Evaluation of water quality of Mundeswari River in eastern India: a water quality index (WQI) based approach.

The Mundeswari River is the western distributary of the Damodar River system in eastern India. The water of this river is ext ensively used for domestic purposes and agricultural irrigation. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal water qu ality variation of the Mundeswari River and assess the water quality status of this river using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI). Water quality was monitored monthly at four selected sampling stations (M1, M2, M3, and M4) during 2020-2022, considering twelve selected water quality indicators. The obtained water quality data were analysed using different statistical techniques. Water quality at different monitoring stations was appraised through the use of CCME-WQI. The results revealed that the overall water quality of most of the monitoring stations based on CCME-WQI values was "marginal." The highest WQI value (82.01) was observed at M1, and the lowest WQI (41.24) was recorded at M3. One -way ANOVA indicated a statistically significant difference in WQI values between sampling sites (P <0.05). The water quality of th e M3 sampling station was found to be in degraded condition throughout the study period. Cluster analysis from the perspective of WQI values revealed two distinct clusters of the sampling stations. Substantial seasonal variation in water quality was al so observed. This river had putrid water quality during the pre-monsoon period, and relatively better water quality was evident aft er the monsoon. This study revealed that the water of the Mundeswari River is utterly unsafe for human consumption and it requires significant treatments before it can be safely used for domestic purposes like cooking, washing etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]