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Purpose: This article attempts to answer questions about what employees of the younger generations, especially Generation Z, are looking for in today's labour market, what they get from their employers, what challenges they face, and what expectations the today’s reality has generated among representatives of this generation. The presented article presents selected results of research conducted among representatives of Generation Z in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The empirical research was conducted by means of a diagnostic survey using a questionnaire technique (27 questions). Statistical analyses were performed including - descriptive statistical analysis, attendance analysis, X² association test, and Fisher's exact test. Findings: The results presented in this article indicate problems related to psychophysical aspects affecting the functioning of Generation Z employees-depression, anxiety, poor wellbeing. The conducted research also indicates problems related to the sense of meaning at work, determining the preferred career path of Generation Z, as well as the importance of trust and relationships in the professional dimension. Research limitations/implications: Limited research sample. Originality/value: The article is addressed to scientists and business practitioners who research or employ representatives of Generation Z. The collected data show problematic areas of functioning: lack of sense of purpose, psychological problems, problems with defining professional goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The analysis of the employment situation of Polish women after the COVID-19 pandemic and identification of measures in the area of labour market equality policy, both at the legal level, i.e. national and European Union regulations, as well as good practices in this area applied by enterprises. Design/methodology/approach: This study is a review and attempts to analyse the professional situation of women on the Polish labour market after the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the latest Polish and foreign reports. Findings: Current social and economic changes create conditions for a greater participation of women in the labour market, including in management. Gender equality measures concerning formal guarantees of equal treatment of women and men in the professional sphere should ensure the equal participation of women in the labour market. The problem of gender inequality in the labour market described in this paper needs to be looked at from a broader perspective than just legal or social justice. It should be seen as an opportunity to harness the potential of women as a force for economic growth and the development of businesses and entire economies. It is therefore worth pursuing and promoting all measures aimed at increasing women's participation in the labour market, including in management positions. Research limitations/implications: The paper points out the benefits of taking pro-equality measures and supporting the conscious use of gender diversity as one of the organisational values. This should serve as a starting point for considering ways to avoid wasting the potential that makes up half of Polish society. Methods supporting gender equality in organisations were identified - both internal company regulations to ensure favourable working conditions for women, and those at the level of Polish socio-economic policy and European Union directives which make it easier to combine work and family responsibilities. Arguments are also provided for increasing the proportion of women in managerial positions with a view to gender diversity, which promotes the efficiency of companies and national economies. Practical implications: the author presented good practices of companies in terms of gender equality policies. Originality/value: Given the dynamic changes on the Polish labour market, which is already facing very strong supply pressures, seeking solutions to encourage as many people as possible on the labour market, including women, to remain economically active for as long as possible is a necessary condition for the development of the modern economy. Harnessing the potential of women brings tangible effects to economies and businesses, and therefore measures should be taken to redress the gender imbalance in various areas of the wider labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of paper: This research paper examines the expectations of Generation Z (Gen Z) in relation to today's labor market in a case study sample comparing peers from Poland and Croatia. This article aims to analyze this generation's unique expectations, values and aspirations for the workplace. An additional goal of the article is to identify differences and similarities between Gen Z representatives in Poland and Croatia and to propose new model of HR dedicated for Gen Z. Design/approach: In order to achieve the intended purpose, a quantitative survey was conducted on Polish and Croatian management students. The article consists of 3 parts. The first deals with the theoretical context - as a brief review of related literature to recognize Generation Z in a brief description of the local (Polish and Croatian) labor market context. The second part includes a brief assumptions of the adopted methodology and presentation of research results related to the recognition of careers and workplace expectations of Polish and Croatian Generation Z on a preliminary research sample. The last part is the conclusions and an attempt to conceptualize our own proposal for a new HRM model for this new, non-examined so in depth generation. Practical implications: The study's primary outcomes revealed that Generation Z members value job security and financial stability, exhibiting a preference for employment within large corporations. Despite being commonly referred to as those proficient in digital technology, they must establish solid interpersonal connections with their colleagues and express their thoughts and opinions openly. Despite the cultural variations and various national identities, the representatives of Generation Z from Poland and Croatia had very similar outcomes regarding their aspirations and perspectives. Therefore, it can be deduced that the most recent cohort of individuals joining the workforce in the surveyed student population possesses a perception of a widespread and consistent comprehension of their occupational obligations. Social implications: There can be assumed some implications of the findings for employers, policymakers, and educators in both countries. Provide insights into how organizations can better attract, retain, and support the career development of Generation Z in light of their unique expectations, in particular in a lack of social competency in perspective of employeers. Findings: This study offers empirical evidence that supports the prevailing notion of Generation Z as a universally homogeneous cohort about their attitudes and behaviours within the workplace context. Originality/value: Comparing the expectations of the Polish and Croatian Generation Z entering the labor market could offer a valuable contribution to the field of cross-cultural studies, labor market research, and generational dynamics. Here are some potential points of originality and value for such presented results of research: cultural differences in work values between Poland and Croatia, educational systems and career preparedness, technological influences by how technology, digitalization, and connectivity have influenced the expectations of Generation Z in both countries, implications for employers and policymakers in both countries in proposition of 10 factors approach to new model of HCM dedicated to expectations of Gen Z. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: An analysis of the situation of women on the Polish labour market and identification of arguments in favour of measures supporting the professional activation of women. Design/methodology/approach: This study is an overview and attempts to analyse the situation of women in the Polish economy on the basis of recent Polish and foreign reports. Findings: Macroeconomic benefits and the potential to improve business performance are arguments in favour of measures to activate women in the labour market, to support their career development and to promote gender diversity in companies to attract talent. Research limitations/implications: The paper identifies the micro- and macro-economic benefits of increasing women's participation in the labour market. Practical implications: The author characterises the changes taking place on the labour market in the context of the situation of women, with particular reference to Polish socio-economic policy regulations and European Union directives on equality policy. Originality/value: Given the dynamic changes on the Polish labour market, which is already facing very strong supply pressures, seeking solutions to encourage as many people as possible on the labour market, including women, to remain economically active for as long as possible is a necessary condition for the development of the modern economy. Harnessing the potential of women brings tangible results for economies and businesses, hence measures should be taken to redress the gender imbalance in various areas of the wider labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper reviews the literature on migrants in elderly care regarding their involvement in the host country's labour market. The study aimed to find the most commonly used research methods and what topics are popular when studying this phenomenon. It is needed because of the ageing of the population, particularly in Europe, and the growing interest in employing migrants in senior care. Design/methodology/approach: Fifty-seven articles selected from Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases were analysed. I took only articles published in English into account. They were selected based on an analysis of abstracts. The MAXQDA software was used. Findings: The literature review showed that there are three main themes concerning migrants in senior care: labour market and institutional aspects, qualification aspects, and individual aspects. Very little is known about the long-term impacts of using migrant workers in elderly care, including how it may affect the local community. We know too little on the impact of migration restriction and immigration policies on the elderly care workforce. There is a gap in knowledge in relation to economic aspects of migrant work in elderly care. Research limitations/implications: The literature review has limitations. First, there may be a lack of consistency in the methods and outcomes reported across studies, making it difficult to compare and synthesize the findings. Secondly, it’s time-limited and does not include the most recent studies, which can lead to an incomplete picture of the current state of research. Thirdly, the findings of literature reviews are not generalizable to other populations or contexts. Because policies towards migrants in elderly care vary from country to country. Originality/value: The literature review showed that there is a gap in knowledge, especially about economic aspects of migrant work in elderly care, regarding the presence of migrants in senior care in Central and East European Countries (CEE). The recommendation for future research is to look at how migrant workers in elderly care interact with local labour markets and to what extent they meet the demand for care work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to assess labour productivity in the bioeconomy and the significance of this sector to the labour market in the member states of the European Union. Design/methodology/approach: The surveys were based on data retrieved from the EU Bioeconomy Monitoring System developed by the European Commission9s Joint Research Center for the years 2010-2020. The official classification of economic activity in Europe (NACE) was used. The analysis took into account the size and structure of employment, the percentage share of bioeconomy workers in the total workforce, and labour productivity. Findings: The study showed that in 2020 bioeconomy employed 16.5 million people in 27 EU member states, but in comparison to the year 2010, the rate of employment decreased by almost 14%. The agricultural and food sector, which from 2010 to 2020 employed 78.5% of bioeconomy workers, plays a predominant role in the market. Member states differ in the number and structure of bioeconomy workers, but also in labour productivity. Labour productivity leaders in the bioeconomy were Ireland, Belgium and Sweden, while the bio-based electricity sector was the most productive one. Agriculture achieved the lowest efficiency in utilising the labour factor, so countries with a high level of employment in agriculture also featured relatively low labour productivity in the bioeconomy. Practical and social implications: New conditions to which the European economy needs to adapt imply a need for the development and social acceptance of the bioeconomy. This also provides a rationale for further research taking into account new socio-economic conditions, including labour market conditions. Originality/value: The study fills the research gap in the assessment of the bioeconomy from the perspective of the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the publication is to present changes in the Lubuskie labor market and their impact on the living conditions of the local community. Design/methodology/approach: The paper uses statistical data and source materials. Findings: The article presents the most important issues related to the labor market and analyzes key indicators, GDP dynamics, employment rate, directions of social policy development in order to present the changes taking place in Lubuskie province. Originality/value: The article is aimed at people interested in analyzing the labor market, living conditions of the population, people also interested in regional policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to observe and describe undergraduates entering the labour market in Poland and in Georgia and fill the gaps in the literature. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a structured and self-administered online questionnaire. The population of the Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, in Poland was 900 active students, and the students of the Tbilisi State University - 4460. Cramér's V was used to check the association between different variables. The questionnaire is in line with the International Labour Organization and the National Statistics Office of Georgia methodology. Findings: The study shows us that the results of two different countries are not as far apart as it would have to be supposed, but Georgian and Polish education system differ toward connection to the labour market. Research limitations/implications: The study uses a short period to collect the data and a small sample. Another limitation of the study is the non-coincidence of the Education System in Poland and Georgia. Moreover, the limitation that may arise is the use of Email surveys that have several limitations, primarily being that they can appear dry and uninteresting. Practical implications: The study can be used by regulators, researchers, scientists, public institutions, and Governments. Originality/value: This is one of the first attempts to analyse data from Poland and Georgia and focuses on undergraduates. The article aims to determine whether there is an association between specific variables. The authors believe that this paper will gain some attention from policymakers and can allow Governments to take action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this article is to show the situation of graduates of the University of Silesia in Katowice in the transition from the education system to the labour market in the period before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: This article presents the results of a survey (quantitative online research) that was conducted one year after graduation among graduates of the University of Silesia. The results of surveys conducted among graduates graduating in the 2016/2017 academic year (N = 845) and in the 2020/2021 academic year (N = 908) were compared. Findings: Empirical studies have shown that graduates who graduated in the pre-pandemic period were better prepared to be function in the labour market than graduates whose period of study fell during the pandemic. Pre-pandemic graduates were more likely to report that they had knowledge of where and how to look for a job and where to work after graduation, and were more likely to work. Research limitations/implications: A key limitation of the study is that not all graduates take part in this type of survey, which makes it difficult to aggregate data to the levels of individual fields of study. It should be recommended to continue the research on the professional fate of graduates of higher education institutions - however, it can be postulated that the research methodology should be extended to include qualitative research, e.g. focus group interviews with graduates. It can also be postulated to carry out research among employers who employ graduates. Social implications: Improving the methodology of researching the professional fate of graduates will have an impact on better adjustment of the fields of study to the needs of the labour market. Originality/value: The article shows how the unprecedented situation of the pandemic negatively affects the preparation of young people to get into the labour market. It shows the differences between graduates graduating before the Covid-19 pandemic and graduates who studied during the pandemic in terms of the transition from the education system to the labour market. The article is addressed to those interested in labour market issues - in particular the issue of youth transition from the education system to the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this article is to identify effective measures to prevent silent departures declared by managers. The following research problems were formulated: what are the causes of the phenomenon of silent departures as perceived by managers? What actions do managers believe are most effective in counteracting silent departures in the organisations they manage? Design/methodology/approach: The research problems were addressed using a narrative literature review method and a qualitative research study (FGI) conducted with a sample of 10 managers representing the corporate sector. Findings: The causes of quiet quitting can be psychological, social, economic or managerial. Among the most important psychological causes of quiet quitting are: changes in the individual value system consisting in the lowering of the rank of career as a determinant of success in life, an increase in the intensity of individualistic and narcissistic attitudes, an increase in the intensity of hedonistic needs going hand in hand with a decrease in psychological resilience, a sense of disillusionment with relationships in the work environment. Among the social causes, changes in the social system of values were identified, consisting in an increase in the importance of individualism and a decrease in the ethos of work in favour of individual wellbeing. Among the economic sources of silent departures, the shortage of employees and the relatively low wages in many organisations and professional groups are mentioned. An important group of causes of the crisis of intrinsic motivation of employees are unprofessional behaviour of managers, especially the deficit of organisational leadership and social competences. Research limitations/implications: Conclusions need to be confirmed by quantitative research on a representative sample of managers. Further research should also take into account the specificities of the public sector. Practical implications: On the basis of the theoretical and cognitive analysis and qualitative research carried out, a number of recommendations of a practical nature can be formulated, the implementation of which is part of the prevention of silent departures. Originality/value: Innovative is the theme of the article. The problem of qq is new and rarely addressed by researchers in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to introduce the phenomenon of quiet quitting and to identify the risks of this phenomenon to organisations. Design/methodology/approach: The research methods used in the article include: critical analysis of primary literature and secondary data analysis. Findings: The results of the research presented in the article indicate that understanding quiet quitting allows organisations and managers to achieve sufficient management and improve work culture, helps employees avoid burnout, but can put their careers at risk, however, it is detrimental to organisations. The risk of quiet quitting in the organisations of the time was determined to be very high and the risk factors associated with quiet quitting were presented. It is shown that it can be a predictor of actual employees leaving their place of employment. Research limitations/implications: As the issue under study is broad and multifaceted, the article only discusses the main problems associated with quiet quitting. Originality/value: The issue of quiet quitting presented in the article has not been investigated to date. Exploring selected aspects of 'quiet quitting' may broaden contemporary organisations' understanding of the phenomenon and the problems associated with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to investigate the diverse effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on the economy, with the aim of offering a comprehension of its consequences on different industries and socioeconomic factors. This research endeavours to enhance understanding of the transformative impacts of AI on global economies by investigating the correlation between the adoption of AI and economic dynamics, thereby providing valuable insights. Design/methodology/approach: The research paper utilizes an interdisciplinary methodology that integrates approaches to examine the diverse impacts of artificial intelligence on the economy. Findings: The article presented a nuanced analysis of the multifaceted consequences of adopting AI technology in various aspects including macroeconomics, industry-specific implications, labour market dynamics, socioeconomic factors, and policy considerations. The research outcomes emphasized the significance of a comprehensive and equitable approach to the integration of AI, considering ethical considerations, policy frameworks, and targeted initiatives aimed at ensuring the fair distribution of the advantages and opportunities created by AI. Research limitations/implications: The relationship between the adoption of AI and macroeconomic factors may require a more complex analytical framework. Investigating the possible harmonization and joint efforts between AI and human workers is an avenue that should be explored in future research. To achieve a more thorough comprehension of the multifaceted effects of AI on the economy, upcoming studies should aim to overcome these limitations. Originality/value: The article offers a distinctive perspective by employing a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach, as well as by considering the broad socioeconomic implications. Its significance lies in providing guidance to policymakers, businesses, researchers, educators, and the wider public, facilitating a more profound comprehension of the impact of AI on economies, and ultimately promoting responsible and fair integration of AI technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the article was identification and analysis of factors influencing students' career planning and development in Poland and Italy. Design/methodology/approach: The first stage of the research involved an analysis of the source literature and a review of the activities undertaken by universities in order to support students in career planning. This was followed by an analysis of reports on the situation of young people on the labour market in Poland and Italy. The final research method was a diagnostic survey with the use of a questionnaire, which was addressed to students of selected universities in both countries. Findings: Polish and Italian students are aware of their needs regarding their future careers, they are able to formulate career goals and to select a strategy needed to achieve them. However, there are noticeable differences in the implementation of their career plans. These discrepancies may be due to the socio-economic situation of students’ countries of origin. Practical implications: The article is a source of information for both students embarking on their professional careers and employers who will be able to meet the expectations of young employees, as well as universities seeking to create competitive activities in order to support professional development of their students and graduates. Originality/value: The article presents an interesting, comprehensive and comparative study of students in two EU countries, taking into account not only labour market data, but also direct opinions of students and an analysis of the career support activities offered by universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Presentation of the complexity of the stakeholder structure of the Integrated Qualification System (ZSK in Polish), in particular the area related to the category of the market qualifications. This system is an element of public policy, which is a response to the dynamism of change in the market, aimed at acquiring and supplementing human capital qualifications in accordance with the needs of employers. The article also shows possible scenarios for the use of the ZSK in secondary and higher education. Design/methodology/approach: The author uses the method of analysis of the literature on the subject, legal documents of available reports. Findings: The traditional distinction between formal and non-formal education is losing relevance. At the stage of current societal development, only offering high-quality educational services that incorporate formal verification of learning outcomes (validation) and combine standard forms of formal education with the inherently more flexible educational structures inherent in non-formal education can ensure synergies in the implementation of an effective lifelong learning policy. Practical implications: The conclusions can be used by governing bodies of secondary schools and universities. Originality/value: presenting the opportunities for the use of ZSK market qualifications within the secondary and tertiary education system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to analyze social welfare system in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: Critical literature analysis. Analysis of international literature from main databases and Polish literature and legal acts connecting with researched topic. Findings: At the municipal level, the unit providing social assistance nearest to the citizen is the municipal or municipal social assistance centre. It is also the basic institution to which people in need come for help. Regional Social Policy Centres operate at the regional level, which are focused on creating social policy and promoting innovation in this area, as well as providing appropriate qualifications to social assistance staff. They are subject to Voivodship marshals. At the level of government administration, issues of social assistance belong to the Ministry of the Family, Labour and Social Policy. The scope of tasks of the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy is extremely wide, therefore, some of the tasks in the field of social assistance have been delegated to local government units. Originality/value: Detailed analysis of all subjects related to creating and managing social welfare policy in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present and discuss the results of pilot studies conducted among students of three faculties of Silesian University of Technology: Faculty of Organization and Management; Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. The paper presents a thesis assuming that temporary work is a frequently chosen form of employment among students. The aim of the pilot studies was to analyse the preferred employment types among students and to indicate the factors and conditions that influence the choice of temporary work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents results of the nationwide questionnaire survey of trade unions on the five leading megatrends: automation, decarbonisation, demography, digitisation, globalization. The aim was to investigate and complete analysis of the labour market participants' competences and the attitudes to the key problems of the contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main purpose of the article is to justify the need for interdisciplinary professional training of employees for challenges related to the growing importance of dynamically developing digitalization, which is closely related to the development of civilization. Design/methodology/approach: The theses presented in the article have been verified using: literature review, critical literature analysis, document research and comparative analysis. Findings: Based on the content of this article, a future emerges in which man, industry and the surrounding reality will be shaped by digitalization developing with hitherto unknown dynamics. This phenomenon may lead to disappearance of world characteristic for industrial age and the transition to a new era determined by technologies based on data flow and its analysis. In digitalized economies, knowledge that is exemplified by a knowledge society that creates innovative solutions has become a key capital resource. It seems that digitalization in the context of economies’ competitiveness will determine the need to raise the level of education and competences and to create and control new knowledge. Originality/value: The article enriches knowledge and develops a discussion in the area of dynamically developing digitalization. Thanks to the knowledge presented in the article, it can be concluded that the decisive role in creating the development of a labour market and education can be overcome by breaking social and professional barriers to digitalization processes – which may favour the social dimension of individuals and strengthen the sense of fullness in human life¹. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: the main aim of the article is to determine whether demographic changes and automation threaten the development of the labor market. Design/methodology/approach: theses and research questions presented in the article were verified by means of qualitative research conducted among representatives of national trade union organizations. Findings: the conducted research and analyses show that breaking the mental barriers to demographic changes and automation in order to strengthen their acceptance may play a decisive role in creating the development of the labour market. Originality/value: As evidenced by numerous sources cited in the text, the pursuit of development – in the phase of demographic change and the dynamic growth of automation – directly leads to economic growth in the dimension of both the state and local communities – favoring the social dimension of the individual and strengthening the human feeling of fullness of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this article is to justify the need for interdisciplinary research on demographic change due to the need to prepare for the challenges arising from many public policies, such as family, labour market, education and social security. The identified challenges and areas imply a broad reflection, which should focus on a holistic approach to active social policy and the labour market. Design/methodology/approach: The theses presented in the article were verified using a: literature review, statistical research and comparative analysis. Findings: The changes, processes and forecasts presented in the article indicate that in order to reduce mismatches in the labour market in Jastrzębie-Zdrój, measures should be taken to build the future shape of urban policies – especially in the phase of aging of the society. Not taking this type of action may delay preparation of Jastrzębie-Zdrój for changes in the age structure of inhabitants, whichseems inevitable. Originality/value: The article enriches knowledge and develops a discussion in the area of dynamically developing demographic changes. Based on the conclusions presented in the article, it seems that the biggest contemporary challenge for the community, institutions and people creating Jastrzębie-Zdrój’s future may be maintaining the longest possible professional activity of the aging population of Jastrzębie-Zdrój while building a modern active social policy and labour market corresponding to the economic structure of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main subject for consideration concentrates on the social innovation defined as a tool to support the change related to Industry 4.0. It seems obvious that the Fourth Industrial Revolution transforms social life, the Internet of things (IoT), cloud data, big data, autonomous robots, additive manufacturing, augmented reality, etc., which are listed as basic elements of Industry 4.0. It also transforms the economic sphere, especially work organisation and the labour market. Current prognoses of the possible economic and social impact of digital technology often highlight positive aspects, but we also need to predict and study possible negative consequences. In order to design a 'more satisfactory' social environment that takes into account the needs of the present, we need new ways of social functioning. It is assumed that social innovations can be treated as instruments useful for overcoming challenges posed by Industry 4.0. The analysis will be theoretical, hence such notions as social innovations, Industry 4.0 and others will be defined. This discussion will help to understand and solve future social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on presenting the opinion of Generation Z, in terms of attributes of uniformed services as employers on the Polish labour market. The article was prepared on the basis of the results of empirical research carried out by means of a diagnostic survey method using the questionnaire technique, and was conducted in January 2019 on a sample of 100 people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the subject of training qualified staff and profiling of vocational training fields. As researchers note, there is currently no doubt that for the effectiveness of the vocational training system to be as high as possible, it is necessary to bring the vocational school closer to the world of work, the labour market and businesses to school. In the 21st century, an employee must be a well-educated expert. In today's economies, where knowledge is a key resource, there is a characteristic pattern. Finding a job is determined 70% by professional knowledge (hard competences) and 30% by soft skills (social competences). However, 70% of work is lost due to a lack of soft skills and 30% due to a lack of professional expertise. Against this background, the author of the article - analysing the dual education system - indicates that coordinating vocational training with the needs of the labour market is an extremely effective method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management / Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej. Seria Organizacji i Zarzadzanie is the property of Silesian Technical University, Organisation & Management Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management / Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej. Seria Organizacji i Zarzadzanie is the property of Silesian Technical University, Organisation & Management Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management / Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej. Seria Organizacji i Zarzadzanie is the property of Silesian Technical University, Organisation & Management Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management / Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej. Seria Organizacji i Zarzadzanie is the property of Silesian Technical University, Organisation & Management Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management / Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej. Seria Organizacji i Zarzadzanie is the property of Silesian Technical University, Organisation & Management Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management / Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej. Seria Organizacji i Zarzadzanie is the property of Silesian Technical University, Organisation & Management Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)