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Packaging waste makes up more than 10% of the landfilled waste in the United States. While consumers often want to make environmentally friendly product choices, we find that their perceptions of the environmental friendliness of product packaging may systematically deviate from its objective environmental friendliness. Eight studies (N = 4,103) document the perceived environmental friendliness (PEF) bias whereby consumers judge plastic packaging with additional paper to be more environmentally friendly than identical plastic packaging without the paper. The PEF bias is driven by consumers' "paper = good, plastic = bad" beliefs and by proportional reasoning, wherein packaging with a greater paper-to-plastic proportion is judged as more environmentally friendly. We further show that the PEF bias impacts consumers' willingness to pay and product choice. Importantly, this bias can be mitigated by a "minimal packaging sticker" intervention, which increases the environmental friendliness perceptions of plastic-only packaging, rendering plastic-packaged products to be preferable to their plastic-plus-paper-packaged counterparts. This research contributes to the packaging literature in marketing and to research on sustainability while offering practical implications for managers and public policy officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past quantitative studies have shown that most media coverage is of men. Here we ask if the scarce coverage that women get is qualitatively different from that of men. We use computer-coded sentiment scores for 14 million person names covered in 1,323 newspapers to investigate the three-way relationship between gender, fame, and sentiment. Additional large-scale data on occupational categories allow us to compare women and men within the same profession and rank. We propose that as women's fame increases their media coverage becomes negative more quickly when compared to men (a "paper cut"), because their violation of gender hierarchies and social expectations about typical feminine behavior evokes disproportionate scrutiny. We find that while overall media coverage is much more positive for women than for men, this difference disappears and even reverses at higher levels of fame. In encyclopedic sentiment data we find no biographic basis for women's disproportionate decline in media coverage sentiment at high fame, consistent with the conjectured double standard in media discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the mechanism by which knowledge spilled over from a firm's research publication consequently spills into the focal firm as a form of proprietary knowledge when it is engaged in an emerging science-related technology. We define the knowledge spillover pool (KSP) as an evolving group of papers citing a paper published by a firm. Focusing on the recent development of artificial intelligence, on which firms have published actively, we compare the KSP conditions related to the increase in patents created by the focal firm with those created by external actors. Using a Cox regression and subsequent contrast test, we find that both an increasing KSP and an increasing similarity between the idea published by the focal firm and KSP are positively related to the proprietary knowledge creation of both the focal firm and external actors, with such relations being significantly stronger for the focal firm than for external actors. On the contrary, an increasing proportion of industry papers in the KSP are positively associated with the proprietary knowledge creation not only by the focal firm but also by external actors to a similar degree. We contribute to the literature on selective revealing and to the firms' publishing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four decades of research into the influences of time pressure on risky decisions have produced widely contrasting findings: 38.5% of the effects indicate that time pressure increases risk preferences, whereas 61.5% show the opposite. A theoretical framework with four conceptual categories of moderators is proposed to explain these heterogeneous findings: nature of the time constraint, negative outcome salience, negative outcome severity, and vulnerability to the outcomes. This framework is tested through a meta-analysis of 213 effect sizes reported in 83 papers, representing 65,574 unique respondents. The four categories of moderators effectively resolve notable conflicts. For example, regarding the nature of the time constraint, an absolute versus relative constraint increases risk preferences, but an ambiguous versus objective constraint decreases risk preferences. In terms of negative outcome salience, risk preferences decrease if the risk is learned about from a description (vs. experience) or the outcome is framed as a loss (vs. gain). Negative outcome severity also exerts an effect, as discrete choices lower risk preferences compared with attitudinal risk. In addition to managerial and public policy implications based on simulations, a comprehensive research agenda that builds on the robust insights of this meta-analysis is offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a summary of the top 10 papers in ischaemic heart disease selected by the European Heart Journal Editors. The three main areas discussed include microvascular dysfunction, the role of revascularization for managing obstructive coronary artery disease, and the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome and clinical outcomes. The articles cover topics such as the association between coronary microvascular dysfunction and cerebral microvascular abnormalities, the diagnostic and prognostic performance of microvascular resistance reserve, the causes of Takotsubo syndrome, the effectiveness of revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention, the management of left main coronary artery disease, the use of PCI for managing angina in chronic coronary syndrome patients, outcomes in patients who remained stable 1 year after myocardial infarction, the timing of complete revascularization in myocardial infarction patients, the de-escalation of dual antiplatelet therapy, and the value of serial cardiac troponin measurement in patients with acute coronary syndrome. It is important to note that the selection of these papers is based on the editors' views and not a systematic search based on specific objective criteria. [Extracted from the article]

This article provides a summary of the top 10 papers in diabetes and metabolic disorders published in 2023, as selected by the editors of the European Heart Journal. The focus is on practical papers that address the identification and management of patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The article highlights the 2023 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for managing cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes, which emphasize the evaluation and identification of patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. The guidelines also introduce a new score, called SCORE2-Diabetes, to estimate the 10-year risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes. Other topics covered include the association of loneliness and social isolation with cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes, the efficacy and safety of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and peripheral artery disease, the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in cardiovascular prevention, and the impact of non-statin lipid-lowering agents on the risk of developing new-onset diabetes. Overall, these papers provide valuable insights into the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. [Extracted from the article]

This article provides a summary of the top 10 papers on valvular heart disease published in 2023. The papers were selected based on their quality, potential impact on clinical practice, and expected interest for readers. Some of the key findings include the long-term results of transcatheter aortic valve replacement in low-risk patients, the 10-year outcomes of the Nordic Aortic Valve Intervention trial, the prevalence and outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation in cardiogenic shock, the treatment of paravalvular aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation, the long-term impact of aortic prosthesis-patient mismatch, the risk of surgical primary mitral regurgitation repair, the optimal guideline-directed medical therapy before transcatheter valve intervention for secondary mitral regurgitation, the transcatheter repair for tricuspid regurgitation, the benefit of surgical and transcatheter treatment of tricuspid regurgitation according to clinical risk scores, and the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in mechanical aortic valves. The article also includes disclosures of potential conflicts of interest by the authors. [Extracted from the article]

Background and Aims Cress seeds release allelochemicals that over-stimulate the elongation of hypocotyls of neighbouring (potentially competing) seedlings and inhibit their root growth. The hypocotyl promoter is potassium, but the root inhibitor was unidentified; its nature is investigated here. Methods Low-molecular-weight cress-seed exudate (LCSE) from imbibed Lepidium sativum seeds was fractionated by phase partitioning, paper chromatography, high-voltage electrophoresis and gel-permeation chromatography (on Bio-Gel P-2). Fractions, compared with pure potassium salts, were bioassayed for effects on Amaranthus caudatus seedling growth in the dark for 4 days. Key Results The LCSE robustly promoted amaranth hypocotyl elongation and inhibited root growth. The hypocotyl inhibitor was non-volatile, hot acid stable, hydrophilic and resistant to incineration, as expected for K+. The root inhibitor(s) had similar properties but were organic (activity lost on incineration). The root inhibitor(s) remained in the aqueous phase (at pH 2.0, 6.5 and 9.0) when partitioned against butan-1-ol or toluene, and were thus hydrophilic. Activity was diminished after electrophoresis, but the remaining root inhibitors were neutral. They became undetectable after paper chromatography; therefore, they probably comprised multiple compounds, which separated from each other, in part, during fractionation. On gel-permeation chromatography, the root inhibitor co-eluted with hexoses. Conclusions Cress-seed allelochemicals inhibiting root growth are different from the agent (K+) that over-stimulates hypocotyl elongation and the former probably comprise a mixture of small, non-volatile, hydrophilic, organic substances. Abundant components identified chromatographically and by electrophoresis in cress-seed exudate fitting this description include glucose, fructose, sucrose and galacturonic acid. However, none of these sugars co-chromatographed and co-electrophoresed with the root-inhibitory principle of LCSE, and none of them (in pure form at naturally occurring concentrations) inhibited root growth. We conclude that the root-inhibiting allelochemicals of cress-seed exudate remain unidentified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco is a popular choice in Australia, with some people who smoke finding these products more attractive than factory-made cigarettes (FMC). Differences in visual and tactile properties and in the feel and taste of the smoke may contribute to this attractiveness. These differences may be driven by variation in tobacco constituents and wrapping paper permeability. However, to date, there has been no comparison of RYO and FMC products on the Australian market. Aims and Methods Chemical constituents, pH, flavorants, and paper permeability were compared in unburned RYO tobacco and tobacco from FMC. RYO and FMC products from matched brands were compared, as were products from the most popular FMC and RYO brands on the Australian market in 2018. Results RYO tobacco had higher moisture and humectant content (glycerol and propylene glycol) than FMC tobacco. RYO tobacco also had higher amounts of total and reducing sugars and lower nicotine when comparing the most popular brands. RYO papers were less permeable than FMC papers. Both RYO and FMC tobacco contained many chemicals identified as flavorants, including fourteen with known potential health risks. For most measured constituents and flavorants, RYO tobaccos had more in common with other RYO than FMC, with the commonalities remaining even when matched brands were compared. Conclusions Higher levels of moisture, humectants, and sugars in Australian RYO tobacco compared to FMC may be increasing attractiveness of RYO by reducing the harsh taste of the smoke and increasing the moist feel of the tobacco. Implications While price is the main factor driving the use of RYO tobacco, some people who smoke find these products more attractive. This study has shown that Australian RYO tobacco contains higher amounts of glycerol, propylene glycol, and sugars than FMC. These chemicals may be improving the taste of the tobacco, as well as creating a moist feel that is falsely perceived as indicating that the tobacco is "fresh" and "less chemically." Ironically, it may be that higher amounts of some added chemicals in RYO contribute to false perceptions of a more natural and less harmful product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a few results about the global nonlinear stability of nontrivial large solution to quasilinear wave equations. Time-like extremal surface in Minkowski space is an important model of quasilinear wave equation. There are two folds in this paper. Firstly, we get the existence of traveling wave solution to the time-like extremal hypersurface in |$\mathbb {R}^{1+(n+1)}$|⁠ , which can be considered as the generalized Bernstein theorem. For |$n=2$|⁠ , we are also concerned with global stability of traveling wave solutions with speed of light to time-like extremal hypersurface equation in |$1+(2+1)$| dimensional Minkowski space, which is corresponding with quasilinear wave equation in two space dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]