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The majority of spring water from the limestone layers near the surface is suitable for various domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses and typically requires minimal purification. The springs from the highland areas of Zawitah, Baidol, Belkev, Atrush, and Khans converge to form the Komel River, the largest tributary of the Al-Khazer River. The Komel River flows along the right side of Mount Bardrash. The rainfall and snow accumulation in the Komel River basin, particularly in the hilly areas, contribute to its spring water sources. The physical and chemical characteristics of the water were assessed using the water quality index (WQI), in accordance with the WHO standard values. Generally, the water is suitable for irrigation, as indicated by the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values, which suggest that the water is low in sodic content and classified as Class S1. Additionally, the sodium percentage (SSP) is less than 75%, the magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) is below 50%, and the residual sodium carbonate (RSBC) values are less than 1.25. These indicators reflect low calcium and magnesium bicarbonate sedimentation from irrigation water and minimal sodium concentration increases, reducing the risk of soil damage. The permeability index (PI) classifies the water as suitable for irrigation (Class II), and the Kelly's ratio (KR) values are below 1.0. The study concludes that the water quality of the Komel River is comparable to spring water, making it suitable for both domestic and agricultural use. This supports the establishment of water harvesting operations in the secondary valleys of the Komel River basin, particularly in the hilly regions. Additionally, irrigation projects can be developed in the downstream plain areas due to the favorable topographic slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite high pollution levels in Indian rivers, a comprehensive study on the water quality index (WQI) remains elusive. WQI values were computed, and their classes were determined using six water quality parameters from an available decennial dataset (n = 3595) on Indian Rivers. This study aims to assess the spatial distribution of WQI values and their classes across Indian River systems while exploring the application of machine learning (ML) based models in predicting WQI classes using a reduced number of input parameters. Modeling experiments were designed on five models- Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosted Trees (GBT), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for predicting WQI classes. Each model was trained with input parameters and WQI classes with 2990 datasets. Testing of WQI classes by each model was made on 605 datasets under different framework sets. Models' performance metrics were evaluated by accuracy, weighted mean recall and precision, and F-score. Our study demonstrates that the two largest systems, Ganga and Brahmaputra, lie on the extremes of the WQI (mean) spectrum, reflecting the impact of contrasting population density, industrial activities, change in land-use-land-cover pattern, and agricultural use on the riverine WQI. Our modeling experiments underscore that with only three input parameters, GBT can predict WQI classes with > 80% of performance metrics. With only two input parameters, GBT, RF, and ANN, all can provide reliable estimates. Our study highlights that ML models can serve as decision-supporting tools for water resource policymakers and managers in making effective pollution control and water resource management decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle Western Cheliff plain hosts an important alluvial aquifer that is exploited for various uses including drinking water supply, irrigation and industry. This study aims to provide a hydrogeochemical characterisation of groundwater by using statistical methods and binary diagrams, as well as to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of groundwater by using the water quality index (WQI). Moreover, parametric indices such as SAR and %Na were used to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. The hydrochemical approach based on results of 45 analyses of groundwater samples for the dry period 2019 enabled the determination of the most dominant chemical facies, which was chloride, sulphate, calcic and magnesium. The binary diagrams used indicated that the water-rock interaction and the evaporitic phenomenon are major geochemical processes that control the mineralisation of groundwater. The evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking water supply using WQI provided results with values ranging from 45.95 to 194.78, and above 60% of samples were classified into the category of excellent to good quality (WQI < 100), while the remaining 40% of water samples were classified in the category of poor quality for drinking (WQI > 100). However, the quality of groundwater is mostly acceptable for irrigation, mostly for plants with salinity-tolerant in drained soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research are to assess the feasibility of water and soil quality in silvofishery cultivation areas and to determine the environmental carrying capacity of the cultivation. The methods employed include Water Quality Index (WQI), Soil Quality Index (SQI), carrying capacity, and correlation analysis of parameters. The concentration of COD in the silvofishery pond water ranges from 705.34-749.50 mg.L-1, and the total nitrogen content in the soil ranges from 7-8 mg.L-1. The COD parameter in water shows a strong correlation with dissolved oxygen. The soil type parameter silt is correlated with redox potential, while the clay soil type is correlated with sand soil. The variance in data for water and soil quality variables is considered significant as per cluster analysis. The WQI values range from 0.47-0.85, categorized as poor, good, and excellent. The SQI values range from 0.52-0.77, falling into the good and excellent categories. The carrying capacity of dissolved oxygen ranges from 0.7-1.99 kg.ha-1, indicating that if the DO concentration is below this range, oxygen depletion may occur in the silvofishery pond. The research results indicate that the water and soil quality in the silvofishery pond is still sufficiently suitable for silvofishery activities. The carrying capacity of dissolved oxygen in the silvofishery pond is deemed adequate for operational silvofishery activities, ranging from 14.26-15.87 kg.ha-1. This implies that the silvofishery cultivation system is capable of enhancing aquaculture productivity while minimizing environmental pollution in the surrounding aquatic areas resulting from the waste generated during aquaculture operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Büyük Akgöl, one of the most important lakes of Sakarya province in the Marmara region of Turkey, water and benthic sampling was carried out from five stations representing the lake seasonally between 2009 and 2010. As a result of the study, a total of 8736 individuals were collected from lake and that was a total of 24 species belonging to 36 taxa were identified. The benthic fauna community structure of the lake was classified with Turkish Biological Monitoring Working Party, Average Score Per-Taxon and Pielou's Evenness, Shannon–Wiener. According to the TR-BMWP scores were in the IV and the III class while the ASPT analysis was classified as moderate, and was as very poor. J' values ranged between 0.62 and 0.73, and H' values ranged from 1.74 to 2.14. The water quality parameters of the lake were classified as "unsuitable" by WQI and as "very polluted" according to HEI whereas the SAR, Na, and NPI were classified as 'excellent, good and no pollution.' According to the classification of water pollution control regulation it was showed 1st, 2nd and 3rd quality water characteristic. Pb, Hg, Al, Se, Cd concentrations and turbidity were exceeded the limit values set by WHO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study deals with water quality (WQ) assessment season-wise ionic concentration in the Mewat district of Haryana, India. A total of 36 groundwater samples were collected, 12 each for the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons of 2016, to know the status of WQ for drinking and irrigation purposes. Piper, Durov, and Gibbs plots were used to find out the water type and the factors controlling the chemistry of groundwater, respectively. Piper diagram reveals that Ca-Cl and mixed Ca–Mg-C1 typed water during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post monsoon season's where- Na-Cl water type indicates salinity problem. Gibb's plot depicted that the weathering of rocks is the major reason behind the ionic chemistry of the groundwater. Water Quality Index (WQI) has been calculated to know the overall WQ based on physico-chemical parameters estimated for this study. It was found that Na+ concentration was dominant among cations and Cl- among anions. Moreover, irrigation indices (KR, RSC, P.I, Cl–/HCO3–,SAR, and Na%) represent that majority of the groundwater samples during pre-monsoon (PRM) season were suitable for agricultural purposes but in monsoon (MON) and post monsoon (POM) season majority of samples lie in an unsuitable zone. The groundwater in the study region presents a high risk of salinization. Using the baseline data generated through this work, there is an immediate need for carrying out a detailed study to address the groundwater issues, understand salinity mechanisms, expansion of salinization in the fresh water aquifers and to suggest suitable management and remedial measures. Extension of this work is being carried out in the form of a purpose driven study under the National Hydrology Project aided by the World Bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gökova Bay declared as Private Environment Protection Area (PEPA) in Turkey in 1989, where freshwater and seawater ecosystems are intertwined, is an important area that possesses high biodiversity. In the study, the water quality index (WQI), comprehensive pollution index (CPI) were used to determine the water quality and pollution of freshwater sources affecting the Gökova Bay. The water quality parameters were measured for each freshwater at both the dry and rainy seasons and all statistical analyses were carried out for each season, separately. Firstly, factor analysis was performed to determine the correlated water quality parameters and to collect correlated parameters under the common factors. The different factors were obtained from the dry and rainy seasons. This shows that the study area is fed by different water sources in the wet season and that the main factor affecting the area in the dry season is anthropogenic sources. The stations were statistically compared according to the factors. The relationships between the factors and WQI and CPI were investigated and lastly regression models between the factors and WQI and CPI were predicted. The results showed that the water quality parameters deteriorated in all the freshwater sources especially in dry seasons. A thematic map of each water quality and pollution index was developed in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This study indicates that CPI can be used especially together with GIS as a useful tool for the evaluation of water quality and pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preserving the quality of water resources requires researching and identifying areas susceptible to potential aquifer contamination. Therefore, the protection of these resources is paramount. This work falls within this thematic area. The main objective of this study is to identify areas at potential risk of marine intrusion and assess the Water Quality Index (WQI) in the Djedjen plain. To achieve this goal, our choice was to combine the GALDIT model based on six criteria and the Water Quality Index (WQI) based on seven parameters (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42−, Cl−, HCO3−, and EC). We utilized Geographic Information System (GIS) for this purpose. The analytical results have shown that 11% of the study area's surface is at potential risk of contamination, linked both to marine intrusion and various anthropogenic activities. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the water quality in this area is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Srikakulam district, river water is a crucial supply of irrigation water for agricultural farming operations. Changes in the physicochemical composition of agricultural soil will be influenced by river water quality, and these changes may have a vital impact on crop yields. Water samples were taken from the Nagavali River during the pre and post-monsoon seasons of 2021 to evaluate their appropriateness for irrigation and drinking and using several indices such as SAR, SSP, PI, and MH examined for different criteria. Monitoring river water quality is essential for encouraging sustainable development in agricultural regions and providing critical data for irrigation water management for agricultural production. All sampling stations are of good quality in both seasons according to the WQI values. Piper trilinear diagrams indicate that in two seasons the majority of samples were in the mixed zone (Ca-Mg-So4-Cl), and others were magnesium-bicarbonate type. The Principal Components (PCs) for both seasons were judged to clarify 74.78% of the total change in the pre-season and 81.98 % in the post-season. Both seasons' variables are entirely hydrochemical and are assumed to be the result of geological processes, suggesting geogenic origins. Ca2+ and Mg2+ do not react similarly in soil systems when used for irrigation, because Mg2+ degrades soil structure, particularly in Na-dominated and extremely salty waters. A high Mg concentration in irrigated soils often promotes the development of exchangeable Na. In the Nagavali river, Mg Hazard was found to be less than 50 in 50% of premonsoon samples, in post-monsoon 40% were fewer than 50. A magnesium hazard of less than 50 is appropriate in Irrigation waters. Except for the Magnesium hazard, river water quality for irrigation needs varied from acceptable to outstanding in each location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saudi Arabia depends on desalinated seawater, treated and untreated ground and surface water as freshwater resources. Surface water is available in limited regions in Saudi Arabia, such as Al-Baha province. Surface water is the main freshwater resource for Al-Baha region through some dams’ reservoirs, such as Al-Aqiq reservoir. This work aims to assess the inflow (untreated) and outflow (treated) water quality (WQ) conditions of Al-Lahyan water treatment plant (WTP) at Al-Baha region for urban usage. For that, descriptive statistics and WQ index (WQI) approaches were developed, based on the drinking water Saudi standards. The statistical analysis of considered WQ records showed that some of raw water measurements were higher than the Saudi standards for drinking water. While for the produced water, limited records of nitrite, free chlorine and coliform were higher than the considered standards. According to the developed WQI, untreated raw water was ranked as “Poor” water quality for drinking, while the treated produced water was ranked as “Good”, which reflects the WTP performance. A restricted control should be applied on using of untreated water for drinking, in particularly for bacterial contamination. Modified WQI should be applied at WTPs to control the WTP efficiency. A water quality protection strategy for the reservoir should be designed and implemented for sustainable water uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, North Africa has witnessed significant population growth, particularly those bordering the Mediterranean Sea. This led to increased demand for groundwater, which is an essential source for various water uses such as drinking water supplies and irrigation. Generally, human activities play a crucial role in the different quantitative and qualitative changes in groundwater. Now, climate changes such as a decrease in precipitation have also led to a shortage of water resources and a decline in the groundwater table. This paper presents the impact of climate changes on groundwater resources in the Ain Azel region, Setif, northeastern Algeria. The analysis of long-term spatiotemporal variability in rainfall over 63 years (1958–2021) revealed a significant decline in groundwater recharge, especially after 2013. In contrast, the Pettitt and Mann–Kendall tests show increased temperatures with breaks between 1984 and 1986. A piezometric analysis of the alluvial aquifer demonstrated a significant decline in groundwater levels in the last 20 years. Hydrochemical analysis showed that groundwater in the region is dominated by Ca–Mg–Cl water type, which indicates the presence of water salinity phenomenon. Water Quality Index (WQI) analysis showed the deterioration of groundwater in the area, which may be caused by several factors: brine intrusion from the Salt Lake (Sebkha) in the north; the dissolution of evaporites (Triassic) and/or anthropogenic sources of agricultural and industrial origin. Our findings provide an overview summarizing the state of groundwater, which will help improve groundwater resource management in the region in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste generation, management, and dumping are economic and ecological concerns that metropolitan areas, particularly those in developing nations, must address. This study intended to ascertain the impacts of solid waste on the quality of groundwater around trash dumps located inside and surrounding landfill sites in the city of Erbil. Samples of groundwater, as well as two samples of leachate, were collected from eight wells situated near landfills during the dry and rainy seasons of August 2021 and February 2022. Several physico-chemical parameters, including pH, EC, NO2, NO3, alkalinity, HCO3, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, SAR, total hardness, and heavy metals, were evaluated in the samples. During fieldwork, water quality index (z) measurements for summer and winter were combined with longitude (x) and latitude (y) information gathered by GPS. Using the inverse distance weighting approach, integrated xyz data was interpolated in ArcMap GIS software to measure the groundwater quality of the research region. According the CCME Water Quality Index, wells 4 and 8 had WQIs ranging from fair to marginal in both the winter and summer seasons (WQI). According to the data, cadmium contents in summertime were much greater (0.430–2.066 mg. l - ) than the WHO standard (0.003 mg. l -1 ), deeming them unfit for human use. And that the high lead level in the summer (0.843- 2.600 mg. l-1 ) is caused by too many Pb batteries being thrown away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the intensification of urbanization and the growth of agricultural areas in most of the river basins, the concern about the sustainable use and maintenance of the water quality of this environmental resource has become growing. This work proposes to evaluate the water quality of the San Francisco River, in the region of Submiddle, verifying the impact of the use and occupation of the soil and the seasonality on this hydric body, besides the attendance to the limits of the standard recommended by CONAMA 357/2005 for Class 2. Samples were collected at sixteen points during the dry and rainy season, and the nine parameters for determining the Water Quality Index (WQI) and the Trophic State Index (TSI) were analyzed. First, the descriptive statistics of the parameters were calculated. Friedman's non-parametric statistical tests were then applied to analyze water quality as a function of land use and seasonality, followed by the test of multiple comparisons, at a 5% significance level, against the asymmetric behaviour of the data. The analysis of seasonality pointed out significant differences in variables, turbidity, total solids, total phosphorus, TC/E.coli, total nitrogen, temperature, and the TSI of water. Regarding compliance with the legislation and the framework, it was identified that TP (0.03–0.55 mg.L−1), TC/E.Coli (292.39–1600 NMP.100 mL−1), and BOD (1.20–14.00 mgO2.L−1) were in dissonance with what is recommended by the resolution CONAMA 357/2005. Analyzing the effect of land occupation on water quality, significant differences were found according to rural, urban, and domestic sewerage areas. It is expected that this work will help in understanding the characteristics of this water resource, generating data that can be a tool for its management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted at eight different sites along the Nile River. Various fishing areas, including islands, canals, and bridge areas suitable for fishing with small boats or traditional hooks, were investigated. This study determined whether these areas were suitable or not for aquatic life by assessing the physicochemical variables and water quality index (WQI) of the Nile River water. It is also possible to predict pollution in these areas by using these variables with the water quality index. The investigation was conducted between 2020 and 2021. The obtained values of physical and chemical variables of the Nile River water for the investigated sites were compared with the standard values for aquatic life published in the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines (2011). Based on the results, some variables examined had values that are higher than the recommended standards, affecting aquatic life in these areas. A higher concentration of physical and chemical parameters was observed during winter compared to summer. The COD/BOD ratio of the Nile River water in the investigated areas ranged from 3.89 in the summer season to 16.58 in winter. Its annual average was 10.24. The mean Mg2+ concentration in the investigated areas was 35.21mg/l in winter and 31.26mg/l in summer. NO3 concentrations ranged from 61.12 to 724.58g/l. The WQI was analyzed for 40 samples, of which 37.5% falls under grade B (good), 37.5% under grade C (poor), and 25% under grade D (very poor). The values of the WQI ranged from 34.34 to 96.63 in terms of compliance with guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Assessment studies should be annually conducted to determine the water quality status of the Nile to improve its suitability for aquatic life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to investigate the current status of surface water and groundwater quality in Lower Seybouse and Annaba Plain, NE Algeria. 36 surface water and groundwater samples were collected in this area, and various physicochemical parameters were analysed. The quality of surface water and groundwater for drinking and the associated health risks were assessed using a Water Quality Index (WQI) and a Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) model. The results show that all samples are alkaline with the EC values ranging from 1139 to 5555 µS/cm. The ionic dominance pattern was in the order of Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ for cations and Cl- > HCO3 - > SO4 2- > NO3 - for anions, respectively. The dominant water types are SO4-Cl-Ca-Mg and SO4-Cl-Na, formed by dissolution of evaporative and carbonate-rich material. All samples are unsuitable for drinking, with 1 sample classified as poor (rank = 4) and 35 samples as extremely poor (rank = 5). These samples are mainly located near the Seybouse Wadi, which is a natural outlet for wastewater from human activities. The assessment of non-carcinogenic risk showed that the Hazard Index (HI) for males ranged from 0.12 to 1.01 with a mean of 0.30 and only one sample exceeded value 1. For females, the HI was between 0.16 and 1.28 for females, with a mean of 0.39. The risk for children was even higher, ranging from 0.41 to 3.28, with a mean of 1.03, suggesting that children are more vulnerable to water contamination. The Carcinogenic Risk (CR) values for Pb ranged from 10-3 to 8.6 · 10-3, with a mean of 2.6 · 10-3 for males, and between 1.4 · 10-3 to 10-2, with a mean of 3.3 · 10-3 for females, while for children the CR values ranged from 3.5 · 10-3 to 2.7 · 10-3, with a mean of 8.4 · 10-3, indicating that no possible CR from water drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seawater pollution has been identified as being the most serious menace to both humankind and aquatic ecosystems. Any regulation or policy ought to be preceded by seawater evaluations. The conventional techniques for determining the quality of saltwater have been demonstrated to be laborious and expensive. On the contrary, using in-situ measurements, earth observation data from satellites can provide thorough, swiftly, and affordable information about water bodies. As a result, this research proposes an alternative strategy for identifying water quality index (WQI) utilizing machine learning techniques that simulate seawater characteristics using in-situ measurements and remotely sensed data. Fuzzy logic was utilized to estimate WQI in terms of six parameters which are chlorophyll, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, salinity, and turbidity. Data records of these parameters were collected over a year (2016-2017) from 15 buoy stations deployed in Kuwait’s territorial waters, five of which were in Kuwait Bay. Additionally, two different machine learning techniques were used to correlate spectral bands from Landsat-8 with in-situ measurements, which are Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). An appropriate estimate of WQI in Kuwaiti territorial seas was determined by fuzzy logic. Furthermore, it was discovered that GA outperformed PSO in its capacity to observe WQI over the Bay of Kuwait. Based on spatial mapping, it was revealed that there is a pressure on Kuwait bay due to the concentration of anthropogenic activities. For further studies, it is recommended to apply other methods to estimate WQI and compare the results to fuzzy logic results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, Water Quality Index (WQI) has been assessed of the Rawal Lake which is a major source of drinking water for people in the Federal Capital, Islamabad, and its adjacent city Rawalpindi in Pakistan. For this, the principal component analysis (PCA) and WQI were applied as an integrated approach to quantitatively explore difference based on spatial variation in 11 water quality parameters of the five major feeding tributaries of the Rawal Lake, Pakistan. The results of temperature in water, total dissolved solids, pH, electrical conductivity, chlorides and sulfates were well within the allowable World Health Organisation's (WHO) limits. However, the heavy metals like cadmium and lead were above permissible limits by the WHO in tributaries of Bari Imam and Rumli. Moreover, this has been proven by the Pearson correlation which suggested strong positive correlation (0.910*) between lead and cadmium. The results of present study were subjected to statistical analysis, i.e., PCA which gave three major factors contributing 96.5% of the total variance. For factor 1, pH, TDS, alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates and zinc have highest factor loading values (>0.60) and presented that these parameters were among the most significant parameters of first factor. As per the WQI results, the water was categorised in two major classes indicating that water of Bari Imam and Rumli is highly contaminated with heavy metals and totally unsuitable for drinking purposes. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested to make heavy metals consideration as an integrated component in future planning for maintaining water quality of the Rawal Lake and its tributaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 40 georeferenced groundwater samples were randomly collected from taluka Dokri, district Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan to access the water quality of groundwater owing to the increasing water scarcity. The sampling including historical site Mohenjo-daro meaning 'Mound of the Dead Men and mapped spatially using ArcGIS 10.5 software. It was built about 2500 BCE and was largest settlements of ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and an earliest major city of the world. The samples were examined for physical and chemical parameters using standard methods and analysed for 26 physicochemical parameters including cations, anions, trace and toxic elements for drinking and irrigation purposes. The 27.5% samples were not suitable for drinking purposes on the basis of TDS. Principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and correlation analysis were examined to interpret the data. Hydrochemical faces, scatter analysis and Chadha diagram were analysed to know the groundwater chemistry and to interprete the data. The Chadha diagram showed that (70%) samples fall within, Cl−+SO42–Ca2++Mg2+, SO42–Ca2++Mg2+and showed dissolution of gypsum containing minerals, Gibbs diagram showed 62.5 to 65.0% samples were in Rock dominance. The GIS mapping results of water quality parameters revealed that in most of the groundwater of taluka Dokri was good for drinking except Mohenjo- daro site. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated and 65.0% samples were in 'Good and Excellent' category for drinking purposes and 92.5% samples were found in 'Good to Excellent' category for irrigation. The samples were calculated for SAR, RSC, PI, KI, Na% to check the water quality for irrigation and 75–100% were observed suitable for irritation. The work may provide guideline for examining the water quality for drinking and irrigation in their respective areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality (WQ) pollution is a matter of concern to everyone, and it is necessary to take remedial measures to protect human life. This paper presents the assessment of surface WQ through the Water Quality Index (WQI) followed by the Vietnam Standard QCVN 08-MT:2015/ BTNMT combined with satellite data for the Dau Tieng reservoir. The implementation method is based on the correlation of each WQ indicator with the spectral features of satellite images to build a regression function, simulating the spatial distribution of the entire reservoir. The Sentinel2A satellite images were used with reflective bands in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectrum region. The regression functions showed that the correlation of the WQ indicators was related to single bands, and the band ratios include blue and NIR, red/blue, green/blue, and NIR/blue bands. Simulation results of the WQI spatial distribution expressed that the WQ of the Dau Tieng reservoir was in a polluted state at the level of WQI fluctuation in the range of 0–50 for the most part. Dau Tieng irrigation system plays a vital role in the water distribution system for Tay Ninh province and the southern key economic region. Therefore, appropriate treatment measures should be taken if it needs to be used for domestic water supply purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As water scarcity puts over 80% of the world's population at risk, water quality has become a major environmental topic. In particular, climate change has jeopardised the quality of water within the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), a key agronomic and aquaculture hub. A modest canal system and small to medium-sized reservoirs in the semi-mountain region of An Giang province contribute to a less abundant water supply and a tendency for water quality reservoirs to deteriorate. The water quality index method and descriptive technique were used in this study. The results show that in the period 2017–2020, some water quality indicators exceeded the permissible limits of the Vietnamese standards for domestic surface water in column B1 (NO3-, Total Coliform, BOD5, COD, N-NH4+) but are consistent, but are allowed for use in irrigation purposes. Findings show that for many years, WQI values in Tinh Bien and Tri Ton districts have diminished because of wastewater pollution. WQI values near the shores of O Tuk Sa Reservoir (Tinh Bien), L o ^ ˜ i đ á n h m á y (Tri Ton), and O Ta Soc Reservoir (Tri Ton) diminished over time. According to the WQI index, the water quality at the reservoir monitoring stations has fluctuated throughout the years, so it is advised that people implement water purification techniques for long-term well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mundeswari River is the western distributary of the Damodar River system in eastern India. The water of this river is ext ensively used for domestic purposes and agricultural irrigation. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal water qu ality variation of the Mundeswari River and assess the water quality status of this river using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI). Water quality was monitored monthly at four selected sampling stations (M1, M2, M3, and M4) during 2020-2022, considering twelve selected water quality indicators. The obtained water quality data were analysed using different statistical techniques. Water quality at different monitoring stations was appraised through the use of CCME-WQI. The results revealed that the overall water quality of most of the monitoring stations based on CCME-WQI values was "marginal." The highest WQI value (82.01) was observed at M1, and the lowest WQI (41.24) was recorded at M3. One -way ANOVA indicated a statistically significant difference in WQI values between sampling sites (P <0.05). The water quality of th e M3 sampling station was found to be in degraded condition throughout the study period. Cluster analysis from the perspective of WQI values revealed two distinct clusters of the sampling stations. Substantial seasonal variation in water quality was al so observed. This river had putrid water quality during the pre-monsoon period, and relatively better water quality was evident aft er the monsoon. This study revealed that the water of the Mundeswari River is utterly unsafe for human consumption and it requires significant treatments before it can be safely used for domestic purposes like cooking, washing etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Water Quality Index (WQI) is an important parameter in describing the water resources' suitability for human uses and is one of the most effective methods of describing water quality and indicative of assessing water quality and suitability for human utilization and the health of ecosystems. WQI of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) was used in the study to describe the Shatt al-Arab water quality in Basrah Southern Iraq, and its suitability for drinking use. The data for analyzing river water samples were adopted from five stations along the river every month during the years from 2014 to 2018 by the Iraqi Ministry of Environment, as it included the measurement of acidity function PH, Dissolved Oxygen DO, phosphorous PO4, nitrate NO3, Calcium Ca, potassium K, magnesium Mg, sodium Na, Total Hardness TH, sulfates SO4, chlorides Cl, Electrical Conductivity EC, Total Soluble Salts TDS, and Alkalinity ALK. The distributions of water quality index values along the river were mapped by GIS techniques. Study results were referring to illustrate the poor level of the water quality status of Shatt al-Arab in all study periods at all monitoring stations. The reason for this is due to the deterioration of fresh water quality drained from the Tigris and Euphrates, and the provision of salt wedges from the Arabian Gulf. However, with the continuous discharge of sewage water, industrial and oil effluents and sewage discharged from urban areas, the water quality of Shatt al-Arab was declined during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Data from state agencies provide valuable information for assessing water quality. • It is possible to evaluate water quality over time with supplemented public data. • Water quality in the Mataquito River basin has declined over the last 40 years. • Highest water quality occurs at basin outlet in winter, and Andes station in spring. The Water Quality Index (WQI) is an essential tool for monitoring trends, conducting scientific research, and making informed decisions. It offers a comprehensive view of the spatiotemporal variation in water quality in a watershed. Water quality data from various environmental assessment sources are often scattered and contain valuable information that researchers do not use. This study addresses the challenge of analyzing temporally and spatially dispersed monitoring data to assess water quality in riverine ecosystems over time. Our objective was to investigate fluctuations in water quality by constructing an aggregate water quality index, combining data from multiple public monitoring initiatives over 40 years in the Mediterranean region of central Chile, specifically in the Mataquito River Basin. Hydrochemical data were obtained from the measurement records available through the National Water Quality Monitoring Network of the Dirección General de Aguas of the Ministry of Public Works, integrating additional information from the water quality output station in the basin, which included sources from the Ministry of the Environment. Outliers for each parameter were removed and a data availability criterion was defined in relation to the total number of campaigns. Missing data were imputed to complete the matrix of water quality parameters. A total of 550 sampling campaigns provided 6624 water quality data points distributed across 10 chemical parameters and two chemical indicators, which were used to calculate the water quality index. The aggregation WQI water quality function was calculated using a modified additive method. Our research revealed that supplemented data offer valuable insights into evaluating water quality in the river ecosystems of the Andean watershed. In the lower zone, the water quality was determined to be good, while in the middle of the basin near the Andean Cordillera, it was considered acceptable. The analysis of the WQI over a decade indicated changes in water quality, irrespective of the station location in the watershed and the level of human intervention. The WQI values suggest a decrease in the water quality over the past 40 years. This study demonstrates that integrating information from diverse environmental monitoring sources into a WQI can be used to assess water quality trends and patterns in the Andean watersheds of Central Chile over time and space. These findings have significant implications for water management and decision making, providing a solid foundation for implementing appropriate strategies aimed at preserving water quality and ensuring water security in central Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water covered maximum area of earth surface; supply of water mainly depends on surface water. Ponds are act as reservoirs to save water in rainy season. The research study is designed to evaluate the superiority of pond water at the ancient Kamakshi Amman temple in Kanchipuram. Civilization contaminating the pond water, which slowly spreads into the metropolitan area by seeping through the medium of soil. This makes the present water was unhealthy for individual usage. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the water quality of ponds in built-up areas nearer to temples. The current study suggests an effective method for forecasting water quality called the ANFIS (adaptive network fuzzy inference system). The water feature parameters pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total Dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl), sulphate (SO4), iron (Fe), and total coliform count (TCC) at Kamakshi Amman temple pond water from the years 2017-2020 were collected for the analysis work. The elements used to measure the water class are frequently linked, and this creates an evaluation challenge. The uncorrelated measured element values are under a fuzzy process to obtain an improbability through data gathering and testing. The ANFIS modelling produces competent rules and regulations as well as the best allocation of membership action. The conclusions gathered through the ANFIS method were related with investigational standards. It is originate that the predicted standard values of the results are in high-quality concurrence with the investigational value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a prominent technology to assess the environmental changes in the open cast Limestone mining region. However, traditional EIA methods and Limestone deposit identification involves time consuming, cost effective and manpower requirements. We cope-up these problem and incorporated with different satellite image processing techniques and field studies to estimate the impact on environment. Landsat imageries have been used to calculate NDVI, NDWI, LULC, LST for the buffer zone within a 10 km radius of the mines from the period between 1997–2017. The noise pollution of the mining region is identified using a random sample method. To access water quality analysis in the area, the Water Quality Index (WQI) is generated using 12 water quality parameters. EIA is analyzed using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and future EIA is also predicted using empirical Bayesian Kriging approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thecurrent research investigates the quality of ten different surface water sites in and around Jodhpur using water quality ratings. This paper gives insight into water pollution's qualitative and quantitative extent. The water quality index (WQI)is usedfor assessing and comparing water quality. In each study region, a five-point grading scale was adopted to classify water quality as a single understandable value. Twelveparameters were employed for determining the WQI of different sites: turbidity, TSS, TDS, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, fluoride, and nitrate. Multivariate analysis of the samplesrevealed that most of the individual parameters are not in harmony with the standard values prescribed by the regulating authorities. According to the study, seasonal fluctuations play a significant effect in the hydrochemistry of surface water, indicating a change in WQI. Thesamples showed less pollution in the pre-monsoonseason as compared to post-monsoon. Overall, this paper lays forth a strategy for proper utilization and protection, as well as assesses the quality of surface water to determine its suitability for various uses and its impact on groundwater quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the heavy pollution load due to natural and anthropogenic activities, the Gomti River has been chosen to conduct this study. A total of eight parameters (pH, EC, TDS, TH, Chloride, DO, BOD, and Alkalinity) have been selected to assess the water quality. These parameters were measured at seven sampling stations (S1 to S7) for the years 2013 to 2017 in Lucknow city. The Weighted Arithmetic Index method was used to calculate the water quality index. The results of the study revealed that all of the water samples fall under the different categories of poor (50 to 75), very poor (75 to 100), and unsuitable (>100). During 2017, the recorded values of WQI were found in the range of 71.11 (minimum at S1) to 165.33 (maximum at S7), whereas in 2013 these were observed in the range of 67.90 (minimum at S1) to 143.63 (maximum at S7). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dongping Lake is one of the most important regulation and storage lakes along the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China, the water quality condition of which directly influences the safety of water diverting, because it serves as a Yangtze River water redistribution control point. However, the changes in algae, and in environmental factors affecting their community structures, before and after the water diversion project are rarely reported. In this study, the temporal variations of phytoplankton abundance were examined based on monthly samples collected at three stations from May 2010 to April 2022. The total abundance of algae greatly decreased after the water diversion project was implemented, with a relatively stable biodiversity and evenness before and after the water translocation. Multiple statistical methods were used together with the water quality indices (WQIs) and the nutrient status index (TSI M) to evaluate overall water condition and analyse relationships among environmental factors. The WQIs demonstrated a general "Good" water quality with a seasonal differentiation, and that water conditions during water transfer periods were better than during non-water transfer periods, which may be ascribed to the improved hydraulic conditions and purified water environment during water transfer periods. Redundancy analysis showed that water temperature, ammonia nitrogen, water transparency, and total phosphorus were the most important environmental factors, with relatively decreased contribution rates towards phytoplankton communities after the water translocation. Importantly, some dominant phytoplankton genera of Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyceae, and Cyanophyceae were similarly affected by water transparency, and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in summer after the water translocation. These research findings helped us gain a comprehensive understanding of the changing patterns of water quality and microalgae and their relationships before and after the water diversion project, providing a guidance for future lake management in regulating hydraulic conditions and improving water quality of Dongping Lake. [Display omitted] • Phytoplankton abundance in Dongping Lake significantly decreased after SNWDP. • Phytoplankton diversity and evenness remained stable before and after SNWDP. • WQI indicated better water quality during the water transfer period. • Environmental factors contributed less towards phytoplankton communities after SNWDP. • More attention to lake water management is recommended after SNWDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater in coastal areas, with surging population and growing settlements, is constantly at risk of pollution. Alappuzha is one of the most well-developed coastal districts in the southwestern Indian state of Kerala and employing various physico-chemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and contents of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, and fluoride), this study aims to evaluate the drinking and irrigation water qualities of its groundwater resources and present their spatial distributions using the GIS platform. In the moderately hard to very hard groundwater of Ca-Mg-SO4 type, the ions dominate with order Ca > Na > Mg > K and HCO 3 > Cl > SO 4 > CO 3 > F. The water quality index (WQI) values (0.85–144, avg., 26.77) established the suitability of drinking water, revealing 53 % and 45 % of samples are lies under the categories of excellent and good, respectively. Only 2 % of the sample are in extremely poor water category. SAR, RSC, Na%, PI, KR and MH indices established that almost all of the groundwater can be used for agriculture, and the samples from northern coast showed vulnerability to contamination. • Groundwater in Alappuzha district (India) contains Ca-Mg-SO4 type. • One-fifth of samples in moderately hard to very hard groundwater categories. • WQI revealing 53 % and 45 % samples under the excellent and good. • The study area groundwater more suitable for dinking and agriculture purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the impact of human agricultural production and climate and environmental changes, the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes has attracted widespread attention. In order to quantify the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in Hailun and evaluate its suitability for drinking purposes, 55 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. The results show that groundwater in aquifers in the study area is weakly alkaline. The content is in the order HCO3-> Cl-> SO42- for anions, and Ca2+> Na+> Mg2+ for cations. Groundwater chemical type were dominated by HCO3-Ca• Mg, HCO3-Ca• Na, HCO3-Ca, and HCO3 - Ca • Mg • Na. The Gibbs plot, PCA, and CAI-1 index show that ion exchange, rock weathering and evaporation crystallization are the main reasons affecting the water chemical composition in Hailun. The analysis of water samples based on the WQI model revealed that about 69.09%, 25.45%, 1.81%, and 3.63% of the water samples were excellent, good, very poor, and unsuitable for drinking purposes, respectively. The spatial distribution map of water quality index show that most of the groundwater resources in the study area are not polluted and therefore suitable for drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the impact of human agricultural production and climate and environmental changes, the applicability of groundwater for drinking purposes has attracted widespread attention. In order to quantify the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in Changchun New District and evaluate its quality for drinking purposes, 53 shallow groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. The results show that groundwater in aquifers in the study area is weakly alkaline. The abundance is in the order Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ for cations, and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− for anions. Ca-HCO3•Cl water type dominated the area, constituting about 26.41% of the total samples; Ca-HCO3 water type constituted about 22.64%; Ca•Na-HCO3 and Ca•Na-HCO3•Cl water types constituted 15.09% each, whereas Ca•Na-HCO3•Cl•SO4, Ca-HCO3•Cl•SO4, and Ca-SO4•Cl types made up 22.64% each. Correlation analysis (CA) and principal component analyses (PCA) show that rock weathering and dissolution, and human activities are the main reasons affecting the chemical composition of water in Changchun. The high concentrations of Pb, NO2−, Fe, and Mn must be widely concerned and may become the main environmental geological problems in the area. The analysis of water samples based on the water quality index model revealed that about 5.66%, 56.60%, 15.09%, 18.86%, and 3.77% of the shallow groundwater samples were excellent, good, poor, very poor, and unsuitable for drinking purposes, respectively. The analysis of groundwater samples based on the synthetic pollution index model showed that more than 37.74% of the groundwater samples were moderately polluted. The spatial distribution maps of the water quality index and the synthetic pollution index show that most of the shallow groundwater resources in the study area are clean and suitable for drinking, despite the risks of the shallow groundwater in the southeast of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization and industrialization enhance the degradation of the groundwater quality due to the discharge of domestic and industrial effluents in the aquatic bodies or on the surface of ground either in treated or untreated form. Therefore, the present study was carried out to assess the groundwater quality at the Laksar block of district Haridwar in Uttarakhand. Groundwater samples (SS-1-10) were collected from the hand pumps of the study area. The sampling site (SS-1) was taken as control. The distance of all sampling sites from control site ranged from 6.3Km to 18.3Km. The samples were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters viz Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Solids (TS), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium Hardness (CaH), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4 --), Nitrate (NO3 ---), Acidity, and Iron (Fe) for two years (2017 to 2019). The data obtained after analysis was simplified using Water quality index (WQI). The maximum concentration of TDS, TS, TH, CaH, and Fe was observed at SS-6 that may be due to the direct industrial discharge of Sugar mill effluent on the ground. Based on WQI value, SS-6 (WQI value-150.27) was found most polluted site. Hardness was found above the standard limit (250mg/l) at SS-6 to SS-10. The Fe was also found above the standard limit of WHO and BIS (0.3mg/l) at SS-6 to SS-10. The study may be useful for managing the groundwater quality of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This current investigation has been aimed in the estimation of the present status of physico-chemical characteristics of tube wells (TWs), shallow wells (SWs), and Helmand River water (HRW) in districts 1, 2, and 3 of Lashkar Gah city, Helmand, Afghanistan. The physico-chemical parameters like water temperature (Temp.), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved/suspended solids (TDS/TSS), turbidity, total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), nitrates, sulfate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), salinity, chlorides, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and ammonia were determined and statistical analysis has been performed. The analysis was performed with a (16×16) correlation matrix between water quality parameters with an intension to minimize the intricacy and understanding the large data set. The significant correlation was tested by applying the t-test. Parameters were compared with their permissible standard limit as described by the World Health Organization (WHO) and international agencies. The water quality index (WQI) revealed that water samples were in the classification of very poor, poor, and good quality. The water samples were classified ranging from very poor to good quality defined as the WQI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the impact of human agricultural production and climate and environmental changes, the applicability of groundwater for drinking purposes has attracted widespread attention. In order to quantify the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in Lianhuashan and evaluate its suitability for assessing water for drinking purposes, 71 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. The results show that groundwater in aquifers in the study area is weakly alkaline. The abundance is in the order HCO3 ->Cl->SO4 2- for anions, and Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+ for cations. Groundwater chemical types were dominated by HCO3-Ca, HCO3-Ca• Mg, and HCO3-Ca • Na. The Factor analysis, and PCA analysis show that ion exchange, and rock weathering are the main reasons affecting the water chemical composition in Lianhuashan. The analysis of water samples based on the WQI model revealed that about 69.09%, 25.45%, 1.81%, and 3.63% of the water samples were excellent, good, very poor, and unsuitable for drinking purposes, respectively. The analysis of water samples based on the SPI model showed that 18.30%, 66.19%, 7.04%, and 8.45% of the water samples were suitable, slightly polluted, moderately polluted, and highly polluted, respectively. The spatial distribution maps of the water quality index and the synthetic pollution index show that most of the groundwater resources in the study area are clean and suitable for drinking, despite the risks in the north and southwest of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in Nagarparker area, Thar, Pakistan to assess the small dam's impact on groundwater quality for domestic use and water level variance in wells during pre and post-monsoon periods. The water samples collected from various locations of the study area were analyzed for twenty physicochemical parameters and their appropriateness was assessed using the water quality index (WQI) and geographicinformationsystem (GIS) techniques. The results revealed that groundwater level increased from 15-25 ft near the dams and 8-14 ft away from the dam after rainfall, a minor change was observed in the concentration of chemical and trace elements. Physico-chemical parameters analysis indicated that the concentrations of the 40% parameters (pH, SO4, Fe, CU, Mn, Zn, As and fluoride) were within the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, whereas 60% exceeded the thresholds. The WQI revealed that the quality of only 20% of the water samples was excellent, 25% good, 15% poor, 15% very poor and 25% unsuitable for drinking purposes. The spread of water related diseases in the area also indicated the groundwater contamination. Overall, the quality of water is poor to unsuitable for drinking purposes. Thus, such water should be treated properly before use to avoid toxic and hazardous effects on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to investigate the development and evaluation of artificial intelligence techniques by using multilayer neural network. Levenberg–Marquardt back propagation (LMA) training algorithm was applied for calculating drinking water quality index (WQI) for Euphrates river (IRAQ). The transfer functions in the artificial network model were tangent sigmoid and linear for hidden and output layers, respectively. Eleven neurons presented for good prediction for results of (WQI) with a coefficient of correlation >0.97 and statistically calculated WQI values, inferring that the model predictions explain 94% of the variation in the calculated WQI scores. The WQI score of the Euphrates was 142 considered as poor. The analysis of sensitivity revealed that the total dissolved solids (TDS) is the highest effective variable with the relative importance of (26.3%), followed by electrical conductivity (EC) (23.1%), pH (17.3%), calcium (Ca) (0.149), chlorides (Cl) (11.2%), Hardness (5.7%), Temperature (1.3%), respectively. It can be concluded that the model presented in this study gives a useful alternate to WQI assessment, which use sub indices formulae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the northern part of Algeria, the intensive exploitation of groundwater resources and pollution has considerably affected the aquifer water quality, especially in rural areas where groundwater is the main source of water supply for most uses. This study was performed to evaluate the groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes through the hydrogeochemical study on the groundwater in Bougâa region (Northeastern Algeria). Fourteen groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for pH, T, EC, TDS, and major ions. Most samples are suitable for drinking based on the permissible limits of the Bureau of Indian standards (Indian standard specification for drinking water (IS 10500: 2012), but only 35 % of the samples are good enough for drinking purposes based on the water quality index of the groundwater. Assessment of groundwater samples from various parameters and methods such as "Electrical conductivity, Sodium adsorption ratio, Soluble sodium percentage, Magnesium adsorption ratio, Residual sodium carbonate, Permeability index, Kelly's ratio, Wilcox's diagram, and US salinity laboratory classification" showed that groundwater in the area is chemically suitable for irrigation uses. The Piper trilinear diagram suggests that the groundwater mainly belongs to the hydrochemical facies Ca–Mg–Cl and Na–Cl. The combination of ionic ratios, Gibbs plots, and saturation indices show that water–rock interaction, particularly the dissolution of carbonate, evaporation minerals, and ion exchange processes affects hydrogeochemistry of the area. Additional processes such as evaporation and anthropogenic pollution from various sources can also have major impacts on groundwater salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the groundwater status of a basin in a semi-arid climate, based on the hydrogeochemical, piezometric, statistical and geographic information system (GIS) approach. The region held as an example is the upstream part of the Essaouira basin (Morocco). Analysis of the evolution of the rainfall series by applying the Pettitt and Mann–Kendall tests shows a rainfall deficit of around 14% for the study period (1940–2015). For temperatures and with the application of both tests, an upward trend was observed with a warming of about 2.3 °C for the period 1987–2014. The same trend was observed for ETP, with an increase of around 5 mm for the period 1987–2014. The piezometric study shows a general decrease in the piezometric level over the last 24 years, as a result of the rainfall deficit. The hydrogeochemical approach shows (1) the dominance of the mixed Ca–Mg–Cl and Ca–Cl facies and that by passing from one campaign to another, groundwater generally keeps the same facies; (2) groundwater mineralization is controlled by the phenomenon of dissolution of evaporite and carbonate minerals and by the phenomenon of reverse ion exchange; (3) water quality index (WQI) values show that groundwater quality is becoming increasingly poor from each year to the next. However, the results obtained could be a reference to decision makers to protect this vital resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the use of the Water Quality Index (WQI) as a tool to assess the status of water bodies, specifically focusing on the River Narva and the rivers of the Lake Peipsi Basin. The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires member states to monitor and assess the ecological and chemical status of surface water bodies. The WQI provides a numerical value that indicates the overall health of the water in a particular area. The document highlights the development of a joint water quality index for the River Narva, which allows for uniform decision-making and assessment of the water body's status. [Extracted from the article]

• WQIs are effective water quality reporting tools. • SWOT analysis highlights the potential and limitations of indices. • A narrative review supports the application of the SWOT analysis. • CCMEWQI shows high flexibility is the most usable index. • Index application requires consistent monitoring. Water quality indices (WQIs) are well-established tools for water quality management and effective community communication. However, distinct WQIs construction processes give rise to differences in their measurability and flexibility. The present study objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of commonly used WQIs, applied to measure drinking water quality. Their benefits and limitations were discussed based on Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. The most frequently used WQIs were the Horton (HWQI), National Sanitation Foundation (NSFWQI), Tiwari and Mishra (TMWQI), and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCMEWQI) WQIs. The SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis showed that the main limitations of these indices derive from their data aggregation model and from input parameter availability and selection. Among the WQIs studied, the CCMEWQI showed the highest potential and flexibility. These findings may serve as a driving force for water monitoring and surveillance systems to review their data collection and information production processes to achieve WQI full potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, water quality indices have been studied and used in many countries. However, research has focused on fresh water more than coastal water. For coastal countries, the coastal water quality index (WQI) is an important tool for coastal environmental management. This study presents the development of a WQI for coastal waters. A group of 20 scientists were asked to select representative parameters and their importance in the marine environment. The sub-index of each selected variable was developed based on coastal water quality criteria of different countries, and requirements of water quality for coral reefs and seabed grass. After analyzing the eclipsing and ambiguous effects, and the sensitivity of four aggregation methods, the weighted geometric mean function was used to integrate sub-indices of 8 parameters, including total suspended solids (0.18), oil and grease (0.18), total nitrogen or ammonia (0.12), total phosphorus or phosphate (0.12), chlorophyll-a (0.11), chemical oxygen demand (0.11), total coliforms or fecal coliforms (0.09), and saturated oxygen percentage (0.08). The weights of the parameter are given in parentheses. The normal weighted geometric mean function has been modified so that it could be applied in cases of lacking data. The application of the developed index for the coastal zone of Vietnam showed that it accurately reflected the state of water quality in 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to study hydrochemical characteristics and evolution of groundwater, and to assess suitability for human drinking in Dake Lake Basin, Northwest China. Hierarchical cluster analysis produces two geochemically distinct clusters, C1 and C2, which are dominated by Ca·Mg–HCO3 and Na–HCO3 type, respectively. C1 and C2 belong to shallow local and deep regional flow systems, respectively. Carbonate dissolution and ion exchange process dominate in C1 and C2, respectively. C1 groundwater is not suitable for human drinking due to relatively high NO3− contents caused by agricultural activities; while C2 groundwater is suitable for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Our study assessed the actual water situation in the estuarine area of Lake Wuli, Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, China, based on eutrophication levels and status of water quality using the trophic level index (TLI) and water quality index (WQI) methods. In the wet (August 2017) and dry (March 2018) seasons, 22 estuarine areas were tested at 69 sampling sites, which included lake and rivers. Five parameters—chlorophyll a (Chl- a), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), Secchi disk (SD) and permanganate index (COD Mn)—were measured to calculate the TLI, and 15 parameters—temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), TN, TP, ammonium (NH 4 -N), nitrate (NO 3 -N), nitrite (NO 2 -N), COD Mn , calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl−) and phosphate (PO 4 -P)—were measured to calculate the WQI. The average TLI and WQI values in the wet season were 61.69 and 60.70, respectively, and the eutrophication level and water quality status were worse than that in the dry season (TLI: 57.40, WQI: 65.74). Significant differences were observed between three parts of Lake Wuli (West, Middle and East). Regardless of wet or dry season, East Wuli had worse eutrophication levels and water quality status than the other parts, whereas West Wuli showed less severe levels. DO, TN and COD Mn used in the minimum WQI (WQI min) were the most effective parameters in our study. WQI min had stricter standards than WQI when analyzing water quality in the estuarine area of Wulihu. Factor analysis from principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that N might be the main factor affecting water quality of the most eastern sites in the wet season, and P may be the main factor in the dry season. Our results provide a valuable contribution to inform decision-making for the management of water environments by providing the actual water situation of the estuarine area of Lake Wuli. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Eutrophication and status of water quality were assessed in the estuarial area of Lake Wuli. • Differences were observed between seasons and three different parts of Lake Wuli. • The wet season experienced worse eutrophication and water quality than the dry season. • East Wuli had worse eutrophication and water quality status than the other parts of the lake. • WQI min had stricter standards than WQI when analyzing water quality in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Markanda River, a seasonal stream and one of the tributaries of Ghaggar River, enters Ambala district (Haryana) with heavy loads of industrial effluents from the well-known industrial town -Kala Amb (H.P.) along with additions of domestic wastes and agricultural runoff on its way to Shahbad (District Kurukshetra, Haryana). Both surface (SW) and ground water (GW) quality was assessed to check its suitability for human utilization and the role of each pollutant was also assessed for a period of two years. The higher values of WQI (SW) = 199.70 and WQI (GW) = 176.96 shows that the water was not found fit for potable purpose. PI shows that the prime pollutants are Fe, BOD, COD along with EC and TDS, though in lesser role, for SW and GW deterioration. More health discomforts were found among the younger population. Prevalence of kidney stones (62%), abdominal pains, vomiting, diarrhea and nausea (78%), dermatological problems (52%) was found among the respondents. Hypertension (16%) and diabetes (09%) was observable health issues amongst the elderly population. The study, a first of its kind, focused on the assessment of the status of SW and GW in Shahbad and its possible interference with the health of the residents to help the authorities in making strategic and sustainable developmental policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out on Euphrates River, which is one of the main sources of water in Iraq to assess the water quality of Southeast of DhiQar province. Water samples were collected monthly and seasonally at three stations from October 2016 to September 2017. Eight parameters were analyzed, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, total dissolved solid, hydrogen ion, turbidity, chloride and electrical conductivity. Monthly variations of water quality index were differing among months in three stations of study area in Euphrates River. The lowest value of WQI in station 1 was poor (1.32) in June, and the highest (2.30) in November, the value was indicated a good water. At station 2, WQI values ranged from 1.28 in August to 2.15 in February as good. The lowest of WQI (1.29) in June and the highest (1.58) in February was recorded at station 3. The ANOVA for water quality index was found statically significant (F= 0.008, P<0.05) of three stations and showed statistically significant seasonal variations of water quality index among study stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ) in Bushehr province, Iran is a coastal ecosystem that is severely influenced by industrial and municipal activities. The present study was therefore conducted to monitor the health status of the intertidal zone of this ecosystem in different seasons using the Water Quality Index (WQI), Trophic Index (TRIX) and the concentration of heavy metals, including lead, copper, zinc and iron. Materials and Methods: To assess the desired indicators, 16 stations were selected along the region’s coast, and three samples were taken from each station. The required parameters of each index were then measured using standard methods. Results: Investigating the variations in WQI in different seasons found WQI to be the lowest (WQI=27.89) in winter, suggesting a bad status, followed respectively by summer (WQI=30.63), autumn (WQI=31.42) and spring (WQI=31.77), suggesting a relatively bad situation. The values of TRIX showed that the overall water quality of the intertidal zone is classified as oligotrophic. Moreover, the highest TRIX was associated with winter (TRIX=3.53) and the lowest with autumn (TRIX=1.93). The sequence of the overall mean concentrations of heavy metals in the water samples was also measured as Zn> Fe> Cu> Pb. Conclusion: The obtained findings attribute the high concentration of heavy metals and the low water quality of the coasts in winter to leaching contaminants from industrial, municipal and agricultural activities and the transmission of pollutants by surface currents to the coast of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive study investigates has been made to assess the water quality of Al-Gharraf River, which considered the main branch of Tigris River south of Iraq using the overall Index of Pollution (OIP), depending on 9 physical, chemical, and biological important parameters of water quality were analyzed: hydrogen ion concentration (pH), turbidity (NTU), total dissolved solid (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total hardness (TH), sulfate (SO4), nitrate (NO3),and fecal coliform (FC), which measured monthly at twenty one stations on the river during 2016-2017. Water quality deterioration has occurred in the last ten stations, consequently, the health status of the river has changed from acceptable to heavily polluted, and the fecal coliform bacteria (FC) was the major factor that affects the quality of the wter river. In this paper concluded that the Al-Gharraf River was in class poor and the Al-Gharraf River water is relatively not suitable for direct public usage in all seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]