular, bionics, and anatomical structures. A total of 962 compounds were determined via GC-MS from the dried roots; B. marginatum var. stenophyllum showed the greatest differences from other species in terms of hydrocarbons, esters, and ketones, which was consistent with the results of fresh roots and the e-nose analysis. A large number of DEGs were identified from the key enzyme family of the monoterpene synthesis pathway in B. marginatum var. stenophyllum via transcriptome analysis. The microscopic observation results, using different staining methods, further showed the distinctive high proportion of phloem in B. marginatum var. stenophyllum, the structure which produces volatile oils. Together, these pieces of evidence hold substantial significance in guiding the judicious development and utilization of Bupleurum genus resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cimicifugae Rhizoma, generally known as "Sheng Ma" in China, has great medicinal and dietary values. Cimicifugae Rhizoma is the dried rhizome of Cimicifuga foetida L., Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim. and Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom., which has been used to treat wind-heat headache, tooth pain, aphtha, sore throat, prolapse of anus and uterine prolapse in traditional Chinese medicine. This review systematically presents the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical studies, quality control and toxicity of Cimicifugae Rhizoma in order to propose scientific evidence for its rational utilization and product development. Herein, 348 compounds isolated or identified from the herb are summarized in this review, mainly including triterpenoid saponins, phenylpropanoids, chromones, alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoids. The crude extracts and its constituents had various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-osteoporosis and relieving menopausal symptoms. The recent research progress of Cimicifugae Rhizoma in ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological effects demonstrates the effectiveness of its utilization and supplies valuable guidance for further research. This review will provide a basis for the future development and utilization of Cimicifugae Rhizoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytotherapy is a cost-effective alternative that continues to evolve. This has sparked significant research interest in naturally occurring compounds found in edible plants that possess antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Corchorus tridens L. is a wild edible plant widely recognised for its edible leaves, which are used for vegetable and animal feed. The plant is widely distributed across the African continent and is utilised in numerous countries for treating fever, pain, inflammation, and sexually transmitted diseases. Extracts from various parts of this plant exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and pesticidal properties. This plant is a rich source of amino acids, vitamins, essential fatty acids, proteins, and minerals, as well as secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, quinines, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, and tannins. Additional studies are still needed to determine other biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory activity, involvement in the treatment of measles, prevention of anaemia, and pain-relieving properties. The current review aims to provide information on the characteristics, distribution, nutritional content, bioactive compounds, traditional uses, and biological activities of the edible plant species C. tridens L. to stimulate further research interest to address the existing literature gaps concerning this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants, renowned for their rich reservoir of metabolites, play a pivotal role in addressing health-related issues. The Verbenaceae family stands out, showcasing immense potential in preventing and treating chronic diseases. Vitex trifolia L. (V. trifolia), a shrub with a rich history in traditional medicine, particularly in Eastern Asia, has garnered attention for its diverse therapeutic applications. This comprehensive review aims to bridge traditional knowledge and contemporary insights by investigating ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological effects of V. trifolia. The keyword "V. trifolia" and its synonyms were searched within the main scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar (from 1974 to 2022, last search: 21.10.2023). Phytochemical analyses reveal a spectrum of secondary metabolites in V. trifolia, including terpenoids, flavonoids, lignans, phytosterols, anthraquinones, and fatty acids. Notably, terpenoids and flavonoids emerge as the main bioactive metabolites. Pharmacological studies validate its therapeutic potential, demonstrating significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti-amnesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-malaria, antispasmodic activities, and reported insecticidal effects. Despite existing literature exploring pharmacological attributes and secondary metabolites of related species, a conspicuous gap exists, specifically focusing on the pharmacological activities and novel methods of purification of pure metabolites from V. trifolia. This review aimed to fill this gap by delving into traditional medicinal applications, exploring secondary metabolites comprehensively, and providing an in-depth analysis of pharmacological effects of pure metabolites. Combining traditional uses with contemporary pharmacological insights, this article sought to serve as a crucial reference for future research and practical application of V. trifolia. This approach contributes substantially to understanding the plant, fostering scientific inquiry, and facilitating its broader application in healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus is a fragrant plant with a highly volatile oil content grown worldwide. This study investigated the phytochemical and biological features of two Eucalyptus species, E. camaldulensis and E. globulus, cultivated in Central Saudi Arabia. Phytochemical analysis revealed 17 compounds in E. camaldulensis and 13 in E. globulus, with α-pinene and 1,8-cineole being both plants' most abundant volatile components. The antimicrobial activity revealed that Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 are the most susceptible to E. camaldulensis, with the zone of inhibition diameters (ZIDs) of 17.0 ± 0.2 mm and 22.0 ± 0.3 mm, respectively. In contrast, for E. globulus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 were the most susceptible, with ZIDs of 13.0 ± 0.2 mm and 20.0 ± 0.2 mm, respectively. E. camaldulensis had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range from 1.56 to 12.5 μL/mL, minimum biocidal concentration (MBC) range from 3.125 to 25.0 μL/mL, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) range from 3.125 to 25.0 μL/mL, and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) from 6.25 to 50.0 μL/mL, while E. globulus had MIC range from 3.125 to 12.5 μL/mL, MBC range from 6.25 to 25.0 μL/mL, MBIC range from 6.25 to 25.0 μL/mL, and MBEC range from 12.5 to 50.0 μL/mL, for the tested organisms. E. camaldulensis demonstrated better antimicrobial activity than E. globulus against the tested organisms, making it a promising antimicrobial drug candidate. Further research is required to determine its effectiveness in treating different human infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antidesma is a large genus consisting of around 100 species, which are widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, some species can be found in Africa, the Pacific islands, and Australia. The uses of Antidesma plants range from food (for juice, jam, and red wine production) to medicinal purposes (for treatment of indigestion, pneumonia, menstrual regulation, and osteoarthritis). Methods: The review was conducted by gathering relevant literature from secondary databases, including Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed, as well as specialized books and websites. Results: There have been more than 140 compounds reported as chemical constituents of the genus Antidesma, which mainly belonged to alkaloid, phenolic, flavonoid, lignan, and terpenoid classes. The high content of phenolic compounds was found in A. bunius and A. thwaitesianum fruits, which also correlates with the potential anti-oxidant activities of respective plants. Besides that, the antibiotic, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as effects on metabolism were also investigated and reported. Conclusion: The plants of the Antidesma genus have a wide range of applications in food and medicine. The published results have shown that the genus is a precious source of bioactive natural compounds, which was shown beneficial for preventive medicine. Further research is required to promote the application in the healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought poses a significant challenge, restricting the productivity of medicinal and aromatic plants. The strain induced by drought can impede vital processes like respiration and photosynthesis, affecting various aspects of plants' growth and metabolism. In response to this adversity, medicinal plants employ mechanisms such as morphological and structural adjustments, modulation of drought-resistant genes, and augmented synthesis of secondary metabolites and osmotic regulatory substances to alleviate the stress. Extreme water scarcity can lead to leaf wilting and may ultimately result in plant death. The cultivation and management of medicinal plants under stress conditions often differ from those of other crops. This is because the main goal with medicinal plants is not only to increase the yield of the above-ground parts but also to enhance the production of active ingredients such as essential oils. To elucidate these mechanisms of drought resistance in medicinal and aromatic plants, the current review provides a summary of recent literature encompassing studies on the morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of medicinal and aromatic plants under drought conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic activities are altering levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) and tropospheric ozone (O). These changes can alter phytochemistry, and in turn, influence ecosystem processes. We assessed the individual and combined effects of elevated CO and O on the phytochemical composition of two tree species common to early successional, northern temperate forests. Trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides) and paper birch ( Betula papyrifera) were grown at the Aspen FACE (Free- Air Carbon dioxide and ozone Enrichment) facility under four combinations of ambient and elevated CO and O. We measured, over three years (2006-08), the effects of CO and O on a suite of foliar traits known to influence forest functioning. Elevated CO had minimal effect on foliar nitrogen and carbohydrate levels in either tree species, and increased synthesis of condensed tannins and fiber in aspen, but not birch. Elevated O decreased nitrogen levels in both tree species and increased production of sugar, condensed tannins, fiber, and lignin in aspen, but not birch. The magnitude of responses to elevated CO and O varied seasonally for both tree species. When co-occurring, CO offset most of the changes in foliar chemistry expressed under elevated O alone. Our results suggest that levels of CO and O predicted for the mid-twenty-first century will alter the foliar chemistry of northern temperate forests with likely consequences for forest community and ecosystem dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant Nyctanthes arbor-tristis belongs to the genus Nyctanthes (Oleaceae family) which is used in the treatment of many diseases like diabetes, cancer, inflammation, intestinal problem and tuberculosis in many countries of Asia. In this analysis, we have investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of various extracts of leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis by the in vitro method as the cyclooxygenase inhibitory potential. The reported phytochemical constituent of the plant was in silico screened to find the cyclooxygenase inhibitory potential by molecular docking method. The molecular docking study of pre-isolated phytochemicals from the leaves of plants shows that compounds possess a great inhibition potential against COX-1 and COX-2 therefore, an in vitro comparative study is required to conclude the selective and potential COX-2 inhibitor for the development of new anti-inflammatory drug without causing any gastrointestinal ulcer. Here, we deliver a new strategy to design a selective COX-2 inhibitor from the plant origin natural compound by using molecular docking technique and in vitro screening of plant extract. In the other part of the paper, abortitristoside A (1) and abortitristoside B (2) were isolated from the leaves part of the plant. The isolated compound possesses good activity against COX-2 and COX-1 (IC50 value 7.91–8.00 μM against COX-2) which is also established by structure–activity relationship analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artocarpus (Moraceae) species have been widely studied for phytochemical components and pharmacological activity. This review aims to highlight key findings on the discovery, biosynthesis, and biological properties of Artocarpus metabolites. One hundred papers over the past 50 years were critically analysed. Current trends in the research of the genus are also discussed. The ethno-medicinal benefits of Artocarpus species, mainly for inflammation, malaria, diarrhoea, diabetes, and tapeworm infection, have a strong bond between traditional and modern sources. Artocarpus crude extract, especially those from the leaves, bark, stem, and fruit, contain numerous beneficial active molecules, including flavonoids, stilbenoids, aryl benzofurans, and the lectin jacalin. To understand the flavonoid and triterpenoid mechanisms as antimalarial agents, more research on Artocarpus is required. Highly collaborative programs that integrate conventional and modern techniques will be crucial for the future applications of Artocarpus as a possible source of medicinal natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzoin is a pathologic exudation produced by plants of the family Styrax. It is secreted by traumatic resin ducts after injury, which are derived from parenchymal cells in secondary xylem by schizolysigeny. Some 63 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from this resin, including balsamic acid esters, lignans and terpenoids. It has a long history of applications, including as incense along with olibanum, a flavor enhancer in the food industry, materials in the daily chemistry industry as well as therapeutic uses. Up to now, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have been widely used in qualitative and quantitative analysis of benzoin. Other technologies, including near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR), proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), have also been used to distinguish different resins. Herein, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the production process, phytochemistry, traditional uses and quality control of benzoin and looks to the future for promoting its further research and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bidens pilosa L. has been used in different parts of the world mainly to treat diseases associated with immune response disorders, such as autoimmunity, cancer, allergies, and infectious diseases. The medicinal properties of this plant are attributed to its chemical components. Nevertheless, there is little conclusive evidence that describes the immunomodulatory activity of this plant. In this review, a systematic search was carried out in the PubMed-NLM, EBSCO Host and BVS databases focused on the pre-clinical scientific evidence of the immunomodulatory properties of B. pilosa. A total of 314 articles were found and only 23 were selected. The results show that the compounds or extracts of Bidens modulate the immune cells. This activity was associated with the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids that control proliferation, oxidative stress, phagocytosis, and the production of cytokines of different cells. Most of the scientific information analyzed in this paper supports the potential use of B. pilosa mainly as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumoral, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial immune response modulator. It is necessary that this biological activity be corroborated through the design of specialized clinical trials that demonstrate the effectiveness in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and infectious diseases. Until now there has only been one clinical trial in phase I and II associated with the anti-inflammatory activity of Bidens in mucositis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senkyunolide I (SI) is a natural phthalide that has drawn increasing interest for its potential as a cardio-cerebral vascular drug candidate. In this paper, the botanical sources, phytochemical characteristics, chemical and biological transformations, pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties, and drug-likeness of SI are reviewed through a comprehensive literature survey, in order to provide support for its further research and applications. In general, SI is mainly distributed in Umbelliferae plants, and it is relatively stable to heat, acid, and oxygen, with good blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Substantial studies have established reliable methods for the isolation, purification, and content determination of SI. Its pharmacological effects include analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, anti-tumor effects, alleviating ischemia–reperfusion injury, etc. Pharmacokinetic parameters indicate that its metabolic pathway is mainly phase Ⅱ metabolism, and it is rapidly absorbed in vivo and widely distributed in the kidneys, liver, and lungs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reviews the distribution, botany, and traditional medicinal property, phytochemistry, pharmacodynamics, and potential applications of bioactive compounds of the genus Polygonum L.(s.l.). Substantial works of several workers establish the importance and potentiality of the genus in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there is a scope for further investigations regarding details of molecular characterization, pathways in the production of secondary metabolites, bioactive compounds, and their efficiency and effectiveness, along with GCMS and binding affinity to other ligands which require proper study for their future utilization. Finally, the tendency and perspective for future investigation of the genus Polygonum L.(s.l.) are discussed too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than 3,000 years, Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, has been utilised in traditional and Ayurvedic medicine. It belongs to the ginger family. Dry powder, crude extract, and refined metabolites of the plant have all demonstrated potential therapeutic advantages in animal trials because it is a medicinal plant. Withanolides are the primary metabolites of the plant, and they are responsible for the therapeutic effects of the herb. Despite the fact that other review papers on this plant have previously been published, this review article is being provided in order to gather all of based on the most recent data on its pharmacological and phytochemical effects, which have been investigated using a variety of approaches. According to research, Ashwagandha has anti-inflammatory, adaptogen, anti-parkinsonian, anti-oxidant, and memoryboosting properties, and anticancer effects in addition to other benefits. Other effects, such as immunomodulation, hypolipidemia, antimicrobial activity, Investigations have also been done on cardiovascular defence, sexual behaviour, tolerance, and reliance. These outcomes are extremely encouraging, and they recommend more research into this herb to confirm these results and find further potential medicinal characteristics. Clinical studies including the use of ashwagandha for a number of illnesses should be carried out as well. The new evidence on its pharmacological and phytochemical activities is described in the current publication. In order to give thorough information on the ethnobotany, traditional applications, phytochemistry, and pharmacological efficacy of the medicinal plant, W. somnifera, from reliable sources, the present review has primary objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoralea corylifolia L. (PCL), referred to as "Bu-gu-zhi" in Chinese, has great medicinal values since ancient times. PCL is the dried ripe fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L., which has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of kidney-yang deficiency, enuresis and urinary frequency, chills and pain of the waist and knees, dawn diarrhea and vitiligo. In this paper, a systematic of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, quality control and pharmacokinetics of PCL was presented, along with future research directions. According to the results, PCL contains approximately 163 chemical components, including coumarins, flavonoids, monoterpene phenols, benzofurans, glycosides, lipids, fatty acids, and volatile oils. PCL and its active ingredients have a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antitumor, antiosteoporosis, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory. Further study of quality control standards and potential mechanisms of PCL is also needed. In addition, more toxicological studies will also contribute to the progress of clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. belongs to the family Asclipiadaceae. It is widely used in the traditional medicinal system for the treatment of various common ailments such as fever, rheumatism, colds, eczema, diarrhea, elephantiasis, asthma, cough, leprosy, intestinal worms, ulcers and other diseases. C. procera contains a wide range of phytochemical compounds such as cardenolides, steroids, glycosides, sugars, tannins, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids. This paper reviews information pertaining its traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities such as analgesic activity, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, anthelmintic activity, antidiabetic activity, hepatoprotective activity, antiinflammatory activity, antimicrobial activity, antimalarial activity and other activities. It is hoped that the information provided here will encourage additional research that could eventually result in the creation of medicinal medicines from this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilberry leaves are used in many countries in traditional medicine for treating a wide variety of diseases. Due to the high therapeutic potential of Vaccinium myrtillus (VM) leaves, this review aims to present the latest knowledge on the phytochemical profile, as well as the therapeutic effects of this herbal drug. The review was conducted according to the Prisma guidelines, and the scientific databases were searched using combinations of the following keywords: "Vaccinium myrtillus", "leaves", "bilberry". Recent research was focused on the influence of abiotic factors on the phytochemical composition, and it seems that there are significant differences between the herbal drugs collected from different countries. The phytochemical composition is correlated with the broad spectrum of pharmacological effects. The paper outlines the potent antimicrobial activity of VM extracts against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, and also the pathways that are modulated by the unique "cocktail" of phytoconstituents in different metabolic alterations. Reviewing the research articles published in the last 10 years, it seems that bilberry leaves have been slightly forgotten, although their phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics are unique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The genus Viola belongs to the family Violaceae, and the plants from this genus are essential folk herb medicine extensively used in many areas. The plants from the genus Viola are used to treat various diseases and exert a significant role in protecting people's health. This review summarized the genus Viola plants' phytochemistry, pharmacology, and quality control methods. Key findings: The information on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of the genus Viola was obtained by searching the Web of Science, Pubmed, CNKI, and other databases. A total of 208 valuable articles were selected and analyzed in this review. The main chemical components of plants from the genus Viola consist of flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, lignans, sesquiterpenes, cyclotides, etc. The active chemical components of medicinal plants from this genus exert antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective activities, and so on. The quality control of these plants is not sufficient and needs further research. Summary: The chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, and quality control of plants from the genus Viola were systematically summarized in this paper, and this review provides a literature basis for the further research of plants from this genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artemisia arborescens is a Mediterranean evergreen shrub, with silver grey-green tomentose leaves and a strong scent. It has various ethnopharmacological uses and its secondary metabolites have demonstrated antimicrobial, antiviral, pharmaceutical, phytotoxic, and insecticidal activities. Different extracts obtained from aerial parts of this species are known for their allelopathic effect, but similar studies on its essential oil (EO) are lacking. Therefore, we carried out a pharmacognostic study, obtaining the characterization of the secretory structures and the EO produced. Trans-thujone and camphor are the main components, followed by aromadendrene, camphene, and 8-cedren-13-ol. EO phytotoxic activity was tested on weed plants (Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Sinapis arvensis L.) and crops (Raphanus sativus L. and Cucumis sativus L.), showing inhibition on both germination and radical growth of the two weeds tested. The effects of the EO against the bacterial plant pathogens Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Gram−) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Gram+) was also assayed. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was observed when it was used undiluted [100% v/v], and growth inhibition when diluted at different doses. The antimicrobial activity was also confirmed by the cellular material release and biofilm formation assays. The overall data show that A. arborescens EO can find application as a potential alternative biocontrol product against weeds and plant pathogens. This goal is particularly important from the perspective of replacing synthetic pesticides with natural products, which safeguard both the environment and the health of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum rostratum Dunal, belongs to the Solanaceae family and has drawn attention for its intricate interplay of invasiveness, phytochemical composition, and potential bioactivities. Notably invasive, S. rostratum employs adaptive mechanisms during senescence, featuring thorn formation on leaves, fruits, and stems seed self-propulsion, and resistance to drought. This adaptability has led to its proliferation in countries such as China, Canada, and Australia, extending beyond its Mexican origin. Despite its invasive historical reputation, recent studies unveil a rich array of phytochemicals in S. rostratum, suggesting untapped economic potential due to under-exploration. This review delves into exploring the potential uses of S. rostratum while elucidating the bioactive compounds associated with diverse identified bioactivities. In terms of phytochemistry, S. rostratum reveals an abundance of various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, and glycosides. These compounds confer a range of beneficial bioactivities, encompassing antioxidant, antifungal, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, phytotoxic, and pesticidal properties. This positions S. rostratum as a reservoir of valuable chemical constituents with potential applications, particularly in medicine and agriculture. The review provides comprehensive insights into the phytochemistry, bioactivities, and bioactivity-guided fractionation of S. rostratum. In this review, we focus on the potential utilization of S. rostratum by emphasizing its phytochemical profile, which holds promise for diverse applications. This review is the first that advocates for further exploration and research to unlock the plant's full potential for both economic and environmental benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]