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Mitochondria are involved in various stages of cancer cell diffusion and metastasis. Therefore, targeting tumor mitochondria with antineoplastic medicines to cause mitochondria to initiate apoptosis may be an effective strategy for cancer therapy. Here, in order to enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of the antineoplastic agent hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), the mitochondrial targeting ligand 4-(carboxybutyl) triphenylphosphine bromide (TPP) was attached to HCPT by an ester linkage. The resultant TPP-HCPT (TH) conjugate could self-assemble into nano-aggregates, with a mean particle size of 203.2 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) value of 0.312. The TH conjugate could also co-assembly with mPEG3000-PLGA5000 into nanoparticles (TH-NPs), with a mean diameter of 86.41 nm, a PDI value of 0.256 and a zeta potential of −0.125 mV. In contrast to HCPT injections, TH aggregates displayed enhanced cellular uptake, mitochondria-targetability and cytotoxicity against 4T1 cells, while TH-NPs showed even better improvement than TH aggregates. In the in vivo study, TH aggregates displayed higher anti-tumor efficacy in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice than HCPT injections (tumor inhibition rate, 55.71% vs. 69.17%), and TH-NPs displayed more superior anti-tumor effects (tumor inhibition rate, 80.02%). In conclusion, our research demonstrated that the TPP-HCPT conjugate and its nano-formulations, including TH aggregates and TH-NPs, may be a promising mitochondria-targeting anticancer medicine for cancer therapy. As far as we know, this is the first report in which TPP and HCPT have been conjugated directly for this aim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pd@K-Silicalite-1 is prepared by the encapsulation strategy with K modification. • Pd@K-Silicalite-1 can completely remove HCHO at room temperature. • The addition of K induces the formation of Si-O-K-Pd and increases alkali sites. • Pd@K-Silicalite-1 possesses high dispersion and small size of Pd nanoparticles. • Pd@K-Silicalite-1 exhibits strong HCHO adsorption capacity. The Silicalite-1-encapsulated Pd catalyst with alkali metal K modification (Pd@K-Silicalite-1) was prepared via the hydrothermal method with ethylenediamine as ligand and KOH as precursor of K promoter. The introduction of K partially replaced H of silanol in Silicalite-1 and induced the formation of Si-O-K-Pd species, which were beneficial for the improvement of Pd dispersion. The Pd nanoparticles with a size of ca. 1.9 nm were uniformly encapsulated in the matrix of Silicalite-1 zeolite. The catalytic activity of Pd@K-Silicalite-1 was much better than those of Pd/Silicalite-1 and Pd@Silicalite-1 for HCHO oxidation, HCHO conversion could reach 100 % over Pd@K-Silicalite-1 (Pd content = 0.15 wt%) at room temperature under space velocity (SV) of 120,000 mL/(g × h) and relative humidity (RH) of 35 %. Based on the results of various characterization techniques, one can conclude that the improvement in catalytic activity of Pd@K-Silicalite-1 was attributable to high dispersion and small size of Pd NPs and enhanced HCHO adsorption capacities. In addition, we investigated the reaction mechanism of HCHO oxidation over the Pd@K-Silicalite-1 catalyst by in situ DRIFTS spectra. This work provides some guidance on developing high-performance catalysts for HCHO elimination via in situ encapsulation and alkali metal modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive major component derived from Cannabis sativa, widely used in neurodegenerative diseases, has now been proven to have growth inhibitory effects on many tumor cell lines, including breast tumors. Meanwhile CBD can effectively alleviate cancer-associated pain, anxiety, and depression, especially tumor cachexia, thus it is very promising as an anti-tumor drug with unique advantages. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) derived from the best-known tonic Chinese herbal medicine Ginseng was designed to be co-loaded with CBD into liposomes to examine their synergistic tumor-inhibitory effect. The CBD-PPD co-loading liposomes (CP-liposomes) presented a mean particle size of 138.8 nm. Further glycosyl-modified CP-liposomes (GMCP-liposomes) were prepared by the incorporation of n-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside (Mal) into the liposomal bilayer with glucose residue anchored on the surface to act as a ligand targeting the GLUT1 receptor highly expressed on tumor cells. In vivo studies on murine breast tumor (4T1 cells)-bearing BALB/c mice demonstrated good dose dependent anti-tumor efficacy of CP-liposomes. A high tumor inhibition rate (TIR) of 82.2% was achieved with good tolerance. However, glycosylation modification failed to significantly enhance TIR of CP-liposomes. In summary, combined therapy with PPD proved to be a promising strategy for CBD to be developed into a novel antitumor drug, with characteristics of effectiveness, good tolerance, and the potential to overcome tumor cachexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were (1) to prepare Armillariella tabescens mycelia polysaccharides (PAT) with remarkably growth inhibitory effect on typical food-borne pathogenic bacteria using a green and efficient polyamide method and (2) to explore the antibacterial mechanism of PAT for use as a natural antibacterial agent. The sugar and uronic acid contents of PAT were 93.41% and 12.24%, respectively. PAT could inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli , Proteus vulgaris , Bacillus subtilis , and Staphylococcus aureus cells, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 4.0, and 4.0 mg/mL, respectively. Ultra-high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed cell wall and membrane rupture of E. coli treated with PAT. Further, 0.5–4.0 mg/mL PAT was found to significantly (P < 0.01) and concentration-dependently increase the conductivity of the broth, exudation of the intracellular protein, and alkaline phosphatase and β-galactosidase activities. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed morphological changes in E. coli DNA after PAT treatment and intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation; flow cytometry revealed E. coli cell apoptosis. Our findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the development of PAT as a natural antibacterial product. • Preparation of antibacterial polysaccharides (PAT) using the polyamide method • PAT damaged E. coli cell wall and cell membrane. • PAT induced DNA morphological changes in E. coli. • PAT caused intracellular ROS accumulation in E. coli. • Multi-targeting ability of PAT, inducing drug resistance was difficult for E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) has received considerable attention because it supplies water to 400 million people. However, the trends, sources, and risks associated with heavy metals (HMs) in water of centralized drinking water sources (CDWSs) in the YRB region are not well understood due to the lack of high-frequency, large-scale monitoring data. Moreover, research on the factors affecting the transportation of HMs in natural water are limited, all of which significantly reduce the effectiveness of CDWSs management. Therefore, this study utilized data on 11 HMs and water quality from 114 CDWSs, covering 71 prefecture-level cities (PLC) in 15 provinces (cities), to map unprecedented geospatial distribution of HMs in the YRB region and examine their concentrations in relation to water chemistry parameters. The findings revealed that the frequency of detection (FOD) of 11 HMs ranged from 28.59% (Hg) to 99.64% (Ba). The mean concentrations are ranked as follows: Ba (40.775 μg/L) > B (21.866 μg/L) > Zn (5.133 μg/L) > V (2.668 μg/L) > Cu (2.049 μg/L) > As (1.989 μg/L) > Mo (1.505 μg/L) > Ni (1.108 μg/L) > Sb (0.613 μg/L) > Pb (0.553 μg/L) > Hg (0.002 μg/L). Concentrations of Zn, As, Hg, Pb, Mo, Sb, Ni, and Ba exhibited decreasing trends from 2018 to 2022. Human activities, including industrial and agricultural production, have led to higher pollution levels in the midstream and downstream of the river than in its upstream. Additionally, the high concentrations of Ba and B are influenced by natural geological factors. Anion concentrations and nutrient levels, play a significant role in the transport of HMs in water. Probabilistic health risk assessment indicates that As, Ba, and Sb pose a potential carcinogenic risk. Additionally, non-carcinogenic risk to children under extreme conditions should also be considered. [Display omitted] • First comprehensive assess of 11 HMs in water of CDWSs across the YRB region. • Except for B, Cu, V, eight HM exhibited time-decay at a large geographical scale. • Metals in CDWSs, except for Ba and B, are primarily influenced by human activities. • Anions concentrations significant impact on the adsorption and resolved diffusion of HMs. • Simulations risks show As, Sb and Ba as major contributors to health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identified Armillariella tabescens polysaccharide (PAT-W), a compound isolated from a Chinese medicinal mushroom, as a potential novel oral ulcer (OU) drug. In treating OU rats with PAT-W, especially in the high-dose group, oral mucous tissue TNF- α , IL-1 β , and IL-6 levels were markedly reduced, and pathological morphology and oxidative stress were effectively improved. Western blot analysis showed that the PAT-W channel ameliorated OU mucous tissue damage, which depends on the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling pathway. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing results showed that PAT-W regulated the maladjustment of the oral microbiota caused by OU. Therefore, based on the new viewpoint of activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and regulating oral microbiota, PAT-W is expected to become a new natural drug for treating oral ulcers and improving patients' quality of life. [Display omitted] • Preparation of anti-ulcer polysaccharide (PAT-W) by ultrafiltration technology. • PAT-W alleviated the mucosal damage of oral ulcers. • PAT-W inhibited ulcer tissue inflammatory response • PAT-W alleviated oxidative stress injury. • PAT-W regulated the maladjustment of oral microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing novel photocatalysts for green synthesis of important organic intermediates under mild conditions is of great significance in industry. In this work, we synthesized the oxygen‐deficient three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) BiVO4‐supported nanosized Ru (xRu/3DOM BiVO4, x=0.24–2.16 wt %) catalysts by the polymethyl methacrylate‐templating, ethylene glycol reduction, and post‐thermal treatment methods. Physicochemical properties of the materials were characterized using the various techniques, and their catalytic activities for the visible‐light‐driven selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde were measured. It is found that the Ru nanoparticles (NPs) with a size of 1.2–1.5 nm were uniformly dispersed on the surface of 3DOM BiVO4, which gave rise to a significant enhancement in photocatalytic activity. Benzyl alcohol conversion first went up and then dropped down with the rise in loading of Ru NPs. The 0.95Ru/3DOM BiVO4−Ar‐300 sample was thermally treated in an Ar flow at 300 °C for 4 h showed the highest benzyl alcohol conversion (78 %) with a benzaldehyde selectivity of 100 % (benzaldehyde formation rate was 1380 μmol/(g h) after 6 h of illumination) and good photocatalytic stability. The high dispersion of Ru NPs and formation of oxygen vacancies in 3DOM BiVO4 improved separation and transfer efficiency of the photogenerated electrons/holes and increased the superoxide radical concentration. In addition, the possible mechanism of benzyl alcohol oxidation over 0.95Ru/3DOM BiVO4−Ar‐300 was also discussed. The oxygen‐deficient 3DOM BiVO4‐supported Ru NPs have promising applications for selective oxidation of organics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf-like monoclinic BiVO 4 and y Co x Pd/BiVO 4 (Co x Pd loading ( y ) = 0.060 − 0.092 wt%; Co/Pd molar ratio ( x ) = 0.26 − 1.70) photocatalysts were prepared using the hydrothermal and polyvinyl alcohol-protected reduction methods, respectively. The Co−Pd nanoparticles (NPs) with a size of 4–6 nm were well dispersed on the surface of leaf-like BiVO 4 . The bimetallic Co−Pd-loaded BiVO 4 samples performed much better than the monometallic Co- or Pd-loaded counterpart, with the 0.062Co 1.70 Pd/BiVO 4 sample showing the best photocatalytic performance (the time for 90% phenol removal was 3 h under visible light irradiation) and good photocatalytic stability. The pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants (0.4753 − 0.8367 h −1 ) obtained over y Co x Pd/BiVO 4 were much higher than those (0.0619 − 0.3788 h −1 ) obtained over BiVO 4 , 0.058Co/BiVO 4 , and 0.083Pd/BiVO 4 , with the 0.062Co 1.70 Pd/BiVO 4 sample possessing the highest rate constant. In-depth investigations of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and photoelectrochemical measurements reveal that high dispersion of bimetallic Co–Pd NPs increased the surface Pd 0 and superoxide anion radical concentrations and suppressed the recombination of photoinduced electrons and holes (hence enhancing the photocatalytic activity of y Co x Pd/BiVO 4 ). The partial deactivation of the 0.062Co 1.70 Pd/BiVO 4 sample after 15 h of three recycle tests was mainly due to the decrease in adsorbed oxygen species concentration. In addition, the possible photocatalytic phenol degradation mechanism over the 0.062Co 1.70 Pd/BiVO 4 sample was also proposed. We believe that the BiVO 4 -supported Co–Pd NPs have promising applications for the photocatalytic elimination of organic pollutants in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals (HMs) in drinking water have drawn worldwide attention due to their risks to public health; however, a systematic assessment of the occurrence of HMs in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) at a large geographical scale across China and the removal efficiency, human health risks, and the correlation with environmental factors have yet to be established. Therefore, this study characterised the occurrence patterns of nine conventional dissolved HMs in the influent and effluent water samples from 146 typical DWTPs in seven major river basins across China (which consist of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Songhua River, the Pearl River, the Huaihe River, the Liaohe River and the Haihe River) for the first time and removal efficiency, probabilistic health risks, and the correlation with water quality. According to the findings, a total of eight HMs (beryllium (Be), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), cobalt (Co) and titanium (Ti)) were detected, with detection frequencies in influent and effluent water ranging from 2.90 (Mo) to 99.30% (Ba) and 1.40 (Ti) to 97.90% (Ba), respectively. The average concentration range was 0.41 (Be)− 77.36 (Sb) μg/L. Among them, Sb (exceeding standard rate 8%), Ba (2.89%), Ni (21.43%), and V (1.33%) were exceeded the national standard (GB5749–2022). By combining Spearman's results and redundancy analysis, our results revealed a close correlation among pH, turbidity (TURB), potassium permanganate index (COD Mn), and total nitrogen (TN) along with the concentration and composition of HMs. In addition, the concentration of HMs in finished water was strongly affected by the concentration of HMs in raw water, as evidenced by the fact that HMs in surface water poses a risk to the quality of finished water. Metal concentration was the primary factor in assessing the health risk of a single metal, and the carcinogenic risk of Ba, Mo, Ni, and Sb should be paid attention to. In DWTPs, the removal efficiencies of various HMs also vary greatly, with an average removal rate ranging from 16.30% to 95.64%. In summary, our findings provide insights into the water quality and health risks caused by HMs in drinking water. [Display omitted] • First study to assess nine heavy metals in 146 DWTPs across China. • High levels of Ba, Ni, Sb, and V were exceeded the guideline recommended by the China. • Strong correlations exist between the pH, turbidity, COD Mn, TN and heavy metals. • The health risk of Ba, Mo, Ni, and Sb should be concerned. • The mean removal ratios of heavy metals in the studied DWTPs were 16.30–95.64%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) BiVO 4 and its supported iron oxide ( x Fe 2 O 3 /3DOM BiVO 4 , x = 0.18, 0.97, and 3.40 wt%) photocatalysts were prepared using the ascorbic acid-assisted polymethyl methacrylate-templating and incipient wetness impregnation methods, respectively. Physicochemical properties of the materials were characterized by means of numerous analytical techniques, and their photocatalytic activities were evaluated for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol under visible light illumination. It is found that the BiVO 4 possessed a high-quality 3DOM architecture with a monoclinic crystal phase, and the Fe 2 O 3 was highly dispersed on the surface of 3DOM BiVO 4 . The x Fe 2 O 3 /3DOM BiVO 4 samples much outperformed the 3DOM BiVO 4 sample, and 0.97Fe 2 O 3 /3DOM BiVO 4 showed the best photocatalytic performance (98% 4-nitrophenol was degraded in the presence of 0.6 mL H 2 O 2 within 30 min of visible light illumination) and excellent photocatalytic stability. The introduction of H 2 O 2 to the reaction system could promote the photodegradation of 4-nitrophenol by providing the active OH species generated via the reaction of photoinduced electrons and H 2 O 2 . The pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants (0.0876–0.1295 min −1 ) obtained over x Fe 2 O 3 /3DOM BiVO 4 were much higher than those (0.0033–0.0395 min −1 ) obtained over 3DOM or Bulk BiVO 4 and Fe 2 O 3 /Bulk BiVO 4 , with the 0.97Fe 2 O 3 /3DOM BiVO 4 sample exhibiting the highest rate constant. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of 0.97Fe 2 O 3 /3DOM BiVO 4 was associated with its unique porous architecture, high surface area, Fe 2 O 3 − BiVO 4 heterojunction, good light-harvesting ability, high adsorbed oxygen species concentration, and excellent separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes as well as the photo-Fenton degradation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking water has the potential to harm human health and undermine public confidence. Hence, this is the first study to comprehensively investigate concentrations of 25 VOCs in the 146 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in 24 cities across seven major river basins (including the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Haihe River, Songhua River, Liaohe River, Pearl River, and Huaihe River), China. The occurrence, human health, and olfactory risks, as well as removal efficiency of VOCs in DWTPs, were evaluated. The findings revealed that 21 VOCs were detected, with concentrations ranging from not detected to 99.10 μg/L (trichloromethane). The maximum concentrations of trichloroacetaldehyde (54.90 μg/L) and trichloromethane (99.10 μg/L) exceeded China's regulated values (GB 5749–2006/2022). The concentrations of VOCs and water quality parameters showed a strong positive correlation. Human health and olfactory risks assessment indicated that drinking water exposures do not pose carcinogenic (CR < 10−6) and non-carcinogenic (HI < 1) health risks to consumers, nor do olfactory and taste hazards (OHI <1). However, it is worth mentioning that due to the relatively high concentrations of some VOCs (trichloroacetaldehyde, acrolein, and trichloromethane), the health risk posed by them are still a major concern that needs to be addressed. Finally, the removal efficiency of VOCs is low in 146 DWTPs (mean of 12.91%–76.79%). Taken together, adding advanced treatment procedures for the purpose of improving the removal efficiency of pollutants of DWTPs in the future is an urgent priority. [Display omitted] • 21 VOCs were detected in 146 DWTPs of 24 cities from seven river basins of China. • Water quality parameters were significantly positively correlated with VOCs. • Health and olfactory risks, removal efficiency assessments simultaneously performed. • Removal efficiencies of most VOCs in DWTPs ranged from 12.91 to 76.79%. • VOCs detected cannot cause odor problems and little human health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) Bi 2 WO 6 , Bi 2 MoO 6 , and Bi 2 W x Mo 1− x O 6 (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9) solid solution photocatalysts were synthesized using the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide-assisted hydrothermal method. All of the samples displayed a morphology of irregularly rectangular nanosheets with a thickness of 7.0–17.4 nm. The photocatalytic performance of Bi 2 W x Mo 1− x O 6 was much better than that of Bi 2 MoO 6 or Bi 2 WO 6 for the selective oxidation of toluene, with the Bi 2 W 0.3 Mo 0.7 O 6 solid solution showing the highest benzaldehyde formation rate (1663 μmol/(g h)), which was about 1.95 and 2.83 times higher than those obtained over Bi 2 MoO 6 and Bi 2 WO 6 , respectively. Furthermore, 91% benzaldehyde selectivity and excellent stability were also achieved over Bi 2 W 0.3 Mo 0.7 O 6. The enhancement in photocatalytic activity of Bi 2 W 0.3 Mo 0.7 O 6 was attributable to the balance of fast charge kinetics and optimized energy band structure. The results of the reactive species trapping and active radicals detection experiments reveal that the photogenerated holes, superoxide species, and carbon-centered radicals might play the important roles in the generation of benzaldehyde, and the possible photocatalytic toluene oxidation mechanisms over Bi 2 W 0.3 Mo 0.7 O 6 were accordingly proposed. [Display omitted] • 2D Bi 2 W x Mo 1− x O 6 solid solution nanosheets are synthesized via the CTAB-assisted hydrothermal route. • Bi 2 W 0.3 Mo 0.7 O 6 shows the highest benzaldehyde formation rate. • Bi 2 W 0.3 Mo 0.7 O 6 exhibits faster charge separation and transfer efficiencies than Bi 2 WO 6 and Bi 2 MoO 6. • Photogenerated holes, superoxide, and carbon-centered radicals govern the photocatalytic reaction. • Good activity of Bi 2 W 0.3 Mo 0.7 O 6 is due to the balance of fast charge kinetics and optimized energy band structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated degradation behaviors of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Nabumetone (NMT) and its major metabolite 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (MNA) in the coupling process of ultraviolet and monochloramine (UV/NH 2 Cl). The second-order rate constants of the contaminants reacting with reactive radicals (HO•, Cl•, Cl 2 •⁻, and CO 3 •⁻) were determined by laser flash photolysis experiments. HO• and Cl• contributed predominantly with 52.3% and 21.7% for NMT degradation and 60.8% and 22.3% for MNA degradation. The presence of chlorides retarded the degradation of NMT, while promoted the destruction of MNA, which was ascribed to the photosensitization effects of MNA under UV irradiation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that radical adduct formation (RAF) was dominant pathway for both HO• and Cl• reacting with the contaminants, and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) preferred to occur on side chains of NMT and MNA. NMT reacted with NO 2 • through single electron transfer (SET) with the second-order rate constant calculated to be 5.35 × 107 (mol/L)−1 sec−1, and the contribution of NO 2 • was predicted to be 13.0% of the total rate constant of NMT in pure water, which indicated that NO 2 • played a non-negligible role in the degradation of NMT. The acute toxicity and developmental toxicity of NMT were enhanced after UV/NH 2 Cl treatment, while those of MNA were alleviated. The transformation products of both NMT and MNA exhibited higher mutagenicity than their parent compounds. This study provides a deep understanding of the mechanism of radical degradation of NMT and MNA in the treatment of UV/NH 2 Cl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal dysbiosis is one of the major causes of the occurrence of metabolic syndromes, such as obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases. Polysaccharide-based microbial therapeutic strategies have excellent potential in the treatment of metabolic syndromes, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Identification of the internal regulatory mechanism of the gut microbiome and the interaction mechanisms involving bacteria and the host are essential to achieve precise control of the gut microbiome and obtain valuable clinical data. Polysaccharides cannot be directly digested; the behavior in the intestinal tract is considered a "bridge" between microbiota and host communication. To provide a relatively comprehensive reference for researchers in the field, we will discuss the polysaccharide extraction and purification processes and chemical and structural characteristics, focusing on the polysaccharides in gut microbiota through the immune system, gut-liver axis, gut-brain axis, energy axis interactions, and potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 0.1Ru1Mn/ZSM-5 possesses strong acidity and redox ability due to highly dispersed Ru-Mn bimetallic nanoparticles. • 0.1Ru1Mn/ZSM-5 shows the best catalytic activity for 1,2-dichloroethane oxidation. • The double synergies of Ru-Mn bimetal and redox ability-acidity promote chlorine resistance ability. • Vinyl alcohol was the vital intermediates for 1,2-DCE oxidation to CO 2 and H 2 O. Ru-Mn bimetallic catalyst supported on HZSM-5 was prepared by impregnation method for catalytic oxidation of 1, 2-dichloroethane (1, 2-DCE). The 0.1Ru1Mn/ZSM-5 catalyst exhibited the lowest T 90 of 241 °C and the highest yields of HCl (75%) and CO 2 (57%). The products contained a small amount of dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene, with a total yield of <5%. By the characterizations of various instruments, it was found that 0.1Ru1Mn/ZSM-5 exhibited the best catalytic activity because of its rich acidity, high redox property, and highly dispersed Ru and Mn nanoparticles on the surface of HZSM-5. Furthermore, due to the synergies of Ru-Mn bimetal and redox ability-acidity, 0.1Ru1Mn/ZSM-5 exhibited excellent chlorine resistance ability and good catalytic activity during long-term test. The reaction mechanism of catalytic oxidation of 1, 2-DCE was investigated using in situ DRIFTS and GC–MS techniques. Vinyl alcohol was the vital intermediate s for 1, 2-DCE oxidation to CO 2 and H 2 O. The double synergistic strategy can provide a reference for designing catalysts to remove chlorinated volatile organic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been an environmental issue worldwide, which aggravates the ecological risks faced by animals, plants, and humans. In this work, the composites of nanoscale zero-valent iron supported on carbonylated activated carbon (nZVI-CAC) were prepared and applied to activate persulfate (PS) for the degradation of PAHs in contaminated soil. The prepared nZVI-CAC catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that the PS/nZVI-CAC system was superior for phenanthrene (PHE) oxidation than other processes using different oxidants (PS/nZVI-CAC > PMS/nZVI-CAC > H2O2/nZVI-CAC) and it was also efficient for the degradation of other six PAHs with different structures and molar weights. Under optimal conditions, the lowest and highest degradation efficiencies for the selected PAHs were 60.8% and 90.7%, respectively. Active SO4−• and HO• were found to be generated on the surface of the catalysts, and SO4−• was dominant for PHE oxidation through quenching experiments. The results demonstrated that the heterogeneous process using activated PS with nZVI-CAC was effective for PAH degradation, which could provide a theoretical basis for the remediation of PAH-polluted soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of ammonia (NH 3) emitted from agricultural and industrial activities is of great significance to protect human health and ecological environment. Photocatalytic NH 3 oxidation to N 2 under mild conditions is a promising strategy. However, developing visible light photocatalysts for NH 3 oxidation is still in its infancy. Here, we fabricate N-TiO 2 and Ag/AgCl/N-TiO 2 photocatalysts by sol-gel and photodeposition methods, respectively. The introduction of N not only endows TiO 2 with visible light response (absorption edge at 460 nm) but also results in the formation of heterophase junction (anatase and rutile). Thus, N-TiO 2 shows 2.0 and 1.8 times higher than those over anatase TiO 2 and commercial TiO 2 for NH 3 oxidation under full spectrum irradiation. Meanwhile, surface modification of Ag can simultaneously enhance visible light absorption (generating localized surface plasmon resonance effect) and charge separation efficiency. Therefore, the photocatalytic activity of Ag/AgCl/N-TiO 2 is further improved. Furthermore, the presence of N and Ag also enhances the selectivity of N 2 product owing to the change of reaction pathway. This work simultaneously regulates photocatalytic conversion efficiency and product selectivity, providing some guidance for developing highly efficient photocatalysts for NH 3 elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Constructed hydromechanical–chemical model with microscale effects for the first time. • Used EDFM with the effect of mineral reaction and time-varying fracture conductivity. • Studied impact of microscale effects on multicomponent production of CO 2 flooding. • Results obtained important for tight reservoir development and CO 2 geological storage. Tight reservoir can be potentially stimulated via CO 2 injection and serves as potential sites for CO 2 storage. However, simplifying flow mechanisms in hydro-mechanical-chemical coupling simulations can cause significant deviations in forecasting productivity and storage performance. In this study, a coupled hydro-mechanical-chemical model with both static and dynamic microscale effects was established for the first time. We characterized the impact of micro- and nanopores on the multicomponent thermodynamics and multiphase flow of CO 2 and in-situ oil by considering the critical property shift, capillary pressure, and boundary slip. The matrix and hydraulic fracture system were constructed based on the embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM). The effect of mineral reaction in the matrix and time-varying width and permeability of propped fractures were also involved in the model to address practical field-scale problems. An iteratively coupled scheme was used in a more comprehensive model to compute the flow and mechanical parameters at each time step, with the impact of different degrees of microscale effects studied by changing the proportions of micropores and nanopores. Two fluid models with different minimum miscible pressures (MMPs) were used to simulate the miscible and immiscible production processes. The stress sensitivity was analyzed based on the Biot poroelasticity theory and time-varying fracture conductivity, with the results suggesting that stress sensitivity can reduce overall production by slower outward pressure movement but can inhibit gas channeling and breakthrough to a certain extent. The detailed analysis of microscale effects, miscibility, and stress sensitivity in this work is of practical significance for tight reservoir development and CO 2 geological storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oligosaccharide esters, which are among the main active components of Polygalae Radix (PR), demonstrate significant pharmacological activities in the human nervous system. In our previous research, some other constituents in PR were able to improve the bioavailability of oligosaccharide esters such as sibiricose A5 (SA5), sibiricose A6 (SA6), and 3,6′-disinapoyl sucrose (DISS), but the related components and their underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the intestinal absorptive profile of SA5, SA6, and DISS and the absorptive behavior influenced by the coadministration of polygalaxanthone III and total saponins of PR (TS) using an in vitro everted rat gut sac model, along with the possible mechanisms that may influence absorption. The results showed that TS could significantly enhance the absorption of SA5, SA6, and DISS monomers. Verapamil, a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, was able to elevate the absorption of SA5 and SA6, and an absorption experiment using Rho123 led us to conclude that TS influenced the absorption of SA5 and SA6 in a manner similar to that of a P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Sodium caprate, a paracellular absorption enhancer, was found to increase the absorption of SA5, SA6, and DISS. Results showed that the absorption mechanisms of SA5 and SA6 may combine active transport with paracellular passive penetration, while DISS's absorption was dominated by paracellular passive penetration. However, the relationship between polygala saponins and the absorption of SA5, SA6, and DISS by paracellular passive penetration remain to be examined. This is the direction of our future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newly molding g‐C3N4/graphitized biochar (g‐C3N4/GSBC) molding composites photocatalytic material with superior photocatalytic activity were successfully synthesized by the impregnation‐roasting process. The photocatalytic behavior of g‐C3N4/GSBC was assessed in the photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic pollutants, including sulfamethoxazole(SMZ), ciprofloxacin(CIP), and tetracycline(TC), under visible light illumination. The successful composited of g‐C3N4 with GSBC was demonstrated by various characterization results, in which the 5 : 1 mass loading ratio showed the best performance. g‐C3N4/GSBC possessed a larger specific surface area (71.09 m2/g), suitable band gap (2.66 eV), more catalytically active species, and higher utilization efficiency of visible light than powdered g‐C3N4. The removal efficiency of the new composite was higher than that of g‐C3N4 for the three antibiotics, with removal efficiencies of 87.2 %, 83.2 %, and 72.2 % for SMZ, TC, and CIP, respectively. The analysis of its photodegradation mechanism revealed that h+ and ⋅O2− are responsible for the antibiotics′ decomposition. According to the HPLC‐MS results, the possible photocatalytic mechanism and reaction pathways have been proposed. This work provided a new way for the synthesis of molding photocatalysts as an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of organic contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrier transport is an equally decisive factor as carrier separation for elevating photocatalytic efficiency. However, limited by indefinite structures and low crystallinities, studies on enhancing carrier transport of organic photocatalysts are still in their infancy. Here, we develop an σ‐linkage length modulation strategy to enhance carrier transport in imidazole‐alkyl‐perylene diimide (IMZ‐alkyl‐PDI, corresponding to D‐σ‐A) photocatalysts by controlling π–π stacking distance. Ethyl‐linkage can shorten π–π stacking distance (3.19 Å) the most among IMZ‐alkyl‐PDIs (where alkyl=none, ethyl, and n‐propyl) via minimizing steric hindrance between D and A moieties, which leads to the fastest carrier transport rates. Thereby, IMZ‐ethyl‐PDI exhibits remarkable enhancement in phenol degradation with 32‐fold higher rates than IMZ‐PDI, as well as the oxygen evolution rate (271‐fold increased). In microchannel reactors, IMZ‐ethyl‐PDI also presents 81.5 % phenol removal with high‐flux surface hydraulic loading (44.73 L m−2 h−1). Our findings provide a promising molecular design guideline for high‐performance photocatalysts and elucidate crucial internal carrier transport mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrier transport is an equally decisive factor as carrier separation for elevating photocatalytic efficiency. However, limited by indefinite structures and low crystallinities, studies on enhancing carrier transport of organic photocatalysts are still in their infancy. Here, we develop an σ‐linkage length modulation strategy to enhance carrier transport in imidazole‐alkyl‐perylene diimide (IMZ‐alkyl‐PDI, corresponding to D‐σ‐A) photocatalysts by controlling π–π stacking distance. Ethyl‐linkage can shorten π–π stacking distance (3.19 Å) the most among IMZ‐alkyl‐PDIs (where alkyl=none, ethyl, and n‐propyl) via minimizing steric hindrance between D and A moieties, which leads to the fastest carrier transport rates. Thereby, IMZ‐ethyl‐PDI exhibits remarkable enhancement in phenol degradation with 32‐fold higher rates than IMZ‐PDI, as well as the oxygen evolution rate (271‐fold increased). In microchannel reactors, IMZ‐ethyl‐PDI also presents 81.5 % phenol removal with high‐flux surface hydraulic loading (44.73 L m−2 h−1). Our findings provide a promising molecular design guideline for high‐performance photocatalysts and elucidate crucial internal carrier transport mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pore structure and mineral composition play a crucial role in controlling the water flow behaviors of low-permeability media, which is characterized by threshold pressure gradient (TPG) and nonlinear flow curve. To figure out the coupling effects of these two factors on pre-Darcy flow regimes, water flow experiments were conducted on four tight sandstones, three shales and one fractured shale. The results indicate that both the TPG and pseudo threshold pressure gradient (PTPG) decrease with an increase in total porosity and macropores porosity. The variation of the nonlinear exponent (n) with total porosity and macropore porosity can be described by an exponential function with three parameters. The clay minerals and brittle minerals exert completely opposite influence on the variation of pre-Darcy flow parameters (PTPG, TPG and n). Both TPG/PTPG and n increase with increasing clay content while reduce with increase in the brittle minerals content. Theoretical analyses based on the disjoining pressure demonstrate that immovable water and electro-viscous effect are mainly responsible for water flow deviating from Darcy's law in tight sandstone and shale. Calculation results show that the proportion of immovable water of intact samples ranges from 23.46% to 89.73%, the movable water content ranges from 10.27%–76.54%. The pre-Darcy flow parameters exponentially increase with increase in immovable water content while exponentially decrease with increasing proportion of movable water. For the shale sample used in this work, the immovable water and electro-viscous effect contributing to the pre-Darcy flow account for 81.11%–90.35% and 9.58%–18.51%, respectively. The different flow regimes are controlled by the pore diameter and the thickness of water with shear fluidity. If the diameter of interconnected pores is larger than 10 μm, the Darcy flow regime dominates. When the diameter of minor pore throat of the flow channels are less than 33.82 nm for sandstones and 37.68 nm for shales, the movement of water in this flow channel would generate the TPG. • Relations between pre-Darcy flow parameters and water permeability are established. • The coupling effect of mineral types and pore structure on pre-Darcy flow is analyzed. • Immovable water and electro-viscous effect are mainly responsible for pre-Darcy flow. • A conceptual model is proposed to illustrate three flow regimes in tight porous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, discussed the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) method for the preparation of large-leaf yellow tea polysaccharide conjugates (LYTP), and the effects of LYTP on physicochemical properties as well as antioxidant activity were investigated. The results show that HPH extraction time was less than 0.5 h, and extraction rate reached 15.4%, which was nearly 1.8 times faster than that of hot water extraction (HWE). Component analysis showed that the total polysaccharide content of LYTP was higher, while the contents of polyphenols and free protein were lower than those of HWE. It is noteworthy that the 9.1% free protein content at 40 MPa was lower than that of the Sevag method (11.2%), indicating that HPH can eliminate the cumbersome protein removal process and is more environmentally. The small-molecule polysaccharide content extracted by HPH increased, but the monosaccharide composition did not change. Meanwhile, HPH decreased the particle size of the polysaccharides, and the changes in the surface topography of LYTP upon homogenization were confirmed with scanning electron microscopy. As a consequence, HPH extraction can improve the antioxidant capacity of LYTP. HPH extraction is an efficient, rapid and environmentally method for the preparation of polysaccharides, which could be widely used in the food industry. [Display omitted] • High-pressure homogenization extraction of polysaccharide from large-leaf yellow tea. • This non-heating method is efficient, and can greatly shorten the extraction time. • The physicochemical properties of the tea polysaccharides were determined and compared. • The polysaccharides exhibited stronger antioxidant activities in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insufficient charge separation and sluggish exciton transport severely limit the utilization of polymeric photocatalysts. To resolve the above issues, we incorporate bountiful carboxyl substituents within a novel benzodiimidazole oligomer and assemble it into a crystalline semiconductor. The photocatalyst is polar, hydrophilic, short‐range crystalline, and capable of both hydrogen and oxygen evolution. The introduction of carboxyl side‐groups adds asymmetry to the local structure and increases the built‐in electric field. Further, accelerated carrier transfer is enabled via the short‐range crystallinity. The superior hydrogen and oxygen production rates of 18.63 and 2.87 mmol g−1 h−1 represent one of the best performances ever reported among dual‐functional polymeric photocatalysts. Our work initiates studies on high‐performance oligomer photocatalysts, opening a new frontier to produce solar fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insufficient charge separation and sluggish exciton transport severely limit the utilization of polymeric photocatalysts. To resolve the above issues, we incorporate bountiful carboxyl substituents within a novel benzodiimidazole oligomer and assemble it into a crystalline semiconductor. The photocatalyst is polar, hydrophilic, short‐range crystalline, and capable of both hydrogen and oxygen evolution. The introduction of carboxyl side‐groups adds asymmetry to the local structure and increases the built‐in electric field. Further, accelerated carrier transfer is enabled via the short‐range crystallinity. The superior hydrogen and oxygen production rates of 18.63 and 2.87 mmol g−1 h−1 represent one of the best performances ever reported among dual‐functional polymeric photocatalysts. Our work initiates studies on high‐performance oligomer photocatalysts, opening a new frontier to produce solar fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BiOI / BiP 5 O 14 heterostructure with enhanced interfacial internal electric field for directional charge transfer and separation effectively were constructed successfully through epitaxial BiP 5 O 14 layer on the surface of BiOI nanosheets. Dramatical enhanced internal electric field of BiOI / BiP 5 O 14 heterostructure was established when BiP 5 O 14 monolayer epitaxial grow on the surface of BiOI nanosheets by adding 2% of NaH 2 PO 4. As a result, this heterostructure could boost the photodegradation and mineralization of phenol. Compared to pristine BiOI nanosheets, the photocatalytic reaction constant rates of phenol over the BiOI / BiP 5 O 14 heterostructure were elevated over 8.5 times, and the corresponding mineralization ability was also enhanced 8.9 times due to the effective and directional charges transfer and separation. This work provides an evidential proof of rational designing heterostructure via epitaxial growth, and confirms the internal electric field drive charge transfer and separation directionally for promoted photocatalytic performances. [Display omitted] • Constructing epitaxial heterostructure of BiOI / BiP 5 O 14 nanosheets was exploited clearly. • Significant enhanced internal electric field (IEF) of BiOI / BiP 5 O 14 heterostructure was established by adding 2% of NaH 2 PO 4. • Promoted IEF of BiOI / BiP 5 O 14 heterostructure drive directional charge migration and separation effectively. • Photocatalytic activity and mineralization of phenol over the BiOI / BiP 5 O 14 heterostructure were improved more than 8 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to clarify the specific anti-fatigue components of Schizophyllum commune (S.commune) and analyze its potential anti-fatigue mechanism. The main anti-fatigue active ingredient of S.commune was locked in n-butanol extract (SPE-n) by activity evaluation. Twelve compounds were identified by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS/MS). The anti-fatigue effect of morusin is the most predominant among these 12 ingredients. The determination of biochemical indices showed that morusin could increase liver glycogen reserves, improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes in liver, and reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in muscle tissue, thereby reducing myocyte damage. Further studies revealed that morusin could reduce the level of oxidative stress by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, thus alleviating the fatigue of mice caused by exhaustive exercise. The current findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of natural anti-fatigue functional food. [Display omitted] • The anti-fatigue active components was mainly n-butanol extract of Schizophyllum commune through activity screening. • Morusin was identified as the major active anti-fatigue substance in Schizophyllum commune by LC–ESI–MS/MS. • Morusin could relieve fatigue by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and down-regulating oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WO 3 nanorods and x WO 3 @TiO 2 (WO 3 /TiO 2 mass ratio (x) = 1−5) photocatalysts were synthesized using the hydrothermal and sol-gel methods, respectively. The photocatalytic activities of x WO 3 @TiO 2 for NH 3 oxidation first increased and then decreased with a rise in TiO 2 content. Among them, the heterostructured 3WO 3 @TiO 2 photocatalyst showed the highest NH 3 conversion (58 %) under the simulated sunlight irradiation, which was about two times higher than those of WO 3 and TiO 2. Furthermore, the smallest amounts of by-products (i.e., NO and NO 2) were produced over 3WO 3 @TiO 2. The enhancement in photocatalytic performance (i.e., NH 3 conversion and N 2 selectivity) of 3WO 3 @TiO 2 was mainly attributed to the formed interfacial electric field between WO 3 and TiO 2 , which promoted efficient separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. Based on the results of reactive species trapping and active radical detection, photocatalytic oxidation of NH 3 over 3WO 3 @TiO 2 was governed by the photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals. This work combines two strategies of morphological regulation and interfacial electric field construction to simultaneously improve light utilization and photogenerated charge separation efficiency, which promotes the development of full-spectrum photocatalysts for the removal of ammonia. [Display omitted] • X WO 3 @TiO 2 heterostructures are synthesized via a simple sol-gel route. • 3WO 3 @TiO 2 exhibits 58% NH 3 conversion and 94% N 2 selectivity for NH 3 oxidation within 3 h of reaction. • Photocatalytic activity of 3WO 3 @TiO 2 is 1.8–2.2 times higher than that of WO 3 or TiO 2. • 3WO 3 @TiO 2 possesses a high charge separation efficiency due to the interfacial electric field. • Photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals govern the photocatalytic NH 3 oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

x AuPd z / y Co 3 O 4 /3DOM MnCo 2 O 4 (x = 0.56–1.98 wt%, z = 1.9–2.1, and y = 4.80–24.36 wt%) samples are prepared using PMMA-templating, incipient wetness impregnation, and PVA-protected reduction methods. The good performance for methane combustion of 1.98AuPd 2.1 /18.20Co 3 O 4 /3DOM MnCo 2 O 4 is related to its high O ads species concentration, good low-temperature reducibility, and strong interaction between Co 3 O 4 or AuPd 2.1 NPs and 3DOM MnCo 2 O 4. [Display omitted] • 3DOM MnCo 2 O 4 is fabricated using the PMMA-templating method. • 18.20Co 3 O 4 /3DOM MnCo 2 O 4 is obtained by the incipient wetness impregnation method. • 1.98AuPd 2.1 /18.20Co 3 O 4 /3DOM MnCo 2 O 4 is prepared via the PVA-protected reduction route. • 1.98AuPd 2.1 /18.20Co 3 O 4 /3DOM MnCo 2 O 4 perform the best for methane combustion. • O ads concentration, reducibility, and AuPd 2.1 or Co 3 O 4 and MnCo 2 O 4 interaction govern activity. Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) MnCo 2 O 4 -supported Co 3 O 4 and AuPd (x AuPd z / y Co 3 O 4 /3DOM MnCo 2 O 4 ; x = 0.56–1.98 wt%, z = 1.9–2.1, and y = 4.80–24.36 wt%) catalysts were prepared using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microsphere-templating, incipient wetness impregnation, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-protected reduction methods. Physicochemical properties of the materials were characterized by means of numerous techniques, and their catalytic activities were evaluated for methane combustion. It is found that the x AuPd z / y Co 3 O 4 /3DOM MnCo 2 O 4 samples with a surface area of 26.5–53.1 m2/g possessed a high-quality 3DOM architecture, in which the AuPd nanoparticles (NPs) with a size of 4.6–5.8 nm were highly dispersed on the surface of the macropore framework. Among all of the samples, 1.98AuPd 2.1 /18.20Co 3 O 4 /3DOM MnCo 2 O 4 exhibited the highest catalytic activity: the T 10% , T 50% , and T 90% (temperatures required for achieving methane conversions of 10, 50, and 90 %, respectively) were 262, 340, and 408 °C at a space velocity of 40,000 mL/(g h). Partial deactivation of the 1.98AuPd 2.1 /18.20Co 3 O 4 /3DOM MnCo 2 O 4 sample due to introduction of water vapor or carbon dioxide was reversible. It is concluded that the good catalytic performance of 1.98AuPd 2.1 /18.20Co 3 O 4 /3DOM MnCo 2 O 4 was associated with its high adsorbed oxygen species concentration, good low-temperature reducibility, and strong interaction between Co 3 O 4 or AuPd 2.1 NPs and 3DOM MnCo 2 O 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase separation behavior of mixed solution of caseinate (Cas) and alginate (Alg) was investigated. Lactobacillus plantarum FZU3013 was encapsulated using 4 % Cas/1 % Alg gel beads with a phase-separated structure. The bacteria were predominantly distributed in the Alg-rich continuous phase. The use of 4 % Cas/1 % Alg beads resulted in higher encapsulation efficiency for L. plantarum FZU3013 compared to 1 % Alg beads. After 5 weeks of storage at 4 °C, the viable count in 4 % Cas/1 % Alg beads was 8.3 log CFU/g, which was 1.1 log CFU/g higher than that of the 1 % Alg beads. When 1 % Alg beads of the smallest size were subjected to in vitro digestion, no viable bacteria could be detected at the end of the digestion, whereas the 4 % Cas/1 % Alg beads of the smallest size had a viable count of 3.9 log CFU/g. When the size of the 4 % Cas/1 % Alg beads was increased to 1000 μm, the viable count was 7.0 log CFU/g after digestion. The results of infrared spectroscopy and zeta potential indicated that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between caseinate and alginate reinforced the structure of the gel beads and improved the protection for L. plantarum FZU 3013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to use a material library to investigate the effect of raw material properties on ribbon tensile strength (TS) and solid fraction (SF) in the roll compaction (RC) process. A total of 81 pharmaceutical materials, including 53 excipients and 28 natural product powders (NPPs), were characterized by 22 material descriptors and were compacted under five different hydraulic pressures. The transversal and longitudinal splitting behaviors of the ribbons were summarized. The TS-porosity and TS-pressure relationships were used to explain the roll compaction behavior of powdered materials. Through defining the target ribbon quality (i.e., 0.6 ≤ SF ≤ 0.8 and TS ≥ 1 MPa), the roll compaction behavior classification system (RCBCS) was built and 81 materials were classified into three categories. A total of 24 excipients and five NPPs were classified as Category I materials, which fulfilled the target ribbon quality and had less occurrence of transversal splitting. Moreover, the multivariate relationships between raw material descriptors, the hydraulic pressure and ribbon quality attributes were obtained by PLS regression. Four density-related material descriptors and the cohesion index were identified as critical material attributes (CMAs). The multi-objective design space summarizing the feasible material properties and operational region for the RC process were visualized. The RCBCS presented in this paper enables a formulator to perform the initial risk assessment of any new materials, and the data modeling method helps to predict the impact of formulation ingredients on strength and porosity of compacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The PtRu NPs partially embedded in the skeleton of 3DOM Ce 0.7 Zr 0.3 O 2 (CZO) are prepared using the PMMA-templating and EG reduction methods. The embedded structure facilitates formation of a more amount of Pt O Ce-like bonds via the strong interaction between PtRu NPs and 3DOM CZO, hence contributing to the good thermal stability in toluene combustion. • 1.98PtRu@3DOM CZO is prepared via the PMMA-templating and EG reduction routes. • PtRu nanoparticles (NPs) are partially embedded in the skeleton of 3DOM CZO. • Ru promotes enhancement in low-temperature reducibility and oxygen adsorption ability. • Good toluene and oxygen adsorption ability contribute to high activity of 1.98PtRu@3DOM CZO. • Formation of PtRu NPs–3DOM CZO interfaces and Pt O Ce-like bonds is responsible for good stability. We successfully prepared 1.98 wt% PtRu nanoparticles (NPs) partially embedded in the skeleton of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous Ce 0.7 Zr 0.3 O 2 (denoted as 1.98PtRu@3DOM CZO) using the polymethyl methacrylate-templating and ethylene glycol reduction methods. For comparison purposes, we also synthesized a 3DOM CZO-supported 2.03 wt% PtRu catalyst (denoted as 2.03PtRu/3DOM CZO) via a colloidal adsorption route. The 1.98PtRu@3DOM CZO sample exhibited better performance than the Pt or Ru NPs partially embedded in the skeleton of 3DOM CZO. Ru played an important role in promoting the low-temperature reducibility and oxygen adsorption ability of the sample. The catalytic activity of 2.03PtRu/3DOM CZO was better than that of 1.98PtRu@3DOM CZO (Δ T 90% = 23 °C) for toluene combustion, and the former showed lower apparent activation energy (45 kJ/mol). However, 1.98PtRu@3DOM CZO possessed excellent thermal stability, over which the activity did not change obviously, while that over 2.03PtRu/3DOM CZO decreased greatly; furthermore, the catalytic activity of the former was superior to that of the latter after calcination at 800 °C for 5 h. After high-temperature treatment, the average particle size of PtRu NPs in 1.98PtRu@3DOM CZO increased slightly from 4.2 to 6.7 nm, whereas that of PtRu NPs in 2.03PtRu/3DOM CZO increased significantly from 5.1 to 17.3 nm. It is concluded that the good performance of 1.98PtRu@3DOM CZO is associated with its highly dispersed partially embedded PtRu NPs and good toluene and oxygen adsorption ability, since the embedded structure facilitated formation of a larger amount of Pt O Ce-like bonds that possessed strong interaction between PtRu NPs and 3DOM CZO and hence contributed to its better thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3DOM x Cr 2 O 3 −CeO 2 (x is the Cr 2 O 3 weight percentage (wt%)) samples are prepared using the polymethyl methacrylate-templating method. The good catalytic stability and Cl−-resistant ability of 3DOM 5.5Cr 2 O 3 −CeO 2 is associated with the strong interaction between Cr 2 O 3 and CeO 2. • 3DOM x Cr 2 O 3 −CeO 2 is prepared via the polymethyl methacrylate-templating route. • 3DOM 5.5Cr 2 O 3 −CeO 2 shows the best catalytic activity for trichloroethylene oxidation. • 3DOM 5.5Cr 2 O 3 −CeO 2 exhibits good catalytic stability and Cl−-resistant ability. • The strong Cr 2 O 3 −CeO 2 interaction is responsible for the good stability. Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) CeO 2 , 3DOM Cr 2 O 3 , 3DOM x Cr 2 O 3 −CeO 2 (x (the weight percentage of Cr 2 O 3) = 3.5, 5.5, and 8.0 wt%), and 5.5 wt% Cr 2 O 3 /3DOM CeO 2 samples were prepared using the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-templating and incipient wetness impregnation methods, respectively. A number of techniques were used to characterize physicochemical properties of the materials, and their catalytic activities were evaluated for the oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE). These samples possessed a good-quality 3DOM structure and a surface area of 35−47 m2/g. The 3DOM 5.5Cr 2 O 3 −CeO 2 sample performed the best (the temperature at TCE conversion = 90% = 255 °C at a space velocity of 20,000 mL/(g h)). Effects of water vapor and carbon dioxide on activity of the 5.5Cr 2 O 3 −CeO 2 sample were also examined. It is observed that partial deactivation induced by H 2 O introduction of the 5.5Cr 2 O 3 −CeO 2 sample was reversible, while that induced by CO 2 addition was irreversible. Based on the activity data and characterization results, it is concluded that the good catalytic activity and thermal stability of 3DOM 5.5Cr 2 O 3 −CeO 2 was associated with its high adsorbed oxygen species concentration, good low-temperature reducibility, and strong interaction between Cr 2 O 3 and CeO 2. We believe that the 3DOM 5.5Cr 2 O 3 −CeO 2 catalyst is promising in the application for oxidative removal of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical state of Pd plays an important role in the catalytic combustion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this work, we adopted a novel one-step modified KIT-6-templating strategy with nitrates of cobalt and palladium as the metal source to successfully synthesize the three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous Co3O4-supported Pd nanoparticles (0.85 wt% Pd/meso-Co3O4, denoted as 0.85Pd/meso-Co3O4). The 0.93 wt% Pd/meso-CoO (denoted as 0.93Pd/meso-CoO) and 1.08 wt% Pd/meso-Co–CoO (denoted as 1.08Pd/meso-Co–CoO) samples were prepared via in situ reduction of 0.85Pd/meso-Co3O4 in a H2 flow at 200 and 350 °C, respectively. Among these samples, 0.93Pd/meso-CoO exhibited the highest catalytic activity for benzene combustion (T50% = 167 °C and T90% = 189 °C at a space velocity of 40 000 mL (g h)−1). The chemical state of Pd on the 0.93Pd/meso-CoO surface was metallic Pd0, which favored oxygen activation to active adsorbed oxygen (Oads) species, hence rendering this sample to possess the largest desorption of Oads species below 400 °C. The intermediates of formate, acetate, maleate, and phenolate were generated via the interaction of benzene and Oads species. We conclude that the excellent catalytic performance of 0.93Pd/meso-CoO was related to the mainly formed Pd0 species, good oxygen activation ability, and high surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous manganese oxide (meso-MnO y) and its supported Co, Pt, and Pt x Co catalysts are prepared via the KIT-6-templating and PVA-protected reduction routes, respectively. The excellent catalytic activity of 0.70 wt% Pt 2.42 Co/meso-MnO y is associated with its highly dispersed Pt 2.42 Co alloy NPs, high adsorbed oxygen species concentration, good low-temperature reducibility, and strong interaction between Pt 2.42 Co NPs and meso-MnO y. • Pt x Co/meso-MnO y is prepared via the polyvinyl alcohol-protected reduction route. • Pt x Co alloy is formed in each of the Pt x Co/meso-MnO y samples. • 0.70 wt% Pt 2.42 Co/meso-MnO y performs the best for methanol combustion. • Pt x Co alloy, O ads content, reducibility, and metal-support interaction govern activity. The KIT-6-templating and polyvinyl alcohol-protected NaBH 4 reduction methods were adopted to prepare the mesoporous manganese oxide (meso-MnO y) and its supported Co, Pt, and Pt x Co catalysts, respectively. Numerous techniques were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the materials. Catalytic performance of the samples was evaluated for methanol combustion. All of the samples possessed a three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous structure and a surface area of 94–110 m2/g. The Co, Pt, and Pt x Co nanoparticles (NPs) with an average size of 2.2–3.0 nm were uniformly dispersed on the surface of meso-MnO y. The 0.70 wt% Pt 2.42 Co/meso-MnO y sample performed the best: the T 50% and T 90% (temperatures required for achieving methanol conversions of 50 and 90%, respectively) were 50 and 86 °C at a space velocity of 80,000 mL/(g h). The partial deactivation of the 0.70Pt 2.42 Co/meso-MnO y sample due to water vapor or carbon dioxide introduction was reversible. It is concluded that the excellent catalytic activity of 0.70 wt% Pt 2.42 Co/meso-MnO y was associated with its highly dispersed Pt 2.42 Co alloy NPs, high adsorbed oxygen species concentration, good low-temperature reducibility, and strong interaction between Pt 2.42 Co alloy NPs and meso-MnO y. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • One-pot synthesis allows generation of Ni catalysts supported on MgO. • Effect of group VIB metal addition to Ni/MgO on catalytic activity is examined. • The Ni−Cr/MgO catalysts exhibit high catalytic activity and stability. Abstract Mesoporous 55 wt.% Ni/MgO and group VIB metal (Cr, Mo or W)-doped catalysts were prepared using the facile "one-pot" evaporation-induced self-assembly in ethanol and wetness impregnation methods, respectively. Physicochemical properties of the as-prepared catalysts were characterized by means of the BET, XRD, SEM, TEM, HAADF, XPS, H 2 -TPR, TPO, and Raman techniques. The doping of Cr to 55 wt% Ni/MgO improved catalytic activity and stability for the decomposition of methane under harsh reaction conditions. The maximal initial methane conversions of 80, 87, and 75% were achieved over the 55 wt.% Ni− x Cr/MgO (denoted as 55Ni− x Cr/MgO; x = 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) at 675 oC and GHSV = 48,000 mL/(g h), respectively. It is concluded that the high catalytic efficiency of the Cr-doped sample in methane decomposition was associated with its high surface area, high oxygen adspecies concentration, and good low-temperature reducibility. In addition, multi-walled carbon filaments with metal-encapsulated carbon particles were deposited on the Cr-doped catalysts, and the ordered carbon filaments with different diameters and good crystallinity were produced on the surface of the 55Ni−10Cr/MgO catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The concurrent production of CO x -free hydrogen and multi-walled carbon filaments by thermocatalytic decomposition of methane is advantageous in the environmental and energy catalysis. In the present work, a facile "one-pot" evaporation-induced self-assembly strategy was effectively adopted to fabricate the nickel catalysts supported on mesoporous Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 , and MgO, and their catalytic activities for methane decomposition were evaluated for the first time. The structural, textural, and redox properties of the as-obtained materials were characterized using a number of analytical techniques. The nitrogen sorption analysis indicated the presence of a mesoporous structure due to homogeneous aggregation of the catalyst particles with a high specific surface area of 32–236 m2/g. Among all of the catalysts, Ni/MgO exhibited the best catalytic activity for methane decomposition (65% methane conversion at 600 °C and GHSV of 48,000 mL/(g h)). The activity increased when Ni loading increased from 25 to 55 wt%. The investigation on the correlation between catalytic performance and promoter doping effect suggests that incorporating copper into the MgO support considerably enhanced the catalytic activity and stability at high temperatures. The XPS results reveal that doping of Cu to Ni/MgO enhanced the adsorption and activation of oxygen molecules. In addition, the disordered crystalline carbon filaments with different diameters and good crystallinity were generated on the surface of the Cu-doped Ni/MgO catalysts. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • The work is focused on pure hydrogen production via catalytic CH 4 decomposition. • One-pot synthesis allows to prepare Ni catalysts supported on various metal oxide. • The catalysts were characterized for their physicochemical properties and activity. • The Ni supported on MgO shows a higher activity than that supported on other metal oxides. • Effect of Ni content and Cu addition in Ni/MgO were investigated in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract The x Co 3 O 4 –MnO 2 (x = 2.6–13.3 wt%) catalysts are prepared using the PMMA-templating, incipient wetness impregnation, and acid treatment methods. It is found that the good catalytic performance of 8.8Co 3 O 4 –MnO 2 is associated with its high O ads species concentration, good low-temperature reducibility, and strong interaction between Co 3 O 4 and MnO 2. Highlights • 3DOM LaMnO 3 is synthesized using the PMMA-templating method. • x Co 3 O 4 –MnO 2 is prepared by treating Co 3 O 4 /3DOM LaMnO 3 with nitric acid. • 8.8Co 3 O 4 –MnO 2 shows the highest catalytic activity for o -xylene combustion. • Activity is governed by O ads content, reducibility, and Co 3 O 4 –MnO 2 interaction. Abstract The x Co 3 O 4 –MnO 2 (x = 2.6, 8.8, and 13.3 wt%) catalysts were prepared using the polymethyl methacrylate microspheres-templating, incipient wetness impregnation, and acid treatment methods. Physicochemical properties of the samples were characterized by means of various techniques. Catalytic performance of the x Co 3 O 4 –MnO 2 samples was evaluated for the combustion of o -xylene. It is shown that the as-prepared samples possessed a cubic crystal structure and a surface area of 51.9–63.9 m2/g. The 8.8Co 3 O 4 –MnO 2 sample possessed the highest adsorbed oxygen species concentration and the best low-temperature reducibility, and hence performing the best: the T 10% , T 50% , and T 90% (temperatures required for achieving o -xylene conversion of 10, 50, and 90%, respectively) were 231, 251, and 273 °C at a space velocity of 100,000 mL/(g h). The apparent activation energies obtained over the x Co 3 O 4 –MnO 2 catalysts for o -xylene combustion were 72–82 kJ/mol. The effects of space velocity, water vapor, and carbon dioxide on the catalytic activity of the 8.8Co 3 O 4 –MnO 2 sample were also examined, and the partial deactivation due to water vapor and carbon dioxide introduction was reversible. It is concluded that the good catalytic performance of 8.8Co 3 O 4 –MnO 2 was associated with its high adsorbed oxygen species concentration, good low-temperature reducibility, and strong interaction between Co 3 O 4 and MnO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The change in A-site element influences the r A / r B ratio of A 2 B 2 O 7 (A = Ln; B = Ti). • Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7 alters from monoclinic layered perovskite to pyrochlore with a rise in r A / r B. • Pyrochlore has a stronger interaction with Ni species than monoclinic layered perovskite. • Ni dispersion and surface oxygen determine catalytic performance of Ni/Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7. • Ni/Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 shows the best catalytic performance and coke-resistant ability. Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7 (Ln = La, Pr, Sm, and Y) and Ni/Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7 catalysts were prepared using the co-precipitation and incipient wetness impregnation methods, respectively. XRD and Raman results reveal that with the decrease in r A / r B ratio of A 2 B 2 O 7 (A = La, Pr, Sm, and Y; B = Ti), the crystal structure transformed from the monoclinic layered perovskite (La 2 Ti 2 O 7 and Pr 2 Ti 2 O 7) to the ordered pyrochlore (Sm 2 Ti 2 O 7 and Y 2 Ti 2 O 7). H 2 -TPR results demonstrate that the active Ni species had a stronger interaction with Sm 2 Ti 2 O 7 or Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 than with La 2 Ti 2 O 7 or Pr 2 Ti 2 O 7. Therefore, smaller Ni crystallites with larger active metallic surface areas could be formed in the Ni/Sm 2 Ti 2 O 7 and Ni/Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 catalysts. XPS results indicate that the oxygen vacancies and oxygen mobility were also gradually enhanced with the decrease in r A / r B ratio. As a consequence, the Ni/Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 sample exhibited the highest catalytic activity and the best coke-resistant ability in the steam reforming of methane for hydrogen production among all of the catalysts. It is concluded that the change in A-site element influenced the structures of Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7 significantly, which ultimately affected catalytic performance of Ni/Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7 for the steam reforming of methane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous Fe 2 O 3 (meso-Fe 2 O 3 ) and its supported Au, Pd, and Au − Pd alloy ( x AuPd y /meso-Fe 2 O 3 ; x = 0.08–0.72 wt.%; Pd/Au molar ratio ( y ) = 1.48–1.85) photocatalysts have been prepared via the KIT-6-templating and polyvinyl alcohol-protected reduction routes, respectively. Physical properties of the samples were characterized, and their photocatalytic activities were evaluated for the photocatalytic oxidation of acetone in the presence of a small amount of H 2 O 2 under visible-light illumination. It was found that the meso-Fe 2 O 3 was rhombohedral in crystal structure. The as-obtained samples displayed a high surface area of 111.0–140.8 m 2 /g and a bandgap energy of 1.98–2.12 eV. The Au, Pd and/or Au–Pd alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with a size of 3–4 nm were uniformly dispersed on the surface of the meso-Fe 2 O 3 support. The 0.72 wt.% AuPd 1.48 /meso-Fe 2 O 3 sample performed the best in the presence of 0.06 mol/L H 2 O 2 aqueous solution, showing a 100% acetone conversion within 4 hr of visible-light illumination. It was concluded that the good performance of 0.72 wt.% AuPd 1.48 /meso-Fe 2 O 3 for photocatalytic acetone oxidation was associated with its ordered mesoporous structure, high adsorbed oxygen species concentration, plasmonic resonance effect between AuPd 1.48 NPs and meso-Fe 2 O 3 , and effective separation of the photogenerated charge carriers. In addition, the introduction of H 2 O 2 and the involvement of the photo-Fenton process also played important roles in enhancing the photocatalytic activity of 0.72 wt.% AuPd 1.48 /meso-Fe 2 O 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous Pd x Pt (x = 0.43–8.52) alloys are synthesized via a KIT-6-templating route. The excellent catalytic performance of the Pd 2.41 Pt sample is associated with its mesoporous structure, Pd–Pt alloy and PdO–PtO 2 coexistence, and good methane and oxygen activation ability. [Display omitted] • 3D mesoporous Pd x Pt alloys are synthesized via a KIT-6-templating route. • The Pd 2.41 Pt sample performs the best in methane combustion. • PdO–PtO 2 is the main active site for methane combustion. • Pd 2.41 Pt shows good thermal stability and good resistance to CO 2 and H 2 O. • Methane can be more readily activated over the Pd x Pt alloys than over the Pd. Mesoporous cubic Pd x Pt (x = 0.43–8.52) alloys with surface areas of 26–32 m2/g were synthesized using the KIT-6-templating method. Physicochemical properties of the materials were characterized by means of various techniques, and their catalytic activities were evaluated for methane combustion. It is found that the Pd and Pt were uniformly distributed in the Pd x Pt alloys. The addition of Pt to Pd exerted a significant effect on the redox property of Pd. The Pd x Pt alloys possessed a higher methane activation ability than the monometallic Pd. The oxidized Pd–Pt (i.e., PdO–PtO 2) were more active than the metallic Pd0–Pt0. The Pd 2.41 Pt sample performed the best for methane combustion (T 10% , T 50% , and T 90% were 272, 303, and 322 °C at SV = 100,000 mL/(g h); TOF Pd , TOF Pt , TOF Pd + Pt , and specific reaction rate at 280 °C were 0.85 × 10−3 s−1, 1.98 × 10−3 s−1, 0.59 × 10−3 s−1, and 4.46 μmol/(g cat s), respectively). The deactivation of the Pd 2.41 Pt sample induced by 2.5–5.0 vol% CO 2 or H 2 O addition was reversible, but its deactivation due to 100 ppm SO 2 introduction was irreversible. It is concluded that the excellent catalytic performance of the Pd 2.41 Pt sample was associated with its good mesoporous structure, Pd–Pt alloy and PdO–PtO 2 coexistence, and good methane and oxygen activation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt oxide is a typical transition metal oxide that exhibits high catalytic activity for the total oxidation of volatile organic compounds. In this study, a reduction process in a glycerol solution was adopted to generate mesoporous CoO (meso-CoO) or CoO x (meso-CoO x ) from mesoporous Co 3 O 4 (meso-Co 3 O 4 ). The obtained samples were rich in Co 2+ species and exhibited high catalytic activity for o -xylene oxidation. The meso-CoO x sample with the largest surface Co 2+ amount performed the best: The o -xylene conversion at 240 °C was 83%, and the reaction rate over meso-CoO x was nine times higher than that over meso-Co 3 O 4 . It is found that the samples with more surface Co 2+ species possessed better oxygen activation ability, and the Co 2+ species were the active sites that favored the formation of highly active O 2 − and O 2 2− (especially O 2 − ) species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palladium-based catalysts are highly active for eliminating volatile organic compounds. Reducing the use of noble metals and enhancing performance of a catalyst are always desirable. The three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) Mn 2 O 3 -supported transition metal M ( M = Mn, Cr, Fe, and Co)-doped Au–Pd nanoparticles (NPs) with an Au–Pd– xM loading of 1.86–1.97 wt% were prepared using the modified polyvinyl alcohol-protected reduction method. It is found that the Au–Pd– xM NPs with a size of 3.6–4.4 nm were highly dispersed on the surface of 3DOM Mn 2 O 3 . The 1.94 wt% Au–Pd–0.21Co/3DOM Mn 2 O 3 and 1.94 wt% Au–Pd–0.22Fe/3DOM Mn 2 O 3 samples performed the best for the oxidation of methane and o -xylene, respectively. The methane oxidation rate at 340 °C (339.0 × 10 −6 mol/(g Pd s)) over 1.94 wt% Au–Pd–0.21Co/3DOM Mn 2 O 3 was three times higher than that (93.8 × 10 −6 mol/(g Pd s)) over 1.97 wt% Au–Pd/3DOM Mn 2 O 3 , and the o -xylene reaction rate at 140 °C (2.59 μmol/(g N s) over 1.94 wt% Au–Pd–0.22Fe/3DOM Mn 2 O 3 was two times higher than that (0.93 μmol/(g N s) over 1.97 wt% Au–Pd/3DOM Mn 2 O 3 . It is concluded that doping a certain amount of the transition metal to Au–Pd/3DOM Mn 2 O 3 could modify the microstructure of the alloy NPs, thus improving the oxygen activation and methane adsorption ability. We are sure that the M -doped Au–Pd/3DOM Mn 2 O 3 materials are promising catalysts for the efficient removal of volatile organic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) CoFe 2 O 4 , z MnO x /3DOM CoFe 2 O 4 ( z = 4.99–12.30 wt%), and y Pd–Pt/6.70 wt% MnO x /3DOM CoFe 2 O 4 ( y = 0.44–1.81 wt%; Pd/Pt molar ratio = 2.1–2.2) have been prepared using the polymethyl methacrylate microspheres-templating, incipient wetness impregnation, and bubble-assisted polyvinyl alcohol-protected reduction strategies, respectively. All of the samples were characterized by means of various techniques. Catalytic performance of the samples was measured for methane combustion. It is shown that the as-prepared samples exhibited a high-quality 3DOM structure (103 ± 20 nm in pore size) and a surface area of 19–28 m 2 /g, and the noble metal or alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with a size of 2.2–3.0 nm were uniformly dispersed on the macropore wall surface of 3DOM CoFe 2 O 4 . The loading of MnO x on CoFe 2 O 4 gave rise to a slight increase in activity, however, the dispersion of Pd–Pt NPs on 6.70MnO x /3DOM CoFe 2 O 4 significantly enhanced the catalytic performance, with the 1.81Pd 2.1 Pt/6.70MnO x /3DOM CoFe 2 O 4 sample showing the highest activity ( T 10% = 255 °C, T 50% = 301 °C, and T 90% = 372 °C at a space velocity of 20,000 mL/(g h)). We believe that the excellent catalytic activity of 1.81Pd 2.1 Pt/6.70MnO x /3DOM CoFe 2 O 4 was related to its well-dispersed Pd–Pt alloy NPs, high adsorbed oxygen species concentration, good low-temperature reducibility, and strong interaction between MnO x or Pd–Pt NPs and 3DOM CoFe 2 O 4 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphitic carbon nitride and its supported iron oxide ( x wt% Fe 2 O 3 / g -C 3 N 4 , x = 0.1–0.8) photocatalysts were fabricated using the guanidine hydrochloride calcination and incipient wetness impregnation methods, respectively. The x wt% Fe 2 O 3 / g -C 3 N 4 photocatalysts contained a two-dimensional nanosheet structure with high dispersion of Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles (2–3 nm in size), a surface area of 27–29 m 2 /g, and a bandgap energy of 1.92–2.68 eV. The 0.5 wt% Fe 2 O 3 / g -C 3 N 4 sample showed the highest photocatalytic activity (90% 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) was degraded within 40 min of visible-light illumination). Effects of pH value, H 2 O 2 amount, and initial 4-NP concentration on activity of the typical sample were also examined. It is concluded that the enhanced photocatalytic activity of 0.5 wt% Fe 2 O 3 / g -C 3 N 4 was associated with its unique two-dimensional layered structure, Fe 2 O 3 - g -C 3 N 4 heterojunction, high surface oxygen adsorbed species concentration, and easy transfer and separation of photogenerated charge carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous CeO 2 (3DOM CeO 2 ) and its supported Pd@Co (Co x Pd/3DOM CeO 2 , x (Co/Pd molar ratio) = 2.4–13.6) nanocatalysts were prepared using the polymethyl methacrylate-templating and modified polyvinyl alcohol-protected reduction methods, respectively. The Pd@Co particles displayed a core-shell (core: Pd; shell: Co) structure with an average size of 3.5–4.5 nm and were well dispersed on the surface of 3DOM CeO 2 . The Co x Pd/3DOM CeO 2 samples exhibited high catalytic performance and super stability for methane oxidation, with the Co 3.5 Pd/3DOM CeO 2 sample showing the highest activity ( T 90% = 480 °C at space velocity of 40,000 mL/(g h) and excellent stability in the temperature range 400–800 °C. The apparent activation energies (58–73 kJ/mol) obtained over Co x Pd/3DOM CeO 2 were much lower than those (104–112 kJ/mol) over Co/3DOM CeO 2 and 3DOM CeO 2 for methane oxidation, with the Co 3.5 Pd/3DOM CeO 2 sample possessing the lowest apparent activation energy (58 kJ/mol). It is concluded that the excellent catalytic performance of Co 3.5 Pd/3DOM CeO 2 was associated with its good abilities to adsorb oxygen and methane as well as the unique core-shell structure of CoPd nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous Cr 2 O 3 ( meso -Cr 2 O 3 ) and its supported Au, Pd, and Au–Pd (0.90 wt% Au/ meso -Cr 2 O 3 , 1.00 wt% Pd/ meso -Cr 2 O 3 , and x Au 1 Pd 2 / meso -Cr 2 O 3 ( x = 0.50–1.95 wt%) catalysts were prepared using the KIT-6-templating and polyvinyl alcohol-protected reduction methods, respectively. Physicochemical properties of the samples were characterized by means of numerous techniques, and their catalytic activities were evaluated for the oxidation of toluene. It is found that the meso -Cr 2 O 3 with a high surface area of 74 m 2 /g was rhombohedral in crystal structure and the noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) with a size of 2.9–3.7 nm were uniformly dispersed on the surface of meso -Cr 2 O 3 . The 1.95Au 1 Pd 2 / meso -Cr 2 O 3 sample performed the best: the T 10% , T 50% , and T 90% (temperatures required for achieving toluene conversions of 10, 50, and 90%) were 87, 145, and 165 °C at a space velocity of 20,000 mL/(g h), respectively, and the apparent activation energy was the lowest (31 kJ/mol) among all of the samples. The effect of moisture on the catalytic activity of the 1.95Au 1 Pd 2 / meso -Cr 2 O 3 sample was also examined. It is concluded that the excellent catalytic performance of 1.95Au 1 Pd 2 / meso -Cr 2 O 3 was associated with its small Au–Pd particle size, high adsorbed oxygen species concentration, good low-temperature reducibility, and strong interaction between Au–Pd NPs and meso -Cr 2 O 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ultra-high pressure (UHP) could change the primary and spatial structure of polysaccharides. • UHP could enhance the content of uronic acid and the bioactivity of polysaccharides. • UHP treatment was more efficient than Sevage's method in removing protein. In this study, the changes of structure and bioactivity of polysaccharides from large leaf yellow tea (LYTP) were investigated under ultra-high pressure (UHP). Native yellow tea polysaccharide were treatmented with ultra-high pressure (200, 400 and 600 MPa) for 5 min to yield yellow tea polysaccharide including 200 MPa-LYTP, 400 MPa-LYTP and 600 MPa-LYTP. It was found that the monosaccharide composition of LYTP changed significantly after the ultra-high pressure treatment. The molecular weight (Mw) of 200 MPa-LYTP (from 563.6 to 11.7 kDa), 400 MPa-LYTP (from 372.2 to 11.8 kDa) and 600 MPa-LYTP (from 344 to 11.6 kDa) sharply decreased upon ultra-high pressure treatment compared with LYTP (771.5 kDa), coincidentally particle size was also significantly reduced for 200 MPa-LYTP (23.2 %), 400 MPa-LYTP (40.2 %) and 600 MPa-LYTP (25.9 %). The results of the scanning electron microscope showed that ultra-high pressure also changed the surface and spatial morphology of LYTP. LYTP after ultra-high pressure treatment (UHP-LYTP) could further ameliorate alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. In addition, UHP treatment can more efficiently remove protein than the Sevages method. With the gradual removal of protein, its hepatoprotective effect increased. These findings demonstrated that UHP treatment could change the primary structure and spatial structure of LYTP, increase the content of acidic polysaccharides, and improve its bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recovery negatively affected bacterial makeup and positively impacted the diversity. • Recovery changed bacterial community from being oligotrophic to copiotrophic. • Recovery shaped bacterial communities via modification on C and N stoichiometry. • Nutrient stoichiometry rather than plant diversity mainly shaped bacterial community. Soil bacteria play core roles in mediating the functional linkage between above- and belowground components during forest restoration. However, the pattern and mechanism through which plants and soils influence bacterial communities remain unclear. This study aimed to quantify the contributions of plant community and soil characteristics to shifts in bacterial composition and diversity along a tropical forest restoration chronosequence in the Xishuangbanna. We found a negative effect of forest restoration on bacterial composition and a positive impact on the diversity. Forest restoration changed bacterial communities from being oligotrophic Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria dominated to copiotrophic Proteobacteria and Firmicutes dominated. Forest restoration also induced a 1.5–1.6 fold increase in OTU richness and diversity of bacterial communities. Soil variables, including plant litter, contributed 46.3–58.1% to the variations in bacterial composition and diversity, while the contribution of plant community was 6.4–13.8%. Furthermore, the increase in plant richness and diversity had minor contribution to variations in bacterial diversity and composition during forest restoration. Soil bacterial diversity was primarily explained by the elevated levels of carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry in the litter-soil-microbe continuum, but litter was explained by the increased plant diversity. In contrast, soil bacterial composition was negatively correlated with biomass, nitrogen, and carbon:nitrogen of the litter, as well as the level of soil carbon and nitrogen pools. Our data suggested that the carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry in litter-soil-microbe continuum rather than plant diversity primarily shaped the changes in bacterial composition and diversity along tropical forest restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]