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Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by changes in mood that alternate between (hypo) mania or depression and mixed states, often associated with functional impairment and cognitive dysfunction. But little is known about biomarkers that contribute to the development and sustainment of cognitive deficits. The aim of this study was to review the association between neurocognition and biomarkers across different mood states. Method: Search databases were Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed. A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines. Risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Studies were selected that focused on the correlation between neuroimaging, physiological, genetic or peripheral biomarkers and cognition in at least two phases of BD: depression, (hypo)mania, euthymia or mixed. PROSPERO Registration No.: CRD42023410782. Results: A total of 1824 references were screened, identifying 1023 published articles, of which 336 were considered eligible. Only 16 provided information on the association between biomarkers and cognition in the different affective states of BD. The included studies found: (i) Differences in levels of total cholesterol and C reactive protein depending on mood state; (ii) There is no association found between cognition and peripheral biomarkers; (iii) Neuroimaging biomarkers highlighted hypoactivation of frontal areas as distinctive of acute state of BD; (iv) A deactivation failure has been reported in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), potentially serving as a trait marker of BD. Conclusion: Only a few recent articles have investigated biomarker-cognition associations in BD mood phases. Our findings underline that there appear to be central regions involved in BD that are observed in all mood states. However, there appear to be underlying mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction that may vary across different mood states in BD. This review highlights the importance of standardizing the data and the assessment of cognition, as well as the need for biomarkers to help prevent acute symptomatic phases of the disease, and the associated functional and cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exploring the neural basis related to different mood states is a critical issue for understanding the pathophysiology underlying mood switching in bipolar disorder (BD), but research has been scarce and inconsistent. Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 162 patients with BD: 33 (hypo)manic, 64 euthymic, and 65 depressive, and 80 healthy controls (HCs). The differences of large-scale brain network functional connectivity (FC) between the four groups were compared and correlated with clinical characteristics. To validate the generalizability of our findings, we recruited a small longitudinal independent sample of BD patients (n = 11). In addition, we examined topological nodal properties across four groups as exploratory analysis. Results: A specific strengthened pattern of network FC, predominantly involving the default mode network (DMN), was observed in (hypo)manic patients when compared with HCs and bipolar patients in other mood states. Longitudinal observation revealed an increase in several network FCs in patients during (hypo)manic episode. Both samples evidenced an increase in the FC between the DMN and ventral attention network, and between the DMN and limbic network (LN) related to (hypo)mania. The altered network connections were correlated with mania severity and positive affect. Bipolar depressive patients exhibited decreased FC within the LN compared with HCs. The exploratory analysis also revealed an increase in degree in (hypo)manic patients. Conclusions: Our findings identify a distributed pattern of large-scale network disturbances in the unique context of (hypo)mania and thus provide new evidence for our understanding of the neural mechanism of BD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) show reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) compared to patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Little is known about whether these differences are mood state-independent or influenced by acute symptom severity. Therefore, the aim of this study was (1) to replicate abnormalities in white matter microstructure in BD v. MDD and (2) to investigate whether these vary across depressed, euthymic, and manic mood. Methods: In this cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging study, n = 136 patients with BD were compared to age- and sex-matched MDD patients and healthy controls (HC) (n = 136 each). Differences in FA were investigated using tract-based spatial statistics. Using interaction models, the influence of acute symptom severity and mood state on the differences between patient groups were tested. Results: Analyses revealed a main effect of diagnosis on FA across all three groups (ptfce-FWE = 0.003). BD patients showed reduced FA compared to both MDD (ptfce-FWE = 0.005) and HC (ptfce-FWE < 0.001) in large bilateral clusters. These consisted of several white matter tracts previously described in the literature, including commissural, association, and projection tracts. There were no significant interaction effects between diagnosis and symptom severity or mood state (all ptfce-FWE > 0.704). Conclusions: Results indicated that the difference between BD and MDD was independent of depressive and manic symptom severity and mood state. Disruptions in white matter microstructure in BD might be a trait effect of the disorder. The potential of FA values to be used as a biomarker to differentiate BD from MDD should be further addressed in future studies using longitudinal designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral contraceptive (OC) users have a heightened risk of low plasma concentrations of vitamin B6, a cofactor in the tryptophan-serotonin pathway critical to mood regulation. The purpose of this crossover study was to determine whether vitamin B6 supplementation reduced symptoms of depression and improved mood states in college women using OC. Participants were healthy (aged 18-25 yrs), did not take dietary supplements, and used OC (estrogen with progestin) consistently for at least 1 year. During the 12-week, randomized, double-blind crossover trial (4-week treatment periods [100 mg vitamin B6 daily or placebo] separated by a 4-week washout) participants (n = 8) maintained normal exercise and eating patterns and recorded tablet consumption daily. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Profile of Mood States (POMS) were used to assess mental health before and after each 4-week treatment period. Average dietary vitamin B6 intakes did not vary during the trial (1.2-1.4 mg/d), whereas vitamin B6 status rose significantly following the B6 supplementation period compared to the other three time points. BDI-II scores were reduced 20% by vitamin B6 supplementation in comparison to an 11% rise with placebo ingestion (p = 0.046). POMS scores were not significantly impacted by vitamin B6 supplementation. These preliminary data support a growing literature suggesting the benefits of B6 supplementation for reducing symptoms of depression in young women using OC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the factors that influence meaning in life (MiL) in patients with advanced lung cancer who are undergoing radiochemotherapy. Methods: A cross‐sectional, multivariate stepwise regression analysis and structural equation modeling were used to examine factors influencing MiL in 231 patients with lung cancer in an oncology department of a tertiary hospital in China. Their mood state, family care, social support, and psychological distress were measured. Results: Sex, marital status, and family income significantly affected MiL (p <.05). MiL was significantly correlated (p <.01) with psychological distress (r = −.203), and most significantly (F = 66.883, p <.01; 46.2% of MiL) with mood state (r = −.631), family care (r =.384), and social support (r =.410). Conclusion: To enhance MiL, nurses need to consider patients' mood states and family/social support, as well as tailor patient care toward different sexes and backgrounds. Clinical staff should pay attention to the psychological changes, family care, and social support of patients with advanced lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exercise, especially team sports, has positive effects on mood state, and oxytocin partially supports these effects. • Augmented reality (AR) technology can potentially convert standard solitary exercise into multi-person exercise. • AR-based multi-person exercise (Ex+AR) significantly ameliorated depression-dejection and increased salivary oxytocin levels, but standard solitary exercise did not. • Ex+AR may provide more significant psychological benefits than standard solitary exercise. Exercise has positive effects on psychological well-being, with team sports often associated with superior mental health compared to individual sports. Augmented reality (AR) technology has the potential to convert solitary exercise into multi-person exercise. Given the role of oxytocin in mediating the psychological benefits of exercise and sports, this study aimed to investigate the impact of AR-based multi-person exercise on mood and salivary oxytocin levels. Fourteen participants underwent three distinct regimens: non-exercise (Rest), standard solitary cycling exercise (Ex), and AR-based multi-person cycling exercise (Ex+AR). In both Ex and Ex+AR conditions, participants engaged in cycling at a self-regulated pace to maintain a Rating of Perceived Exertion of 10. In the Ex+AR condition, participants' avatars were projected onto a tablet screen, allowing them to cycle alongside ten other virtual avatars in an AR environment. Mood states and saliva samples were collected before and immediately after each 10-minute regimen. Subsequently, salivary oxytocin levels were measured. Notably, only the Ex+AR condition significantly improved mood states associated with depression-dejection and exhibited a non-significant trend toward suppressing anger-hostility in participants. Moreover, the Ex+AR condition led to a significant elevation in salivary oxytocin levels, while the Ex condition showed a non-significant trend toward an increase. However, changes in salivary oxytocin did not show a significant correlation with changes in mood states. These findings suggest that Ex+AR enhances mood states and promotes oxytocin release. AR-based multi-person exercise may offer greater psychological benefits compared to standard solitary exercise, although the relationship between oxytocin and mood changes remains inconclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The discovery of psychological healing methods that are easy to master and can be developed by the individual as a means of improving students' self-psychological adjustment ability is of great practical value. This study is a randomized control trial intended to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based emotion management interventions and to test their effects on the mood state and resilience of college students. A total of 72 students were recruited and randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group. Thirty-six students in the intervention group received a modified mindfulness-based emotion management intervention once per week for 4 weeks, with each intervention having a duration of 80 minutes. Participants were assessed by questionnaires to measure mindfulness level, emotion, and resilience before and after intervention. There were significant interaction effects on mindfulness level (F = 97.76, p < 0.00), mood state (F = 353.52, p < 0.00), and resilience (F = 178.99, p < 0.00) scores. A modified 4-week mindfulness-based emotion management intervention can improve the mindfulness level and resilience of college students and is an innovative and feasible strategy for enhancing mental health in college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Identifying hubs of brain dysfunction in adolescents and young adults with Bipolar I Disorder (BDAYA) could provide targets for early detection, prevention, and treatment. Previous neuroimaging studies across mood states of BDAYA are scarce and often examined limited brain regions potentially prohibiting detection of other important regions. We used a data‐driven whole‐brain Intrinsic Connectivity Distribution (ICD) approach to investigate dysconnectivity hubs across mood states in BDAYA. Methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging whole‐brain ICD data were investigated for differences across four groups: BDAYA‐depressed (n = 22), BDAYA‐euthymic (n = 45), BDAYA‐elevated (n = 24), and healthy controls (HC, n = 111). Clusters of ICD differences were assessed for regional dysconnectivity and mood symptom relationships. Analyses were also performed for BDAYA overall (vs. HC) ICD differences persisting across mood states. Results: ICD was higher in the BDAYA‐ depressed group than other groups in bilateral ventral/rostral/dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC) and right lenticular nucleus (LN) (pcorrected <0.05). In BDAYA‐depressed, functional connectivity (FC) was increased between these regions with their contralateral homologues and PFC‐medial temporal FC was more negative (p < 0.005). PFC‐related findings correlated with depression scores (p < 0.05). The overall BDAYA group showed ICD increases in more ventral left PFC and right cerebellum, present across euthymia and acute mood states. Conclusions: This ICD approach supports a PFC hub of inter‐ and intra‐hemispheric frontotemporal dysconnectivity in BDAYA with potential trait features and disturbances of higher magnitude during depression. Hubs were also revealed in LN and cerebellum, less common foci of BD research. The hubs are potential targets for early interventions to detect, prevent, and treat BD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological stressors have been related to tumor progression through the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) in several types of cancer. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the expressions of β 1 - and β 2 -AR and their association with psychological and clinicopathological variables in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: Tumor samples from 99 patients diagnosed with OSCC were subjected to immunohistochemical reaction to detect the expression of β 1 -AR and β 2 -AR. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), respectively. The Brunel Mood Scale was used for measuring affective mood states. Results: Univariate analyzes revealed that higher expression of β 1 -AR was associated with increased alcohol consumption (p = 0.032), higher education (p = 0.042), worse sleep quality (p = 0.044) and increased levels of pain related to the primary tumor (p < 0.001). Higher expression of β 2 -AR was related with regional metastasis (p = 0.014), increased levels of pain related to the primary tumor (p = 0.044), anxiety (p < 0.001) and depressive (p = 0.010) symptoms and higher mood scores of angry (p = 0.010) and fatigue (p = 0.010). Multivariate analysis identified that patients with advanced clinical stage had lower β 1 -AR expression (OR=0.145, 95% CI=0.025–0.828, p = 0.003). Higher anxiety symptoms and higher mood fatigue are independent factors for increased β 2 -AR expression (OR=4256, 95% CI=1439–12606, p = 0.009; OR=3816, 95% CI=1258–11,573, p = 0.018, respectively). Conclusion: This study reveal that anxiety, fatigue symptoms, and clinical staging are associated with tumor expression of beta-adrenergic receptors in patients with oral cancer. • Anxiety and fatigue symptoms were predicted for increased β 2 -AR expression in OSCC. • Advanced clinical stage was associated with lower β 1 -AR expression in OSCC. • Psychological factors could modulate tumor expression of β-ARs in oral cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effect of psychological intervention on language ability recovery and mood state of hearing impaired adolescents. 80 cases of hearing impaired adolescents aged 7-18 in our hospital from June 2019 to June 2020 were randomly divided into observation group and control group, 40 cases in each group. All the children were treated with cochlear implantation, and the control group was given routine speech training and health education. The observation group was given psychological intervention nursing in the whole treatment process on the basis of routine nursing. The treatment effect, language ability recovery, mood state and ABC score of the two groups were compared. The total effective rate of the observation group was 92.50%, and that of the control group was 75.00%, which was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in speech formation, hearing ability and auditory perception between the two groups before nursing (P>0.05), but the speech formation, hearing ability and auditory perception of the two groups were significantly improved after nursing the score of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the spirit, control, ability, tolerance of negative emotions and acceptance changes between the two groups before nursing (P>0.05); after treatment and nursing, the spirit, control, ability, tolerance of negative emotions and acceptance changes of the two groups were significantly decreased, and the score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the scores of excitement, irritability, stereotyped behavior and inappropriate language between the two groups before nursing (P>0.05), but after nursing, the scores of the two groups decreased, and the observation group was less than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). On the basis of routine treatment and nursing, psychological nursing intervention can improve the treatment effect of children, improve the recovery of language ability, reduce negative emotions and improve the mood of children, which is worthy of clinical application and promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have reported visual impairments in patients with bipolar disorder (BPD), but unclear were whether clinical variables would be associated with those disturbances. Here, we investigate the relationship between visual functioning, in terms of color discrimination, and the impact of BPD duration, mood state, and the patients' medication. Forty-five participants (25–45 years old) were recruited for this study. Color discrimination was performed using the Cambridge Colour Test. Serial multiple mediations were run to investigate the assumption of association between color discrimination and the clinical variables. Our findings showed that, compared with healthy controls, BPD patients' performance was worse for the Protan, Deutan, and Tritan vectors, revealing deterioration of color discrimination. In addition, the mediation analyses revealed a strong direct (p <.001) and moderate-to-high indirect effects (p <.01) of medication and symptom severity on color discrimination. Overall, both longer the duration of the disease and greater the symptom severity of BPD patients resulted in worse performance. It highlights the importance of examining the wider clinical context of an affective disorder to understand how it affects visual processing in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Committeri Giorgia, Danilo Bondi, Carlo Sestieri, Ginevra Di Matteo, Claudia Piervincenzi, Christian Doria, Roberto Ruffini, Antonello Baldassarre, Tiziana Pietrangelo, Rosamaria Sepe, Riccardo Navarra, Piero Chiacchiaretta, Antonio Ferretti, and Vittore Verratti. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging correlates of high-altitude hypoxia trekking during the "Gokyo Khumbu/Ama Dablam" expedition. High Alt Med Biol. 23:57–68, 2022. Background: Altitude hypoxia exposure may produce cognitive detrimental adaptations and damage to the brain. We aimed at investigating the effects of trekking and hypoxia on neuropsychological and neuroimaging measures. Methods: We recruited two balanced groups of healthy adults, trekkers (n = 12, 6 F and 6 M, trekking in altitude hypoxia) and controls (gender- and age-matched), who were tested before (baseline), during (5,000 m, after 9 days of trekking), and after the expedition for state anxiety, depression, verbal fluency, verbal short-term memory, and working memory. Personality and trait anxiety were also assessed at a baseline level. Neuroimaging measures of cerebral perfusion (arterial spin labeling), white-matter microstructural integrity (diffusion tensor imaging), and resting-state functional connectivity (functional magnetic resonance imaging) were assessed before and after the expedition in the group of trekkers. Results: At baseline, the trekkers showed lower trait anxiety (p = 0.003) and conscientiousness (p = 0.03) than the control group. State anxiety was lower in the trekkers throughout the study (p < 0.001), and state anxiety and depression decreased at the end of the study in both groups (p = 0.043 and p = 0.007, respectively). Verbal fluency increased at the end of the study in both groups (p < 0.001), whereas verbal short-term memory and working memory performance did not change. No significant differences between before and after the expedition were found for neuroimaging measures. Conclusions: We argue that the observed differences in the neuropsychological measures mainly reflect aspecific familiarity and learning effects due to the repeated execution of the same questionnaires and task. The present results thus suggest that detrimental effects on neuropsychological and neuroimaging measures do not necessarily occur as a consequence of short-term exposure to altitude hypoxia up to 5,000 m, especially in the absence of altitude sickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To observe the effects of individualized rehabilitation exercise training combined with Baduanjin Exercise on cardiac function, mood state and quality of life in patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). 100 patients with coronary heart disease after PCI in our hospital from September 2017 to September 2018 were selected, they were randomly divided into control group and study group by random number table method, with 50 cases in each group. The patients in the control group received individualized rehabilitation exercise training on the basis of routine treatment, and the patients in the study group combined with Baduanjin Exercise on the basis of the control group. The cardiac function, quality of life and mood state changes in the two groups were observed. The incidence of cardiovascular adverse events in the two groups within 6 months was counted. After intervention, the distance of 6-min walking test (6MWT) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in the two groups were higher than those before intervention, and the change degree in the study group was better than that in the control group (P<0.05). After intervention, the scores of tension-anxiety, depressed-dispirited, anger-hostility, fatigue-retardation and puzzle-confusion in the two groups were lower than those before intervention, and the scores of energy-vitality and self-related emotions were higher than those before intervention, and the change degree in the study group was better than that in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of cardiovascular adverse events in the study group within 6 months was lower than that in the control group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). After intervention, the scores of overall/mental health, energy, emotional/physiological function, physical pain and physiological/social function in the two groups increased, and the study group was higher than the control group (P<0.05). Baduanjin Exercise combined with individualized rehabilitation exercise training can not only promote the improvement of cardiac function, quality of life and mood state of patients with coronary heart disease after PCI, but also control the risk of cardiovascular adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a strong negative impact on economic and social life worldwide. It has also negatively influenced people's general health and quality of life. The aim of the present study was to study the impact of social distancing on physical activity level, and the association between mood state (depression and anxiety level) or sex with actual physical activity levels, the change in physical activity caused by social distancing period, the adhesion level to social distancing, the adoption time of social distancing, family income and age. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire with personal, quarantine, physical activity, and mood state disorders information's was answered by 2140 Brazilians of both sex who were recruited through online advertising. Results: The physical activity level adopted during the period of social distancing (3.5 ± 0.8) was lower than that the adopted prior to the pandemic period (2.9 ± 1.1, p < 0.001). Thirty percent of the participants presented symptoms of moderate/severe depression and 23.3% displayed moderate/severe anxiety symptoms. A greater presence of symptoms related to anxiety and depression were associated with low physical activity levels, low family monthly income, and younger age. A higher percentage of men who had no mood disorders was observed among those who were very active than among those less active. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on physical activity. Those who reduced their level of physical activity had the highest levels of mood disorders. Therefore, physical activity programs should be encouraged, while respecting the necessary social distancing to prevent the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To construct an individualized rehabilitation training intervention model based on comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and perform the effect analysis from the perspectives of cognitive function and risk prevention. Methods According to the prospective randomized controlled study, 220 patients with AD were selected as the research subjects. Patients were equally divided into control group (n=110) and observation group (n=110) by the random number table method. The control group was given conventional medication therapy and rehabilitation training, and the observation group was additionally given individualized rehabilitation training intervention based on CGA. Data of the cognitive function [Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)], risk prevention [Johns Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool (JHFRAT), Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI)], mood state [Profile of Mood States (POMS)], physical function [Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Barthel index (BI)] before intervention and after 3-month intervention were compared between the two groups. Results After 3 months of intervention, the scores of ADAS-Cog scale, JHFRAT scale and CMAI scale were significantly reduced in observation group (P＜0.01), while the scores of MMSE scale and BBS scale were significantly increased (P＜0.01). There were no significant differences in the above indexes before and after intervention in control group (P＞0.05). After 3 months of intervention, the scores of activity-hyperactivity subscale of POMS scale and BI scale were significantly increased in the two groups of patients (P＜0.01), while the scores of subscales (tension-anxiety, melancholy-depression, anger-hostility, exhaustion-indolence, bewilderment-confusion) of POMS scale were significantly reduced (P＜0.01), and the changes were more significant in observation group (P＜0.01). Conclusion CGA-based individualized rehabilitation training intervention for patients with AD has a positive impact on cognitive function, fall risk, agitation behavior, mood state and physical function, which is worthy of promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This preliminary study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on appetite and mood following multiple days of sleep disruption (restriction [RES], fragmentation [FRAG]) or sleep extension (EXT), compared to normal sleep (CONT) in inactive, middle‐aged men. Nine men completed four randomised trials initiated by 3 nights (day 1–3) of CONT (6.5–8 hr), RES (4 hr), FRAG (6.5–8 hr, interrupted at 2‐hr intervals) or EXT (10 hr). On day 4 between 08:30 and 11:00 hours, perceived appetite, food cravings, appetite‐related hormones (acylated ghrelin, leptin, peptide tyrosine–tyrosine [PYY]total), glucose, mood states and wellness (stress, fatigue, soreness, and mood) were assessed before (post‐sleep manipulation [SM]) and after (post‐exercise [EX]) a 20‐min vigorous cycling bout (rating of perceived exertion: 15). There was no effect of sleep manipulation or exercise on perceived appetite (p =.34–.62). Some aspects of food craving were altered after RES and EXT, with vigorous exercise attenuating the desire for sweet foods in RES (p =.12). PYYtotal was lower after RES compared to EXT and FRAG (p =.03), but was unaltered by exercise (p =.03). Ghrelin was higher for RES and EXT compared to CONT and FRAG after exercise (p =.001–.03). Total wellness was reduced and total mood disturbance (TMD) was higher after RES and FRAG compared to CONT and EXT (p ≤.05). However, vigorous exercise countered these changes, with wellness and TMD remaining significantly impaired for FRAG compared to EXT only at this time (p =.02–.03). Vigorous exercise mitigates some aspects of food cravings and counters the impaired mood states that exist after multiple days of restricted and fragmented sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mind Body Connect (MBC) is a charity which uses therapeutic yoga as a vehicle of change for marginalized populations. Alongside MBC, Sheffield Hallam University's SHU Strength researchers carried out this study aiming to: (1) Gauge the impact of therapeutic yoga classes upon the mood state of people with a Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and (2) Explore the perceived benefits of therapeutic yoga class participation. An adapted shortened Profile of Mood States (POMS) was completed before and after each yoga class. A comparison of means with paired sample T-Test and Cohen's D was then carried out. Participants who attended 6+ classes were interviewed. Findings were then converged. Before and after measurements of anger, sadness, tiredness, worry, confusion, energy and relaxation were taken, Classes were held at SHU for service users from a Phoenix Future's (PF) rehabilitation centre. A single yoga class significantly relaxed participants and reduced negative mood states. Interview data covered a range of perceived benefits including the use of yogic down-regulation techniques as daily coping strategies. The MBC yoga programme appears beneficial as an adjunctive therapy for PF residents. Future SHU Strength research shall focus on the mid-long-term exercise habits of the recovery community and the impact of the MBC yoga programme upon the early recovery period of detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality (VR) technology combined with exercise, called VR exercise, is believed to have beneficial effects on mood; but VR factors contributing to improved mood remain ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of visual flow speed on psychophysiological responses (i.e., physiological responses, ratings of perceived exertion or RPE, and mood) to immersive VR exercise in a simulated natural environment. Eighteen male participants (M age = 23.1, SD = 1.9 years) cycled an ergometer at 80 watts for 5 minutes on three separate occasions while watching a first-person VR movie through VR goggles at three different speeds of visual flow, corresponding to 7.5 km.h−1, 15 km.h−1, and 22.5 km.h−1. The order of the three speeds was randomized in a counterbalanced design. We measured heart rate, oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, respiratory rate, and cadence during the exercise, and we recorded ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and mood immediately after the exercise. We evaluated mood states with the Two-Dimensional Mood Scale. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance or the Friedman test revealed no significant effects on any physiological variables, RPE or cadence as a result of altered visual flow speed during VR exercise (p >.05). However, speed of visual flow significantly influenced participant ratings of Vitality (p = 0.01) and Pleasure (p = 0.02), with the faster speed resulting in a more positive mood state. As these findings showed that VR exercise with faster visual flow induced positive mood states, we recommend faster visual flow to induce better mood states in VR exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a strong negative impact on economic and social life worldwide. It has also negatively influenced people's general health and quality of life. The aim of the present study was to study the impact of social distancing on physical activity level, and the association between mood state (depression and anxiety level) or sex with actual physical activity levels, the change in physical activity caused by social distancing period, the adhesion level to social distancing, the adoption time of social distancing, family income and age.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire with personal, quarantine, physical activity, and mood state disorders information's was answered by 2140 Brazilians of both sex who were recruited through online advertising.Results: The physical activity level adopted during the period of social distancing (3.5 ± 0.8) was lower than that the adopted prior to the pandemic period (2.9 ± 1.1, p < 0.001). Thirty percent of the participants presented symptoms of moderate/severe depression and 23.3% displayed moderate/severe anxiety symptoms. A greater presence of symptoms related to anxiety and depression were associated with low physical activity levels, low family monthly income, and younger age. A higher percentage of men who had no mood disorders was observed among those who were very active than among those less active.Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on physical activity. Those who reduced their level of physical activity had the highest levels of mood disorders. Therefore, physical activity programs should be encouraged, while respecting the necessary social distancing to prevent the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a strong negative impact on economic and social life worldwide. It has also negatively influenced people’s general health and quality of life. The aim of the present study was to study the impact of social distancing on physical activity level, and the association between mood state (depression and anxiety level) or sex with actual physical activity levels, the change in physical activity caused by social distancing period, the adhesion level to social distancing, the adoption time of social distancing, family income and age. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire with personal, quarantine, physical activity, and mood state disorders information’s was answered by 2140 Brazilians of both sex who were recruited through online advertising. Results: The physical activity level adopted during the period of social distancing (3.5 ± 0.8) was lower than that the adopted prior to the pandemic period (2.9 ± 1.1, p < 0.001). Thirty percent of the participants presented symptoms of moderate/severe depression and 23.3% displayed moderate/severe anxiety symptoms. A greater presence of symptoms related to anxiety and depression were associated with low physical activity levels, low family monthly income, and younger age. A higher percentage of men who had no mood disorders was observed among those who were very active than among those less active. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on physical activity. Those who reduced their level of physical activity had the highest levels of mood disorders. Therefore, physical activity programs should be encouraged, while respecting the necessary social distancing to prevent the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to test the hypothesis that aerobic exercise performance is impaired in the midluteal (ML) compared with the midfollicular (MF) phase of the menstrual cycle. Methods: Twelve recreationally active eumenorrheic women (25 ± 6 yr) completed exercise sessions during the MF and the ML phases. Each session consisted of an 8-km cycling time trial that was preceded by 10 min of cycling performed at a constant power below and above gas exchange threshold. Heart rate, ventilation, and oxygen uptake were continuously measured. RPE and ratings of fatigue were assessed during the time trial using visual analog scales. Total mood disturbance was calculated from the POMS questionnaire administered before and 20 min postexercise. Results: Salivary progesterone concentration was 578 ± 515 pg·mL−1 higher in ML compared with MF phase (P < 0.01), whereas estradiol concentration did not differ between phases (167 ± 55 vs 206 ± 120 pg·mL−1, P = 0.31). Total mood disturbance before exercise was greater during the ML phase compared with the MF phase (P < 0.01), but this difference was abolished postexercise (P = 0.14). Mean power output was lower during the ML phase (115 ± 29 vs 125 ± 28 W, P < 0.01), which led to a slower time trial in the ML phase (18.3 ± 2.0 min) compared with the MF phase (17.8 ± 1.7 min, P = 0.03). Ratings of fatigue were greater during the ML phase from 2 to 8 km (P ≤ 0.01), whereas no differences in RPE were observed. Heart rate (P = 0.85), minute ventilation (P = 0.53), and oxygen uptake (P = 0.32) did not differ between phases during the time trial. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise performance is worse in the ML phase compared with the MF phase in recreationally active women, which was accompanied by a more negative mood state preexercise and increased ratings of fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music, from its several possibilities, induces emotional responses, which are reflected in the physiological and cognitive changes of the listeners, this is a thematic of study in common among different disciplines: music psychology, music therapy, music anthropology, neuropsychology, among others. At the neuroanatomical level, neuroimaging studies have shown that music can modulate the activity of limbic and paralimbic structures, that is, structures that are especially involved in the initiation, generation, maintenance, completion and modulation of emotions. Being able to understand how music can affect the mood of people allow us to contribute to the creation of new techniques oriented to emotional regulation through music. The current study was develop with the aim of evaluating the effect of perception of a musical piece, with activating characteristics (experimental group) vs. white noise (control group), as mood modulator, from a neuro sientific perspective. Participated 29 young adults (55 % man), between 18 to 40 years old (M = 22.07, SD = .43), with no presence of neurological diseases or amusia, nor consumption of medications at the time of the study. The selection of the musical piece with activating characteristics was evaluated in a preliminary study, which counted with the participation of 24 young adults, who valued three pieces of music in terms of valence (emotion that the piece generated) and arousal (activation level). The 3 pieces were: “Tika Tika Walk” by Carlos D’alessio; “Leafmen” by Danny Elfman and “Define Dancing” by Thomas Newman. From this preliminary study, the activating stimulus that would be used for emotional modulation was selected (“Leafmen” by Danny Elfman). The emotional induction of the participants was carried out through the observation of 24 images with negative emotional valence (extracted from International Affective Picture System). About procedure, the study consisted of a single session of activity, divided into the following five phases: (1) information phase: participants signed the informed consent and completed the socio demographic questionnaire, (2) emotional induction phase: participants observed 24 negative images, and they had to rate each image from 0 to 10 (not arousing/ emotional at all to highly arousing/emotional), (3) pre- measurement phase: participants completed a scale of mood, instrument used to measure transient moods, (4) perception phase: under a random distribution, a group of volunteers listened the activating music piece and another group listened the white noise (both for 3 minutes), and finally (5) post-measurement phase: participants completed a scale of mood after music or white noise perception. We analyzed the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of the sample using the statistics of Levenne and Shapiro Wilk. The results analyzed through non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon test, with a p value of .05). In the premeasurement of mood, no significant differences were found between groups. Results of post- measurement phase indicated that music with activating characteristics, modulated the emotions of sadness and anxiety, decreasing them significantly. The results obtained indicate that music, specifically selected, aided as a modulator of emotions. It is important not to generalize the results obtained to the whole population, in this sense and thinking in future research, it would be necessary to expand the sample to a larger n, as well as to investigate this effect in other samples. The results obtained allow to open new paths in terms of the intrinsic qualities of music and its elements to promote relief of anxiety and stress, regulate moods and, promote motivation or enable the development of mechanisms to adapt to situations new and/or traumatic. Finally, it could be assumed that music constitutes an effective stimulus to modulate emotional responses, which are reflected in the mood changes of the listeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of mood state can be used as a tool for monitoring the training adaptation. However, to athletes with a physical disability, this tool is still a few explored, especially in training daily conditions. The aim of the study was to analyze the mood state during training sessions in wheelchair basketball athletes. Twelve male athletes, aged between 23 and 62 years old, were evaluated. The subjects answered the POMS questionnaire before and after five training sessions during the preparatory period. Shapiro Wilk test for normality and Friedman were used for comparison amongst sessions, adopting p<0.05. It was found that the athletes presented a positive mood profile (iceberg) during the analyzed period. A negative mood reduction and positive mood maintenance were observed after all training sessions. Therefore, the results indicate that the training sessions can decrease the negative mood dimension, especially the depression and anger in wheelchair basketball athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Physical inactivity has been considered as a pathological condition and additionally become a very important risk issue that plays role in inflicting fatalities. Plyometrics training is a form of exercise that can effectively reduce the fatalities prevalence caused by physical inactivity. It also increases the cognitive and affective ability. This study aims at assessing the effects of plyometrics training on short-term memory and mood states in Diponegoro Medical Faculty Students. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with 36 medical students (15-25 years old) as subjects. The subjects have been divided into two clusters: EP and C cluster. The EP cluster was given plyometrics training for six weeks and every week consists of two-session exercises and each session contains 5 movements. The C cluster was control group and didn't perform plyometrics training. The subjects were chosen purposively and participated in two tests (scenery picture memory test and profile of mood states) before training and after six weeks of training. Paired t-test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: There was a major distinction in scenery picture memory test score in the plyometrics training cluster compared to the control with p < 0,001. Mood measurement stated in the total mood disturbance score (TMD) also showed a significant difference between pre- and post-test in plyometrics training group with p = 0,001. Conclusion: Plyometrics training may improve short-term memory and mood in Diponegoro Medical Faculty Students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of time-of-day and morning vs. evening chronotype on the relationships between mood state and performance of extreme intensity cycling exercise. A quasi-experimental between-groups design was used to test the hypothesis that there would be an effect of time-of-day on mood state and physical performance, that mood state and physical performance would be interrelated, and that the relationships would be influenced by participants' morning vs. evening chronotype. From 74 university students who volunteered, 7 were identified as morning types (M-types) and 7 as evening types (E-types). They completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire and performed a 30 s Wingate test on three different days, once at 08h00, once at 14h00, and once at 20h00. The main performance measure, work done in the Wingate test, increased across the day (16.4 ± 4.8 kJ < 17.0 ± 5.0 kJ < 17.6 ± 5.2 kJ; p <.01). For the M-types, individual changes in performance from the morning to the afternoon were correlated with individual changes in the POMS score for vigor (r = 0.81; p =.03) and changes in performance from the afternoon to the evening were correlated with individual changes in fatigue (r = – 0.85, p =.02). For the E-types, the opposite was true, as morning-to-afternoon changes in performance were correlated with individual changes in fatigue (r = – 0.70, p =.08) and afternoon-to-evening changes in performance were correlated with individual changes in vigor (r = 0.78, p =.04). Results demonstrate a time-of-day effect on morning vs. evening chronotype-dependent relationships between mood state and cycling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a survey with 608 Chinese college students to investigate the mediating and moderating effects of emotional resilience in the relationship between negative life events and mood state. Researchers have previously examined either the moderating or mediating effect of emotional resilience in this relationship, and there has been disagreement about whether emotional resilience is idiosyncratic or state-driven. Our results showed that college students' level of emotional resilience and mood state were significant predictors for the effect of negative life events; emotional resilience had a significant positive effect on college students' mood state, and emotional resilience had a significant mediating and moderating effect in the relationship of negative life events and college students' mood state. These findings not only further support the theory that emotional resilience is state-driven, but also highlight the important role of emotional resilience in maintaining the emotional health of college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise intensity from stretching is very low, making it well suited to varied populations, including physically inactive people. We tested the hypothesis that acute stretching would improve cognitive function and improved mood states in physically inactive people. We asked 19 physically inactive young participants to perform the Stroop task and complete the short form of Profile of Moods Scale before and after 10 minutes of whole body stretching using yoga techniques and poses (stretching condition) versus a resting period. In the stretching condition, we observed decreases in Tension–Anxiety, Depression–Dejection, Anger–Hostility, Fatigue, and Confusion scores on the Profile of Moods Scale (all p values <.01) and an increase in the Vigor score (p =.01). We also observed a decrease in Stroop interference performance (p <.001). Furthermore, we found a significant negative correlation between ΔVigor score and ΔStroop interference (r = −.36, p =.03), indicating that a greater increase in the Vigor score was associated with better cognitive performance. Thus, acute stretching improved mood states and cognitive performance in physically inactive people. We suggest that the improved cognitive performance may be, at least partly, associated with the improved mood states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the number of patients with mental disorders with depressive symptoms has become a significant problem. To prevent people developing those disorders and help with the effective recovery, it is important to quantitatively and objectively monitor an individual's mental state. Previous studies have shown the relationship between negative or depressive mood state and human prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation during verbal and spatial working memory tasks based on a near-infrared spectroscopy imaging technique. In this study, we aimed to explore a biomarker of the mental state of people in remission of mental disorders with depressive symptoms using this technique. We obtained the PFC activation of return-to-work (RTW) trainees in remission of those disorders, compared that of healthy controls, and obtained subjective questionnaire scores with the Profile of Mood States. We compared the PFC activation with the questionnaire scores by receiver operating characteristic analysis using a logistic-regression model. The results showed that the PFC activation indicates a healthy state compared to that of the RTW trainees evaluated by area-under-curve analysis. This study demonstrates that our PFC measurement technique will be useful as a quantitative and objective assessment of mental state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was investigate if there is an association between second-to-fourth digit length (2D:4D) ratio and personality factors capable of serving as predictors of individual choice towards high-risk activities in a group of experts skydivers; Furthermore, their skills in regulating anxiety and emotions were assessed. The 2D:4D ratio of the right hand of 41 expert skydivers was measured and each of them completed four questionnaires: Big Five Questionnaire-2 (BFQ-2), Profile of Mood States (POMS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y (STAI-Y) and Risk-Taking Inventory. Lower 2D:4D ratios did not appear associated with a greater propensity for taking risks but rather with a lower aptitude to assume precautions in unsafe conditions. In fact, the only sub-dimensions of personality, analyzed by the BFQ-2, correlated with the 2D:4D ratio were conscientiousness and agreeableness. Furthermore, prior to launch, the skydiver's level of stress, measured by the POMS, or state anxiety, measured by the STAI-Y, was not significantly correlated with 2D:4D ratio; whereas there was significant positive correlation between 2D:4D values and trait anxiety. Data analysis further revealed that social desirability correlated negatively with state anxiety and total mood disturbance index, and positively with emotion control. The present results suggest that lower 2D:4D ratio may represent a significant predictor of less attentive precautionary behavior when risk-taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional eating, the tendency to regulate negative mood through unhealthy food intake, has been widely recognized as one source of today's obesity epidemic. However, empirical evidence suggests that this phenomenon is not universal but subject to psychological, situational, and biological determining factors. To date, little is known about the relative importance of these determinants of emotional eating behavior, as no research has investigated these factors simultaneously. This study aims to close this gap and reports the results of a laboratory experiment with 179 participants from a university environment (mean age = 23.15 years, ranging from 17 to 63 years; 56.98% male), in which real food choice was observed after manipulating participants' mood states (either negative or positive) while simultaneously assessing potential determinants of emotional eating. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the biological determinants (e.g., weight status) tend to loose in relative importance while psychological (i.e., restrained eating) and situational (i.e., stress) factors tend to be more relevant in explaining food choice in response to a negative affective state. These results have important implications for both research and public health practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Police officers are subjected to high work-related stress. This scenario of irregular and insalubrious working conditions may be related to an increase in psychiatric disorders and overweight. In particular, low levels of physical activity and high work stress levels may predispose police officers to obesity, poor lifestyles, and, consequently, major risk of psychological disorders. Thus, our aim was to profile the anxiety/depression symptoms and habitual physical activity (HPA) levels of Brazilian elite police officers classified by body mass index (BMI). Patients and methods: Eighty-seven male police officers classified as normal-weight (NG, BMI =18.5–24.9 kg/m2, n=34) and excess-weight (EG, BMI ≥25 kg/m2, n=53) completed (before work routine time) the questionnaires: Baecke (HPA levels), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (anxiety), and Beck Depression Inventory (depression). Results: There was a slight trend (despite did not reach statistical significance) of the EG group (which have a significantly [P=0.0369] higher mean [8.8±7.6] of military service time [in years] when compared to NG group [5.8±6.0]) presenting higher values of anxiety-trait (+5.0%) and depression (+16.0%) and lower levels of leisure time HPA (–3.7%) than NG group. Conclusion: Although our hypothesis was not ratified, our findings have clinical relevance because we profiled the anxiety and depression symptoms and HPA levels of elite police officers. Moreover, it is possible to suppose that the military service time (years) is a relevant factor, that it needs to be studied in depth, and that it may impact the predisposition for mood disorders and low levels of physical activity of police officers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of caffeine ingestion and partial sleep deprivation on mood and cognitive and physical performances. In randomised order, 12 healthy male physical education students completed four test sessions at 18:00 h after placebo or 5 mg/kg of caffeine ingestion during a baseline night (RN) (bed time: from 22:00 to 07:00 h), or during a night of partial (four hrs) sleep deprivation (PSD). During each test session, participants performed a reaction time test, a vigilance test, the 10 s Wingate cycling test during (measuring peak power (PP) and anaerobic capacity), and the 5 m multiple shuttle test (measuring peak distance (PD), total distance (TD), and fatigue index (FI)). Compared to RN, simple reaction time, vigilance, PP, PD, TD, and FI were altered by PSD the following day after placebo ingestion with increased reaction time and FI and reduced PP, PD, TD, and vigilance (p < 0.001). Moreover, during PSD condition, PP, PD, and TD were significantly higher after caffeine ingestion in comparison with placebo ingestion (p < 0.05). However, both simple reaction times and vigilance were significantly lower after caffeine ingestion in comparison with placebo during PSD (p < 0.05). Caffeine is an effective strategy to maintain physical and cognitive performances the day after PSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the technical-tactical performance and state of humor among winning and losing teams in women's volleyball and to correlate these variables according to success or failure in the match. Participated 60 athletes, female, with mean aged 16,33 ± 0,72. A total of 5,193 actions were analyzed between service, reception, withdrawal, attack, blockade, defense, counter-attack surveys and counterattack attacks and profile of mood states through the Profile of Mood State (POMS) instrument. Significant differences were found between the winning (59.78 ± 10.02) and losing (47.48 ± 10.39) teams in the counterattack attack (p = 0.02; TE= 1,18), in the fatigue dimension of the mood state (p <0.001; TE= 1.38) in the winning teams (3.85 ± 0.95) on the defeated (2.30 ± 1.12). In the winning games, significant correlations were found between attack and fatigue (r = 0.70) and in the counterattack and depression (r = 0.68). In the games of losing teams, significant correlations were found between reception and hostility (r = -0.70), withdrawal and confusion (r = -0.71) and depression (r = -0.70), defense and confusion (r = 0.68) and defense and depression (r = 0.67). We conclude that differences were found in technical-tactical performance between winning and losing teams and that states of humor can directly influence performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive and emotional ability are relevant during sport assessments and decision-making. This study explored the impact of vigilance, perceived effort, and mood state of DanceSport adjudicators during a High Level Competition. Thereby, seven international adjudicators completed Borg's Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale, BRUMS questionnaire and Attentional Task (Psychomotor Vigilance Task - PVT) before and after a dance competition. The results indicated differences in RPEs (p = .05) with a high RPE after competition (pre competition M = 9.14, SD = 2.67 and post competition M = 13.71, SD = 3.30). Furthermore, their mood tension and vigor, resulted negatively affected after competition. Moreover, younger adjudicators produced more anticipations than older ones to the reaction to external stimuli. In conclusion, DanceSport competitions entail physical, emotional and cognitive changes that could affect the quality of decisions while judging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To test the effects of individual, nonfacilitated sessions with PARO (version 9), when compared against a look-alike plush toy and usual care, on the emotional and behavioral symptoms of dementia for people living in long-term care facilities. Design Parallel, 3-group, cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted between June 14, 2014, and May 16, 2015. Setting Twenty-eight long-term care facilities operated by 20 care organizations located in South-East Queensland, Australia. Participants Four hundred fifteen participants aged ≥60 years, with a documented diagnosis of dementia. Intervention Stratified by private/not-for-profit status and randomized using a computer-generated sequence, 9 facilities were randomized to the PARO group (individual, nonfacilitated, 15-minute sessions 3 times per week for 10 weeks); 10 to plush toy (same, but given PARO with robotic features disabled); and 9 to usual care. Treatment allocation was masked to assessors. Measurements Primary outcomes were changes in levels of engagement, mood states, and agitation after a 10-week intervention, assessed by coded video observations (baseline, weeks 1, 5, 10, and 15) and Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory–Short Form (baseline, weeks 10 and 15). Analyses followed intention-to-treat, using repeated measures mixed effects models. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12614000508673). Results Video data showed that participants in the PARO group were more verbally [3.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.40–0.81, P = .011] and visually engaged (13.06, 95% CI: 17.05–9.06, P < .0001) than participants in plush toy. Both PARO (−3.09, 95% CI: −0.45 to −5.72, P = .022) and plush toy (−3.58, 95% CI: −1.26 to −5.91, P = .002) had significantly greater reduced neutral affect compared with usual care, whilst PARO was more effective than usual care in improving pleasure (1.12, 95% CI: 1.94–0.29, P = .008). Videos showed that PARO was more effective than usual care in improving agitation (3.33, 95% CI: 5.79–0.86, P = .008). When measured using the CMAI-SF, there was no difference between groups. Conclusions Although more effective than usual care in improving mood states and agitation, PARO was only more effective than a plush toy in encouraging engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore whether there is mood congruency effect of involuntary autobiographical memories among different mood undergraduates. Methods: Totally 60 college students were induced to generate positive, negative or neutral mood by emotional pictures and music. Vigilance task paradigm was used to induce involuntary autobiographical memory in the present experiment. All participants were asked to rate the pleasantness of involuntary autobiographical memories, then the memory proportion of different valence was calculated. Two raters who had not taken part in the experiment were instructed to divide the objective memory contents into positive, negative and neutral three types. Furthermore, the number of involuntary autobiographical memories recalled was evaluated according to the valence of objective memory contents. Besides, all participants were asked to rate the mood state at the end of the experiment. Results: There was no significant difference in pleasantness ratings among different mood college students (P > 0. 05). There was a significant interaction between mood state and the valence of objective memory contents (P < 0. 01). Further examination of the interaction suggested the number of positive memory contents recalled was greater in positive state compared with neutral state [(6.3 ±5.5) vs. (2.8 ± 2 .2 )，P <0. 01]. However，there was no difference in the number of negative memory contents and neutral memory contents among different mood states (Ps >0. 05). Additionally，no matter the pleasantness ratings was positive or negative， there was no significant correlation between the proportion of memories and mood state rated at the end of the experiment (r= 0. 29，- 0. 13，Ps > 0. 05). Conclusion: It suggests that there does not exist mood congruency effect of involuntary autobiographical memories among college students in different mood states. Even in negative mood state，their involuntary autobiographical memories would still display a kind of "optimistic bias". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence from clinical populations, such as epilepsy and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, suggests a relationship between hyperexcitability and cognitive impairment, but this relationship has not been demonstrated in healthy individuals. Here, we investigate the relationship between cortical excitability and cognitive functioning in healthy adults. Single- and paired-pulse TMS was applied to 20 healthy adults to measure cortical excitability and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI). A neuropsychological battery was administered to assess aspects of attention, executive function, and mood. Participants with primarily excitatory responses to the LICI paradigm performed worse on a composite measure of attention and reported more negative mood states than participants with primarily inhibitory responses. Thus, differences in attention and mood among healthy adults are related to differences in cortical excitability as measured by LICI. This is consistent with a role for GABA B inhibitory circuits in regulating attention and mood, and suggests that individual variability in these domains may reflect variability in cortical excitability. This study demonstrates preliminary evidence that increased cortical excitability is associated with poorer cognition and mood in healthy adults. These findings provide new insight into the presence of cognitive dysfunction in several patient populations with hyperexcitability and support the development of neurostimulation interventions for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The default-mode network (DMN) has been suggested to support a baseline state of brain activity. However, whether connectivity within the DMN is associated with mood states remains incompletely understood. The current study examined the correlation between mood state and the functional connectivity (FC) among DMN regions, and examined if the FC can differentiate Internet gaming disorder (IGD) from healthy controls (HC). Resting state data were collected within 108 college students (IGD,41; HC,67). Negative correlations were observed between measures of: (1) Depression and FCs among ventral DMN regions; (2) Anger and FCs among dorsal DMN regions; and, (3) Anger and Depression and FCs of both the ventral and dorsal DMN. The results suggest that negative mood states of Depression and Anger might reflect poorer, or might impair, FCs among DMN regions. In addition, the FC among DMNs could be useful indexes in differencing IGD from HC. Future studies should examine the extent to which the findings may extend to clinical populations and whether increased connectivity of DMN regions may represent a mechanism for reducing negative mood states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, we proposed that the mean diffusivity (MD), a measure of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in areas of the dopaminergic system (MDDS), is associated with motivation. In this study, we tested if and how the motivational state is associated with MD in comparison with other mood states. We also tested the associations of these mood states with multiple cognitive functions. We examined these issues in 766 right-handed healthy young adults. We employed analyses of MD and a psychological measure of the profile of mood states (POMS) as well as multiple cognitive functions. We detected associations between the higher Vigor subscale of POMS and lower MD in the right globus pallidum, right putamen to right posterior insula, right caudate body, and right thalamus, and these associations were highly specific to the Vigor subscale. Similarly, the association of the motivational state with creativity measured by divergent thinking (CMDT) was rather specific and prominent compared with that of the other mood states and cognitive functions. In conclusion, when affective states are finely divided, only the motivational state is associated with MD in the areas related to the dopaminergic system, and psychological mechanisms that had been associated with dopaminergic system (CMDT). These results suggest that these mechanisms specifically contribute to the motivational state and not to the other states, such as depression and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the main features of bipolar disorder (BD), besides mood dysregulation, is an alteration of the structure of language. Bipolar patients present changes in semantic contents, impaired verbal associations, abnormal prosody and abnormal speed of language highlighted with various experimental tasks. Verbal fluency tasks are widely used to assess the abilities of bipolar patients to retrieve and produce verbal material from the lexico-semantic memory. Studies using these tasks have however yielded discrepant results. The aim of this study was thus to determine the extent of the verbal fluency impairment in BD patients and to evaluate if the deficits are affected by the type of task or by mood states.Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EBSCOHost and Google Scholar and relevant data were submitted to a meta-analysis.Results: Thirty-nine studies were retained providing data for 52 independent groups of BD patients. The overall meta-analysis revealed a moderate verbal fluency impairment in BD compared to healthy controls (effect size d=0.61). Comparisons between mood states showed significant differences only between euthymic and manic patients and only on category fluency performances.Limitations: This review is limited by the heterogeneity between studies for the characteristics of BD populations. Also, few of the retained studies examined depressive or mixed episodes.Conclusions: This work confirms that BD patients present with moderate verbal fluency impairments, and underlines the specific effect of mood state on category fluency. This emphasizes the need to distinguish semantic from phonological processes in verbal fluency assessments in BD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deficiencies of the one of the most preferred conventional thermal comfort models, the Predicted Mean Vote/Percentage of Predicted Dissatisfied (PMV/PPD) method have emerged over time since the model does not take psychological parameters such as personal traits, mood states and adaptation into account. Therefore, researchers have focused on Adaptive Thermal Comfort models that integrate human behaviours into the model for better prediction of thermal comfort. In addition to the influence of the behaviours of occupants, thermal comfort may be evaluated as a subjective term, thus, the effect of one of the psychological parameters, current mood state, on thermal sensation cannot be ignored for predictions. Although, the effect of current mood state on thermal sensation is a vital concept, the findings of the studies are not effective and comprehensive in the literature. For this reason, the aim of this study is to examine the relationship between current mood state and thermal sensation in gender difference aspect. Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted in a university study hall between August 16th, 2021 and August 1st, 2022. The current mood states of the participants were evaluated with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire and the results were represented by a novel approach called Emotional Intensity Score (EIS). One tailed t -test was applied for investigating the relationship between the EIS and the thermal sensation. Findings of the research showed that a significant association exists between the EIS and thermal sensation for male participants while no relationship was found for female. • The relationship between the Emotional Intensity and Thermal Sensation is investigated. • A series of experiments are conducted in a university during one-year including summer and winter data. • A novel approach called Emotional Intensity Score (EIS) is used for obtaining Emotional Intensity. • A significant association is found for male participants while no relationship was found for female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the effects of caffeine ingestion on physiological and perceptual responses in mentally fatigued individuals. Methods: Eight male physically active subjects completed four cycling constant-workload tests in four experimental conditions at 80 % of maximal power output: control (C), mental fatigue (MF), mental fatigue plus caffeine ingestion (5 mg/kg) (MF-CAF), and mental fatigue plus placebo (MF-PLA). The mental fatigue was induced by a continuous performance task A-X version (AX-CPT). Before and after the AX-CPT, the profile of mood state (POMS) and blood samples for lactate measurement were collected. Oxygen consumption ( $$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$ ), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and electromyography (EMG) activity were measured during the cycling test. Results: The time to exhaustion in C, MF, MF-PLA, and MF-CAF were 251 ± 30, 222 ± 23, 248 ± 28, and 285 ± 42 s, respectively. Delta values (corrected by C condition) were higher in MF-CAF than MF ( P = 0.031). MF-CAF reported higher Vigor scores when compared with C ( P = 0.046) and MF ( P = 0.020). RPE at the first minute was significantly higher in MF-PLA than in C ( P = 0.050); at the second minute, RPE was higher in MF-PLA than in C ( P = 0.049) and MF-CAF ( P = 0.048). EMG activity was not different between the conditions. Conclusions: Caffeine ingestion increased approximately 14 % endurance performance after the induction of mental fatigue. This effect was accompanied by a tendency to improvement in mood state (i.e., vigor). Therefore, caffeine ingestion can promote a beneficial effect on endurance performance in mentally fatigued individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Recent studies have indicated that pattern recognition techniques of functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI) data for individual classification may be valuable for distinguishing between major depressive disorder ( MDD) and bipolar disorder ( BD). Importantly, medication may have affected previous classification results as subjects with MDD and BD use different classes of medication. Furthermore, almost all studies have investigated only depressed subjects. Therefore, we focused on medication-free subjects. We additionally investigated whether classification would be mood state independent by including depressed and remitted subjects alike. Methods We applied Gaussian process classifiers to investigate the discriminatory power of structural MRI (gray matter volumes of emotion regulation areas) and resting-state fMRI (resting-state networks implicated in mood disorders: default mode network [ DMN], salience network [ SN], and lateralized frontoparietal networks [ FPNs]) in depressed (n=42) and remitted (n=49) medication-free subjects with MDD and BD. Results Depressed subjects with MDD and BD could be classified based on the gray matter volumes of emotion regulation areas as well as DMN functional connectivity with 69.1% prediction accuracy. Prediction accuracy using the FPNs and SN did not exceed chance level. It was not possible to discriminate between remitted subjects with MDD and BD. Conclusions For the first time, we showed that medication-free subjects with MDD and BD can be differentiated based on structural MRI as well as resting-state functional connectivity. Importantly, the results indicated that research concerning diagnostic neuroimaging tools distinguishing between MDD and BD should consider mood state as only depressed subjects with MDD and BD could be correctly classified. Future studies, in larger samples are needed to investigate whether the results can be generalized to medication-naïve or first-episode subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundCognitive impairments are an important feature of both remitted and depressed major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). In particular, deficits in executive functioning may hamper everyday functioning. Identifying the neural substrates of impaired executive functioning would improve our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying these disorders, and may eventually aid in discriminating between MDD and BD, which is often difficult during depression and remission. To date, mostly medicated MDD and BD subjects have been investigated, which may have influenced results. Therefore, we investigated executive functioning in medication-free depressed and remitted MDD and BD subjects.MethodWe used the Tower of London (ToL) visuospatial planning task to assess behavioural performance and blood oxygen-level dependent responses in 35 healthy controls, 21 remitted MDD, 23 remitted BD, 19 depressed MDD and nine depressed BD subjects.ResultsVisuospatial planning per se was associated with increased frontostriatal activity in depressed BD compared to depressed MDD. In addition, post-hoc analyses indicated that visuospatial planning load was associated with increased parietal activity in depressed compared to remitted subjects, and BD compared to MDD subjects. Task performance did not significantly differ between groups.ConclusionsMore severely affected, medication-free mood disorder patients require greater parietal activity to perform in visuospatial planning, which may be compensatory to maintain relatively normal performance. State-dependent frontostriatal hyperactivity during planning may be a specific BD characteristic, providing clues for further characterization of differential pathophysiology in MDD v. BD. This could potentially provide a biomarker to aid in the differentiation of these disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study intends to identify the intensity of mood states whilst playing competitive sports games and verify the existing relationship with the participants' sporting record. 147 college students took part in the research, who completed the POMS (Profile of Mood State) questionnaire. Analysis showed that the tension and vigour dimensions were experienced with greater intensity in sports games, while the depression and anger dimensions decreased in intensity. Having experience playing sports was an important factor, showing that players with a record of playing sports scored higher levels in the vigour dimension. The results help to guide interventions by future professionals due to practical experience gained in the field of education and sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Feelings of fatigue are reduced after a session of continuous exercise of low-to-moderate intensity lasting 20 min or more, but only when feelings of energy are increased. Feelings of fatigue and energy have not been described after fatiguing, high-intensity interval exercise. Cerebral oxygenation has been implicated as a central correlate of fatigability, but it has not been studied concurrent with perceived fatigue during or after exercise. Methods: Fifteen recreationally active participants (8 women, 7 men) completed bouts of sprint interval cycling (four, 30-s all-out sprints each followed by 4 min of active recovery) and a time- and work-matched bout of constant resistance cycling. Oxygenation (oxygenated hemoglobin [HbO2]) and deoxygenation (deoxygenated hemoglobin [HHb]) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Fatigue ratings during each sprint and feelings of fatigue and energy during recovery were assessed. Results: Increases in HbO2 and HHb in frontal cortex were greater during sprint cycling than during constant resistance cycling (P = 0.001). Fatigability (decreased power output) increased over successive sprints (P = 0.001). About 95% of the increase in fatigue ratings across sprints (P < 0.001) was accounted for by fatigability and cortical HbO2. Feelings of fatigue were decreased (P < 0.001) and feelings of energy were increased (P < 0.05) across sprint recovery periods but were unchanged during constant resistance cycling. About 85% of the changes in feelings of fatigue or energy during recovery were explained by fatigue ratings across sprints and maximum HbO2 in the cortex during recovery. Conclusion: Repeated, high-intensity sprints were fatiguing, but paradoxical reductions in feelings of fatigue and increases in feelings of energy occurred during recovery that were accounted for by ratings of fatigue during exercise and oxygenation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationship between mood and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during a simulated multiple-lap time trial (MLTT). Nineteen male cyclists performed a MLTT consisting of four 9.9 km laps, each lap with a gradient ranging from 0 to 10 %. Mood as measured by the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire (POMS) and perceived exertion as measured by the Borg CR100 scale (RPE) were obtained at the end of each lap. A categorical multiple regressive model, having median of POMS subscales as independent variables, was obtained to explain the variance in median RPE responses. Increases in POMS fatigue scores and decreases in POMS vigour scores were observed throughout the MLTT ( P < 0.001). A linear increase in RPE during the MLTT was also observed ( P < 0.001). POMS fatigue subscale scores accounted for 88 % of the variance in RPE during the MLTT (R = 0.88, P = 0.002), and no other POMS subscale improved the final predictive model. With the exception of fatigue these results suggest that most aspects of mood do not have a discernable effect on RPE during a MLTT. The rate of increase in RPE can predict the MLTT endpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the circadian variations in salivary immunoglobin A (sIgA) and alpha-amylase activity (sAA), biomarkers of mucosal immune function, together with mood during 2 weeks of repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) and normoxia (RSN).Methods: Over a 2-week period, 17 competitive cross-country skiers performed six training sessions, each consisting of four sets of five 10-s bouts of all-out double-poling under either normobaric hypoxia (FiO2: 13.8%, 3000 m) or normoxia. The levels of sIgA and sAA activity and mood were determined five times during each of the first (T1) and sixth (T6) days of training, as well as during days preceding (baseline) and after the training intervention (follow-up).Results: With RSH, sIgA was higher on T6 than T1 (P = 0.049), and sAA was increased on days T1, T6, and during the follow-up (P < 0.01). With RSN, sIgA remained unchanged and sAA was elevated on day T1 only (P = 0.04). Similarly, the RSH group demonstrated reduced mood on days T1, T6, and during the follow-up, while mood was lowered only on T1 with RSN (P < 0.01).Conclusions: The circadian variation of sIgA and sAA activity, biomarkers of mucosal immune function, as well as mood were similar on the first day of training when repeated double-poling sprints were performed with or without hypoxia. Only with RSH did the levels of sIgA and sAA activity rise with time, becoming maximal after six training sessions, when mood was still lowered. Therefore, six sessions of RSH reduced mood, but did not impair mucosal immune function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Bipolar disorder ( BD) is associated with significant impairment in cognitive performance across multiple domains of function that often persist after clinical recovery. It remains unclear, however, as to whether this process is related to the clinical status of BD being depressed, manic/hypomanic, or euthymic. In this review, we examine the literature on the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between cognitive function and general function depending on the clinical phase of BD. Methods A systematic review of original research that studied both cognitive function and general function in adults (18-60 years), restricted to BD, was conducted in a total of 18 studies meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria. Results Results show cross-sectional and prospective relationships between cognitive function and general function in patients with BD in both symptomatic and euthymic patients with BD. While studies using general measures of function (e.g., Global Assessment of Function scale) show more inconsistent associations with cognitive function, those employing assessments of domain specific function, suggest a consistent relationship between social and occupational function and cognitive performance. Executive function is commonly affected by cognitive deficits in these patients, but in addition a variety of domains show associations with functional outcomes (e.g., social function, occupational function). Notably, the emerging evidence suggests that cognitive function may be a better predictor of future general function than affective symptom severity. Conclusions Despite some inconsistencies, in sum the literature on the relationship between cognitive function and general function in BD implicates both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations, both in symptomatic and euthymic patients with BD. And in terms of capturing these changes functional scales in particular domain-specific measures seem superior to general measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the presence and absence of competitors on pacing, overall running performance, and mood state during a self-paced 3-km run. Nine recreational runners participated in this study. They performed the following tests: a) an incremental test to exhaustion to measure the respiratory compensation point (RCP), maximal oxygen uptake, and peak treadmill speed; b) a submaximal speed-constant test to measure running economy; and c) two 3-km running time trials performed collectively (COL, head-to-head competition) or individually (IND, performed alone) to establish pacing and running performance. The COL condition was formed of a group of four runners or five runners. Runners were grouped by matched performance times and to retain head-to-head characteristics. A mood state profile questionnaire was completed before and after the 3-km running timetrial. The overall performance was better in the COL than in the IND (11.75 ± 0.05 min vs. 12.25 ± 0.06 min, respectively; p = 0.04). The running speeds during the first 500 m were significantly greater in COL (16.8 ± 2.16 km·h − 1 ) thanin IND (15.3 ± 2.45 km·h − 1 ) ( p = 0.03).The gain in running speed from IND to COL during the first 400 m (i.e. running speed in COL less running speed in IND) was significantly correlated with the RCP ( r = 0.88; p = 0.05). The vigor score significantly decreased from pre- to post-running in COL ( p = 0.05), but not in IND ( p = 0.20). Additionally, the post running vigor was significantly higher in IND compared to COL ( p = 0.03).These findings suggested that the presence of competitors induces a fast start, which results in an improved overall performance and reduced post-exercise vigor scores, compared to an individual run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]