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This article talks about international trade in the period between 1862-1879, or the greenback period. F.W. Taussig, a professor, concluded in 1917 that with the U.S., which was using inconvertible paper money as monetary standard, borrowing heavily and continuously from Great Britain, which was using gold as basis, there will be increased sterling supply in New York and lowered cost, in U.S. paper, of imported commodities. The author noted that when both countries are on a gold basis, there will be an influx of gold from Great Britain in the U.S. and general prices will rise, while they fall in Great Britain. He concluded that the large borrowing operations of the U.S. in the 1860s was an important factor in the disturbance of the normal course of trade.

The article reports on issues related to the decision to produce hydrogen weapon and the recently issued Statement on Defense which have sparked a series of parliamentary debates on atomic weapons and their social effects in Great Britain. The Statement on Defense in 1955, which was published as White Paper, has laid out the government's views and policy on nuclear and conventional forces. The said Defense White Paper has brought the differences in the Labour party. A large minority, led by Aneurin Bevan, insists that hydrogen bomb should be used only as a last resource, and objects to the implications in the White Paper. The rest of the party are seen to have split among extreme pacifists. The Conservative party, on the other hand, accept the hydrogen bomb as a deterrent.

This article presents an abstract of the paper A Study of the Variety of Paper Sizes in the U.K., by M. N. Pherwani and S. Eilon. Case studies in the consumption of stationery paper revealed a wide variety of products and a pricing policy which does not penalize customers for ordering non-standard or odd sizes. Cost analysis by use of break-even charts is not applicable, owing to the difficulty of allocating fixed costs to the various products. The amount of scrap caused by cutting paper rolls to predetermined stationery sizes is suggested as an alternative criterion, and application of linear programming to scheduling of paper sizes is demonstrated. An overall saving to the industry of about 2 percent of produced material is estimated to be the result if scientific scheduling is adopted.

The article discusses the report and research papers published by the Great Britain Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations, pertaining to industrial relations. The Commission was set up on April 8, 1965 and reported in June 1968. In addition to its report, it published between June 1966 and May 1968 thirteen substantial research papers. The report is closely argued and its recommendations proceed logically from the argument. It begins with certain assumptions. Those who hoped to see the Commission indict the unions and impose legal restraints upon them have been disappointed. The Report as a whole is thus a consistent, restrained, dignified document concerned equally with realities and civilized standards. Reading the Report and the research papers, one is struck by the concordance between the approaches of the researchers and that of the Commission. The first part of the paper is mainly cast in the form of a lecture to management. The studies of Employers' Associations make one wonder why they were included in the terms of reference of the Commission. For occupational psychologists it could be the practical introduction to all those aspects of industry, which are left outside their syllabus.

The purpose of Part I of this paper is to place the contribution of Guttentag-Lindsay in historical perspective and in particular to relate the entire controversy concerning the uniqueness of commercial banks to the nineteenth century dispute regarding the uniqueness of the Bank of England. My objective will be accomplished primarily by showing how closely the Guttentag-Lindsay model parallels the framework used by Bagehot. Bagehot's objectives in Lombard Street (1873) were to disabuse the politicians and the financial community of the view that the Bank of England was not unique (i.e., that it was "like any other bank"), to show in what ways the Bank was unique, and to draw the implications of the Bank's uniqueness for Bank policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the application of Analogue Computers to the subject of Production Control and allied topics. A review is made of research applications of Analogue Computers to Economics, Operational Research and Production Control. The role of the Analogue Computer as applied to Production Control problems in British industry is also discussed. The probable course of future research and applications of analogue computation methods to problems occurring in Production Control is considered; a method of approach is proposed and an Analogue Inventory Policy Simulator described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic hypothesis of this paper is that occupational group ties are stronger in Britain than in the United States. A number of test implications are inferred from this hypothesis and the relevant evidence on each of these, to be found in existing comparative studies, is presented. Occupations in the two countries are first compared as independent collectivities with respect to their autonomy, socialization, colleague relationships, deviance, and occupational identity. They are then considered within their normal organizational environment, and the differences between the two countries in the relationship between these occupational groups and the administration of the organization are compared. Three types of organization are distinguished: where one group forms a large majority, where two groups are approximately equal, and where one or more groups form a small minority. Some proposals are made for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the changing methods of government consultation in Great Britain. The method used in the first Green Paper of April 1967 was to invite public discussion on the memorandum which the Green Paper contained and which the Government had previously sent to the National Economic Development Council and the regional planning councils for their comments. In the nine Green Papers published by the Labour Government, five of them followed the pattern of the first Green Paper in inviting public discussion while policy was still in a formative stage. A comparison was made between the two Green Papers on reorganization of the national health service and the Consultative Document with a view to arriving at an understanding of the fundamental differences which exist between these two types of document. But there has been little, if any let-up in the production of Green Papers since the Conservative Government came to power.

There has been an ever-growing stream of books, pamphlets and articles on how to achieve and maintain employment, as of September 1944. It has become quite impossible for economists to read all these recipes, mainly because they all say more or less the same thing. They nearly all agree that the way to keep up the level of national employment is to keep up the level of national expenditure. In one way and another, national expenditure was permitted to increase in a number of countries, and some measure of recovery was achieved in the process. The reason for the recovery was not always understood, it was attributed to cheap money, an unbalanced budget, raising of tariffs, devaluation of the currency, increasing the general price level and so on, by the countries adopting these various measures. It was not realized that it was only in so far as the measures taken involved an increase in the total volume of spending in the country concerned that they could raise its level of employment at all and that in itself a rise in prices, far from promoting recovery, diminished the effect in stimulating employment of a given increase in spending. The article talks about the recent British government report on employment policy. There is nothing particularly novel about any of the measures recommended in the policy, nor do they involve any revolutionary change in economic practice or organization. What is new is, first, that the government there accept as one of their primary aims and responsibilities the maintenance of a high and stable level of employment and second, that the various measures proposed are commended as part of a single coherent plan.

Presents various econometric models of different countries. Problem of stabilization policy in underdeveloped countries; Productivity and comparative costs of Great Britain and the U.S. in international trade.

Presents several labor research papers of the Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations in Great Britain. "The Role of Shop Stewards in British Industrial Relations"; "Disputes Procedures in British Industry"; "Industrial Sociology and Industrial Relations"; "Productivity Bargaining and Restrictive Labour Practices"; "Trade Union Structure and Government"; "Overtime Working in Britain."

This article discusses the tax credit scheme published in Great Britain in October 1972. Unlike some of the so-called negative income tax schemes in the U.S., the British scheme depends on using the normal income tax structure both to pay out cash and to collect revenue. Moreover, initial public and professional reaction has been favorable. The tax credit scheme has a double intention. It would give automatic help, through the tax system, to those with low incomes, and it would simplify the tax structure. Essentially, the scheme proposes to end the family allowance and family income supplement programs and to replace the various tax exemptions by a tax credit for nearly all taxpayers. A tax exemption for a child is of no value to a family if its income is already too low to pay a tax. This plan would give the family below the tax limit the cash equivalent of the exemption. The scheme would include: all employees who were earning more than £8 a week; all pensioners and widows receiving a widow's benefit; and all other recipients of the main national insurance benefits--sickness and unemployment. Altogether, they and their dependents would comprise over 90 percent of the population. Those in the scheme would be issued a credit card by the tax authorities, and they would present this card to their employer who would credit them. If the individual was a pensioner or on sick pay or unemployment benefits for longer than six weeks, the credit card would be transferred to the Social Security Department who would credit the individual with the appropriate amount in addition to his pension or benefit. All National Insurance benefits would be taxed at the same 30 percent rate, and all beneficiaries would receive the credit. At present, sickness and unemployment benefits are not taxed; pensions for the aged are.

This article presents comments on the research paper by Joseph Aschheim entitled "Supplementary Security-Reserve Requirements Reconsidered." Presented are comments on how the volume of bank deposits is regulated in Great Britain. The author states that Aschheim's analysis is "limited to supplementary security-reserve requirements with the objective of insulating bank-held government debt, in whole or in part, from the impact of restrictive monetary policies on the private credit market." Comments on the liquidity ratio in Great Britain are also provided.

The article presents the author's comparison of the patterns of publicity, privacy, and secrecy between the U.S. and Great Britain. In Great Britain, the equilibrium of publicity, privacy, and secrecy is more stable, and its deviations from the normal state are smaller than they are in the U.S. The British governmental papers which are not published at the time as part of government policy, are opened to scholarly inspection only after a very long lapse of time and even then with restrictions. On the other hand, in the U.S., government documents are made available to historians without long delay.

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper describes the extent to which formal financial justification was carried out for most of the process control computer applications in a major British industry. It also discusses some of the problems associated with financial evaluation and with planning computer installations. Finally the paper looks at the relative severity of a wide range of problems common to the installations studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a 1958 report by the Central Office of Information, the British public buys more newspapers per person than does the public of any other country in the world. In that year the 16 million families in Great Britain bought over 16 million national morning newspapers, about 2½ million London evening papers, about 27 million national Sunday papers, as well as huge quantities of weekly and monthly publications and over 9 million provincial morning and evening newspapers. There was then, and there is now, an enormous circulation of newspapers and magazines. Even so, the circulation figures for the national publications have, for several years, declined, as of September 1, 1961. By newspaper standards that decline is serious. It is serious because it means much more than a loss in revenue from sales or a declining service to readers. It means a loss in advertising revenue at a time when production costs are extremely high. It is understandable that the press should look for a cause. One of the things that pressmen and others have seen is that this period of decline coincided with a period in which the proportion of homes with television sets in them was still rapidly growing. This comparison constitutes part of the case for a fairly widespread view that television is responsible for declining circulation figures. This case has the support of an appealing argument that if people are spending their time watching television they will have less time for reading papers and that if papers go unread for a long period they will cease to be bought. This is, in fact, a large part of the case for suggesting that television is responsible.

This section presents a list of information resources on British labor history for the period 1954-1971.

The article discusses the issues concerning the transport policy in Great Britain. The formation of transport policy has been and still is a confused world of ideology, interest, economics and several adjustment for political gain. A product of this complex system of interaction has been the Transport Holding Inc. The functions of the holding company are mainly concerned with investment business and the handling of the central pool of capital. The organization and structure of Transport Holding is presented. The company emerges as an interest group attempting to influence decision making, in a very similar way to the more commonly accepted private groups.

The article focuses on developments relevant to education in Great Britain as of October 1973. Nigel Grant, reader in education at the University of Edinburgh, joined the Editorial Board of "Comparative Education" magazine. The eight session of the Standing Conference of European Ministers of Education was held in June 1973, which focused on "The Educational Needs of the 16-19 Age Group." UNESCO released its latest publication "Present Problems in the Democratization of Secondary and Higher Education." The Schools Council and the Standing Conference on University Entrance published the Working Paper 46, entitled "16-19: Growth and Response, 2. Examination Structure" and Working Paper 47, "Preparation for Degree Courses."

The article focuses on the press and public opinion in Great Britain, discussed at the Conference of the British Sociological Association in 1955. The first influence on the policy of a paper will be its tradition, which is a vital part of its goodwill as a business. Next important factor is the readership's character and the circulation. A paper that is read standing in the train, giving special attention to the interests of women, punters and filmgoers, will not have space to inform its readers adequately about foreign affairs. Third in the list of influences in a newspaper office comes the experience, educational background, sense of responsibility of the editor and his editorial staff. Whatever the policy of the paper, their special interests and bias will be reflected in it. The next factor to consider is contact with readers. The newspaper can influence the reader by a multitude of stories, ideas, recommendations and services. The reader can only refuse his pennies. Circulation is, of course, very important. Without it advertising dies, and the paper dies with it. But generally speaking, the paper's attitude in foreign affairs will be a secondary factor in the reader's choice of reading.