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This paper looks at the breakdown of the normative model of employment that underpinned the mid-twentieth-century welfare state. The focus of the chapter is the slow, but continuous, dismantling of labor protections that happened in the last decades which has played a crucial role in facilitating the rise of digital platforms. Thus, while on one hand this can be related to the limits that the traditional labor protections had, especially in including women, migrants, and other usually considered more “marginal” workers; on the other it is a product of the new global division of labor and of the way in which technologies have been used to outsource and manage remote working. These developments are being expanded by the increasing “platformization” of the economy that is spreading across sectors digital management and new forms of task-based work directly controlled by algorithms. Despite the birth of new union forms, capable of intercepting the demands and defending the interests of gig workers, the paper concludes by highlighting how these achievements, despite their relevance, are not a definitive solution, but it is necessary to aim for a new set of universal workers’ rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers empirical evidence on the effect of mother-tongue instruction in primary school on students' later labour market outcomes. Since Ethiopia has adopted mother-tongue instruction after the 1994 Ethiopian education reform, many students who have attended primary school after 1994 are exposed to mother tongue instruction, resulting in a variation in exposure to mother-tongue instruction by birth cohort. In Amhara state, Amharic is adopted as medium of instruction both before and after the education reform whereas other states in Ethiopia have changed the medium of instruction after the 1994 reform. The duration of students' exposure to mother-tongue instruction, however, varies depending on the state in which they have attended primary school since states in Ethiopia mandate a switch from mother-tongue to English instruction either in grade 5, 7, or 9. Exploiting these two plausibly exogenous sources of variations (across states and birth cohorts) and using data from the 2013 Ethiopian Labour Force Survey, we estimate difference-in-differences model. Estimates from our preferred specifications suggest that mother-tongue instruction in primary school improves later labour market outcomes, but the size of its effect decreases with the number of years an individual was exposed to mother-tongue instruction in primary school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borders are particular (in-between) spaces: they have this side and the other side, which involve several real and imaginary spaces at the same time. For minorities, "beyond the borders" is also a specific space of language use. This paper discusses the correlations between minority bilingualism and social structure characteristics based on sociological surveys, taking as approach the sociology of space and John Ogbu's ecological cultural model of schooling. It aims to offer an overview of my research carried out on this topic and tries to provide some references for rethinking the sociological implications of minority education considering the experiences of three decades since the fall of communism in Romania. The main results of this research – in concordance with other findings of similar inquiries – show that a mother-tongue education for ethnic Hungarian children in Romania is a necessary but not sufficient condition for reducing the structural gap that Hungarians in Transylvania have inherited from the 20th century. This study is centred on the aspects of interrelation between the language of education and labour market, more specifically on those linked to the attitudes and patterns of behaviour towards the official language, with particular focus on the role that languages play in the society and, in a narrower sense, in self-positioning on the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Inequalities & Economic Growth / Nierownosci Spoleczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przegląd Europejski is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kosovo's education system has two different vocational education and training schools: professional schools and centres of competence. The local authorities-municipal directorates of education manage the professional schools, while the centres of competence are managed at the national level by agency for vocational education and training and adult education (AVETAE), operating under the Ministry of Education. This paper compares the collaboration between public schools, centres of competence, and private businesses. For this research, we used the mixed research methodology by interviewing coordinators of career centres from two professional schools and two centres of competence, and four managers of different firms. The research included a questionnaire filled by teachers from both institutions, prepared using the Likert scale. We analysed the data from this research to identify the differences in how those institutions develop partnerships with private businesses to secure better internship opportunities for their students. The study will provide data about the sustainability of cooperation between these two institutions in the creation of employment opportunities for their graduates. The outcomes will help professional schools and centres of competence to improve their cooperation with the labour market. It will help the career centre coordinators and business owners to create new job opportunities for development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers search for factors explaining the disruptive impact of labour platforms on work, yet very few studies explore how platforms approach product markets and the resultant effects on platform workers' working conditions. Looking at this question, this paper studies distinct but similar international and regional food delivery platforms in Poland and Italy, exploring which factors explain differences in their working conditions. Two findings emerge. Firstly, international and regional platforms differ substantially in terms of how they approach product markets. Secondly, these differences account for the variety within (and across) platforms' employment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ekonomske Ideje i Praksa is the property of Centar za Izdavacku Delatnost Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Beogradu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The global COVID-19 pandemic has changed the behaviour of individuals and companies. This study aims to determine changes in the labour market behaviour of economically active individuals in the context of the pandemic and to identify competitive segments in this period. For this purpose, a representative survey (n = 3079) conducted in the Czech Republic was used. The paper's contribution is a perspective of individuals' behaviour and their perception of the situation. Based on subjective perceptions, respondents provided an assessment of their living situation before and during the pandemic, expressing their opinion on the importance of selected aspects of quality of life, such as their health, active social contacts, creation of financial savings, ability to pay bills, leisure time and coping with stressful situations. The results of a Wilcoxon test showed that individuals re-evaluated each aspect of life and that the pandemic changed the importance for all of them (except leisure time). This change is also reflected in their psyche, attitude towards work organisation, digitalisation and other factors; these were applied in a cluster analysis, which resulted in the identification of three segments in the group of employees in the labour market (competitive individuals, surviving individuals and those reluctant to respond to change). For the group of entrepreneurs, two segments emerged (flexible and loss-creating), while for the unemployed group, the typical segment can be described as dissatisfied and Covid victims. The names of these segments indicate their behaviour and provide possibilities for future use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Three years on from the Brexit vote, while it remains a central topic for debate in the media, there has been limited discussion about the human resource (HR) implications. The purpose of this paper is to provide theoretical evaluation and informed discussion, distilled into four interconnected propositions, on how employee resourcing as a HR practice may be impacted following actual Brexit decisions. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing on the employee resourcing literature, the paper adopts a discursive approach which examines how the UK's decision to exit the European Union will affect HR practice. The paper draws comparison with the global recession since 2008, a similarly unprecedented development in its discussion of employee resourcing practices and draws parallels which may help to inform the future of HR practices in the UK, because of Brexit. Findings: This paper offers a set of propositions; the flow of talent into the UK may become more restricted and reinvigorate the "war for talent" that followed the effects of the global financial crisis on the UK. To attract and retain workers in relatively lower-skilled roles, employers may be faced with a need to re-skill such roles and adopt more flexible working arrangements. Finally, to meet skilled employment requirements, removal of restrictions to recruit from within the European Economic Area may trigger increased global migration of skilled workers. Originality/value: This paper contributes to the discussions regarding the implications of Brexit for HR practice by offering propositions to shape future research agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time social media data hold great conceptual promise for research and policymaking, but also face substantial limitations and shortcomings inherent to processing re-purposed data in near-real-time. This paper aims to fill two research gaps important for understanding utility of real-time social media data for policymaking: What policy-relevant information is contained in this data and whether this information changes in periods of abrupt social, economic, and policy change. To do so, this paper focuses on two salient policy areas heavily affected by the lockdown policies responding to the 2020 COVID-19 crisis – early childhood education and care policies, and labor market policies focused on (un)employment. We utilize Twitter data for a four-month period during the first wave of COVID-19 and data for the same four-month period the preceding year. We analyze this data using a novel method combining structural topic models and latent semantic scaling, which allows us to summarize the data in detail and to test for change of content between the period of 'normalcy' and period of 'crisis'. With regards to the first research gap, we show that there is policy-relevant information in Twitter data, but that the majority of our data is of limited relevance, and that the data that is relevant present some challenges and limitations. With regards to the second research gap, we successfully quantify the change in relevant information between periods of 'normalcy' and 'crisis'. We also comment on the practicality and advantages of our approach for leveraging micro-blogging data in near real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines wage inequalities in the context of gender in the Slovak Republic in the years 2005-2020 at the level of eight regions of Slovakia. The data source is the DataCube statistical database of the Slovak Statistical Office. Wage inequalities in the labor market have been a long-term problem in the current society. The purpose of this paper is to clarify and identify the labor market and socio-demographic factors influencing wage inequalities on the labor market in the Slovak Republic. We assume that a higher labor supply will lead to an increase in wage inequality, since employers have more potential workers available for one job, which pushes wages down. New workers in the labor market usually have less experience compared to those who have gained experience throughout a longer period. As a result, their wage rate is lower and wage inequalities are increasing. The number of hours worked is also an indicator on the labor supply side. The limitations of this research lie in the very poor availability of data on gender inequalities in the Slovak Republic. However, this is the first study that analyzes the phenomenon within the framework of gender inequalities in conditions prevailing in the Slovak Republic. We propose a new model for controlling demand and supply in the labor market and socio-demographic factors affecting inequalities. Our contribution opens up space for further research in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iran's labour market suffers from long term economic challenges; yet harsh sanctions intensified and complicated its problems. At first glance, it seems that Iran labour market was resilient and performed well during severe sanctions (2012-2019) as the number of employed workforce has increased and unemployment rate decreased while the economy suffered from stagnation, declining investment and high inflation rate. This paper shows that sanction has changed the structure of Iran's labour market; as a great part of workers moved from high valued added activities to lower productivity jobs. Most workers, who lost their jobs in private industries, had to move to low value added services. As the result of sanctions, low paid and temporary informal employment expanded which in turn exacerbated the challenge of widespread poverty and its related social ills. In large state and semi-state manufacturing companies, the number of workers did not decrease, despite the production decline. So, during 2012-2019, employment could rise at the cost of decreasing productivity. For generating a dynamic labour market, at the first step the sanctions must be lifted; yet complementary measures such as sound fiscal, monetary and trade policies must be implemented; and the unnecessary rules and regulations that hinder productive investment and pave the way for rent seeking and corruption must be removed to encourage productive investment and creating sufficient number of sustainable new jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are, and of course in the future will be, serious. These consequences are very often foundable also in labour market and education. Some of them are not only problems, but also new opportunities: improving of working conditions, modernising employment services and making them more flexible, strengthening employment and social protection systems, family-friendly working time, promoting lifelong learning opportunities, strengthening digital skills, etc. The paper focuses on different approaches and responses to changes in society caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. There are currently various scientific sources analyzing the threats initiated by the pandemic and their effects on various areas of human activity, including employment and education. However, every crisis can be taken also as an opportunity. This paper therefore primarily deals with the opportunities that the current crisis brings, especially in the field of employment and education. The paper is based on assessment of analyses (literary research) provided by international institutions such as the International Labour Office (ILO), and documents and other research studies prepared and published by the European Union or OECD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact which was by the Covid-19 pandemic in the hospitality industry of South Africa. South Africa has one of the largest and highest developed hospitality industries in the region. The hospitality sector in South Africa employs 5% of the active age group and contributes around 10.3% revenue income to the government of South Africa. Unfortunately, South Africa emerged as one of the hot spots of the Covid-19 virus infections. As a way of controlling the pandemic, hard lockdowns were introduced starting on the 27th of March 2020. The sealing of the country’s port of entries brought the hospitality sector to its knees. This study evaluates impact of Covid-19 on the business sector and the labour market in South Africa, focussing on the hospitality industry. The study used secondary data from survey reports from South Africa’s National Department of Tourism, (Statssa), Google mobility and other authoritative relevant sources. The study concluded that the pandemic had a devastating effect on areas such as labour, the overall business, the labour market, and the hospitality sector. The most affected areas from the hospitality sector were aviation, maritime, special events, accommodation, hotels, restaurants, lodges, recreational parks, and national parks. When COVID-19 came, some businesses in the hospitality sector were servicing loans borrowed from financial institutions. The findings of the study indicated the need for a strong financial backup to cushion business during pandemics for the hospitality sector, tax holidays and adoption of stringent health protocols to assist the industry recovery and make business more profitable. The theoretical implication of the study is that it will expose the impact of COVID-19 on the business sector and the labour market in South Africa with a focus on the hospitality industry, and to map a future mitigatory way to overcome such natural calamities towards the business sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On any given weekend, over a fifth of the UK labour force is at work, while more than half of working adults report working at the weekend at least some of the time. This is despite the fact that weekends are conventionally set aside as rest days. The question that this paper addresses is: does this matter? This paper adds to the literature by using two large panel datasets to analyse the effects of weekend working on eight different measures of subjective well‐being in the UK. I find that weekend working has a significant impact on how satisfied people are with the amount of leisure time they have, with the results suggesting that avoiding weekend working is equivalent to working six fewer hours per week. Moreover, people working at the weekend report significantly lower happiness yesterday than non‐weekend workers. While weekend workers also experience lower levels of life satisfaction than non‐weekend workers, this difference disappears when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity between individuals. This suggests that there is no evidence that weekend working causes people to be worse off overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competences are the most important career capital a university graduate can have. The objective of the paper is to determine which competences acquired at tourism degree programmes affect students' self-assessment regarding their own competitive advantage on the labour market. The data was collected during a nationwide diagnostic survey (N = 476) carried out at ten Polish universities among students finishing their tourism degree courses. Principal component analysis allowed us to identify a set of competences that have a significant impact on the students' perception of their chances of finding employment in the tourism industry. These are: ability to cope with challenges and stress; writing and speaking skills in a foreign language; public speaking; planning and implementation of subject-specific projects; ability to conduct subject-specific research and perseverance. The higher the assessment of each of the above, the more confident of their competitive advantage on the labour market the students were. Highlights: Self-assessment of competences credibly corresponds to the students' perception of their career potential Competences are the fundamental career capital of recent university graduates PCA helps identify a set of competences that determine self-perception of one's competitive advantage on the labour market Seven competences determine how students of tourism degree courses assess their chances on the Polish labour market The topic of tourism degree graduates' competences in relation to their situation on the labour market is still an under-researched area [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Statistician / Wiadomości Statystyczne is the property of State Treasury - Statistics Poland and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Young people tend to bear the brunt of adverse employment consequences of a crisis due mainly to the precarious nature of their job and their over‐representation among jobseekers who are having to find employment when jobs are scarce. Using quarterly welfare payment data for the period 2019–2021 from the Department of Social Services, we noted a marked increase in the percentage of 16‐ to 21‐year‐olds who received youth allowance (other) payments. While a greater proportion of Indigenous youth than non‐Indigenous youth received the payments from 2019 to 2021, the gap widened following the outbreak of the pandemic. Further, applying regression analysis to data from the 2019 and 2020 waves of the 2015 Cohort of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Youth (LSAY), we find no statistically significant change in individual‐level labour force status between 2019 and 2020. However, pandemic‐induced labour market crises appear to have been associated with reduced work hours, heightened career concerns and sustained nonemployment, where potential impacts are larger among traditionally vulnerable youth groups such as female, Indigenous and overseas‐born young persons. The study highlights the need for recognising the intersectionality of youth and other forms of identity (such as gender, Indigenous status and nativity) while designing labour market policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the world economy and deepening globalisation lead to intensifying migration processes globally. European Union is the destination country for a significant part of migrants which has a crucial impact on the member-states economies influencing the labour market competitiveness. The goal of the current paper is to estimate the effect of immigration, emigration and migration of asylum seekers on the labour market indicators - unemployment and average annual wage and labour market competitiveness, in selected EU member-states. To achieve the article's primary goal, we use the method of panel data analysis on yearly data from 2003 to 2019. We developed a fixed-effects model for unemployment and a random effects panel data econometric model for wages to estimate the significance of migration processes for labour market indicators. The results show that the immigration of migrants with high qualifications and high skills has a significant positive impact on the labour market of the recipient country leading to a higher competitiveness. In contrast, the increase in the number of asylum applicants has a slight negative impact, hence harming the competitivesness of the country. On the other hand, the rise in emigration negatively impacts the labour market of the donor country as a result of the "brain drain" leading to a lower competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of vocational guidance is growing, and the focus on modern tools enabling the development of competences such as flexibility, the ability to identify trends shaping the labour market and considering different scenarios of its development seem to be indispensable to survive in the world of work. The goal of the paper is to demonstrate a methodology and the outcomes of a research focused on the difference between the ideal characteristics and impressions of completed education by career counsellors in Poland. The research methods used are: the literature review, bibliometric analysis and the analysis and logical construction method. To diagnose the educational offerings the authors applied a modified SERVQUAL model. The observed gaps demonstrate the presence of significant discrepancies between the evaluation of the completed courses and the expectations of the respondents. Therefore, the expectations of those who took part in the survey about the quality of education in the field of vocational guidance are not fulfilled. The results of the analysis allow also to conclude that curricula only take little account of trend and scenario analysis tools specific to Industry 4.0; and this demonstrates a major challenge for including this curriculum content in the area of vocational guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rozwój Regionalny & Polityka Regionalna is the property of Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza (IH UAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Organizational practices of migrants' labour market integration have by and large been overlooked in favour of research on societal‐level/macrolevel factors, policies, rules and regulations and their impacts on migrants' positions and perspectives on the labour market in the host country. Organizations are conceptualized as key sites that can open doors for meaningful employment and career progression or close them by way of producing inequalities. This change of focus, which we advocate, has a potential to not only increase our understanding of how migrants' labour market integration is organized and practiced at the organizational level, but also shed light on migrants' own mobilizations and agency in these processes. Research on organizational practices of workplace integration of migrants is also relevant as economic and political migration is still high on the agenda in many European countries, particularly since the so‐called 'refugee crisis' in 2015, when hundreds of thousands of refugees made their way to Europe. Unfortunately, the war in Ukraine in 2022 reminds us of the heightened importance of this issue. In this article, we start by outlining what has motivated this Special Section. Next, we briefly review the relevant literature that directly or indirectly focuses on practices of organizing migrants' labour market integration in European host countries. We then introduce the two contributions to this Special Section, presenting and discussing their main lines of reasoning and how each of them answer our call for papers. We conclude by elaborating what is, from our point of view, still missing and suggest possible avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatian & Comparative Public Administration is the property of Institut za Javnu Upravu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the transformation of the German employment and industrial relations model from a political economy approach. Using the IAB Establishment Panel, the evolution of atypical employment and the coverage of the dual system of industrial relations is analysed in different groups of firms. Additionally, using a shift-share technique, we estimate the impact of the change in the employment structure on this process. The results reveal that once institutional constraints were relaxed, firms across the whole economy increased their use of flexible work and individualized the wage bargaining. Moreover, our findings suggest that structural change played a minor role in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an explosion of interest in the "four-day-week" movement across the globe, especially due to its potential in addressing many of the societal challenges left by the COVID-19 pandemic. Four-day-week is a movement set to shorten the working hours of full-time workers without a reduction in pay. I aim to set out the case for a national move towards a four-day-week explaining why social policy scholars should lead the debate. First, I provide evidence of the societal costs that the current long-hours work culture has on workers' and their family's well-being and welfare, social inequality, and social cohesion. Shorter working can help tackle these issues by giving workers right to time, shifting the balance between work and non-work activities in our lives and valuing them both. Social policy scholars need to lead this debate owing to our existing knowledge and expertise in dealing with these social issues and state-level interventions. In addition, without pressing for fundamental changes in our labour market, we cannot adequately address some of the key challenges we face as a society. The paper ends with key research questions social policy scholars should address as a part of this move. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of the multiple crises (pandemic, energy, war, the new regulations regarding employment contracts adopted in 2022) on the labour market in Romania, in an attempt to explain how the labour market is affected by them. We will use the methodology of the case study, focused on Labour Market of the Bacau County. We have structured this study in three chapters. Firstly, we will analyse the state of The Bacau County labour market. Secondly, we will show the movement of The Bacau County labour market in the last four years: 2019-2022. Thirdly, we will review the impact of the 2022 new regulation on the part-time employment contracts of the labour market and will analyse the ethical issues of the regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the influence of digitization, automation and robotization, the way and content of work is changing, similarly to the labour market requirements of an employee performing work in the 4.0 model are also changing. In this paper we discuss the impact of the current technology developments and their impact on the standing of the working man in the near future. Newly created or transformed work positions require certain new knowledge and job skills for future employees, and therefore the current education system plays a primary and very important role in preparing for the labour market. The issue has a societal dimension and is a frequent subject of professional debate at global level, which highlights its current relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to identify the specific needs of young people in the Mangistau and West Kazakhstan regions during their job search in the IT field and determine the IT professions in high demand according to employers. The research employs online surveys and economicstatistical analysis as the primary methods. The findings indicate that the negative labour market trends in Kazakhstan and neighboring countries are projected to worsen by 2030. While the information and communication technology sector represent a highly promising area for new job creation, employers' expectations often do not align with the skill sets possessed by young professionals. Employers also anticipate a future surge in demand for cybersecurity specialists. The practical significance of this research lies in enabling young applicants to make informed decisions regarding their IT career paths, allowing employers to gain insight into the expectations of potential employees, and aiding public authorities in developing education and IT programs to combat youth unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: An increasing number of international immigrant workers enter the EU labour market to fill the gap in many key economic sectors. Labour migration often implies a process of family adaptation and, in some cases, a breakdown in the community structure and networks. This study aims to provide insights into the dynamics of transnational families, focusing on changes in the redefinition of roles within family members and children care arrangements. Design/methodology/approach: The study was based on the analysis of 12 biographical interviews conducted using semi-structured interviews between November 2018 and December 2019 among Romanian women who worked as caregivers in families in an Italian metropolitan city and the surrounding urban area. Findings: Despite the economic dimension being essential, psychological well-being increasingly burdens workers' migratory experience and that of their family members. Findings suggest including employers and children among the actively involved actors of the family decision-making process; working and contractual conditions as factors that significantly impact the opportunities and capability of workers to provide and receive care, mainly if the latter are employed in the informal market. Originality/value: The study makes it possible to highlight that the dynamics in decision-making processes in transnational families change in the different phases of the migration project and involve numerous actors. These processes are not always rational and are strongly influenced by the labour market structure in which migrants are employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a comprehensive economic and legal analysis of the position of national minorities in the labour market. To do this, a comparative analysis of the socio-economic and legal status of national minorities is carried out and an analysis of the situation of national minorities in the labour market is conducted while taking into account real and declarative indicators of the level of employment, which were determined by the author's survey and field experiment. It has been proven that discrimination in the labour market is characteristic of certain, but not all, groups of national minorities, in particular, the Roma. It is believed that the efficiency of the labour market of national minorities also affects tax revenues and the distribution of social costs. Ensuring equal opportunities for these groups contributes to the creation of stable social conditions, reducing the costs of social assistance and increasing the efficiency of social capital. The study of the labour market of national minorities also takes into account the importance of socio-economic stability. The main causes of discrimination of representatives of ethno-national groups in the labour market are singled out, and economic and legal measures to stimulate inclusion in the labour market are defined. Through the author's survey and the field method of fictitious questionnaires, the discrimination of certain groups of national minorities in Ukraine, among them Moldovans and especially the Roma, was proven, and it was proved that the unemployment rate in the region provokes an almost proportional decrease in the number of responses from employers from representatives of national minorities. The field of employment was not a significant factor in indicating certain features of discrimination based on the field of the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basis of this study was the analysis of the human capital reproductive processes in the Republic of Kazakhstan, considering the gender component. The object was the human capital of Kazakhstan's regions, and the subject was the gender aspect of human capital development. Mincer's supplemented human capital assessment model was the primary model for calculating human capital. Factors influencing the effective use of human capital in the regions, considering the gender component, were identified, and their indices were calculated. The analysis showed a persistent gender gap in life expectancy, education level, income, and labour market. Based on the results, leader and outsider regions in terms of the accumulated human capital level were identified. The analysis indicates the responsible attitude of the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan towards developing gender equality. Over the past ten years, Kazakhstan has advanced significantly in its efforts to empower women in the socio-political sphere. The Republic of Kazakhstan has assumed obligations under several international agreements, adopted many laws, and developed government measures critical for increasing women's participation in government activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in substantial job losses and an economic decline in European labour markets, with various effects observed at regional level. The unemployment rate experienced a sharp increase, disproportionately impacting the younger generation and individuals with limited skills. The prevalence of remote work has risen, creating difficulties in maintaining a healthy work-life balance. The three research questions concern: (1) examining scientific literature; (2) validating the effects of COVID-19 on the labour market; and (3) identifying the indicators and regions in Europe that have been most significantly affected. The study begins by performing an exploratory analysis of the data, then proceeds to an examination of the principal components to reduce dimensionality. It concludes with a cluster analysis to enhance the visualisation of different regions. The results are in conformity with the scientific literature but also indicate specificities for different regions or indicators. While most studies concentrate on examining the effects of this phenomenon on just a couple of European countries, the present research extensively analyses all regions across the continent. Furthermore, the study spans a prolonged period from 2018 to 2022, covering the period preceding the pandemic, the crisis itself, and the aftermath. The final contribution regards the methodology used, which considers both approaches utilised in the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of HIKMA: Revista de Traducción is the property of UCOPRESS Editorial Universidad de Cordoba and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Graduates' labour market success increasingly relies on soft skills, best developed through international study experiences. With the changing economic landscape post-COVID-19, adapting to various cultures and environments is valued by employers. This is crucial for university internationalization. The study focuses on how skills from international mobility align with EU labour market needs, particularly for Prague University of Economics and Business's International Relations students. Research included surveys and interviews with employers, yielding recommendations for the Czech educational system and underscoring international mobility's importance for student skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: The origin of spatial variation in unemployment in Eastern Poland is related to the country’s system transformation, with regions that relied historically on state agricultural farms and industrial plants experiencing more challenging labour market conditions. The labour market is heterogeneous, and three approaches prevail regarding the origin, occurrence, and persistence of imbalance in the labour market: structural and institutional factors, long-term adaptation processes, and wage rigidity. While economic growth is a necessary condition for reducing unemployment, a rise in the economic growth rate does not necessarily lead to increased employment until a certain GDP growth threshold is exceeded. Purpose of the article: This study aims to conduct an empirical analysis of unemployment determinants in the Eastern region of Poland at the LAU-1 level. Research methods: The study is based on the analysis of the equation that was adopted from unemployment rate definition. Analysis of relation between unemployment rate, growth rate of labour supply and unemployment rate in previous period, using regression models, has been calibrated using government data from five provinces of Eastern Poland, covering the period from 2008 to 2019. Main findings: The results of the analysis show an improvement in the labour market situation during the analysed period, which is associated with the overall economic growth in Poland. The economic conditions favoured the improvement of employment indicators, corresponding to the increasing level of education in the population. The economy during the study period was characterized by stable GDP growth and decreasing unemployment rates. Similar trends were observed in the Eastern region of Poland, although the values of industrial production growth were slightly lower due to the local employment structure and regional industrial diversity. The analysis showed that a higher initial level of unemployment has a significant impact on its reduction in subsequent years. The significant impact of economic growth on reducing unemployment rates was also confirmed, especially in the category of people with lower vocational education. The study indicates the need for actions aimed at raising the level of education of people of working age, including through lifelong learning programs and active prevention of skill mismatch in the labour market. This study has limitations due to the number of analysed unemployment determinants and the limited time window of the study. Further research is necessary on the factors influencing unemployment at the regional and urban levels, taking into account the demographic structure of the population, employment quality, and gender-related aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades, Intituto de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Austral de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stanovništvo is the property of Demographic Research Center of Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The aim of the article was identification and analysis of factors influencing students' career planning and development in Poland and Italy. Design/methodology/approach: The first stage of the research involved an analysis of the source literature and a review of the activities undertaken by universities in order to support students in career planning. This was followed by an analysis of reports on the situation of young people on the labour market in Poland and Italy. The final research method was a diagnostic survey with the use of a questionnaire, which was addressed to students of selected universities in both countries. Findings: Polish and Italian students are aware of their needs regarding their future careers, they are able to formulate career goals and to select a strategy needed to achieve them. However, there are noticeable differences in the implementation of their career plans. These discrepancies may be due to the socio-economic situation of students’ countries of origin. Practical implications: The article is a source of information for both students embarking on their professional careers and employers who will be able to meet the expectations of young employees, as well as universities seeking to create competitive activities in order to support professional development of their students and graduates. Originality/value: The article presents an interesting, comprehensive and comparative study of students in two EU countries, taking into account not only labour market data, but also direct opinions of students and an analysis of the career support activities offered by universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Presentation of the complexity of the stakeholder structure of the Integrated Qualification System (ZSK in Polish), in particular the area related to the category of the market qualifications. This system is an element of public policy, which is a response to the dynamism of change in the market, aimed at acquiring and supplementing human capital qualifications in accordance with the needs of employers. The article also shows possible scenarios for the use of the ZSK in secondary and higher education. Design/methodology/approach: The author uses the method of analysis of the literature on the subject, legal documents of available reports. Findings: The traditional distinction between formal and non-formal education is losing relevance. At the stage of current societal development, only offering high-quality educational services that incorporate formal verification of learning outcomes (validation) and combine standard forms of formal education with the inherently more flexible educational structures inherent in non-formal education can ensure synergies in the implementation of an effective lifelong learning policy. Practical implications: The conclusions can be used by governing bodies of secondary schools and universities. Originality/value: presenting the opportunities for the use of ZSK market qualifications within the secondary and tertiary education system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study on the impact of completing a master's degree on labor market outcomes in Spain. The research finds that individuals with a master's degree earn higher salaries and have a higher likelihood of upward wage mobility compared to those with only a college degree. The study also highlights the inequalities in accessing postgraduate studies based on socioeconomic background and calls for further research on the challenges faced in pursuing postgraduate education. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in evaluating the return on educational investments. [Extracted from the article]

This document provides a list of references and tables related to a study on gender differences in engineering education in Delhi, India. The study examines factors such as caste, religion, parental education and occupation, and family income that may affect male and female students' academic performance and career outcomes in engineering. The tables provide summary statistics and the share of male and female participation in engineering education based on different management categories. The authors of the study are Itishree Choudhury, a Ph.D. student in economics, and Dr. Seema Singh, a professor of economics at Delhi Technological University. [Extracted from the article]

This article aims to present an overview of the impact of the minimum wage (MW) on the labour market in Ecuador. This Andean country is taken as a sample of all the countries in the region, with similar structural limitations in their labour markets. In Ecuador, the MW is positioned in the intermediate deciles. In the lower deciles, most of the workforce is informal or self-employed. The 'lighthouse effect' of the MW on the rest of the employed and self-employed workers is presumed to be the main force in reducing poverty and inequality. The lack of compliance with the labour regulation is, in part, explained by low levels of demand and productivity. These factors would limit firms' ability to hold a wage increase and unemployment would rise. As savings are low and the welfare state does not offer a safety net to guarantee subsistence without a job, unemployed workers quickly transition into informality and self-employment. We use a two-way fixed effects regression to test this hypothesis. Results show that they cannot be rejected, suggesting the need for new labour policies to reduce poverty and inequality, according to the economic reality of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban Studies (Sage Publications, Ltd.) is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Various studies attest to the fact that graduate unemployment is mostly exaggerated with a lack of empirical evidence to prove its high rate in South Africa. There is no doubt that today, graduate unemployment has spiralled into a serious problem affecting young graduates’ ability to find preferred employment within the labour market. In addressing this inevitable issue, this study adopted the classical unemployment theory and the Keynesian theory of unemployment to explain the determinants’ of graduate unemployment. Both of these theories are used to advocate for government regulations and interventions aimed at alleviating graduate unemployment in South Africa. Methodologically, this study is qualitative in its nature and undertakes a critical doctrinal examination of secondary data and materials gathered from scholarly books, credible online websites, government reports and statistics, scientific journals, and articles from peer-reviewed journals and websites. The findings on graduate unemployment are presented from 2013 to 2022. For over a decade, the findings reveal a high rate of graduate unemployment, which is partly caused by the choice of qualifications by graduates and the mismatch of skills between graduates and employers. To validate these findings, the study further discusses determinants and prospects for graduate unemployment and recommends two approaches known as entrepreneurial development and hands-on practical job skills-set to address the issue. This study could be considered a solution to designing policies to reduce graduate unemployment in South Africa and it may be used as a guide to effect existing policies and programmes to explain graduate unemployment challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]