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The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of adding fermented herbal extracts (FHE) derived from mulberry leaf (Morus alba), Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), and fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda) to the diet of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) on their growth, moulting performance, feed efficiency, and nutrient retention. The main feed used in this trial was a commercially manufactured pellet; then, five different doses of FHE supplementation were used: 0 mL/kg feed (P0, control), 50 mL/kg feed (P1), 100 mL/kg feed (P2), 150 mL/kg feed (P3), and 200 mL/kg feed (P4). Weight gain, average daily gain, and length gain of shrimps fed P2 were significantly higher than that of those fed the control diet. A similar result was observed in moulting performance. The application of P2 showed superior results in enhancing the feed efficiency of cultured shrimp. Thus, the protein and energy retention of P. monodon was significantly better in P2 treatment groups. P0 had the lowest crude protein, while shrimp on the P2 and P3 diets had the highest crude protein content of any treatment group. Crude lipid content was lower in shrimp fed diets supplemented with FHE compared to those fed the control diet. In addition, higher energy contents were found in P1 and P2 treatment groups. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the juvenile tiger shrimp diet contain 100 mL/kg of FHE for the best effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) is an important marine crustacean widely reared for food all over the world but poses a health risk if it is contaminated by toxic elements. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs), i.e. copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in wild- and farm-cultured prawns were measured for the first time to assess the levels of PTEs, their sources and health risks. Average concentrations (mg/kg) of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Pb, Mn and Zn in farm prawn were 3.13, 3.06, 14.21, 1.28, 0.50, 1.32, 5.89 and 7.68, respectively, and in wild prawn, they were 0.98, 2.43, 8.48, 0.45, 0.19, 0.46, 2.77 and 3.88, respectively. Except Ni and Zn, the concentrations of PTEs in prawn samples were higher than the maximum allowable concentration (MAC), indicating their contamination by PTEs which might pose risks to human health. Multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that anthropogenic activities including industrial wastes and agricultural chemicals are substantial sources of PTEs in the samples. Estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (CR) assessed for potential human health risk implications suggest that the values were slightly higher than the acceptable threshold for both adults and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penaeus monodon is a crucial economic crustacean globally and a focal point of aquatic research. Germplasm resources provide a diverse food source for humans, meeting various nutritional needs; they also maintain plant and animal gene banks, enhancing resilience, adaptability, and promoting ecological balance in terms of genetic diversity. To accurately assess the germplasm resources of P. monodon, we conducted a comprehensive investigation. We analyzed muscle characteristics, nutrient content, amino acids, fatty acids, and genetic diversity using whole-genome sequencing in six P. monodon groups. The results showed that the crude protein content of the six groups of P. monodon was 21.17–24.60 g/100 g, crude fat content was 0.60–0.80 g/100 g, essential amino acid content was 5.44–6.41 g/100 g, total amino acid content was 15.68–18.63 g/100 g, and total fatty acid content was 354.78–587.43 mg/100 g. Genetic differentiation index (Fst) values ranged from 0.029 to 0.604 for six groups. PmSZ has a good genetic condition. There was no significant difference in crude fat in conventional nutrients, and the difference in biochemical indexes T-AOC, CAT, and SOD was not significant (P > 0.05). The noteworthy point is that the analysis of genetic diversity reveals a moderate level of genetic diversity. PmDF and PmZH exhibit the highest degree of differentiation, while PmRP and PmZH show the lowest degree of differentiation. Our survey results establish a critical foundation for comprehending and harnessing the germplasm resources essential for selectively breeding robust P. monodon populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) caused by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) causes substantial economic losses to the shrimp farming industry. Most research on EHP was focused on Penaeus vannamei due to its widespread farming and impact. The information on EHP infection in farmed tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, is scarce, especially considering its re-introduction and use of specific pathogen-free (SPF) seeds in India. A polymerase chain reaction–based (two-step PCR) survey targeting the spore wall protein (SWP) gene and SSU rRNA gene was conducted to understand the prevalence of EHP in P. monodon farms across six states, three each on the east and west coasts of India. While only 19 of 63 farms (30.15%) surveyed during the study revealed the presence of EHP using SWP-specific PCR, 38 farms (60.31%) were found to be positive with SSU rRNA PCR. Coast-wise, prevalence estimated using SWP-specific PCR showed 35% in the east and 21.7% in the west. However, only one of the farms showed EHP in the first step of PCR. The low level of infection, as indicated by the PCR analysis, was further validated and confirmed by histology and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The EHP load ranged from 1.0 × 103 to 3.7 × 106 copies/µg DNA, and histology of the hepatopancreas showed only mild pathological changes and inclusion-like bodies similar to the developmental stages of EHP. Some of the samples showed bacteria-induced hemocyte infiltration and nodule formation. However, no microsporidian spores could be noticed in the histological sections. The phylogenetic analysis of sequences of SWP-specific PCR amplicons showed similarity with earlier reported EHP strains from P. vannamei from Thailand, Latin America, and India. A statistical epidemiological study to identify risk factors associated with HPM revealed the presence of EHP infection in previous cultures, the use of wild seeds and continuous farming as potential risk factors, and the use of SPF seeds and bleaching as protective factors. P. monodon is susceptible to EHP infection, yet the impact on the species is significantly lower than that reported in P. vannamei. The present report forms the latest data on the prevalence of EHP in P. monodon farms in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penaeus monodon (black tiger shrimp), renowned for its delectable, tender, and nutritious meat, requires meticulous environmental conditions for optimal cultivation. An 84-day trial was conducted to investigate the impacts of stocking density (100 shrimp/m2, 200 shrimp/m2, 300 shrimp/m2) and salinity (low salinity, 0‰; middle salinity, 15‰; and high salinity, 25‰) on the flavor compounds and muscle microstructure of P. monodon post larvae in a tank (6.0 m × 6.0 m × 1.0 m). Flavor compounds, such as flavor amino acids, flavor nucleotides, and volatile flavor compounds within the P. monodon muscle were assessed. The results showed that, as salinity levels increased, there was a notable augmentation in the umami, sweetness, and levels of essential and total free amino acids. The highest total flavor amino acid level recorded was 21.05 ± 0.06 mg/g at high-salinity treatments and 20.95 ± 0.11 mg/g was observed in the middle-stocking density. A total of 36 volatile flavor substances were identified acrossing varying salinity concentrations, encompassing 14 alkanes and aromatics, 10 alcohols, 4 aldehydes, 4 ketones, 3 esters, and 1 ether. In addition, 44 volatile flavor substances were detected at different stocking densities, including 22 alkanes and aromatics, 8 alcohols, 5 aldehydes, and so on. With an increase in stocking density, the compactness of muscle fiber bundles decreased, gaps expanded and enlarged, and both bundle diameter and sarcomere length decreased. In summary, optimal conditions for stocking density (200 shrimp/m2) and salinity (25‰) were determined to positively impact meat quality and flavor. The results of this study highlight that both flavor compounds and microstructure in P. monodon are significantly affected by stocking density and salinity over the range tested. Our findings underscore the significant impact of stocking density and salinity on flavor compounds and muscle microstructure in P. monodon, offering insights for optimizing cultivation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the performance of domesticated tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae and mud crab Scylla paramamosain co‐cultured in 90 extensive rice‐shrimp ponds in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam from 2022 to Sep 2023. Limited supplementary feeding was applied for only 20% of the studied ponds. Results show that ponds stocked with domesticated postlarvae produced significantly larger shrimps at harvest and had better postlarvae usage efficiency (P < 0.05) compared with those stocked with older postlarvae produced by wild‐caught broodstock. Furthermore, a combination of stocking domesticated postlarvae and using organic fertilizer for pond preparation and during the crop was found to significantly improve productivity by 28% and final harvest size by 67% (P < 0.05). Larger shrimps fetched 54% higher farm‐gate prices, thus significantly increasing gross revenue for farmers. Co‐culture of mud crab in rice‐shrimp ponds at low densities (0.2–0.7 pcs/m2) was popular and profitable. Productivity was 116–187 kg/ha/crop with a profit margin up to 92.8%. Income from mud crab was very similar to that from shrimp. The results of this study suggest that domesticated postlarvae of P. monodon should be used for stocking extensive systems, preferably in combination of using organic fertilizer to enhance natural foods. Further improvement of income and profit can be achieved if more attention is paid on crablet quality and quality improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study of the length-weight relationship and condition factors of seven shrimp species on the southeast coast of Tamil Nadu between July (2022) and February (2023) also estimated the coefficient of determination (r²). Methods: For shrimp species, the length-weight relationship shows some species have significant positive coefficients which have a determination by (r²>0.5) like Penaeus indicus, Penaeus mergiuensis, Penaeus canaliculatus, Penaeus latisulcatus, Penaeus monodon, some species have shown negative as (r²>0.5) value like Penaeus japonicas and Penaeus semisulcatus. Result: All shrimp species have heterogeneity evident in intercept (a). The growth exponent (b) varied between 0.278 and 2.289 and it significantly (p=0.05) deviated from the value of <3 which denoted negative allometric growth for all Penaeus shrimp species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein hydrolysates as a feed supplement have been reported to enhance the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and improve the host's animal intestinal balance. Thus, this study evaluates the prebiotic effects of hydrolyzed squid by-products in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, diet. A 50-day feeding trial was conducted following a 4 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The juvenile P. monodon were fed plant-based diet (without fishmeal) supplemented with graded levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% hydrolyzed squid by-products, either with or without Bacillus subtilis BF12. A control group fed a fish meal-based diet was also included. The shrimp growth, survival, nutrient retention, digestive enzyme activities, immune-related and gut pro-inflammatory gene expression, and intestine histomorphology were the evaluated biological responses. Feeding shrimp with plant-based diet containing 0.5% hydrolyzed squid by-products and B. subtilis BF12 supplement improved growth, enhanced feed conversion, improved nutrient retentions, upregulated the immune-related genes, and downregulated the gut pro-inflammatory genes. Enhanced digestive enzyme activities were observed in treatment groups with higher hydrolyzed squid by-product supplementation. Moreover, hydrolysate supplementation and probiotic application increased the shrimp's intestinal villi height and promoted the growth B. subtilis BF12 probiotics in the gut. Collectively, the present work suggests that hydrolyzed squid by-product protein supplementation at 0.5% and B. subtilis BF12 probiotics can promote growth, enhance the immunological responses, and improve the gut health of juvenile P. monodon fed a plant-based diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal plants contain active bio-compounds that may stimulate the nonspecific immune system of animals and, as a result, play an important role as growth promoters and immunostimulants. To this end, the present study was set up to assess the efficacy of herbal extracts derived from two aromatic plants, ginger (Zingiber officinale) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum), as natural immunostimulants on the survival, growth performance, and immune response of farmed prawn Penaeus monodon juveniles. Seven experimental diets with an average of 40% CP were supplemented with herbal extracts at percentages of 0, 1, 2, and 3, then administered to prawns with an average size of 0.16 ± 0.12 g (at stocking) for 14 weeks, followed by a 2-week challenge test against Vibrio harveyi. Extract inclusion positively impacted weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and specific growth rate (SGR). Also, extract inclusion significantly improved the survival rate of the prawn after the challenge (p < 0.05). Significantly high total hemocyte counts (THC) were observed in the 2% Z. officinale and 3% S. aromaticum treated groups before the challenge. The study indicates that the groups exposed to the herbal extracts derived from ginger (Z. officinale) and clove (S. aromaticum) demonstrated significant resistance against bacterial infection (p < 0.05). Ginger and clove extracts have been observed to optimally boost P. monodon growth, survival, and immunity, at inclusion levels of 2 and 3%, respectively, hence hold promising potential as natural alternatives to antibiotics in managing Vibrio harveyi infections and promoting the growth, survival, and immunity of P. monodon in prawn farming systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an emerging disease that has recently severely damaged global shrimp aquaculture industries. Aside from antibiotics, using a probiotic, Lactobacillus spp., can become an alternative for AHPND prevention in shrimp aquaculture. Therefore, this study aims to screen the most suitable Lactobacillus strains for black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) against AHPND. Forty-nine lactic acid bacteria were identified out of 232 isolates from fresh wild-caught fish and shrimp in the local wet market. From there, six Lactobacillus spp. strains were chosen for the hemolytic test, colony top assay, well diffusion assay, and co-culture assay. Subsequently, three strains of L. plantarum, including strains L20, KD2, and T31, were chosen for feeding trial. Bacterial dosages of 108 CFU/mL of the L. plantarum were incorporated into basal feed, respectively. A total of 600 shrimp postlarvae (PL15) were distributed into 4 treatment groups (control, L20, KD2, and T31) with triplicates. Shrimp in treatment groups were fed with different supplemented feeds for 35 days. On the 35th day, all shrimp were challenged via immersion with 6 × 105 CFU/mL of Vibrio parahaemolyticus S2-4 positive AHPND. All shrimp from the feeding trial and the challenge test were sampled for gene expression and histopathology throughout the study. Results revealed that L. plantarum strain L20 was the best probiotic among the three strains since it improved shrimp growth performance during the feeding trial, shrimp gastrointestinal microbiota, and survival of P. monodon postlarvae against V. parahaemolyticus S2-4 in the challenge test. This study demonstrated the potential allochthonous L. plantarum L20 as a probiotic in shrimp against AHPND, which causes significant losses in the aquaculture industry of Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) presents a considerable peril to the aquaculture sector, leading to notable financial consequences on a global scale. Previous studies have identified hub proteins, including WSSV051 and WSSV517, as essential binding elements in the protein interaction network of WSSV. This work further investigates the functional structures and potential applications of WSSV hub complexes in managing WSSV infection. Using computational methodologies, we have successfully generated comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) representations of hub proteins along with their three mutual binding counterparts, elucidating crucial interaction locations. The results of our study indicate that the WSSV051 hub protein demonstrates higher binding energy than WSSV517. Moreover, a unique motif, denoted as "S-S-x(5)-S-x(2)-P," was discovered among the binding proteins. This pattern perhaps contributes to the detection of partners by the hub proteins of WSSV. An antiviral strategy targeting WSSV hub proteins was demonstrated through the oral administration of dual hub double-stranded RNAs to the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, followed by a challenge assay. The findings demonstrate a decrease in shrimp mortality and a cessation of WSSV multiplication. In conclusion, our research unveils the structural features and dynamic interactions of hub complexes, shedding light on their significance in the WSSV protein network. This highlights the potential of hub protein-based interventions to mitigate the impact of WSSV infection in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabicius, 1798) is a popular Indonesian fishery product with high market value both domestically and internationally. Its high nutritional value makes it a valuable product that is in high demand. Along with increased production, various challenges appeared in management and feed quality aspects. Multi-enzymes are one method for increasing the tiger shrimp productivity. This study aimed to identify the dose of multi-enzymes in the feed that leads to an optimal growth performance, and optimum activity of digestive enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase), as well as improving the essential amino acids index in the shrimp body. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications each, thus 12 experimental units were applied. The treatments used were A at 0%/kg feed, B at 40%, C at 60%, and D at 80%/kg feed. The experimental animal was the tiger shrimp with a mean weight of 0.07g/ ind. The shrimps were reared in the hatchery laboratorium of the Marine Science and Fishery Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. The parameters examined were essential amino acid index (EAAI), essential amino acid score (EAAS), enzyme type activity, specific growth rate (SGR), relative weight gain (RWG), survival rate (SR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER). The results showed that feed with 80% multienzyme/kg provided the highest EAAI compared to other doses, namely 2.64. In addition, the most EAAS deficiency occurred in methionine EAA, namely 9.29 in multi-enzyme feed with a dose of 40%/kg. SGR, RWG, and PER were not significantly different (P> 0.05), but SR showed a significant difference (P< 0.05). The activity of amylase, protease, and lipase enzymes in the tiger shrimp also increased with the addition of multienzyme doses to the feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated heavy metal residues and bacterial pathogens in blue crab (Callinectes amnicola), crayfish (Nematopaelemon hastatus), giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), and Indian prawn (Fenneropenaeus indicus) from crude oil impacted Niger Delta waters. Standard methods of analysis were applied in all determinations. Results indicate that chromium, lead, and mercury were within regulatory acceptable levels. Total viable count (TVC) was below threshold, while Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Salmonella typhimurium were isolated from all crustacean species. The distribution pattern of pathogens showed blue crab accumulated the highest population of pathogens. Consumption of crustaceans from the location exemplifies conflict of nutrient benefits and risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Kalimantan has a superior commodity: tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Some of these commodities are marketed to several areas in Samarinda City and to areas outside Samarinda City, namely West Kutai Regency (Barong Tongkok Market). The distribution process uses a cold chain (cool box) system for 12 hours of travel. Long distribution times cause product quality to decrease. This study aims to assess tiger shrimp's quality and handling strategies using a cold chain system at PPI Selili Samarinda City. The quality level is determined using organoleptic testing at points 1 (PPI Selili) and 2 (Pasar Barong Tongkok). The formal safety assessment (FSA) method is used to identify risks in each handling activity, risk assessment associated with tiger shrimp deterioration, risk control, and recommendations to minimize quality degradation. Based on organoleptic tests, the quality of tiger shrimp is included in the category of safe for consumption. Product handling activities included unloading products from ships, moving them to terminals, washing, structuring, packaging in cool boxes, transportation by shipping services, shipping to Melak Pasar Barong Tongkok, unloading from shipping services, and product arrangement. The highest potential risk is handling shipments to Melak Pasar Barong Tongkok, which has 22 potential hazards. Risk mitigation can be applied through socialization and evaluation related to suitable fish handling methods (CPIB) and making operational schedules for cleaning in the product loading and unloading area before and after handling activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although aquatic larvae need natural food, relevant sources in the food web have not been extensively researched and used in aquaculture. The zooplankton community at the ecological black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) ponds in the Ca Mau mangrove forest in Vietnam was studied for its potential as a natural food source in these and other, similar ecosystems (fish ponds, mollusc ponds). This study examined eight ecologically distinct shrimp ponds in the dry, transitional, and rainy seasons. Thirty-seven zooplankton species from 31 genera, 19 families, and 4 phyla were identified in these shrimp ponds. The zooplankton density was 1167-53 330 individuals/m3 with over half the species and density being copepods. Five Copepoda species were common and of high population density, including Limnoithona sinensis , Thermocyclops hyalinus , Tropocyclops prasinus , Eodiaptomus japonicus , and Euaugaptilus elongatus. This natural food can feed shrimp larvae and adults and thereby supply high quality nutrients for their development. However, the pond's zooplankton was lacking in diversity. Thus, providing natural nutrients to the pond may increase zooplankton diversity and facilitate sustainable aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of betel (Piper betle) and amla (Phyllanthus emblica) leaf extracts as feed supplement was studied on the growth and immune functions of the shrimp Penaeus monodon when exposed to a virulent strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Six experimental groups (PB-1, PB-2, PB-3 and PE-1, PE-2, PE-3) of shrimp were fed extract at varying concentrations, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%, before being compared to a control group that did not receive any extract. After a feeding trial of 4 weeks, each group of shrimp was challenged with V. parahaemolyticus at a concentration of 106 CFU/mL and monitored for 2 weeks. The lowest concentration of P. betle extract and the moderate concentration of P. emblica extract in the diet induced a significant increase in shrimp growth performance parameters (final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate) and feed utilization efficiency (low feed conversion ratio, high protein efficiency ratio). The dietary extracts also exhibited a significant positive influence on the immunological parameters such as total haemocyte count, prophenoloxidase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity before and after the challenge with V. parahaemolyticus. Compared to the control group, the total Vibrio load was significantly lower in the shrimp groups fed with extracts with the highest Vibrio density found in the hepatopancreas. The cumulative mortality of shrimp fed with extracts during 14 days decreased significantly, whereas control shrimps displayed 100% mortality upon V. parahaemolyticus challenge. In summary, we propose that a diet supplemented with P. betle and P. emblica leaf extract improves the growth of shrimp, and improves their immunity as is evident from their decreased susceptibility to V. parahaemolyticus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Pacific blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) is essential to the global seafood market, but intensive farming has increased disease and reduced genetic diversity. This study aimed to develop microsatellite markers for broodstock management using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing from various tissues. We identified 40 robust markers, revealing significant genetic diversity crucial for sustainable shrimp farming. These markers are valuable for breeding programs and help in the conservation and improvement of shrimp populations. The Pacific blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) is a premium product in the international seafood market. However, intensified farming has increased disease incidence and reduced genetic diversity. In this study, we developed a transcriptome database for L. stylirostris and mined microsatellite markers to analyze their genetic diversity. Using the Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform, we identified 53,263 unigenes from muscle, hepatopancreas, the intestine, and lymphoid tissues. Microsatellite analysis identified 36,415 markers from 18,657 unigenes, predominantly dinucleotide repeats. Functional annotation highlighted key disease resistance pathways and enriched categories. The screening and PCR testing of 42 transcriptome-based and 58 literature-based markers identified 40 with successful amplification. The genotyping of 200 broodstock samples revealed that Na, Ho, He, PIC, and FIS values were 3, 0.54 ± 0.05, 0.43 ± 0.09, 0.41 ± 0.22, and 0.17 ± 0.27, respectively, indicating moderate genetic variability and significant inbreeding. Four universal microsatellite markers (CL1472.Contig13, CL517.Contig2, Unigene5692, and Unigene7147) were identified for precise diversity analysis in Pacific blue, Pacific white (Litopenaeus vannamei), and black tiger shrimps (Penaeus monodon). The transcriptome database supports the development of markers and functional gene analysis for selective breeding programs. Our findings underscore the need for an appropriate genetic management system to mitigate inbreeding depression, reduce disease susceptibility, and preserve genetic diversity in farmed shrimp populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The invasive black tiger shrimp has caused serious ecological problems in the America. However, since it can be directly eaten or made into feed, it may be beneficial to other countries. In order to ensure ecological security, it is necessary to control the invasion of the black tiger shrimp through international cooperation. Common control modes of the black tiger shrimp include the introducing natural enemy mode, making feed mode and the "bringing to the table" mode. In order to derive the applicable scope of various control modes of the black tiger shrimp and provide suggestions for the security and sustainability of the ecological supply chain of the America and cooperative country, this article constructs three differential game models and compares and analyzes the equilibrium results obtained by the models. Finally, the study shows that the higher the price of feed and the price of black tiger shrimp, the greater the degree of control of the black tiger shrimp. If the price of the black tiger shrimp and the reputation of the America for controlling the black tiger shrimp are lower, the America can gain more benefits under the feed production mode. Otherwise, the America prefers to sell the black tiger shrimp directly, thus directly "bringing to the table". Compared with the feed production or "bringing to the table" mode, cooperative country prefer to control the black tiger shrimp flooding through the natural enemy introduction mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the link between rearing environmental condition and metabolism was explored. Metabolite fingerprint datasets of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) from three production sites were collected and studied using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and HPLC-MS/MS. Two compounds, benzisothiazolinone and hippuric acid, were identified to be potentially related to pollution in the rearing environment and showed different abundances in the analysed shrimp samples with different origins. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis on three shrimp species, black tiger shrimp, kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) and sword shrimp (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii), under an identical rearing environment was also conducted. Two compounds, diethanolamine and benzisothiazolinone, potentially linked with pollution in the rearing environment were identified. The present protocol holds promise to be extended to the studies of exploring the relationship between rearing environmental conditions and metabolism. Furthermore, the analysis of single-blind samples was conducted. The results show that specific metabolites can be utilized as markers for tracing the origins of shrimp samples. The present protocol holds potential for application in tracing the origin and species of certain seafoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the link between rearing environmental condition and metabolism was explored. Metabolite fingerprint datasets of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) from three production sites were collected and studied using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and HPLC-MS/MS. Two compounds, benzisothiazolinone and hippuric acid, were identified to be potentially related to pollution in the rearing environment and showed different abundances in the analysed shrimp samples with different origins. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis on three shrimp species, black tiger shrimp, kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) and sword shrimp (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii), under an identical rearing environment was also conducted. Two compounds, diethanolamine and benzisothiazolinone, potentially linked with pollution in the rearing environment were identified. The present protocol holds promise to be extended to the studies of exploring the relationship between rearing environmental conditions and metabolism. Furthermore, the analysis of single-blind samples was conducted. The results show that specific metabolites can be utilized as markers for tracing the origins of shrimp samples. The present protocol holds potential for application in tracing the origin and species of certain seafoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the widespread use of shellfish ingredients in food products, accurate food labelling is urgently needed for consumers with shellfish allergies. Most crustacean allergen detection systems target the immunorecognition of the allergenic protein tropomyosin. However, this mode of detection may be affected by an origin-dependent protein composition. This study determined if the geographic location of capture, or aquaculture, influenced the allergenic protein profiles of Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon), one of the most farmed and consumed shrimp species worldwide. Protein composition was analysed in shrimp from nine different locations in the Asia–Pacific by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry. Ten of the twelve known shrimp allergens were detected, but with considerable differences between locations. Sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, myosin light chain, and tropomyosin were the most abundant allergens in all locations. Hemocyanin-specific antibodies could identify up to six different isoforms, depending on the location of origin. Similarly, tropomyosin abundance varied by up to 13 times between locations. These findings suggest that allergen abundance may be related to shrimp origin and, thus, shrimp origin might directly impact the readout of commercial crustacean allergen detection kits, most of which target tropomyosin, and this should be considered in food safety assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the integration of halophytes in IMTA as extractive species on the water quality, growth, digestive, and antioxidant activity of Penaeus monodon and Chanos chanos in earthen ponds for 120 days. The experimental setup consisted of three treatments: control (C) and two different halophyte-based IMTA treatments, T1 and T2, randomly assigned to nine earthen ponds (200 m−2) in three replicates. All treatments were uniformly stocked with P. monodon (Post larve 12) and C. chanos (13.4–14 g); in addition to these, T1 had Avicennia officinalis and Meretrix casta and T2 had Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Meretrix casta as extractive species. The average final body weights of P. monodon (32.01 ± 0.27 g) and C. chanos (94.18 ± 1 g) were found in the A. officinalis based IMTA treatment (T1). T1 also had shown a significant (p < 0.05) reductions in total ammonia nitrogen (97.5%), nitrite-N (NO2-N) (56.1%), and nitrate (NO3-N) (41.1%). Biological oxygen demand (BOD) (3.17 ± 0.15 ppm), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (25 ± 0.58 mg L−1), and total suspended solids (TSS) (20 ± 1.15 mg L−1) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in T1. Digestive enzyme activity in shrimp and fish was higher in T1 and T2. A decrease in catalase and SOD enzyme activities was observed in T1 and T2. Halophyte-and M. casta-based IMTA treatments (T1 and T2) showed a decrease in the total Vibrio and heterotrophic bacterial counts. The present research findings elucidated that halophytes as extractive species can be beneficial in brackishwater IMTA systems to maintain water quality, improve the health status of cultivated organisms, and increase aquaculture productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyculture of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, mud crab Scylla paramamosain, and red seaweed Gracilaria tenuistipitata, were applied in improved extensive ponds in the Vietnamese Mekong delta to evaluate production and financial efficiency. The trial consisted of two treatments: (1) non-feed supplement, in which shrimp consumed only natural food in the culture pond; and (2) feed supplement, in which shrimp received commercial feed (50% feeding rate). Treatments were in triplicate; ponds featured natural occurrence of red seaweed. Postlarvae of shrimp and crab were stocked at densities of 4 ind./m2 and 0.15 ind./m2, respectively, and culture for six months. Results showed that shrimp receiving feed supplement demonstrated much better (P < 0.05) growth and survival than those without feed supplementation. Shrimp yield was significantly higher (P > 0.05) in the feed supplement pond (348.9 kg/ha) than in the non-feed supplement pond (169.2 kg/ha). Crab production was similar between the two treatments (P > 0.05), varying from 88.1 to 92.4 kg/ha. Production cost (456.2 US$/ha) in the non-feed supplement pond was significantly lower than that in the feed supplement pond (944.8 US$/ha), but the former produced less profit (2,230.9 US$/ha) than the latter (4,169.2 US$/ha). Notably, the average benefit–cost ratio in the non-feed supplement group (4.84 times) was relatively higher compared to the feed supplement group (4.35 times). These findings suggest that polyculture of shrimp, crab, and seaweed in the improved extensive pond could be applied either non-feed supplement or feed supplement for shrimp, depending on the financial conditions of the farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tenualosa ilisha popularly known as 'Hilsa' is one of the most commercially important euryhaline food fish species in South Asian countries. Co-infection of Fusarium incarnatum FHHS2 and Acinetobacter bohemicus FHHK1 was reported for the first time in captive-reared pre-adult T. ilisha (average length 22.30 ± 0.92 cm and weight 93.48 ± 28.06 g) that had manifested skin lesions in freshwater pond during November–December 2022. The infected fish showed lethargy, abnormal swimming behaviour, blackening of gills, red streaks on the fins, erosions of the skin, and sloughing of the scales resulting in 40% mortality of the stock. Microscopic observation revealed the presence of aerial slightly curved conidia, septate macroconidia, and randomly spread microconidia. The fungal species was confirmed as F. incarnatum FHHS2 (NCBI GenBank accession number OR030402) by ITS sequencing. It clustered with known pathogenic F. incarnatum (NCBI Accession no. AY633745) counterpart associated with black gill disease of Penaeus monodon Fabricius (99.46% homology) in phylogenetic tree. We have also isolated, identified, and characterised A. bohemicus FHHK1 from the infected fish which clustered with A. bohemicus reported in the lakes of Indian subcontinent (100.00% homology). No parasite was found in different organs of the moribund hilsa shad. Significant histopathological alterations were observed in the skin, gill, and kidney of infected hilsa. Our study records the first report of F. incarnatum FHHS2 and A. bohemicus FHHK1borne infection in hilsa during its domestication in freshwater pond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the muscle quality of different crustaceans, we aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of their muscle quality characteristics as a theoretical reference. In this work, seven major species of farmed and consumer crustaceans were selected, including crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), kuruma prawns (Penaeus japonicus), river prawns (Macrobranchium nipponense), and Chinese shrimp (Penaeus chinensis). Their morphometric parameters, nutritional composition, textural properties, and physical and chemical indexes were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the meat content (MC, about 14.78%) of crayfish was significantly lower than that of the other six species. By contrast, pacific white shrimp had the highest MC, although the MCs of black tiger shrimp, kuruma prawns, and Chinese shrimp are greater than 40%. All seven crustacean species were high in protein and low in fat, while pacific white shrimp had the highest crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content compared to the other crustaceans. The content of threonine (Thr) was the highest in crayfish. The content of methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) was the highest in freshwater prawns. The content of isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), and non–essential amino acid (NEAA) was the highest in pacific white shrimp. C18:2n-6 (linoleic acid, LA) was the highest in freshwater prawns and pacific white shrimp; C18:3n-3 (linolenic acid, LNA), C20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, AA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were all the highest in crayfish; and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was the highest in freshwater prawns, but the content was not significantly different from crayfish, pacific white shrimp, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp. Pacific white shrimp had the highest values for hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The redness values of crayfish, black tiger shrimp, and Chinese shrimp were significantly higher than those of the other three species except kuruma prawns. Compared to other crustaceans, river prawns had the highest drip loss and cooking loss. Black tiger shrimp and Chinese shrimp had the lowest cooking loss rates. The research shows that the tail muscle of the seven species of crustaceans is rich in protein, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids and low in fat, representing a high-quality protein. Among these crustaceans, the main essential amino acids and essential fatty acids in the tail muscle of pacific white shrimp, freshwater prawns, and crayfish are higher in content and better in nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Seaweeds and probiotics are commonly utilized as additives in the diet of aquatic animals. However, limited information exists regarding the effects of Gracilaria lichenoides and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, either alone or in combination, on Penaeus monodon. In our study, we examined the impact of dietary supplementation with G. lichenoides and B. amyloliquefaciens, both individually and in combination, on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal function of P. monodon. Our findings indicate a beneficial influence of dietary G. lichenoides and B. amyloliquefaciens on P. monodon. These findings offer a theoretical foundation for the judicious utilization of G. lichenoides and B. amyloliquefaciens in the cultivation of black tiger shrimp, as well as for future investigations into their metabolic mechanisms. This research sought to assess the effects of dietary supplements with Gracilaria lichenoides and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, either individually or combined, on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal function of Penaeus monodon. A total of 840 shrimps were randomly assigned to 28 tanks with an average initial weight of (1.04 ± 0.03) g (30 shrimp per tank) with 7 different treatment groups and 4 replicates per treatment. The control treatment (C) consisted of a basal diet; in contrast, the experimental groups were complement with varying levels of G. lichenoides (3% or 8%), either alone (S3 and S8) or in combination with B.amyloliquefaciens at different concentrations (3% G. lichenoides and 109 CFU/g—S3B9; 8% G. lichenoides and 1011 CFU/g B. amyloliquefaciens—S8B11; 109 CFU/g B. amyloliquefaciens—S9; 1011 CFU/g B. amyloliquefaciens—B11). The results indicated that the maximum values of final body weight (FBW) (10.49 ± 0.90) g, weight gain rate (WGR) (908.94 ± 33.58) g, and specific growth rate (SGR) (4.20 ± 0.06) g were perceived in the 3% G. lichenoide diet treatment, and compared with the control group, the difference was significant (p < 0.05). The whole-body lipid content of shrimp in the B9 group was significantly higher than that in the B11 group (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed when compared with shrimp fed other diets (p > 0.05). The ash content of shrimp in the B9 group was found to be significantly higher than that in the S3B9 group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the lipase activity in the stomach and intestines of the experimental groups exhibited a statistically significantly increase compared to the control (p < 0.05). In comparison to the control group, the hepatopancreas of the S3 group exhibited a significant increase in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and antioxidant genes [SOD, catalase (CAT), GSH-Px, thioredoxin (Trx), Hippo, and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)] expression levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, the activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), SOD, peroxidase (POD), and antioxidant genes (CAT, GSH-Px, Trx, and Hippo) in the S3B9 treatment of hepatopancreas showed significant improvement (p < 0.05). The inclusion of dietary G. lichenoides and B. amyloliquefaciens resulted in enhanced relative expression of intestinal lipid metabolism genes (fatty acid synthetase (FAS), lipophorin receptor (LR), fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1)) and suppressed the expression of the long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 (LCL4) gene. Analysis of microbiota sequencing indicated improvements in composition and structure, with notable increases in Firmicutes at the phylum level and Vibrio at the genus level in the S3 group, as well as an increase in Tenericutes at the genus level in the S8B11 group. Overall, the inclusion of dietary G. lichenoides and B. amyloliquefaciens positively impacted the growth, antioxidant capacity, and microbial composition of shrimp, with particular enhancement observed in shrimp fed a supplementary 3% G. lichenoides diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mohale, H.P.; Jawahar, P.; Jayakumar, N.; Oli, G. Arul; Ravikumar, T., and Bhosle, R., 2024. Ecomorphology of selected penaeid shrimp in the coastal marine waters of Tamil Nadu (southern India). Journal of Coastal Research, 40(2), 303–318. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. This study investigated how shrimp morphology is influenced by the environment by examining the effects of components like temperature, salinity, substrate type, and water currents; it exposed how these variables affect the development and expression of morphological traits in shrimp species by examining patterns of morphological variation within and between species to demonstrate the contributions of natural selection, genetic drift, and phenotypic plasticity to the diversification of shrimp morphology. The prevalence of shrimp species was: Penaeus indicus > Metapenaeus dobsoni > Metapenaeus brevicornis > Penaeus canaliculatus > Penaeus semisulcatus > Penaeus mergiuensis > Penaeus japonicas > Metapenaeus moyebi > Penaeus latisulcatus > Penaeus monodon. The study results showed negative correlations between biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen and a harmful effect on the morphological characteristics and growth of shrimp species. According to single factor and comprehensive pollution indices, the water bodies in this study were moderately polluted. P. semisulcatus had higher mean values for the ecomorphology parameters, indicating no adverse effects and a positive relationship. P. semisulcatus shrimp were also found to have decadal growth development and survivability. P. mergiuensis had the lowest growth rates. Results indicated detrimental effects and a bad association when evaluating decadal growth, development, and survival for most of the other shrimp species. This study enhances knowledge of the evolutionary processes that have shaped shrimp adaptations over time and highlights the challenges for sustainability of the biodiversity in the coastal marine waters of Tamil Nadu, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of endogenous viral elements (EVE) in the penaeid shrimp genome has been recently reported and suggested to be involved in the host recognition of viral invaders. Our previous report of a search for EVE of infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV‐EVE) in the Thai Penaeus monodon whole genome sequence project (GenBank accession no. JABERT000000000) confirmed the presence of three clusters of EVE derived from IHHNV in the shrimp genome. This study aimed to compare an immunohistochemistry method (IHC) and a PCR method to detect infectious IHHNV infection in shrimp. First, specimens collected from farms were checked for IHHNV using three PCR methods; two methods were recommended by WOAH (309 and 389 methods), and a newly established long‐range PCR for IHHNV (IHHNV‐LA PCR) targeting almost the whole genome (>90%) of IHHNV. Among 29 specimens tested, 24 specimens were positive for WOAH methods (at least one method). Among 24 WOAH‐positive specimens (WOAH+), there were 18 specimens with positive IHHNV‐LA PCR method (WOAH+/LA+), six specimens with negative IHHNV‐LA PCR method (WOAH+/LA−). Six specimens were negative for all methods (WOAH−/LA−). The positive signals detected by IHC method were found only in the specimens with WOAH+/LA+. The results suggest that the WOAH+/LA− specimens were not infected with IHHNV, and the positive WOAH method might result from the EVE‐IHHNV. The study recommends combining the IHHNV‐LA PCR method and IHC with positive PCR results from WOAH's recommended methods to confirm IHHNV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitin deacetylase (CDA) can catalyze the deacetylation of chitin to produce chitosan. In this study, we identified and characterized a chitin deacetylase gene from Euphausia superba (EsCDA-9k), and a soluble recombinant protein chitin deacetylase from Euphausia superba of molecular weight 45 kDa was cloned, expressed, and purified. The full-length cDNA sequence of EsCDA-9k was 1068 bp long and encoded 355 amino acid residues that contained the typical domain structure of carbohydrate esterase family 4. The predicted three-dimensional structure of EsCDA-9k showed a 67.32% homology with Penaeus monodon. Recombinant chitin deacetylase had the highest activity at 40 °C and pH 8.0 in Tris-HCl buffer. The enzyme activity was enhanced by metal ions Co2+, Fe3+, Ca2+, and Na+, while it was inhibited by Zn2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, and EDTA. Molecular simulation of EsCDA-9k was conducted based on sequence alignment and homology modeling. The EsCDA-9k F18G mutant showed a 1.6-fold higher activity than the wild-type enzyme. In summary, this is the first report of the cloning and heterologous expression of the chitin deacetylase gene in Euphausia superba. The characterization and function study of EsCDA-9k will serve as an important reference point for future application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effect of oral administration of Zingiber officinale and Aegle marmelos extracts on the growth performance and immunomodulatory activities of the shrimp Penaeus monodon against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). A methanol extract of the Z. officinale rhizome and A. marmelos leaf was sprayed into a pellet feed at concentrations of 0% (control), 0.05% (treatment 1), and 0.1% (treatment 2), respectively. Shrimps fed the extract (T1) showed substantial improvements in growth performance and feed utilization efficiency when compared to the control group. Extract-fed shrimp also exhibited an increase in immune-related gene expression in comparison to controls. After 4 weeks of feeding, shrimp were injected with the white spot syndrome virus and observed for another 2 weeks to determine mortality. Compared to shrimp fed the control diet, Z. officinale and A. marmelos extract–fed shrimp displayed a decrease in hemolymph clotting time and an increase in immunological parameters such as total hemocyte count, prophenoloxidase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity both before and after viral challenge. Fourteen days after the WSSV challenge, the cumulative mortality of extract-fed shrimp was considerably lower compared to the mortality of the control group which died shortly after the challenge. Therefore, the Z. officinale and A. marmelos extracts could be used as immunostimulants to enhance the growth and resistance of shrimp against the white spot syndrome virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effects of dietary betaine supplementation on growth performance, feed intake, intestine histology, lipid metabolism, and immune response of Penaeus monodon fed diets containing low and high levels of attractants, four diets were designed: positive control with a high level of attractant (P), negative control with a low level of attractant (N), positive control with betaine (PB), and negative control with betaine (NB). Four replicates with 30 shrimp per replicate and an initial body weight of (0.23 ± 0.00) g proceeded to a 56-day feeding trial. Results showed that raw feed attractants significantly improved the survival rate, total protein of hemolymph, total superoxide dismutase activity, the expression level of imd in the hepatopancreas, and the expression level of pi3k and myd88 in the intestine. But the muscle thickness of the intestine and the expression level of ampk and fas were reduced by the raw feed attractants. Dietary betaine supplementation significantly promoted the expression levels of ampk and acs in the hepatopancreas, fold width and muscle thickness of the intestine, and the expression levels of pi3k, myd88, relish, ror, and imd in the intestine, while the crude lipid content of the whole body and muscle and the expression levels of fas and cpt in the hepatopancreas were reduced by betaine. Present findings revealed that raw feed attractant supplementation positively influenced the survival rate, the anti-oxidation ability, and immune-related gene expressions of the hepatopancreas and intestine. Dietary betaine supplementation positively influenced intestine histology, lipid metabolism, and immune gene expression in the intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioremediation efficiency of the sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra, held at different stocking densities as an eco-based waste treatment technology on the quality of water and sediment of the Penaeus monodon pond culture, was evaluated in this study. Two separate experiments were simultaneously conducted indoors for five days using 100-L capacity aquaria. The treatments for the pond water experiment were: (T1) control, 10 L pond water only, (T2) 10 L pond water + one sea cucumber, and (T3) 10 L pond water + two sea cucumbers. For the pond sediment experiment, the conditions of the three treatments were the same except that pond sediments were added in each aquarium. The results showed that T2 had a significant reduction of ammonia (28%), and nitrite (84%) in pond water, and nitrogen (88%) and phosphorus (9%) in pond sediment. It also efficiently improved the management of the microbial load with a significant decrease, particularly in heterotrophs (39%) in pond water compared to that in the control treatment. The results showed that the presence and activity of H. scabra have a positive bioremediation effect on waste as demonstrated by reduced ammonia, nitrite, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels and microbial load from the P. monodon pond water and sediment. Furthermore, the stocking density of one sea cucumber is more efficient in reducing these wastes compared to the two sea cucumbers stocking density. The result suggested that H. scabra can be a potentially efficient bioremediator of waste in shrimp ponds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Penaeus monodon were gave basic feed supplemented with three levels of Enterococcus faecium. Then, the expression of non-specific immunity-related genes, and the activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), phenol oxidase (PO) were evaluated. Meanwhile, the disease resistance test and intestinal flora determination were conducted. The results showed that the MDA levels of 2% and 5% E. faecium groups were significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). While the SOD and T-AOC and ACP and AKP of experimental groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05), the PO of experimental groups were significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the expressions of immunity-related genes (tlr22, dorsal, lysozyme, crustin, imd, and relish) in the 2% and 5% E. faecalis groups were significantly greater than those in the control group (P < 0.05). After P. monodon was challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus for 7 days, the average cumulative mortality of P. monodon in the 2% and 5% groups were significantly lower than that in the 0% group (P < 0.05). With the increase of feeding time, the number of effective OTUs in each group showed a downward trend. At the 14th d, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, the dominant flora in the intestinal tract of P. monodon. In summary, supplied with E. faecium could increase the expression of non-specific immunity-related genes, enhance the immune capacity of P. monodon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of the partial substitution of fish meal with soybean products and chicken meal on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microbiota of Penaeus monodon. A total of 450 healthy, consistent shrimp were randomly divided into five groups, with three replicates per group and 30 shrimp per replicate. The proportion of fish meal substituted with soybean products and chicken meal in the five feed groups was 0% (FM), 40% (40SC), 60% (60SC), 80% (80SC) and 100% (100SC). The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The results showed that, compared to the FM group, the 40SC and 60SC groups had a decrease in WG and SR, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05). In contrast, compared to the FM group, the FCR in the 100SC group was significantly increased (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference among the FM and 40SC, 60SC and 80SC groups (p > 0.05). Compared to the FM group, the ACP in the 80SC and 100SC groups significantly increased (p < 0.05), while the 40SC and 60SC groups had no significant difference (p > 0.05). The AKP in the 100SC group was significantly higher than that in the FM group (p < 0.05), while there were no significant differences among the other four groups (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in T-AOC and T-SOD among all the treatment groups (p > 0.05). The next-generation sequencing of the intestinal microbiota showed that Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in the five groups, accounting for 37.67%, 66%, 40%, 40% and 43.33%, respectively. Compared to the FM group, the Fusobacteriota in the other four groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The functional prediction of FAPROTAX indicated that no functional components were observed which are harmful to the body. Considering the effects on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microbiota, it is feasible to use soybean products and chicken meal to replace 60% of fish meal in the feed of P. monodon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to characterize the growth and reproduction dynamics of shrimp in the Lac Nokoué-Chenal de Cotonou complex. The results of one year's sampling from five stations (North, South, East, Central and West) of the lagoon complex revealed that linear growth in size in Lake Nokoué is decreasing over time in Macrobrachium macrobrachion (the most representative species of the genus Macrobrachium), but positive in Penaeus notialis (the most representative species of the genus Penaeus). Size-weight relationships indicate that the lowest growth coefficient (b = 1.56) is obtained in immature males of Macrobrachium felicinum , while the highest growth coefficient (b = 3.39) is obtained in mature females of Macrobrachium vollenhovenii , with an average of 2.84 for all shrimp species over both sexes considered. The χ 2 test indicated that only the species Macrobrachium vollenhovenii has a significant sexual imbalance in favour of females in Lake Nokoué. Fisher's Least Significant Difference test indicated that the estimated first sexual maturity sizes in Macrobrachium vollenhovenii and M. macrobrachion are significantly different from those estimated in M. felicinum at the α = 0.05 threshold. However, the same test indicates that there is not enough evidence to differentiate the sizes of first sexual maturation in M. vollenhovenii and M. macrobrachion. This work revealed that Penaeus monodon was the only species to show better positive growth within all its groups in Lake Nokoué while exposed to anthropogenic effects. A gradual average increase in the size of Penaeus notialis in Lake Nokoué is found between the beginning and end of the saline intrusion (which confirms the life cycle of the species presented). Species of the genus Macrobrachium showed good reproductive capacity, with the absence of sexually mature Penaeus in this lagoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penaeid shrimp are economically important marine crustaceans that include species such as the black tiger shrimp, whiteleg shrimp, Atlantic white shrimp, and Indian white shrimp. Shrimp aquaculture has become a significant contributor to the fisheries industry, particularly in Asia where India is the world's second-largest producer of whiteleg shrimp. However, disease outbreaks and breeding problems remain major obstacles to the sustainable growth of shrimp aquaculture, resulting in decreased revenues and inefficient output for shrimp farmers. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in shrimp development and health. Next-generation sequencing technologies have contributed significantly to the metagenomic resources of crustaceans, enabling functional investigation of the gut microbiome and providing insights into the precise role of this bacterial ecosystem in shrimp diseases and development. This review summarizes the microbial diversity in the gastrointestinal tract of penaeid shrimps and how they impact the health and development of the organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifteen whole sib families of the second-generation Penaeus monodon were constructed using artificial mating design in 2020. After labeling the families with fluorescent markers, the growth traits and genetic parameters were evaluated in a cement pond for 56 days. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of growth traits was 11.52-47.53%, indicating a high genetic variation. The heritability range of growth traits of the G2 population of P. monodon was 0.25±0.03-0.41±0.13, which belonged to medium and high heritability, and the statistical test results were significant (P<0.01). The heritability of body length and body weight were 0.38±0.11 and 0.41±0.13, respectively. The evaluation results of genetic correlation among growth traits were highly positive, and the statistical test results were significant (P<0.01). The genetic correlation between body weight and body length was the highest (0.99), and the genetic correlation between the width of the first carapace and the height of the first abdominal segment was the lowest (0.71). The phenotypic correlation between body weight and body length was the highest (0.93), and the lowest was head breastplate width and first abdominal segment height (0.53). These results showed that the G2 generation population of P. monodon has high genetic improvement potential, and the combination of family selection and individual selection achieved better genetic gain. The growth traits were highly positively correlated. Body length and body weight could be selected as the key traits for fast growth line selection, while the other growth traits could be indirectly selected through positive genetic correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic astaxanthin is an effective nutritional strategy for improving shrimp body color and promoting growth. However, the optimal amount of astaxanthin in feed also varies with the synthetic technology and purity. In the present study, five diets containing different doses of synthetic astaxanthin (0% (CON), 0.02% (AX0.02), 0.04% (AX0.04), 0.08% (AX0.08), and 0.16% (AX0.16)) were administered to Penaeus monodon (initial body weight: 0.3 ± 0.03 g) for 8 weeks. With an increase in astaxanthin content in feed, weight gain and specific growth rate increased initially and subsequently decreased, with the highest value appearing at AX0.08. Dietary astaxanthin supplementation obviously improved the carapace and muscle color by enhancing astaxanthin pigmentation. Meanwhile, the fatty acid profile was altered by dietary astaxanthin, as evidenced by a decline in palmitic acid proportion, along with an increase in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) contents in muscle. In addition, dietary astaxanthin supplementation regulated prawn's antioxidant capacity. In the hemolymph, the activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) showed a significantly decrease trend with linear effect. The activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) were first downregulated and then upregulated with significantly quadratic pattern. In the hepatopancreas, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the contents of MDA were significantly downregulated with the increase of dietary astaxanthin levels. Reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and catalase (CAT) activities were also significantly decreased in group AX0.08. Correspondingly, astaxanthin decreased GSH and MDA contents under transportation stress. Moreover, the mRNA expression of immune genes (traf6, relish, and myd88) were inhibited by dietary astaxanthin supplementation. Based on the results of polynomial contrasts analysis and Duncan's test, dietary synthetic astaxanthin is a suitable feed additive to improve the growth, body color, antioxidant capacity, and nonspecific immunity of P. monodon. According to the second-order polynomial regression analysis based on the weight gain, the optimal supplementation level of dietary astaxanthin was 90 mg kg−1 in P. monodon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioluminescent bacteria (BLB) are the most widely distributed light-emitting microorganisms, most of which are found as symbionts of free-living marine organisms, including the crustacean species. In this study, 4 out of 7 marine crustaceans in the northeastern section of Manila Bay were found to contain bioluminescent bacteria. Marine crustacean species namely Thenus orientalis (Oriental Slipper Lobster), Oratosquilla oratoria (Mantis Shrimp), Penaeus monodon (Giant Tiger Prawn), Litopenaeus vannamei (Whiteleg shrimp), Scylla serrata (Mud Crab), Portunus pelagicus (Blue Swimming Crab), and Charybdis feriata (Crucifix crab), were swabbed after collection. Bioluminescent bacteria were isolated from the inner surface of the carapace, eyes, abdomen, and abdominal segments of the crustacean samples. All glowing colonies were isolated and upscaled. Only bioluminescent bacteria from T. orientalis, O. oratoria, and P. monodon completed the isolation process and were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing for phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, results from molecular identification through Nucleotide BLAST identified that it was Vibrio alginolyticus and Mucus bacterium. At the same time, the presence of Vibrio rumoiensis was also identified which was proved to be understudied and needs exploration. This study was aimed to identify the present bioluminescent bacteria in selected marine crustaceans in Manila Bay, Philippines through microbiological isolation, molecular identification, and phylogenetic reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inability to precisely identify biological species has direct impacts on conservation efforts, which is especially true among taxa of great commercial interest such as representatives of the Penaeini tribe. Those shrimp supply more than half of the global demand for crustaceans and have important functional roles in ocean ecosystems. Recent systematic studies suggest that the diversity of taxa within Penaeini is underestimated, and there are controversial taxonomic classifications. In this work, we used phylogenetic and phylogeographic approaches to assess the genetic diversity and evolutionary of representatives of the Penaeini tribe, focusing on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. A total of 1680 COI sequences from 24 species were accessed on the Bold Systems platform. We detected several identification errors and synonyms among the 15 taxa of the tribe, principally within the genus Penaeus. Phylogeographic analyses allowed the identification of highly structured populations within several ecoregions of the Atlantic (19), Indian (16), and Pacific (10) oceans. The delimitation methods (GMYC, bPTB, and BINs) suggest are cryptic species such as Fenneropenaeus indicus (2 MOTUs), Litopenaeus vannamei (2 MOTUs), Penaeus monodon (3 MOTUs), and P. semisulcatus (4 MOTUs). The highest cryptic diversity concentration was found in the Indo-West Pacific region, suggesting it as the center of origin for the tribe. Our data provide important information that could subsidize management actions and guarantee the long-term maintenance of those lineages and their stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, bacterial diseases caused by Vibrio spp. pose a significant obstacle to aquaculture growth, affecting socioeconomic development. The presence of pathogenic Vibrio spp. are gaining attention due to widespread mortality in fish and shellfish worldwide. This study investigates the distribution of virulence genes and their pathogenicity by experimentally infecting a healthy group of cultured shrimp, specifically Penaeus monodon. A total of 225 Vibrio spp. isolated from 210 cultured shrimp from various geographical regions in Peninsular Malaysia were examined, resulting in 13 Vibrio spp. being identified and characterized. According to virulence gene assessment, only eight of the 11 virulence genes were detected in the isolates, including chiA (89%), flaC (74%), tlh (72%), toxR (70%), luxR (40%), pirA (11%), pirB (11%), and hlyA (0.4%). Other virulence genes, such as tdh, trh, and ctxA, were not found in any of the isolates (0%). Then, three Vibrio isolates, including V. parahaemolyticus S12-3, V. campbellii S10-4, and V. rotiferianus S24-4, were selected for pathogenicity test based on highest number of virulence genes in each species. These species were subjected to immersion challenge test against postlarvae (PL) P. monodon approximately PL-20 with three different concentrations of 1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 CFU/mL. The V. parahaemolyticus S12-3 was determined to have lethal concentration 50 (LC50) 1 × 105 CFU/mL after 168 hr of exposure. The immersion challenge test resulted in a pale hepatopancreas and empty guts in P. monodon. Histopathological examination showed sloughing of epithelial cells in the hepatopancreatic tubule, hemocytic infiltration, massive vacuolation, and loss of hepatopancreatic tubule structure. Overall, the study demonstrated the virulence and pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus S12-3 toward P. monodon, which could be associated with its virulence properties. Furthermore, the current findings will be useful in developing microbiological risk assessments for shrimp farming and aquaculture management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to reduce the cost of allergen testing for Guangzhou, China by limiting the number of allergens for which patients are tested, and provide a testing panel to improve diagnostic and therapeutic efficiency. This retrospective study of real-world data from 2012 to 2019 included 39,570 patients with suspected allergies in Guangzhou, southern China. All the patients were tested for one or more of the following allergens serum specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE): Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, cat dander, dog dander, Artemisia vulgaris, Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Blattella germanica, egg whites, milk, wheat, peanuts, soybeans, Cancer pagurus, and Penaeus monodon by PhadiaCAP 1000. Totally, only the positive rates of allergens sIgE in D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, milk, egg whites, B. germanica, C. pagurus, A. alternata, and P. monodon were > 10%, the other allergens were between 4–7%. Moreover, among the allergic diseases, dust mites exhibited the overall highest positive rate, followed by milk and B. germanica. In children, milk was the main allergen, whereas in adults, mites, cockroaches, shrimp, and crab allergens had higher positive rates. The optimal scale analysis shows that the multiple sensitization classification of patients can be divided into three categories: I D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus; II. C. pagurus, P. monodon, and B. germanica; III. Milk and egg whites. Generally, a panel including 4 allergens can detect > 90% of the potential allergy in this local population. In Guangzhou, southern China, D. farinae, milk, B. germanica, and A. alternata as a panel screening allergy for suspected allergic patients was suggested base on this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a major virus found in shrimp that causes huge economic loss in shrimp farms. A selective diagnostic approach for WSSV is required for the early diagnosis and protection of farms. This work proposes a novel recognition method based on improved Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) namely Dense Inception Convolutional Neural Network (DICNN) for diagnoses of WSSV disease. Initially, the process of data acquisition and data augmentation is carried out. The Inception structure is then used to improve the performance of multi-dimensional feature extraction. As a result, the proposed work has the highest accuracy of 97.22% when compared to other traditional models. The proposed work is targeted to Litopenaeus Vannamei (LV), and Penaeus Monodon (PM) diversities for major threats detection of White Spot Syndrome (WSS). Performance metrics related to accuracy have been compared with other traditional models, which demonstrate that our model will efficiently recognize shrimp WSSV disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, changes in fish catch composition and the marine environment have been monitored worldwide and recorded in databases like FAO FishStatJ and the European Union Copernicus Marine Service. However, the complexity and high variability in the dataset makes it challenging to find meaningful information through conventional data analytical methods. Therefore, in this pilot data mining study, we employed association rule mining algorithms (Apriori, ECLAT, and FP-Growth) to find frequently occurring itemsets in the fish-catch composition and marine environment data of the west and east coasts of India during the past decade (2011-2020). Firstly, the inherent spatial and temporal variations in fish-catch composition and marine environment (sea surface temperature and chlorophyll) on the west and east coasts of India were statistically analyzed and described. Then, the data were preprocessed, selected, and transformed into categorical attributes. By applying the association rule mining algorithms written in the Python language in the Google Colab workspace, we obtained frequent itemsets of fish catch and marine environment with different levels of minimum support and confidence. The preliminary results showed linear and inverse associations between changes in the sea surface temperature, chlorophyll concentration, and major catch groups, such as anchovies, Indian oil sardine, Indian mackerel, hairtails, butterfish-pomfrets, Bombay duck, flatfish, tunas, giant tiger prawn, crabs, lobsters, and cephalopods. Among the tested data mining algorithms, FP-Growth was found to be more efficient and reliable in finding associations between the spatiotemporal dynamics of the marine environment and fish distribution and abundance. Therefore, it can be potentially used to support marine fisheries' resource assessment and management strategies after refinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the success in identifying new crustacean allergens other than tropomyosin, many potential allergens remain unidentified. At present, there are no diagnostic and treatment crustacean allergens on the Russian market, including tropomyosin of invertebrates. The aim of the research was to explore allergenic properties of tropomyosin and other proteins in water-salt extract from tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Raw and boiled meat of giant tiger shrimp was used to prepare allergenic extracts. To identify the specific activity of experimental allergens, sera from patients allergic to crustaceans with an established degree of activity (class 3) were used. The levels of specific IgE were from 3.5 to 17.5 IU/mL. ELISA was performed with the allergen samples. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of raw and boiled shrimp allergen preparations was followed by western blotting with the most allergen-specific serum. It has been shown that the extracts from raw and boiled shrimp have allergenic activity (bind IgE). The heat treatment of shrimp had no effect on allergenic activity except for one sample, where a strong reaction with the antigens was found. It is proved that the selected extraction conditions make it possible to reveal the multifractional nature of the protein profile of raw and boiled shrimp extracts. In western blotting experiments, the raw shrimp extract showed a weak reaction; tropomyosin was not detected. At the same time, five protein fractions were identified in the boiled shrimp samples which reacted with IgE antibodies of a patient allergic to crustaceans. The data obtained will allow us to expand the knowledge about crustacean allergy and continue our research to determine the optimal conditions for cleaning shrimp allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to assess the effects of replacing fish meal with fermented corn gluten meal (FCGM) in diets on the growth performance, immune response and intestinal digestive function in Penaeus monodon. In this experiment, grade levels of FCGM (4.4%, 8.8%, 13.2%, 17.6%, 22.0%) were added in the basic diet to instead of 14.3%, 28.6%, 42.9%, 57.1% and 71.4% fish meal and six kinds of isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were prepared to feed [initial weight (12.00±0.25) g] Penaeus monodon for 8 weeks. The experimental results showed as follows: ① compared with the control group, when fermented corn protein meal replaced 42.8% and less of fish meal, it did not significantly affect the growth performance of Penaeus monodon (P>0.05); when fermented corn protein meal replaced 57.1% of fish meal, it significantly reduced the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of Penaeus monodon (P<0.05), and the feed coefficient was significantly higher when the replacement level reached 71.4% (P<0.05). ② Compared with the control group, fermented corn protein meal did not significantly (P>0.05) affect serum immunity indexes of Penaeus monodon when 42.8% and less of fish meal was replaced by fermented corn protein meal; 57.1% of fish meal was replaced by fermented corn protein meal significantly (P< 0.05) reduced serum peroxidase (POD) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities of Penaeus monodon, while when the replacement ratio reached 71.4%, ACP, POD, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lysozyme (LZM) activities were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of the control group; alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among the treatment groups. ③ Substitution of 42.8% and less of fishmeal by fermented corn protein powder did not affect the intestinal digestive enzyme activities of Spotted Penaeus monodon compared to the control group (P>0.05), whereas substitution levels of 42.8% and more significantly decreased intestinal protease activity, amylase activity and lipase activity (P<0.05). In conclusion, replacing fish meal with FCGM controlled 42.9% in the diet does not have negative effects on growth performance, immune function and intestinal digestive capacity of Penaeus monodon, but higher substitute levels showed serious adverse effects on Penaeus monodon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to reduce the cost of allergen testing for Guangzhou, China by limiting the number of allergens for which patients are tested, and provide a testing panel to improve diagnostic and therapeutic efficiency. This retrospective study of real-world data from 2012 to 2019 included 39,570 patients with suspected allergies in Guangzhou, southern China. All the patients were tested for one or more of the following allergens serum specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE): Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, cat dander, dog dander, Artemisia vulgaris, Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Blattella germanica, egg whites, milk, wheat, peanuts, soybeans, Cancer pagurus, and Penaeus monodon by PhadiaCAP 1000. Totally, only the positive rates of allergens sIgE in D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, milk, egg whites, B. germanica, C. pagurus, A. alternata, and P. monodon were > 10%, the other allergens were between 4–7%. Moreover, among the allergic diseases, dust mites exhibited the overall highest positive rate, followed by milk and B. germanica. In children, milk was the main allergen, whereas in adults, mites, cockroaches, shrimp, and crab allergens had higher positive rates. The optimal scale analysis shows that the multiple sensitization classification of patients can be divided into three categories: I D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus; II. C. pagurus, P. monodon, and B. germanica; III. Milk and egg whites. Generally, a panel including 4 allergens can detect > 90% of the potential allergy in this local population. In Guangzhou, southern China, D. farinae, milk, B. germanica, and A. alternata as a panel screening allergy for suspected allergic patients was suggested base on this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was to identify and characterize Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) in the outbreaks reported in two whiteleg shrimp farms and one black tiger shrimp farm located in northern Taiwan in 2020. Methods: The histopathology, electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for the DIV1 were used to identify the virus, and the phylogenetic analysis was performed by comparing the major capsid protein gene fragment of DIV1s from Taiwan with reference sequences of the family Iridoviridae. Results: DIV1 was identified by diagnostic PCR and caused mild mortality (20%) in cultured Penaeus monodon and high mortality (100%) in cultured whiteleg shrimp. Cultured P. monodon was first found to be infected with DIV1 through natural route of infection. Histopathological examination showed dark‐eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in the degenerative cells of targeted hematopoietic tissues. For electron microscopy, a non‐enveloped virus particle was observed from homogenates of mixed target organs through negative staining with a diameter of 112±2 nm. Nucleotide sequences of DIV1 isolates from the Taiwanese outbreak are 100% identical to those from the PRC. Conclusions: Based on the clinical evidence, mortality rates, histopathology, electron microscopy examinations and phylogenetic analysis, it is believed that DIV1 is the causative agent of the outbreak. This is the first report of DIV1 in cultured shrimp in Taiwan. The emergence of DIV1 signals a warning to shrimp aquaculture farmers worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial community inhabiting the intestine of the shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and their surrounding environments (e.g., water and sediment) is considered as a key contributing factor for the sustainable farming of shrimp. Indiscriminate application of antibiotics in aquaculture is a growing concern due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), more specifically the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The present study investigates the microbiome composition and 19 ARGs from four different shrimp farming systems; (i) cluster, (ii) extensive, (iii) semi-intensive, and (iv) improved extensive in the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh. In doing so, the study applied advanced 16S rRNA-based metagenomic sequencing to study the bacterial composition. Moreover, gene specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect the ARGs in shrimp, water, and sediments of different farming systems. In the current study, bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were predominant among the samples (n = 12) collected from the different farming systems followed by Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria. Firmicutes was the predominant phylum in the gut of shrimp cultured in the cluster (relative abundance 53.33%) and semi-intensive (relative abundance 59.2%) culture systems. Results indicated that the bacterial community structure was significantly (p < 0.05) distinct among gut, sediment, and water samples as well as the farming systems. The shared operational taxonomic unit (OTU) in the sediment sample (16,495) was nearly double than the gut (7,931) and water (8,513) bacterial communities. The improved extensive farming system showed 1,289 (11.05%) shared OTUs among gut, sediment, and water followed by semi-intensive (6.87%), cluster (6.27%), and extensive (5.46%) farming system. Among the tested ARGs, sul1, cat, gyrA(C), tetA, tetC, tetX, ere(A), vanR, and dfrA1 were predominant in water and sediment samples. Semi-intensive farming system had the highest prevalence of ARGs (21.05%) while the lowest prevalence was found in extensive (5.26%) farming system. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive scenario of bacterial composition and growing emergence of ARGs in shrimp farming of Bangladesh. Therefore, the production strategy must focus on the alternatives of antibiotic for shaping the shrimp cultivation technique more sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of shrimp species in the Lake Nokoué-Cotonou Channel complex for an efficient management of the fishery. The results of one year sampling from five stations (North, South, East, Central and West) in the complex revealed the following proportions: Penaeus notialis 73.68%, Macrobrachium macrobrachion 13.81%, Macrobrachium vollenhovenii 5.36%, Penaeus monodon 2.68%, Macrobrachium felicinum 2.20%, Penaeus kerathurus 1.72%, Macrobrachium cf. zariquieyi 0.27%, and Macrobrachium equidens 0.27%. The species M. cf. zariquieyi and M. equidens were never reported from Benin, but are now found in Lake Nokoué. Spatially, Penaeus (Penaeus notialis) are more abundant in the west (Acadja concentration zone), while Macrobrachium (Macrobrachium macrobrachion) are more dominant in the east (near the Ouémé entrance) and north (near the Sô entrance) of the lake. Penaeus are strongly present in the lagoon complex from January to August, while Macrobrachium are more abundant in Lake Nokoué from September to December. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that increasing salinity, pH, transparency and total dissolved solids (TDS) positively influenced the abundance of P. notialis , while increasing salinity, pH, transparency, and TDS negatively influenced the abundance of M. macrobrachion at the 5% significance level. For an efficient management of the shrimp fishery, it is desirable that the shrimp fishery in Lake Nokoué, mainly in the Cotonou Channel, which is a very sensitive area for their seasonal migrations, benefits from at least three months of respite per year, from November to January. This period corresponds to the strong migration of juvenile Penaeus towards the lake. This should allow many Penaeus to grow up and breed at least once in their lives, according to the species' life cycle presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]