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This paper focuses on understanding the behavior of electrolyte's flow through an electrochemical mixed flow reactor by studying the residence time distribution. Tracer tests were utilized to examine the residence time distribution at several mixing speeds (300, 450, and 600 rpm), without and with an airflow by various compartment models. The results revealed that the models of the ideal reactor with a dead volume and the ideal reactor with bypass were failed to express the experimental data, while a three-parameter model that was consist of a dead volume, a bypass, and an exchange fraction succeeded to describe the electrolyte exit age distribution behavior. The value of bypass fraction increased for the electrochemical mixed flow reactors without airflow. Whereas, in the presence of airflow, the bypass fraction values decreased with an increase in the mixing speed. The fraction of active volume decreased with mixing speed increasing for the reactor with and without airflow. The values of the fluid exchange fraction were relatively high and reduced with the increase in mixing speed in the reactor without airflow, while this phenomenon differed in the reactor with an airflow. The values of the experimental average residence time were close to that obtained by the solved compartment model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, more than 12% of the population will experience thyroid dysfunction. Patient symptoms often reported with thyroid dysfunction include fatigue and weight change. However, little is understood about the relationship between these symptoms documented in the outpatient setting and ordering patterns for thyroid testing among various patient groups by age and sex. We developed a natural language processing and deep learning pipeline to identify patientreported outcomes of weight change and fatigue among patients with a thyroid stimulating hormone test. We built upon prior works by comparing 5 open-source, Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) to determine which models could accurately identify these symptoms from clinical texts. For both fatigue (f) and weight change (wc), Bio_ClinicalBERT achieved the highest F1-score (f: 0.900; wc: 0.906) compared BERT (f: 0.899; wc: 0.890), DistilBERT (f: 0.852; wc: 0.912), Biomedical RoBERTa (f: 0.864; wc: 0.904), and PubMedBERT (f: 0.882; wc: 0.892). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic and age segregation has often considered as a challenge for integration processes and sustainability of local communities. High spatial concentrations of ethnic minorities can lead to the establishment of parallel societies with low interaction between minority and majority populations. In Latvia, a relatively homogeneous Russian-speaking minority form a considerable part of the population, giving Latvia one of the highest proportions of ethnic minorities in Europe. Besides the more known form of ethnic segregation, there is an essential dimension in residential differentiation regarding a demographic trait such as individuals age. Moreover, this dimension has not attracted as much attention in population studies because it is viewed as less problematic than ethnic injustice or socioeconomic inequality. Nevertheless, all the dimensions of residential segregation exist simultaneously and overlap each other, so to interpret the ethnic segregation, it is vital to have a basic awareness and understanding of age dimension. Even though most ethnic minorities have lived in Latvia for decades, little is known about their residential patterns and concentrations, especially across the different age groups. Using individual-level census and population register data, this paper aims to understand how age intersects with ethnicity in residential segregation patterns. We present evidence on whether, and to what degree, residential age segregation has changed across the regions over time (2000-2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asia has witnessed robust economic growth since the 1960s. Today, emerging markets in Asia have managed to maintain rapid growth even when the world's main economies suffer from debt and banking crises. However, declining total fertility rate, increasing life expectancy, continuous change of birth and death patterns, and increasing share of old age population in the age distribution in Asia exert significant pressure on its economies. This paper analyses the relationship between population ageing and economic growth using 2 different panels of countries; one Asian and another the from the oldest countries worldwide between 1970 and 2014. The analysis is based on the Auto Regression Distributed Lag models. The MG (Mean Group) and PMG (Pooled Mean Group) estimations are applied in this analysis. The Hausman Test is conducted to decide between the MG and PMG estimators. We find that ageing will negatively affect the economy in the long run. The growing number of youths will initially have a negative effect on the economy but would eventually lead to a positive growth in the future. The old age dependency ratio has yet to have affect the Asian economy but is expected eventually to impose a negative effect as seen in the oldest nations of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the rate of entrepreneurship in the U.S. economy from 1899-1988. It finds that variation in rates of entrepreneurship result from variation in rates of technological change, business failures, immigration, GNP growth, taxation, religious values and the age distribution of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]