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Insulin has been shown to modulate neuronal processes through insulin receptors. The ion channels located on neurons may be important targets for insulin/insulin receptor signaling. Both insulin receptors and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. However, it is still unclear whether there is an interaction between them. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of insulin on the functional activity of ASICs. A 5 min application of insulin rapidly enhanced acid-evoked ASIC currents in rat DRG neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. Insulin shifted the concentration–response plot for ASIC currents upward, with an increase of 46.2 ± 7.6% in the maximal current response. The insulin-induced increase in ASIC currents was eliminated by the insulin receptor antagonist GSK1838705, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lavendustin A, and the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase antagonist wortmannin. Moreover, insulin increased the number of acid-triggered action potentials by activating insulin receptors. Finally, local administration of insulin exacerbated the spontaneous nociceptive behaviors induced by intraplantar acid injection and the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by intramuscular acid injections through peripheral insulin receptors. These results suggested that insulin/insulin receptor signaling enhanced the functional activity of ASICs via tyrosine kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathways. Our findings revealed that ASICs were targets in primary sensory neurons for insulin receptor signaling, which may underlie insulin modulation of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, we have registered, studied, and modeled the Maxwell–Wagner effect in structures with a smooth gradient of charge carriers' mobility. The Maxwell–Wagner charge, formed after applying a DC voltage to the gradient structure at room temperature, is distributed over the entire region of the gradient. The experiments were performed with slides of a soda‐lime glass subjected to sodium‐to‐potassium ion exchange, where the ions concentration gradient provides gradient of conductivity while dielectric permittivity stays the same. The electric field generated by the Maxwell–Wagner charge is concentrated in potassium‐enriched less conductive regions of the slide and is sufficiently high to induce the second order optical nonlinearity in the initially isotropic glass. The effect causes over 100‐fold increase in a second harmonic signal relative to the signal from the surface of a virgin glass. This phenomenon in graded‐concentration structures is perspective for characterizing interfacial charges, geometry of the gradient regions, and spatial distribution of electrical conductivity in micro‐ and optoelectronic semiconductor structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21st century, understanding the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity has emerged as a pinnacle achievement in condensed matter physics, capturing the lifelong interest of numerous physicists. This paper endeavors to offer a theoretical elucidation for this mechanism, advancing the broader field of physics. Recognizing that high-temperature superconductivity is an aspect of condensed matter physics — underpinned by Maxwell's classical electromagnetic theory — we turn to theoretical mechanics and field theory, which are foundational perspectives in the contemporary scientific era. By framing Maxwell's classical electromagnetic theory within the context of theoretical mechanics and field theory, this paper not only sheds light on the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity but also recasts Maxwell's theory within a purer theoretical mechanics and field theory domain. This represents a paradigmatic shift and cognitive transformation in physics. Furthermore, leveraging this theoretical mechanics and field theory interpretation of electromagnetic phenomena, we discern that electromagnetic phenomena can be more aptly explained without resorting to the concepts of charges and electric fields, leading to a reinterpretation of Coulomb's law. We propose that protons and electrons might exist as entities devoid of charge-specific attributes and negate the possibility of a strongly correlated particle system within them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic lateral loads on monopile foundations of offshore wind turbines induce vibrations that affect the clear-water scour process around the foundations. Previous experimental studies showed that the current-induced equilibrium scour depths at vibrating monopiles may be less than those at static monopile foundations. However, this observation may not be comprehensive when applied to the cases of clear-water scour around vibrating monopile foundations subjected to different flow intensities. This paper presents an experimental study that investigated the clear-water scour mechanism at vibrating monopile foundations and obtained new findings. The experimental results indicate that the scour process is influenced by three major factors: vibration-induced sediment subsidence, vibration-induced sediment refill, and current-induced erosion. Based on the three major influencing factors and experimental data, a dimensionless equation for equilibrium clear-water scour depth at vibrating monopile foundations was derived. Furthermore, a regime transition flow intensity is defined, at which the equilibrium scour depth remains constant regardless of any changes in the vibration amplitudes. Two distinct scour trends under low and high flow intensities were identified. The two different trends were found to be induced by different dominant factors. The vibration-induced subsidence effect dominates in the low flow intensity regime, whereas the vibration-induced sediment refill effect dominates in the high flow intensity regime. The new findings of this paper help to understand the characterization of clear-water scour process around vibrating monopile foundations. Practical Applications: Monopile foundations of offshore wind turbines experience cyclic lateral vibration caused by winds and waves. The cyclic lateral vibration of monopile foundations potentially can affect the current-induced scour process around the foundations. The experimental results of this study revealed that the scour depth around vibrating monopile foundations under clear-water scour conditions is influenced by a coupling effect of flow intensities and vibration amplitudes and frequencies. The findings emphasize the influence of vibration on the scour process around monopile foundations of offshore wind turbines. These results provide valuable insights to optimize the design and manufacturing processes of monopile foundations. Moreover, the findings contribute to the development of more-effective scour protection measures in offshore wind engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrical conductivity and volt–ampere characteristics (VAC) of the p-CuTlS2 single crystal with specific resistance ρ = 4 0 Ω ⋅ cm and irradiated by γ -quantum were studied in the range of 100–300 K temperature and 10–104 V/cm. It was determined that the cause of the conduction disorder observed in the CuTlS2 single crystal at low electric fields and high radiation doses is the formation of defect clusters dominated by cation vacancies. A sharp increase in current at high electric fields and temperatures occurs as a result of thermo-field ionization of the acceptor level with activation energy Δ E a = 0. 0 8 eV and the ionization voltage decreases with increasing radiation dose. Based on the determination of the parameters (λ , r m , n 0 , ε) that determine the mechanism of current flow, the dependence of the shape of the potential hole on the radiation dose was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of getting rid of expensive and metal-intensive current transformers has been declared by CIGRE as strategically important for the electric power industry. However, almost all traditional current protections receive information from measuring current transformers. In this work, a resource-saving reed switch overcurrent protection without current transformers is suggested, which can be used as an alternative to traditional current protections for 6–10 kV electrical installations connected to a switchgear cell. The protection is designed following the novel method we have developed based on inductance coils. Inductance coils measure the electromotive force under different operation modes of an electrical installation and at different points inside the switchgear cell it is connected to; the EMF values are recalculated in the values of magnetic induction, and reed switches are mounted instead of inductance coils at the points where the magnetic induction is maximal. Moreover, these values are sufficient to detect phase-to-phase short circuits in the electrical installation. The dependence of the induction value on the position of an inductance coil inside the cell is derived with the use of the simplest formula of the Biot–Savart law. The results can be used at large and small industrial enterprises, electric power stations, and substations of plants; they can be interesting for the scientific community because they help to solve the topical problem of the electric power industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean currents are one of the movements of horizontal or vertical mass movement of seawater that takes place continuously. The purpose of this study is to determine current conditions in open water close to narrow strait waters, as well as canal estuaries. Current data is the result of measurements that have been carried out using ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) mini type ADP-SONTEK equipment on May 16, 2018, while tidal data refers to the recording results of the Makassar BIG tidal station. The results showed that the total surface current speed ranged from 0.017 - 0.375 m/sec with a dominant direction to the west or to open water both at high tide and at low tide. While the result of separation, the speed of tidal currents ranges from 0.032 - 0.343 m / sec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean currents are one of the movements of horizontal or vertical mass movement of seawater that takes place continuously. The purpose of this study is to determine current conditions in open water close to narrow strait waters, as well as canal estuaries. Current data is the result of measurements that have been carried out using ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) mini type ADP-SONTEK equipment on May 16, 2018, while tidal data refers to the recording results of the Makassar BIG tidal station. The results showed that the total surface current speed ranged from 0.017 - 0.375 m/sec with a dominant direction to the west or to open water both at high tide and at low tide. While the result of separation, the speed of tidal currents ranges from 0.032 - 0.343 m / sec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical brushes are essential parts of electrical circuits that can transmit electric power and signal between the moving and stationary parts by sliding, so they are exposed to both mechanical and electrical loading. In this study Cu-graphite brush was prepared by the powder metallurgy process, and was tested in rotating sliding electrical contact under different currents. The effect of electrical current on the tribological property of the Cu-graphite brush was investigated by evaluating the friction, wear, contact resistance and temperature. Results illustrate that the static contact resistance of Cu-graphite brush decreases sharply with an increase in the contact force. The friction coefficient and sliding contact resistance decrease gradually with increasing current, which is because of the Joule heat resulting in the reduction of the shear strength and the increase of real contact area. The formation of a continuous transfer layer on steel disc also contributes to the decrease of contact resistance. Oxidation of the wear debris and formation of hard particles causes abrasive wear. The dominant wear mechanism of the Cu-graphite brush with current is electrical wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to address the challenges of low recognition accuracy and the difficulty in effective diagnosis in traditional converter transformer voiceprint fault diagnosis, a novel method is proposed in this article. This approach takes account of the impact of load factors, utilizes a multi-strategy improved Mel-Frequency Spectrum Coefficient (MFCC) for voiceprint signal feature extraction, and combines it with a temporal convolutional network for fault diagnosis. Firstly, it improves the hunter–prey optimizer (HPO) as a parameter optimization algorithm and adopts IHPO combined with variational mode decomposition (VMD) to achieve denoising of voiceprint signals. Secondly, the preprocessed voiceprint signal is combined with Mel filters through the Stockwell transform. To adapt to the stationary characteristics of the voiceprint signal, the processed features undergo further mid-temporal processing, ultimately resulting in the implementation of a multi-strategy improved MFCC for voiceprint signal feature extraction. Simultaneously, load signal segmentation is introduced for the diagnostic intervals, forming a joint feature vector. Finally, by using the Mish activation function to improve the temporal convolutional network, the IHPO-ITCN is proposed to adaptively optimize the size of convolutional kernels and the number of hidden layers and construct a transformer fault diagnosis model. By constructing multiple sets of comparison tests through specific examples and comparing them with the traditional voiceprint diagnostic model, our results show that the model proposed in this paper has a fault recognition accuracy as high as 99%. The recognition accuracy was significantly improved and the training speed also shows superior performance, which can be effectively used in the field of multiple fault diagnosis of converter transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow slab design is an important factor in the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) because of its significant impact on the system performance along with the manufacturing cost, as crucial for commercial applications. Therefore, the flow slab with a low-pressure drop, high uniformity, and excellent power performance is a topic of concern. In this study, a new biometric flow slab with an elbow and baffle is designed and compared with the conventional flow slabs under a series of studied cases. The results show that the power performance of the biometric flow slab is better than the conventional types of flow slabs. Here, the power density of 6182.43 W/m2 is obtained by the new biometric type of BFS2 and up to 37.36% of ratio to the type of parallel flow slab. That is to say, the new type of biometric flow slab has effectively avoided the sharp drops issue of the power density appearing in the type of parallel flow slab. Similarly, a lower pressure drop in the biometric type has been observed when compared to the serpentine flow slab. The results have also indicated a positive correlation between the oxygen diffusion flux and the current density distribution. It has also been observed that the more uniform oxygen diffusion flux distribution was supported, the more uniform current density distribution was obtained. The net power performance of the biometric flow slab at a working V cell = 0.4 V has been increased up to 36.98% when compared to the parallel flow slab. Finally, the new type of biometric flow slab BFS2 seemed to be the better choice for its significant overall performance because of the reduced power loss and certified flow visualization. These findings could be useful for the improvement of the flow field design in PEMFC when applied in commercialization in the future. • Biometric flow slab is better than the conventional flow slabs. • 6182.43 W/m2 and 37.36% of ratios to parallel type are obtained by biometric SFS2. • Biometric SFS2 shows its significant overall performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we prove the various minimality of the product of a 1-codimensional calibrated manifold and a paired calibrated set. This is motivated by the attempt to classify all possible singularities for Almgren minimal sets – Plateau's problem in the setting of sets. The Almgren minimality was introduced by Almgren to modernize Plateau's problem. It gives a very good description of local behavior for soap films. The natural question of whether the product of any two Almgren minimal sets is still minimal is still open, although it seems obvious in intuition. We prove the Almgren minimality for the product of two large classes of Almgren minimal sets – the class of 1-codimensional calibrated manifolds and the class of paired calibrated sets. The general idea is to properly combine different topological conditions (separation and spanning) under different homology groups, to set up a reasonable topological condition and prove the minimality for the product under this condition, which will imply the Almgren minimality. A main difficulty comes from the codimension – algebraic coherences such as multiplicity, separation and orientation do not exist anymore for codimensions larger than 1. An unexpectedly useful thing in the present paper is the flow of the calibrations. Its most important role among all is helping us to do the decomposition of a competitor with the help of the first projections along the flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-type calcium channels (CaV2.2) are predominantly localized in presynaptic terminals, and are particularly important for pain transmission in the spinal cord. Furthermore, they have multiple isoforms, conferred by alternatively spliced or cassette exons, which are differentially expressed. Here, we have examined alternatively spliced exon47 variants that encode a long or short C-terminus in human CaV2.2. In the Ensembl database, all short exon47-containing transcripts were associated with the absence of exon18a, therefore, we also examined the effect of inclusion or absence of exon18a, combinatorially with the exon47 splice variants. We found that long exon47, only in the additional presence of exon18a, results in CaV2.2 currents that have a 3.6-fold greater maximum conductance than the other three combinations. In contrast, cell-surface expression of CaV2.2 in both tsA-201 cells and hippocampal neurons is increased ∼4-fold by long exon47, relative to short exon47, in either the presence or the absence of exon18a. This surprising discrepancy between trafficking and function indicates that cell-surface expression is enhanced by long exon47, independently of exon18a. However, in the presence of long exon47, exon18a mediates an additional permissive effect on CaV2.2 gating. We also investigated the single-nucleotide polymorphism in exon47 that has been linked to schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, which we found is only non-synonymous in the short exon47 C-terminal isoform, resulting in two minor alleles. This study highlights the importance of investigating the combinatorial effects of exon inclusion, rather than each in isolation, in order to increase our understanding of calcium channel function. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the night of 1 November 2022, a luminous discharge was produced above a storm over the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. An unprecedented set of optical and electrical data makes it possible to characterize this event. It is embedded in a lightning flash which starts with a positive discharge producing a high‐power very high frequency (VHF) source at 6 km followed by VHF sources at 10 and 4 km within the cloud. The luminous event above the cloud is identified as a negative leader emerging from the cloud and reaching 14.2 km, topped with streamers up to about 17.2 km, and followed by channel rebrightening phases connected to the negative charge of a positive dipole. It is preceded by a convective surge and a production of positive flashes within the same storm region. Its polarity and its triggering conditions show similarities with those of gigantic jets. Plain Language Summary: Several pictures and one video of a luminous discharge above a storm over Mediterranean Sea allow us to determine its structure and the associated altitudes. Data from different lightning location systems show that it was embedded within a lightning flash, including an initial positive stroke, followed by substantial intracloud activity between two levels within the cloud, 4 and 10 km. The upward discharge corresponds with a negative leader developing up to 14.2 km altitude, long streamers at its top up to 17.2 km and three brightening of the leader channel connected with the main negative charge of the cloud. It was produced 10 min after the main convective surge of the storm. Finally, the whole discharge resembles the beginning of a gigantic jet in terms of negative polarity and conditions of production. Key Points: An upward discharge embedded in a lightning flash is identified as a negative leader up to 14.2 km topped with streamers up to 17.2 kmThe upward leader is followed by Current Moment peaks and channel rebrightening connected to the negative charge of a positive dipoleIt has the opposite characteristics to the blue starter and common ones with triggering conditions of gigantic jets [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of testing the current scenarios developed and verified by using the DINA code at the KTM tokamak during the autumn–winter campaign of 2021 are presented. The qualitative difference between the developed scenarios is an increase in the plasma current and discharge duration with a constant breakdown stage, as well as the presence of a software stage of reducing the plasma current before the discharge is completed. In addition, the technological limitations of the power supply sources of the coils and the requirement to minimize the current reversal in the control coils in the zone of near-zero currents were taken into account. The main goal of the scenarios obtained is the realization of a current plateau during the discharge with the presence of a stage of software reduction of the plasma current before the end of the discharge. The works carried out in 2021 became the next significant step toward bringing the KTM unit to design parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of testing the discharge scenarios developed using the DINA code on the KTM tokamak during the autumn–winter campaign of 2021. The qualitative difference of the developed scenarios is the increase in the plasma current and discharge duration with the unchanged breakdown stage at the bypass voltage of 6 V as well as the presence of a program stage of plasma current reduction before the end of the discharge. In addition, technological limitations in the form of the absence of current reversal in the inductor winding during the discharge and minimization of current reversal in the control windings in the zone of near-zero currents are taken into account. The works conducted in 2021 are the next significant step toward bringing the KTM unit to its design parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the calculation of equilibrium configurations of the MEPHIST-0 tokamak plasma with a poloidal magnetic system taking into account the part responsible for compensating the magnetic field of the central solenoid using the DINA plasma physics code. The parameters of the poloidal magnetic system necessary for the formation of initial equilibrium after the discharge breakdown are obtained. The results of calibration experiments without taking into account the vacuum chamber using a pulsed current source are presented, on the basis of which the dynamic problem of plasma equilibrium calculation is formulated. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data, and the influence of the chamber on the results is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a proficient control approach-based 17-level Quasi Z-source Cascaded Multilevel Inverter (QZS-CMI) topology is proposed to interface photovoltaic (PV) system. The control approach is a combination of GarraRufa Fish Optimization (GRFO) and Random Forest Algorithm (RFA). Hence, it is named as GRFO-RFA technique. The major goal of this paper is to present a 17-level QZS-CMI with fewer semiconductor switches that is ideal in high-power photovoltaic applications with lower total harmonic distortion and higher performance. The interface between the load and PV DC source is performed with QZSI. The design modeling of QZS-CMI is improved and the maximal power of PV power production system is supplied. Initially, the objective function is decided depending on the control restrictions and the parameters. The GRFOA process is utilized to enhance power delivery, voltage profile, and minimal power swing. The enhanced QZS-CMI based on the proposed system controls shoot-through and reduces modulation load and duty ratio. The proposed system is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and its efficacy is compared to the existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resolvin D2 (RvD2), an endogenous lipid mediator derived from docosahexaenoic acid, has been demonstrated to have analgesic effects. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying RvD2 in pain relief. Herein, we demonstrate that RvD2 targeted the P2X3 receptor as an analgesic. The electrophysiological activity of P2X3 receptors was suppressed by RvD2 in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. RvD2 pre‐application dose‐dependently decreased α,β‐methylene‐ATP (α,β‐meATP)‐induced inward currents. RvD2 remarkably decreased the maximum response to α,β‐meATP, without influencing the affinity of P2X3 receptors. RvD2 also voltage‐independently suppressed ATP currents. An antagonist of the G protein receptor 18 (GPR18), O‐1918, prevented the RvD2‐induced suppression of ATP currents. Additionally, intracellular dialysis of the Gαi/o‐protein antagonist pertussis toxin (PTX), the PKA antagonist H89, or the cAMP analog 8‐Br‐cAMP also blocked the RvD2‐induced suppression. Furthermore, α,β‐meATP‐triggered depolarization of membrane potential along with the action potential bursts in DRG neurons were inhibited by RvD2. Lastly, RvD2 attenuated spontaneous nociceptive behaviors as well as mechanical allodynia produced by α,β‐meATP in rats via the activation of the peripheral GPR18. These findings indicated that RvD2 inhibited P2X3 receptors in rat primary sensory neurons through GPR18, PTX‐sensitive Gαi/o‐proteins, and intracellular cAMP/PKA signaling, revealing a novel mechanism that underlies its analgesic effects by targeting P2X3 receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophysical studies in 2004–2018 showed that the cyclonic gyre of the Middle Caspian Sea is not a year-round circulation. In the cold season, the current in the cyclonic gyre intensifies, while in the warm season, the circulation weakens and the directed current turns into a drift one, except for the western part, where the water is transferred from the Middle Caspian to the southern part of the sea due to the difference in the levels of the basins. It is shown that the current in the cyclonic circulation follows the contour above the slope of the Derbent Basin in the entire layer from the surface to the bottom. The seasonal boundaries of the annual intensification and weakening of the cyclonic circulation are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower sexual satisfaction with one's current partner (SSCP) has been associated with having a history of sexual victimization experience (SVE). However, whether or not this SVE involved the current partner as the perpetrator has been unclear. This study aimed to address this gap in the sexual health literature by examining women's SSCP based on SVE with that current partner (yes; no) and/or a different perpetrator (yes; no). A convenience sample of undergraduate women with an exclusive current partner (n = 412; 99 percent unmarried) at a U.S. public university anonymously responded via paper-and-pencil to the Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction and the Sexual Experiences Survey-Short Form Victimization between 2012–2016. A 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed that current-partner SVE was associated with lower SSCP (F (1, 410) = 7.38, p =.007, partial n2 =.018), but other-perpetrator SVE was not. SVE may predict lower SSCP when victimized by that partner, as that partner may be associated with the negative victimization experience. Although preliminary, findings highlight the importance of considering how partner-related health factors (e.g. SSCP) may be differentially associated with SVE based on whether or not the victim's current partner was the perpetrator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, natural dyes extracted from three different, black-colored fruits were used as photosensitizers for the construction of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The natural dyes were extracted from the dark-colored peels of jamun (also known as Indian black plum), black plum, and blackberry fruit. These natural dyes contain polyphenolic compounds—most prominently anthocyanins—which interact strongly with titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductors and accordingly enhance the efficiency of DSSCs. The natural dyes extracted from the various fruits were characterized utilizing UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The interaction between the dyes and TiO2 was monitored with FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The fabricated DSSCs were characterized via current–voltage measurements and electrochemical impedance analysis. DSSCs fabricated with jamun produced the highest efficiency of 1.09% with a short-circuit current of 7.84 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.45 V, and a fill factor of 0.31. The efficiencies of the DSSCs from black plum and blackberry were 0.55% and 0.38%, respectively. The flow of charge occurring at the interfaces between the natural dye and the TiO2 layers were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to directly compare three distinct types of black DSSCs. Computation analysis was also carried out utilizing SCAPS-1D software (version 3.3.07), which revealed how the type of defects in the devices impacts their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the consumption of terrestrial metal resources, deep-sea polymetallic nodule minerals have been widely exploited around the world. Therefore, the environmental impact of deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining cannot be ignored. In this study, for the first time, a field disturbance and observation device, integrated with multiple sensors, is used to simulate the disturbance process of mining on seabed sediments in the polymetallic nodule area of the western Pacific Ocean at a depth of 5700 m. The impact of the process of stroking and lifting on the bottom sediment in the polymetallic nodule area is 30 times higher than that caused by the waves or the current. The time for turbidity to return to normal after the increase is about 30 min, and the influence distance of a disturbance to the bottom bed on turbidity is about 126 m. The time it takes for density to return to normal is about four hours, and the influence is about 1000 m. At the same time, the resuspension of the bottom sediment leads to an increase in density anomaly and salinity. Moreover, suspended sediments rich in metal ions may react with dissolved oxygen in water, resulting in a decrease in the dissolved oxygen content and an increase in ORP. During the observation period, the phenomenon of a deep-sea reciprocating current is found, which may cause the suspended sediment generated by the continuous operation of the mining vehicle to produce suspended sediment clouds in the water near the bottom of the mining area. This could lead to the continuous increase in nutrients in the water near the bottom of the mining area and the continuous reduction in dissolved oxygen, which will have a significant impact on the local ecological environment. Therefore, the way mining vehicles dig and wash in water bodies could have a marked impact on the marine environment. We suggest adopting the technology of suction and ore separation on mining ships, as well as bringing the separated sediment back to the land for comprehensive utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) is a catadromous fish, the migration of eels from rivers (fresh water) to sea water can be disrupted if there are transverse structures such as dams. This is because the speed of water currents across buildings is higher, whereas eel fish are not active swimmers, so a fishway is needed to facilitate the eel fish migration process. Fishway construction requires several information such as swimming patterns, speed and swimming endurance. This research aims to describe the swimming patterns of elver stage eels, measure the swimming speed and swimming endurance of elver stage eels in different current conditions. Next, formulate the swimming performance of elver stage eels related to the need to design an appropriate fishway. This research was conducted at the Fish Behavior Laboratory, PSP-FPIK Department, IPB. The results of the research show that the swimming pattern of the elver stage eel is the Anguilliform type, the sustained speed of the eel fish is ≤ 0.91 TL/second, the prolonged speed of the eel fish is 1.57-1.82 TL/second, and the burst swimming speed the speed of eel fish is ≤2.7 TL/second. Based on this data, the fishway design that suits the prolonged swimming speed of eel fish is the fish lock type which can be made with a slope of 20º accompanied by water discharge range 59 ml/secand speed current 30 cm/sec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the regional differences between the North and South Yellow Sea, and under the influence of winter winds, the relative changes in the coastal current and the Yellow Sea warm current will lead to the instability of the front, which will lead to the cross-front transport of sediment. Therefore, the study of sediment exchange between the North and South Yellow Sea has become an indispensable part of the study of the Yellow Sea environment. In this study, the current field and sediment concentration in the southern part of Chengshantou, a representative area of the Yellow Sea, were observed in winter in order to analyze the sediment exchange process between the North Yellow Sea and the South Yellow Sea in winter. The observation results show that in the southern sea area of Chengshantou, in winter, the current velocity does not change with the water depth when it exceeds 15 m, and the tides are regular semi-diurnal tides. When the water depth is less than 15 m, the current direction changes clockwise with the increase in the water depth. The turbidity increases rapidly when the wind direction is offshore and the bottom residual current is onshore, which may cause the sediment transported offshore under the action of wind and ocean current to settle under the obstruction of the Yellow Sea warm current, resulting in the rise of bottom turbidity. This also indicates that the change in residual current direction at different water depths may also lead to an increase in suspended sediment concentration. Based on this, in the estuarine area, the relative change in the current direction between the wind current and the coastal current may also be the cause of the change in the maximum turbidity zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interannual variations in salt flux on the 80°E section in the equatorial Indian Ocean were explored based on the ORAS5 data, which was quite consistent with the observational data among the four available reanalysis datasets. The results indicated that the area with significant interannual variations in salt flux coincided with that of significant climatological mean salt flux in general and was mainly located in the upper 150 m layer. Specifically, three important areas were identified in the north-south direction, i.e., (1) the Equatorial Indian Ocean Area (EIOA, 3°S–3°N), where the mean salt flux was eastward with the largest value on the section and associated with the most significant interannual variations mainly modulated by the Wyrtki Jets and the Equatorial Undercurrent; (2) the South Equatorial Indian Ocean Area (SEIOA, 3°S–6°S), where the mean salt flux changed in the vertical direction from strong eastward flux in the upper layer to weak westward flux in the subsurface layer and associated with significant interannual variations in the upper 100 m layer, which was affected by the South Equatorial Countercurrent; and (3) the North Equatorial Indian Ocean Area (NEIOA, 3°N–6°N), where the mean salt flux changed in the north-south direction from strong westward flux to the north of 5°N to weak eastward flux in the south and associated with relatively significant interannual variations, which was mainly influenced by the South Sri Lanka Coastal Current. Two leading interannual variation modes were revealed by the empirical orthogonal function decomposition. The first mode accounted for 39% of the total variance and had four significant spatial antinodes; two of those in-phase antinodes were located at SEIOA and upper 75 m of EIOA, and the other two opposite in-phase antinodes were located at NEIOA and below 75 m of EIOA. The second mode accounted for 17% of the total variance having four antinodes with two dominant out-of-phase antinodes located at the subsurface of EIOA and SEIOA. The temporal components of the two leading modes showed a 1–4 year variation with a main period of 2 years, in which the first mode showed a greater correlation with the Indian Ocean Dipole, while the second mode showed a weak correlation with the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Variance analysis showed that the interannual variations in salt flux were mainly determined by the variations in the current, and the spatial distribution was modulated by temporal mean salinity. Composite strong interannual events showed interannual variations in current, and so the salt flux was driven by the interannual anomaly of the wind field and sea surface temperature associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the possibility of creating a noncascade intersubband midinfrared injection laser based on HgCdTe with a minimum number of quantum wells is analyzed. An error‐tolerant laser structure with three quantum wells that is insensitive to the variations in the quantum well thickness is proposed. The calculations predict a modal gain of 35 cm−1 at the wavelength of approximately 9.2 μm at 77 K and the operating temperature up to 125 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D ferromagnet is a good platform to investigate topological effects and spintronic devices owing to its rich spin structures and excellent external‐field tunability. The appearance of the topological Hall Effect (THE) is often regarded as an important sign of the generation of chiral spin textures, like magnetic vortexes or skyrmions. Here, interface engineering and an in‐plane current are used to modulate the magnetic properties of the nearly room‐temperature 2D ferromagnet Fe5GeTe2. An artificial topology phenomenon is observed in the Fe5GeTe2/MnPS3 heterostructure by using both anomalous Hall Effect and reflective magnetic circular dichroism (RMCD) measurements. Through tuning the applied current and the RMCD laser wavelength, the amplitude of the humps and dips observed in the hysteresis loops can be modulated accordingly. Magnetic field‐dependent hysteresis loops demonstrate that the observed artificial topological phenomena are induced by the generation and annihilation of the magnetic domains. This work provides an optical method for investigating the topological‐like effects in magnetic structures and proposes an effective way to modulate the magnetic properties of magnetic materials, which is important for developing magnetic and spintronic devices in van der Waals magnetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is aimed at putting forward a novel temperature controller (including software and hardware) for a fan-and-damper refrigerator considering the electric current drawn by the single-speed compressor as the process variable. The control algorithm consists in a dynamic reference modification of a PI controller, together with a set of empirical conjectures. In addition, a purpose-built electronic board was designed and prototyped. All experiments were performed in-house with the refrigerator placed in a climate chamber. The refrigerator was tested at two different surrounding air temperatures (16 and 25 °C) under pulldown, defrost recovery, and variable ambient temperature regimes. It was noted that the proposed controller was able to maintain the refrigerator temperature within ±1 °C tolerance bounds – figures like those obtained for the baseline thermistor-based temperature controller – albeit being less costly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a photoelectrochemical cell using Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 dye acting as a photo-sensitizer in an EDTA system, the photo-sensitizer generated photo potential and photocurrent with an EDTA reductant of 940.0 mV and 380.0 μA were measured to learn more about the photo galvanic effect. For the Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250-EDTA system, the fill factor (FF), conversion efficiency (CE), and the maximum power at the Power Point were calculated. The findings were 0.27 and 1.86%, 97.0 μW respectively. Half the cell's power reaches 48.06 (μW) in 190 minutes on turning off the light source. The results of different specifications on the cell's electrical output and its current-voltage (i-v) properties were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motor bearings are prone to different degrees of performance degradation, fatigue damage and failure undergoing complex and harsh environments. Vibration signal analysis is a mature method for diagnosing motor bearing faults, while it is not applicable for installing additional vibration sensors on many occasions. Practically, the fault of motor bearings changes the air gap flux between the rotor and stator, which leads to harmonic fluctuations in the stator current. The current signals can be used to diagnose the motor bearing faults without additional sensors. Inevitably the harmonics caused by the motor bearing faults will be coupled with the original signals. This paper combines bi-spectrum and Convolution Neural Network (CNN) to analyze the current signals of motor bearing faults. The CNN diagnosis model is trained based on the local bi-spectrum of current, and the CNN parameters are optimized. Diagnose and analyze motor bearing faults with different fault implantation methods, working conditions, fault degrees and fault locations. The diagnostic accuracy reaches more than 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The effect of different service parameters on the current-carrying tribological properties of CF-Al2O3/Cu composites was investigated, and the damage behavior of the composites under different service parameters was probed. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for the application of CF-Al2O3/Cu composites. Design/methodology/approach: The composites were fabricated by internal oxidation combined with powder metallurgy. The current-carrying tribological properties of CF-Al2O3/Cu composites were investigated on an electrical damage test system at different loads and currents. Findings: As the load increases, the wear mechanism of the composite changes from abrasive wear to delamination wear. As the current increases, the oxidation wear and arc erosion of the composites gradually intensified. Under the service parameters of 0–25 A and 30–40 N, the composite has relatively stable current-carrying tribological properties. Originality/value: This paper could provide a theoretical basis for the practical application of CF-Al2O3/Cu composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deformation behavior of duplex stainless steel under tension and bending, accompanied by a pulsed current and when heated by an external source, is investigated. The stress–strain curves are compared at the same temperatures. The contribution to the decrease in flow stresses is greater when using a multi-pulse current at the same temperature, compared to external heating. This confirms the presence of an electroplastic effect. An increase in the strain rate by an order of magnitude reduces the contribution of the electroplastic effect from single pulses to the reduction in flow stresses by 20%. An increase in the strain rate by an order of magnitude reduces the contribution of the electroplastic effect from single pulses to the reduction in flow stresses by 20%. However, in the case of a multi-pulse current, the strain rate effect is not observed. Introducing a multi-pulse current during bending reduces the bending strength by a factor of two and the springback angle to 6.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: When persons seek medical help after an electrical injury, physicians have to inquire on the type (AC/DC) and strength of current (>1000V is considered "high voltage") as well as the exact circumstances (loss of consciousness, falls) of the accident. In the advent of high-voltage accidents, loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, abnormal ECG or elevated troponin levels, in-hospital rhythm monitoring is warranted. In all other cases, the type of extra cardiac injury primarily directs the management. Superficial skin marks may disguise more extensive thermal injuries of inner organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews variants of energy storage devices, particularly batteries, and proposes an approach for experimental studies of temperature at characteristic points of the battery and electrolyte. The results of the temperature dependence at these points on the duration of both charge and discharge processes are presented. The change in battery temperature at the characteristic points of the housing at different loads of charge and discharge has been analyzed. It is emphasized that an increase in the current and temperature of the environment surrounding the battery leads to an increase in temperature at the measured points of the battery housing, which leads to a corresponding temperature increase inside the battery. The research presents the relationship between the battery operation mode (charge or discharge) and temperature variations. After 2 h of operation with a load current of 18 A, the temperatures of the electrolyte and the battery plates surpass the maximum permissible temperature level (50°C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: In this study, the electronic transport of (6, 3) two side-closed single-walled boron nitride nanotubes ((6, 3) TSC-SWBNNTs) located between two electrodes of (5, 5) conductive carbon nanotubes is investigated. Introducing carbon impurities instead of nitrogen and boron atoms in different locations of two side-closed (6, 3) SWBNNTs would change the transmission spectrum and reduce the gap. As the bias voltage increases, the peaks of the transmission spectrum become sharper and narrower. Substituting carbon impurities instead of nitrogen atoms leads to larger currents than substituting carbon impurities instead of boron. For the carbon impurity instead of N atoms, the current in the center is observed to be larger than currents on the left and right sides. In addition, negative resistance can be seen in current–voltage diagrams, which are used in the construction of high-speed electronic switches in electrical circuits. Method : Due to the larger number of atoms, the study of structures by the common approach is time-consuming and some times impossible. Hence, in this research, the Quantum ATK simulation software is used to investigate the characteristics of electronic transport. For this purpose, the Slater-Koster method and the tight-closure approximation are used. In this method, the non-equilibrium Green function (NEGF) approach is employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three different types of resonances, i.e. blocking, trapping and Bragg resonance, associated with flexural gravity wave motion in the presence of current and permeable bottom are discussed. Also, using the different modes of wave propagation, the interconnection among all these resonances is analysed. An uneven pattern in the plate deflection is seen inside the blocking resonance zone. The uniform convergence of the infinite series associated with the trapped mode is proved. We have found that the trapped mode does not exist if the magnitude of the opposing current is higher or whenever we move the cylinder away from the platecovered surface. It is also observed that two propagating modes within the blocking frequencies create the environment for the occurrence of trapped waves. At the same time, all three modes have a remarkable contribution to Bragg resonance. The Bragg reflection increases in the blocking zone and decreases outside of it. We have seen that the amplitude of the Bragg reflection increases with the increase in current speed and porosity parameter. Also, the discontinuities in Bragg reflection coefficients are seen at blocking frequencies. The model is also carefully validated numerically for trapped and Bragg resonances against the results available in the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish mass mortality and jellyfish beach stranding were observed before the landfall of tropical cyclone Yaas, in the nearshore waters of Puri, a major tourist destination along the eastern seaboard of India. This very severe cyclonic storm crossed the northern coast of Odisha, near Balasore, on 26th May 2021, and Puri was near the vicinity of the cyclone landfall area. Prior to the landfall of the cyclone (about 24 to 72 h), mass mortality of rainbow sardines (Dussumieria acuta; locally known as Disco Kokili) and beach stranding of jellyfish was observed. Many print and electronic media covered this event, as Puri is a major marine capture fishery hotspot, a blue-flag beach, and a major place of pilgrim attraction in India. The present study provides a possible scientific basis for these die-off events. Satellite-retrieved Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data revealed the rise in water temperature as a plausible factor for fish mortality. The aggregation of jellyfish could be attributed to the rapid removal of fish from the ecosystem that provided the former a competitive advantage to avail of food. The resultant jellyfish swarms could have been propelled by shoreward current resulting in beach stranding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Electrical Fatality is not Uncommon in Low voltage and High voltage despite rapid advances in its Transmission and usage. It is essential to understand the Injuries and the manner of Death in all Electric Fatalities. Aims & Objectives: To Understand the Manner of Death, Pattern of injuries, Site of Injuries and Cause of Death in Fatal Electrocution, retrospectively in Chengalpattu region. This retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of government Chengalpattu medical college & hospital, Chengalpattu, Tamilnadu, India. Total 3886 autopsies were conducted from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022. Materials and Methods: All the cases Electrical Fatalities Referred by the Police for Autopsies were Analyzed & Examined. Results: Electric Fatalities Contributed to 1.5% of the Autopsies. Major Age Group Affected was 21-40 years in 75% of cases. Males to Females Ratio 8.1:1. Accidental Deaths were the Major Number of Fatalities in 96.6% of cases. Low Voltage Electrical Current contributed to 81.3% of Fatalities. Right Hand was involved in contact injury in 64.4% of Deaths and in 13.5% of Fatal Electrocution No Contact or Exit Injuries were Present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the Dirac electron scattering phenomenon in a molybdenum disulfide monolayer MoS 2 quantum dot that has been submitted to a magnetic flux ϕ . Using the Dirac equation, we analytically determine the expressions for the eigenstates, the scattering efficiency, the scattering coefficients and the radial component of the reflected current. We identify different scattering regimes as a function of the physical parameters such as the incident electronic energy E, potential barrier V, radius R of the quantum dot, and magnetic flux ϕ . We show that when the energy of the incident electron is low, scattering resonances appear and that the scattered current has different preferred scattering directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to study the monetary dynamics in Venezuela during the 1870's. In this sense, the economic context in which it developed was analyzed, characterized internationally by a process of globalization and nationally by the impulse of a modernizing program aimed at facilitating domestic economic articulation with international commercial and financial networks. In the strictly monetary aspect, the study is presented on two levels: the legislative activity carried out by the State is described and analyzed, which was aimed at replacing a large part of foreign currency with its own, but integrated into a bimetallic monetary pattern on an international scale and to present the problems that occurred around monetary transactions in Venezuela society throughout the aforementioned decade. This work is of a historical nature and was supported by the analysis of bibliographical sources specialized in economic and monetary matters, as well as primary sources, related to monetary matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we design and construct a low-cost experimental kit for the force on a straight current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiment, namely EM-FOR. The kit consists of several pairs of rectangular-shaped permanent magnets with different polarities facing each other on a U-shaped aluminium casing as the source of the magnetic field, a straight copper wire at the centre between the two magnets as the electrical conductor, conductor rings and connecting wires to connect conductor and electrical source, and an electronic balance to measure the magnitude and to determine the direction of the force on a straight current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. The design of the EM-FOR experimental kit was validated by determining the magnitude and direction of the force on a straight current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field for normal and reverse connections to a power supply. The constructed kit can be utilized for three experiments: the effects of applied current, conductor length and electromagnetic field strength on the force on a straight current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a series RLC circuit, resonance occurs when the inductive reactance (XL) and capacitive reactance (XC) are equal in magnitude but opposite in phase. It's important to note that in a series RLC circuit, the total impedance is the vector sum of the resistance (R), inductive reactance (XL), and capacitive reactance (XC). The resonant frequency is the frequency at which XL and XC are equal, resulting in the cancellation of these two reactances, leaving only the resistance. In summary, the resonant frequency in a series RLC circuit is the frequency at which the inductive and capacitive reactances cancel each other out, leading to a minimum impedance and maximum current flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a novel aluminium metal matrix composite (AMMC) was developed using recycled aluminium alloy as a matrix with 5% alumina as reinforcement. The machining experiments were conducted by varying the input parameters such as voltage (Vs), wire feed rate (Fw), current (Ip), pulse on time (ONT) and pulse off time (OFFT), on wire breakage. The effect of voltage level and wire breakage frequency was analysed. The parameter combinations for machining the slot of size 5 mm width and 10 mm height with high machining rate (MR) and less surface roughness (Ra) were analysed using the CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and simple additive weighting (SAW) methods. The wire breakage frequency is lesser at minimum peak current. The optimal parameter combination for higher MR and lower Ra is found to be at 30 V, 7 mm/min, 30 A, 120 μs (ONT) and 70 μs (OFFT). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed to understand the significant factors affecting the WEDM process. ANOVA results predict that wire feed rate and voltage contribute 47.82% and 21.23%, respectively, to MR; and pulse on time shows a 23.06% influence on surface roughness. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to ascertain the pattern of wire breakage in WEDM, and based on the results obtained from employing this technique, it is inferred that the erosion and breakage of the wire are not instantaneous and that a cone shape is formed on the either portion of the wire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the initial stage and the return stroke current waveform parameters of rocket-triggered lightning flashes to the ground and to the distribution line have been analyzed. The results show that the average current, the charge transferred and the action integral associated with the Initial Stage with return strokes are greater than the corresponding values without return strokes. For the initial stage, the presence of the distribution line greatly reduces the maximum current, average current, charge transfer, and action integral by a factor of 0.35, 0.42, 0.51, and 0.19, respectively. For the return stroke, the presence of the distribution line has little effect on the other parameters except for a 2.4-fold increase in the 10-90% risetime. The presence of the distribution line affects the initial stage parameters more significantly than the return stroke parameters, probably because the lightning channel equivalent impedance of the initial stage is much smaller than that of the return stroke. The lightning channel equivalent impedance of the initial stage estimated in this paper is about 145 ohms and the estimated lightning channel equivalent impedance for the return stroke is greater than 2000 ohms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid which has been implicated in pain. Acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs) are important players in pain associated with tissue acidification. However, it is still unclear whether there is a link between LPA signaling and ASICs in pain processes. Herein, we show that a functional interaction between them in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Pre‐application of LPA enhanced ASIC‐mediated and acid‐evoked inward currents in a concentration‐dependent manner. LPA shifted the concentration–response curve for protons upwards, with an increase of 41.79 ± 4.71% in the maximal current response of ASICs to protons in the presence of LPA. Potentiation of ASIC currents by LPA was blocked by the LPA1 receptor antagonist Ki16198, but not by the LPA2 receptor antagonist H2L5185303. The LPA‐induced potentiation was also prevented by intracellular application of either G protein inhibitor or protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, but not by Rho inhibitor. LPA also enhanced ASIC3 currents in CHO cells co‐expressing ASIC3 and LPA1 receptors, but not in cells expressing ASIC3 alone. Moreover, LPA increased the amplitude of the depolarization and the number of spikes induced by acid stimuli. Finally, LPA exacerbated acid‐induced nociceptive behaviors in rats. These results suggested that LPA enhanced ASIC‐mediated electrophysiological activity and nociception via a LPA1 receptor and its downstream PKC rather than Rho signaling pathway, which provided a novel peripheral mechanism underlying the sensitization of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a vertical magnetic dipole (VMD) on or under the surface of a conductive half-space, explicit analytic formulae, not Hankel transform expressions, have been derived for the transient electric field induced below the ground, and the corresponding Hertz potential. These formulae permit rapid calculation of surface and underground dB/dt and B-field components, as well as of the induced current distribution. The solution allows the current produced by the surface reflection to be isolated, revealing how the interaction with the ground surface is responsible for the downward diffusion of the smoke ring. The mathematical form of the solution has also permitted confirmation of a prediction that the current distribution from a buried dipole in the limit of late time is a scaled version of the current distribution produced by a VMD on the ground surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a global social problem that has a negative impact throughout the victim's life; therefore, it is necessary to prevent CSA as a protection for children. The study aimed to identify the literature on CSA prevention interventions as a method for preventing child sexual abuse, specifically to determine the types of studies that have been conducted, the purposes of the programs, the types of methods used, the duration of intervention, the place of intervention implementation, the effectiveness of the programs, and the study improvement recommendations. This review followed the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Articles were searched using the PsycINFO database, CINAHL (EBSCO), ScienceDirect, MEDLINE (EBSCO), Scopus, Google Scholar, and manual searching with search engines. The inclusion criteria were focused on CSA prevention intervention programs, published between 2011 and 2021, published in English, using RCT/quasi-experiment/mixed method designs, and involving human subjects (children, parents, teachers, and caregivers). As many as 36 articles were selected for inclusion. Based on the results of the scoping review, it was found that three main thematic categories were identified, namely: (1) implementation of CSA prevention; (2) the effectiveness of CSA prevention; (3) research improvement recommendations. There are three main topics of CSA's promising prevention strategy focused on the target of strengthening protective factors that can be used by community service organizations providing services to children, policy-makers, and researchers. Preventive action requires strong collaboration between children, parents, teachers, and the surrounding community and must be supported by the use of innovative media that is adapted to the times. More evaluative research is needed to establish which strategies might be effective in CSA prevention practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a hybrid technique for the enhancement of Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capacity in a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS). The proposed hybrid technique is the joint execution of S-shaped binary version of Whale Optimisation Algorithm (S-bWOA) and Random Decision Forest (RDF), hence it called S-bWOA-RDF method. The major objective is to ensure the LVRT capacity in the WECS at voltage drop including failure stages. S-bWOA model is used to identify the optimal solutions for offline mode as an available search location under objective function and generates the training dataset. In light of proficient dataset, RDF performs and predicts better feasible machine side with grid side converter control signals. The proposed technique is activated in MATLAB/Simulink site, and the efficiency of the proposed S-bWORDF method is compared with the existing methods, such as Random Decision Forest and Whale Optimisation Algorithm. The IAE and ITAE of the proposed and existing methods are also analysed. The IAE and ITAE of the proposed hybrid technique are identified as 5.0071 and 54.0475. The comparison results demonstrate the efficiency of the S-bWORDF method and confirm its potential for enhancing the LVRT of DFIG based WECS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]