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Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate overdilation of 10-mm standard and 8–10 mm controlled-expansion Viatorr stents to 12 mm during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement when insufficient reduction (<50%) in portosystemic gradient (PSG) is achieved with standard 10 mm dilation. Materials and Methods It is a single-institution, institutional review board-approved, retrospective review of TIPS (2013–2022) to identify patients in the overdilation group (12 mm dilation of a 10-mm stent) and a control group (10 mm dilation of a 10-mm stent) matched for age, indication, stent type, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, pre-TIPS PSG, and variceal embolization. Stent diameter, technical success, clinical outcomes, and adverse events were assessed for both groups. Results TIPS was created for the overdilation group (n = 35, 57 ± 11 years, 69% male; MELD: 14 ± 5) and control group (n = 35, 57 ± 11 years, 83% male; MELD: 14 ± 5). Overdilation to 12 mm adequately reduced PSG by more than 50% (55 vs. 65% in the control group, p = 0.11). The stent diameter was larger in the overdilation group on cross-sectional imaging (9.8 ± 0.2 vs. 9.5 ± 0.4 mm, p < 0.001), with an estimated 57% higher volume flow rate (p = 0.002). Patients were followed for a median of 11.3 months (range: 0.03–75) and 15.6 months (range: 0.03–106) in the overdilation and control groups, respectively. There was an equivalent rate of ascites resolution (56 vs. 63%, p = 0.68) and rebleeding (13 vs. 17%, p = 0.82) in the overdilation and control groups, with a similar risk of new-onset hepatic encephalopathy (41 vs. 33%, p = 0.51) and TIPS occlusion (11 vs. 9%, p = 0.69). Overdilation did not result in any instance of stent fracture. Conclusion Overdilation of 10-mm Viatorr stents with 12 mm balloons may provide benefit by potentially reducing PSG further for patients initially having inadequate PSG reduction with short-term safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds are increasingly documented with evolved resistance to herbicides globally. Three species have been reported as resistant in maize crops in New Zealand: Chenopodium album to atrazine and dicamba, Persicaria maculosa to atrazine and Digitaria sanguinalis to nicosulfuron. Despite knowledge of these cases, the distribution of these resistant biotypes is unknown. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of known resistant weeds in major maize growing areas in New Zealand, and to pro-actively screen other species for resistance. Weed seeds of broadleaf and grass species were collected from 70 randomly selected maize growing farms in the North Island in 2021–2022. Seeds were grown and treated with herbicides at recommended field rates. Atrazine-resistant C. album were recorded in a third of surveyed farms and nicosulfuron-resistant D. sanguinalis in a sixth. Half of Waikato farms and a quarter of Bay of Plenty farms (no Hawkes Bay or Wellington farms) had atrazine-resistant C. album. Dicamba-resistant C. album were not detected, nor were atrazine-resistant P. maculosa. Nicosulfuron resistant D. sanguinalis was recorded in 19% of Waikato farms, 6% of Bay of Plenty farms and 9% of Hawkes Bay farms (no Wellington farms). Amaranthus spp., Fallopia convolvulus, Persicaria spp., Solanum spp., Echinochloa crus-galli, Panicum spp. and Setaria spp. were not resistant to any of the herbicides tested. Twenty-nine to 52% of maize farms in the North Island are estimated to have herbicide resistant weeds. Resistance is common in maize farms in Waikato and western Bay of Plenty. Resistance is rare in southern regions, with only one instance of nicosulfuron-resistant D. sanguinalis and no resistant C. album. Most annual weeds in maize are not resistant to herbicides; although atrazine resistant C. album is widespread, it is currently controlled with alternative herbicides. Resistant D. sanguinalis appears to be an emerging problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To estimate the number and prevalence of workers in the United States exposed to chemical hazards available in the Canadian job-exposure matrix (CANJEM) database and examine exposure disparities across sociodemographic groups. Methods. We merged US worker demographic data from the Current Population Survey with CANJEM to characterize the burden and sociodemographic distribution of 244 chemical exposures in the United States in 2021. An interactive version of the full data set is available online (https://deohs.washington.edu/us-exposure-burden). Results. Of the chemical exposures examined, the most prevalent were cleaning and antimicrobial agents (14.7% of workforce estimated exposed), engine emissions (12.8%), organic solvents (12.1%), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (10.1%), and diesel engine emissions (8.3%). Racial and ethnic minoritized groups, persons with lower educational attainment, foreign-born noncitizens, and males were generally overrepresented in exposure to work-related chemical hazards. Conclusions. In the United States, marginalized sociodemographic groups are estimated to experience an inequitable burden to many chemical exposures because of occupational segregation. Data from this analysis can inform occupational and public health research, policy, and interventions aimed at reducing the burden of disease and health inequities in the United States. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(1):57–67. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307461) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the issue of herbicide-resistant weeds in New Zealand's agricultural sectors. The number of cases of herbicide resistance has increased in New Zealand since the late 1970s, although the incidence is lower compared to other countries like Australia. The article highlights the importance of improved weed control and vegetation management to minimize future herbicide resistance. It also presents recent research on herbicide resistance and weed management, including the development of a machine-learning tool to assess the risk of herbicide resistance in different weed species. The article emphasizes the need for proper reporting and monitoring of herbicide resistance and explores alternative non-chemical approaches to weed management. Overall, the article provides valuable insights into the current focus of herbicide resistance research in New Zealand. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of this paper is to provide a low-cost, effective way to teach emotional intelligence (EI) skills for email communications by utilizing Dale Carnegie's 30 Human Relations Principles. Our teaching approach is based on an actual multiple-party negotiation that included an executive from a Fortune 500 Company. Utilizing negotiation enhances students' critical thinking about real-world, business decision-making scenarios. Active learning is incorporated into the project through student collaboration and reflection. Finally, the project can be administered completely online through the school's learning management system, which reduces demand on valuable class time. We provide extensive resources to assist instructors in teaching EI and administering the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To estimate the prevalence of herbicide-resistant weeds, 87 wheat and barley farms were randomly surveyed in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. Over 600 weed seed samples from up to 10 mother plants per taxon depending on abundance, were collected immediately prior to harvest (two fields per farm). Some samples provided by agronomists were tested on an ad-hoc basis. Over 40,000 seedlings were grown to the 2–4 leaf stage in glasshouse conditions and sprayed with high priority herbicides for grasses from the three modes-of-action acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibitors haloxyfop, fenoxaprop, clodinafop, pinoxaden, clethodim, acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitors iodosulfuron, pyroxsulam, nicosulfuron, and the 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS)-inhibitor glyphosate. The highest manufacturer recommended label rates were applied for the products registered for use in New Zealand, often higher than the discriminatory rates used in studies elsewhere. Published studies of resistance were rare in New Zealand but we found weeds survived herbicide applications on 42 of the 87 (48%) randomly surveyed farms, while susceptible reference populations died. Resistance was found for ALS-inhibitors on 35 farms (40%) and to ACCase-inhibitors on 20 (23%) farms. The number of farms with resistant weeds (denominator is 87 farms) are reported for ACCase-inhibitors, ALS-inhibitors, and glyphosate respectively as: Avena fatua (9%, 1%, 0% of farms), Bromus catharticus (0%, 2%, 0%), Lolium spp. (17%, 28%, 0%), Phalaris minor (1%, 6%, 0%), and Vulpia bromoides (0%, not tested, 0%). Not all farms had the weeds present, five had no obvious weeds prior to harvest. This survey revealed New Zealand's first documented cases of resistance in P. minor (fenoxaprop, clodinafop, iodosulfuron) and B. catharticus (pyroxsulam). Twelve of the 87 randomly sampled farms (14%) had ALS-inhibitor chlorsulfuron-resistant sow thistles, mostly Sonchus asper but also S. oleraceus. Resistance was confirmed in industry-supplied samples of the grasses Digitaria sanguinalis (nicosulfuron, two maize farms), P. minor (iodosulfuron, one farm), and Lolium spp. (cases included glyphosate, haloxyfop, pinoxaden, iodosulfuron, and pyroxsulam, 9 farms). Industry also supplied Stellaria media samples that were resistant to chlorsulfuron and flumetsulam (ALS-inhibitors) sourced from clover and ryegrass fields from the North and South Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusions Binimetinib and selumetinib are two mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors used to treat low‐grade gliomas and plexiform neurofibromas. Cutaneous toxicities are commonly associated with MEK inhibitors; however, limited studies have examined cutaneous effects in a pediatric population or whether toxicities vary between MEK inhibitors.We conducted an IRB‐approved, single‐center, retrospective review of pediatric neuro‐oncology patients on binimetinib or selumetinib who presented to NYU from April 2016 through July 2022.Forty‐six children met inclusion criteria (23 females, 23 males) with a mean age of 11.7 years. Thirty‐three were treated with binimetinib and 13 with selumetinib. Dermatologic adverse events were encountered in 97.8% of the cohort, and the most common were acneiform eruption (63.0%), paronychia (58.7%), and xerosis (54.3%). Children 12 years and older were more likely to have acneiform eruption (p < 0.001) and seborrheic dermatitis (p < 0.001), while children under 12 were more likely to have xerosis (p = 0.037). The incidence of cutaneous adverse events was significantly different between MEK inhibitors for folliculitis and hair pigment dilution (39.4% binimetinib, 0% selumetinib, p = 0.009). Significantly, more patients required MEK inhibitor dose reduction/hold on binimetinib (87.9%) than selumetinib (46.2%) (p = 0.006). Severity of cutaneous disease was not associated with tumor response.Our study confirms dermatologic adverse events are common in children on MEK inhibitors. Age appears to be associated with increased likelihood of certain cutaneous reactions. Overall, the selumetinib patients in our cohort presented with less severe adverse events and decreased risk of MEK inhibitor dose reduction/hold. Our results will aid clinicians in providing appropriate counseling, treatments, and improved preventive care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: To investigate the evaluation and management of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the pediatric emergency department (PED). Methods: This retrospective chart review was performed at the PED of a single institution and examined data from 2012 to 2017. Of 335 visits from patients 18 years and younger coded for AD, 167 visits with documented findings that supported a diagnosis of AD according to guidelines from the American Academy of Dermatology were included. Results: The mean age of presentation was 6.3 years (standard deviation [SD]: 5.9). Of 11 patients with multiple visits, the mean between‐visit interval was 31 days (SD: 41). Topical corticosteroids (TCSs) were not prescribed or recommended in 63/167 visits. In an additional 46/167 visits, over‐the‐counter topical hydrocortisone was recommended. Of prescribed TCS, the mean TCS class was 5.5 (SD: 1.9). 61/104 recommended or prescribed TCSs were weak (Class 7), the most likely used class (P <.001). Dermatology consultation was requested in 14/167 visits and was associated with higher rates of TCS prescriptions (13/14 vs 91/153, P =.018), a higher mean class of TCS prescribed (3.1 vs 5.9, P <.001), higher prescription rates of systemic antibiotics (8/14 vs 10/153, P <.001), and higher recommendation rates for emollient usage (10/14 vs 46/153, P =.005). Conclusions: Most patients presenting to the PED for AD were either not prescribed a TCS or were prescribed a weak TCS, often one that is over‐the‐counter. While there may be a variety of explanations for these findings, it is possible they reveal a practice gap regarding AD management in the PED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding of the microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured (AM) 17-4PH stainless steel has matured significantly, but combined wrought-level strength and ductility has yet to be achieved. Identifying the microstructural obstacle(s) impeding this milestone is critical for many future applications and industries interested in this AM alloy. In this work, microstructure, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior is evaluated for AM 17-4PH built via the laser powder bed fusion technique (LPBF) and heat treated via a broad range of techniques to achieve wrought-level 17-4PH strength. The highest strength/ductility was achieved with a two-stage hot isostatic press (HIP) and solution anneal (SA) treatment followed by an aging heat treatment, but wrought-level ductility could not be matched. Persistent nano-porosity (0.06–0.23 μm) was identified and correlated to fracture surface dimpling (R2 = 0.73–0.85) indicating a possible role in this ductility limitation. Contextualization of this study's mechanical properties dataset within the literature suggests that this observation is endemic to the current state-of-the-art processing techniques for AM 17-4PH. • HIP minimizes larger pores, but nanometer-scale pores (60 nm) persist and coarsen. • Reviews 40+ AM 17-4PH mechanical properties studies grouped by heat treatment. • Apply a SA+460 °C/1 h treatment for balanced strength, ductility, and cost. • Apply HIP + SA+460 °C/1 h for strength/ductility and wrought-like microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistence and degradation of two common herbicides, atrazine and bromacil in two organic media, wood pulp and sawdust were compared with two soils. The hypothesis tested was that herbicide degradation will be faster in high organic matter media compared to soil. Degradation of two herbicides was carried out in four different temperature regimes and in sterilised media. The degradation half-life (t½) was determined under above-mentioned conditions then compared to degradation in soil. The degradation as quantified by t½ of the herbicides was generally longer in both organic media. Although microbial degradation was an important factor in the mineralisation of these herbicides, overall, the pH of the media had a more profound effect on the desorption and subsequent degradation rate than the organic carbon content. The results of this study revealed that the hypothesis was only partially correct as organic matter content per se did not strongly relate to degradation rates which were mainly governed by pH and microbial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined if acute multi-joint resistance exercises (RE; back squat, bench press, and deadlift) to volitional failure elicited a postexercise increase in the circulating response of biomarkers associated with neuroprotection. Thirteen males (age: 24.5 ± 3.8 years, body mass: 84.01 ± 15.44 kg, height: 173.43 ± 8.57 cm, training age: 7.1 ± 4.2 years) performed 4 sets to failure at 80% of a 1-repetition maximum on the squat, bench press, and deadlift in successive weeks. The measured biomarkers were brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), cathepsin B (CatB), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Biomarkers were assessed immediately before and 10-min after exercise. There was a main time effect (pre-exercise: 24.00 ± 0.61 to postexercise: 27.38 ± 0.48 ng/mL; p < 0.01) for BDNF with increases in the deadlift (p = 0.01) and bench press (p = 0.01) conditions, but not in the squat condition (p = 0.21). There was a main time effect (pre-exercise: 0.87 ± 0.16 to postexercise: 2.03 ± 0.32 pg/mL; p < 0.01) for IL-6 with a significant increase in the squat (p < 0.01), but not the bench press (p = 0.88) and deadlift conditions (p = 0.24). No main time effect was observed for either CatB (p = 0.62) or IGF-1 (p = 0.56). In summary, acute multi-joint RE increases circulating BDNF. Further, this investigation is the first to report the lack of a transient change of CatB to an acute RE protocol. Novelty * Low-volume RE to failure can increase BDNF. * Resistance training does not confer an acute Cat B response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Findings: What is the central question of this study?Do highly trained male endurance athletes who develop exercise‐induced arterial hypoxaemia (EIAH) demonstrate reduced peripheral chemoresponsiveness during exercise?What is the main finding and its importance?Those with the lowest arterial saturation during exercise have a smaller ventilatory response to hypercapnia during exercise. There was no significant relationship between the hyperoxic ventilatory response and EIAH. The findings suggest that peripheral chemoresponsiveness to hypercapnia during exercise could play a role in the development of EIAH. The findings improve our understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to EIAH. Exercise‐induced arterial hypoxaemia (EIAH) is characterized by a decrease in arterial oxygen tension and/or saturation during whole‐body exercise, which may in part result from inadequate alveolar ventilation. However, the role of peripheral chemoresponsiveness in the development of EIAH is not well established. We hypothesized that those with the most severe EIAH would have an attenuated ventilatory response to hyperoxia and hypercapnia during exercise. To evaluate this, on separate days, we measured ventilatory sensitivity to hyperoxia and separately hypercapnia at rest and during three different exercise intensities (25, 50% of V̇O2max and ventilatory threshold (∼67% of V̇O2max)) in 12 males cyclists (V̇O2max = 66.6 ± 4.7 ml kg−1 min−1). Subjects were divided into two groups based on their end‐exercise arterial oxygen saturation (ear oximetry, SpO2): a normal oxyhaemoglobin saturation group (NOS, SpO2 = 93.4 ± 0.4%, n = 5) and a low oxyhaemoglobin saturation group (LOS, SpO2 = 89.9 ± 0.9%, n = 7). There was no difference in V̇O2max (66.4 ± 2.9 vs. 66.8 ± 6.0 ml kg−1 min−1, respectively, P = 0.9), peak ventilation during maximal exercise (182 ± 15 vs. 197 ± 32 l min−1, respectively, P = 0.36) or ventilatory response to hyperoxia (P = 0.98) at any exercise intensity between NOS and LOS groups. However, those in the LOS group had a significantly lower ventilatory response to hypercapnia (P = 0.004, (η2 = 0.18). There was also a significant relationship between the mean hypercapnic response and end‐exercise SpO2 (r = 0.75, P = 0.009) but not between the mean hyperoxic response and end‐exercise SpO2 (r = 0.21, P = 0.51). A blunted hypercapnic ventilatory response may contribute to EIAH in highly trained men due to a failure to increase ventilation sufficiently to offset exercise‐induced gas exchange impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a number of dermatoses that manifest in the genital region. Urologists are often the first point of contact for patients with such disorders. These can be isolated genital conditions or manifestations of a more widespread cutaneous disease. Though similar appearing, there are often key clinical findings that aid in in diagnosis. In general, genital dermatoses can be classified as physiologic variants, inflammatory, neoplastic, or infectious in etiology. This article provides a broad overview for urologists in addressing both common and rarer penile and scrotal dermatoses. Emphasis is placed on characteristic clinical findings to aid in diagnosis. Recommendations for diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and appropriate follow-up are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With the global spread of COVID-19, there is a compelling public health interest in quantifying who is at increased risk of contracting disease. Occupational characteristics, such as interfacing with the public and being in close quarters with other workers, not only put workers at high risk for disease, but also make them a nexus of disease transmission to the community. This can further be exacerbated through presenteeism, the term used to describe the act of coming to work despite being symptomatic for disease. Quantifying the number of workers who are frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, and understanding which occupational groups they represent, can help to prompt public health risk response and management for COVID-19 in the workplace, and subsequent infectious disease outbreaks. Methods: To estimate the number of United States workers frequently exposed to infection and disease in the workplace, national employment data (by Standard Occupational Classification) maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) was merged with a BLS O*NET survey measure reporting how frequently workers in each occupation are exposed to infection or disease at work. This allowed us to estimate the number of United States workers, across all occupations, exposed to disease or infection at work more than once a month. Results: Based on our analyses, approximately 10% (14.4 M) of United States workers are employed in occupations where exposure to disease or infection occurs at least once per week. Approximately 18.4% (26.7 M) of all United States workers are employed in occupations where exposure to disease or infection occurs at least once per month. While the majority of exposed workers are employed in healthcare sectors, other occupational sectors also have high proportions of exposed workers. These include protective service occupations (e.g. police officers, correctional officers, firefighters), office and administrative support occupations (e.g. couriers and messengers, patient service representatives), education occupations (e.g. preschool and daycare teachers), community and social services occupations (community health workers, social workers, counselors), and even construction and extraction occupations (e.g. plumbers, septic tank installers, elevator repair). Conclusions: The large number of persons employed in occupations with frequent exposure to infection and disease underscore the importance of all workplaces developing risk response plans for COVID-19. Given the proportion of the United States workforce exposed to disease or infection at work, this analysis also serves as an important reminder that the workplace is a key locus for public health interventions, which could protect both workers and the communities they serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managers now emphasize the importance of soft interpersonal skills for success in business. The authors provide an active learning approach to collaboratively teach students basic soft skills that are needed in most careers. There are initial startup costs for the instructor, but this effort soon reaps extraordinary rewards for students. In the authors' approach, the need for soft skills arises from a real-world issue that results from the application of technical skills in an exercise. A decision must be made, which requires students to learn soft skills. Finally, students apply their soft skills in the real world. The authors provide extensive support for instructors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of acoustic telemetry to conventional tagging studies can generate direct estimates of mortality and movement rates to inform fisheries management. We applied a combined telemetry and tag-return design to southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma), a coastal flatfish that demonstrates limited movements within estuarine habitats coupled with extensive ontogenetic migrations that present unique challenges for estimating mortality rates. The fates of acoustically and conventionally tagged fish were followed during 2014–2016 to estimate annual rates of fishing mortality (F), natural mortality (M), and estuarine emigration (E). Multistate models estimated southern flounder annual F for each of the 3 years at two spatial scales (New River estuary F = 0.49–1.61; North Carolina coast F = 0.36–0.72). Annual rates of emigration were high (E = 1.06–1.67), and direct estimation of this source of loss considerably improved mortality estimates. The model estimated natural mortality as a constant annual rate (M = 0.84), which was similar in magnitude to life-history-based estimates for similar age groups. By accounting for unique behavioral attributes in the study design, the application of multistate tagging models provided robust estimates of mortality and emigration rates for a valuable coastal fishery resource that will inform future efforts to achieve yield and conservation goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic soil amendments can be useful for improving degraded soil, but this increase in organic matter (OM) may influence adsorption of herbicides subsequently applied to the treated soil, even though the particle size of amendments and their nature differ from typical soil OM. In this study, a batch equilibrium method was used to measure adsorption of five herbicides following application to two organic media, wood pulp and sawdust, comparing these with two cropping soils. Herbicide adsorption, quantified by distribution coefficients (kd), was much higher in the two organic media than in the cropping soils. The increases in adsorption were strongly correlated to the percentage of organic carbon. When the kd was normalized to adsorption coefficients corrected for OM content (koc), variation in results between the media was greatly reduced, indicating that OM is an important factor influencing adsorption in these media. The results of this study suggest that herbicides will be less effective when applied to soils in which sawdust and wood pulp have been added. Using organic amendments to remediate soil will increase adsorption of pesticides, reducing their bio-availability and efficacy, but also reducing their tendency to leach into root zones of deep-rooted crops and into groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planar linear ion trap (PLIT) is a version of the two-dimensional linear quadrupole ion trap constructed using two facing dielectric substrates on which electrodes are lithographically patterned. In this article, we present a PLIT that was successfully miniaturized from a radius of 2.5 mm to a microscale radius of 800 μm (a scaling factor of 3.125). The mathematics concerning scaling an ion trap mass spectrometer are demonstrated—including the tradeoff between RF power and pseudopotential well depth. The time average power for the microscale PLIT is, at best, ~ 1/100 that of the PLIT but at a cost of potential well depth of ~ 1/10 the original. Experimental data using toluene/deuterated toluene and isobutylbenze to verify trap performance demonstrated resolutions around 1.5 Da at a pressure of 5.4 × 10−3 Torr. The microscale PLIT was shown to retain resolutions between 2.3 and 2.7 Da at pressures up to 42 × 10−3 Torr while consuming a factor of 3.38 less time average power than the unscaled PLIT.Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Restricted Whitney numbers of the first kind appear in the combinatorial recursion for the matroid Kazhdan–Lusztig polynomials. In the special case of braid matroids (the matroid associated to the partition lattice, the complete graph, the type A Coxeter arrangement and the symmetric group) these restricted Whitney numbers are Stirling numbers of the first kind. We use this observation to obtain a formula for the coefficients of the Kazhdan–Lusztig polynomials for braid matroids in terms of sums of products of Stirling numbers of the first kind. This results in new identities between Stirling numbers of the first kind and Stirling numbers of the second kind, as well as a non-recursive formula for the braid matroid Kazhdan–Lusztig polynomials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Product form effects on fatigue crack growth are better described via grain structure, residual stress, and/or crack path differences. • Quenching-induced residual stress states may promote 3D fatigue crack paths. • Growth rate prediction via residual stress superposition is hampered by 3D crack path-induced closure. • Non-planar crack paths induced by residual stress are resilient to mitigation without heat treatment. Damage tolerant structures require accurate fatigue crack growth rate models for life prediction. Central to these models are fracture mechanics similitude and empirically gathered growth rates. In this work, standard test methods failed to achieve similitude for 17-4PH stainless steel round-rod but succeeded for plate. Material product form differences are interrogated through constant ΔK tests, crack path analysis, residual stress (RS) characterization, and growth rate simulation. Analyses revealed that quench-induced RS in the round-rod promoted a non-planar, 3D crack path with closure effects. Strategies to mitigate the RS/path effects are evaluated by controlling constraint, closure, environment, and heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photograph editing has been present for centuries, but the past decade has seen an unprecedented rise in the practice, particularly on social media platforms. Common filters are able to soften complexion, remove blemishes, and even reshape facial features. Children and adolescents with skin conditions may find solace in using these applications to mask their disease online, but there is increasing concern about negative overall body image among those who filter their photographs. Pediatric dermatologists should remain aware of the practice of photograph editing among young people and consider asking patients about their social media presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious panniculitis from hematogenous spread is uncommon and usually occurs in immunocompromised patients. Dissemination of gram‐positive organisms to the subcutaneous tissue is rare with only several reports of disseminated panniculitis caused by Streptococcal species. We report a case of an immunocompetent 2‐year‐old boy presenting with diffuse neutrophilic panniculitis arising from methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus septicemia. This case represents a highly atypical manifestation of severe MRSA infection and serves as a reminder to consider MRSA as a cause of disseminated neutrophilic panniculitis, particularly in high‐risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Ion trap mass spectrometers are attractive due to their inherent sensitivity and specificity. Miniaturization increases trap portability for in situ mass analysis by relaxing vacuum and voltage requirements but decreases the trapping volume. To overcome signal/resolution loss from miniaturization, double resonance ejection using phase tracking circuitry was investigated. Methods: Phase tracking circuitry was developed to induce double resonance ejection in a planar linear ion trap using the β 2/3 hexapole resonance line. Results: Double resonance was observed using phase tracking circuitry. Resolution of 0.5 m/z units and improved signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) compared with AC resonant ejection were achieved. Conclusions: The phase tracking circuitry proved effective despite deviations from a true phase locked condition. Double resonance ejection is a means to increase signal intensity in a miniaturized planar ion trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A method of connecting precast concrete walls with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite sheets is investigated. The method can be used either as a seismic retrofit of existing welded steel plate connections or in new construction. The specimens consisted of two precast concrete wall panels connected with either two or four layers of unidirectional GFRP composite sheets. Eight specimens were subjected to quasi-static cyclic loads to explore the effect of the following variables on the connection capacity: concrete surface preparation; application of surface pressure to the GFRP laminate; number and orientation of GFRP composite layers; and use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) spike anchors. The performance of the composite connection was acceptable in terms of lateral load, lateral displacement, and shear transfer capacity. Application of surface pressure during curing of the GFRP laminate and the use of CFRP spike anchors improved the lateral load and displacement capacity of the composite connection significantly. An empirical expression is proposed to determine the capacity of the composite connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Ion trap mass spectrometers are beneficial due to their intrinsic sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, a portable version for in situ analysis of various compounds is very attractive. Miniaturization of ion traps is paramount for the portability of such mass spectrometers. Methods: We developed an optimized design for a planar linear ion trap mass spectrometer, consisting of two trapping plates with photolithographically patterned electrodes. Each plate is constructed using a machined glass substrate and standard microfabrication procedures. The plates are attached to a patterned circuit board via wire bonds then positioned approximately 5 mm apart. Results: Trapped ions are detected by ejecting them through tapered slits, which alleviate charge buildup. Mass analysis can be performed through either boundary or resonant ion ejection. Better than unit mass resolution is demonstrated with resonant ejection. Conclusions: The optimized planar linear ion trap provides good resolution and the potential for further miniaturization. This was accomplished by vigorously testing variables associated with ion trap design including electrical connections, substrate materials, and electrode designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new two-plate linear ion trap mass spectrometer that overcomes both performance-based and miniaturization-related issues with prior designs. Borosilicate glass substrates are patterned with aluminum electrodes on one side and wire-bonded to printed circuit boards. Ions are trapped in the space between two such plates. Tapered ejection slits in each glass plate eliminate issues with charge build-up within the ejection slit and with blocking of ions that are ejected at off-nominal angles. The tapered slit allows miniaturization of the trap features (electrode size, slit width) needed for further reduction of trap size while allowing the use of substrates that are still thick enough to provide ruggedness during handling, assembly, and in-field applications. Plate spacing was optimized during operation using a motorized translation stage. A scan rate of 2300 Th/s with a sample mixture of toluene and deuterated toluene (D8) and xylenes (a mixture of o-, m-, p-) showed narrowest peak widths of 0.33 Th (FWHM).ᅟ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Economic, social, technical, and political drivers are fundamentally changing the nature of work and work environments, with profound implications for the field of occupational health. Nevertheless, researchers and practitioners entering the field are largely being trained to assess and control exposures using approaches developed under old models of work and risks. Methods: A speaker series and symposium were organized to broadly explore current challenges and future directions for the occupational health field. Broad themes identified throughout these discussions are characterized and discussed to highlight important future directions of occupational health. Findings: Despite the relatively diverse group of presenters and topics addressed, some important cross-cutting themes emerged. Changes in work organization and the resulting insecurity and precarious employment arrangements change the nature of risk to a large fraction of the workforce. Workforce demographics are changing, and economic disparities among working groups are growing. Globalization exacerbates the 'race to the bottom' for cheap labor, poor regulatory oversight, and limited labor rights. Largely, as a result of these phenomena, the historical distinction between work and non-work exposures has become largely artificial and less useful in understanding risks and developing effective public health intervention models. Additional changes related to climate change, governmental and regulatory limitations, and inadequate surveillance systems challenge and frustrate occupational health progress, while new biomedical and information technologies expand the opportunities for understanding and intervening to improve worker health. Conclusion: The ideas and evidences discussed during this project suggest that occupational health training, professional practice, and research evolve towards a more holistic, public health-oriented model of worker health. This will require engagement with a wide network of stakeholders. Research and training portfolios need to be broadened to better align with the current realities of work and health and to prepare practitioners for the changing array of occupational health challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Detection of larger masses becomes increasingly difficult as the geometrical dimensions of a trap become smaller. • Coplanar traps were developed to investigate limits of ion trap miniaturization. • In spite of a microscale radius, a larger mass range than previous report was demonstrated in a microscale planar linear ion trap (μPLIT). Abstract An extended mass range covering m/z 70–240 in a microscale (r 0 = 800 μm) planar linear ion trap (μPLIT) is demonstrated, enabled by optimization of dipole resonance ejection conditions without increasing trapping voltage or frequency compared with prior results. This represents a significant increase in the measureable mass range of coplanar traps and microscale traps in general. Performance was demonstrated using headspace vapor of octafluorotoluene (OFT) as well as mixture of perflurotributylamine (PFTBA) and OFT. Typical mass resolution of approximately 3 Da (FWHM) was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design. A nonlinear finite element study of a lumbar spine with different "patterns" of multilevel intervertebral disc degeneration. Objective. To determine how different patterns of multilevel disc degeneration influence the biomechanical behavior of the lumbar spine. Summary of Background Data. Because of the complex etiology of low back pain, it is often difficult to identify the specific factors that contribute to the symptoms of a particular patient. Disc degeneration is associated with the development of low back pain, but its presence is not always synonymous with symptoms. However, studies have suggested that "patterns" of disc degeneration may provide insight into such pain generation rather than the overall presence of degenerative changes. Specifically, individuals with contiguous multilevel disc degeneration have been shown to exhibit higher presence and severity of low back pain than patients with skipped-level disc degeneration ( i.e., healthy discs located in between degenerated discs). Methods. In this study, the biomechanical differences between these patterns were analyzed using a nonlinear finite element model of the lumbar spine. Thirteen separate "patterns" of disc degeneration were evaluated using the model and simulated under normal physiological loading conditions in each of the primary modes of spinal motion. Results. The results showed that stresses and forces of the surrounding ligaments, facets, and pedicles at certain vertebral levels of the spine were generally lower in skipped-level disc degeneration cases than in the contiguous multilevel disc degenerations cases even when the skipped level contained more degenerated discs. Conclusion. To our knowledge, this is the first study to illustrate the biomechanics of specific patterns of disc degeneration of the lumbar spine. Using a multilevel disc degeneration model, our study provides insights as to why various patterns of disc degeneration throughout the lumbar spine may affect motion and soft tissue structures as well that may have bearing in the clinical pathway of pain generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reactivity-initiated accident (RIA) is a design-basis accident under which critical heat flux (CHF) is likely to be exceeded. The operational margin for RIAs is currently determined using steady-state CHF lookup tables, which provide conservative estimates relative to transient CHF phenomena. The Transient Reactor Test Loop (TRTL) facility at Oregon State University is capable of performing out-of-pile rapid heating experiments representative of a RIA at conditions representative of a pressurized water reactor (PWR). To further our understanding of and ability to predict transient CHF under PWR conditions, we performed a sensitivity analysis on a RELAP5-3D model of the TRTL facility coupled to the RAVEN code framework to define a proposed experimental test matrix to be performed at the TRTL facility. We then implemented a flow boiling CHF correlation into RELAP5-3D and performed a secondary sensitivity analysis inspecting the impact of the built-in RELAP5-3D CHF and heat transfer multipliers on both the prediction of CHF and key safety parameters, such as peak cladding temperature and heat flux. The results show that the multiplier with the highest influence toward the prediction of CHF occurrence and the safety parameters is the transient CHF multiplier. Operational performance envelopes have been developed for each of the test matrix cases and will be used for validation once the experiments are performed. The TRTL facility is currently performing shakedown testing to verify system performance prior to proceeding with the experimental campaign. Restart testing results include pump curve restart testing, pressure tests, and heater rod thermocouple transients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Genomic selection (GS) may improve selection response over conventional pedigree-based selection if markers capture more detailed information than pedigrees in recently domesticated tree species and/or make it more cost effective. Genomic prediction accuracies using 1748 trees and 6932 SNPs representative of as many distinct gene loci were determined for growth and wood traits in white spruce, within and between environments and breeding groups (BG), each with an effective size of Ne ≈ 20. Marker subsets were also tested. Results Model fits and/or cross-validation (CV) prediction accuracies for ridge regression (RR) and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator models approached those of pedigreebased models. With strong relatedness between CV sets, prediction accuracies for RR within environment and BG were high for wood (r = 0.71-0.79) and moderately high for growth (r = 0.52-0.69) traits, in line with trends in heritabilities. For both classes of traits, these accuracies achieved between 83% and 92% of those obtained with phenotypes and pedigree information. Prediction into untested environments remained moderately high for wood (r ⩾ 0.61) but dropped significantly for growth (r ⩾ 0.24) traits, emphasizing the need to phenotype in all test environments and model genotype-by-environment interactions for growth traits. Removing relatedness between CV sets sharply decreased prediction accuracies for all traits and subpopulations, falling near zero between BGs with no known shared ancestry. For marker subsets, similar patterns were observed but with lower prediction accuracies. Conclusions Given the need for high relatedness between CV sets to obtain good prediction accuracies, we recommend to build GS models for prediction within the same breeding population only. Breeding groups could be merged to build genomic prediction models as long as the total effective population size does not exceed 50 individuals in order to obtain high prediction accuracy such as that obtained in the present study. A number of markers limited to a few hundred would not negatively impact prediction accuracies, but these could decrease more rapidly over generations. The most promising short-term approach for genomic selection would likely be the selection of superior individuals within large full-sib families vegetatively propagated to implement multiclonal forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Glucocorticoid receptor binding sites have a distinct chromatin architecture. [•] Preset chromatin accessibility defines specificity. [•] Glucocorticoid receptor relies on pioneer factors to preset binding sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrexia soon after stroke is associated with severe stroke and poor functional outcome. Few studies have assessed brain temperature after stroke in patients, so little is known of its associations with body temperature, stroke severity, or outcome. We measured temperatures in ischemic and normal-appearing brain using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its correlations with body (tympanic) temperature measured four-hourly, infarct growth by 5 days, early neurologic (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS) and late functional outcome (death or dependency). Among 40 patients (mean age 73 years, median NIHSS 7, imaged at median 17 hours), temperature in ischemic brain was higher than in normal-appearing brain on admission (38.6°C-core, 37.9°C-contralateral hemisphere, P=0.03) but both were equally elevated by 5 days; both were higher than tympanic temperature. Ischemic lesion temperature was not associated with NIHSS or 3-month functional outcome; in contrast, higher contralateral normal-appearing brain temperature was associated with worse NIHSS, infarct expansion and poor functional outcome, similar to associations for tympanic temperature. We conclude that brain temperature is higher than body temperature; that elevated temperature in ischemic brain reflects a local tissue response to ischemia, whereas pyrexia reflects the systemic response to stroke, occurs later, and is associated with adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary objective: This study examined the effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) on cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). Research design: A repeated measures design was used to examine serial changes in CVR. Methods and procedures: Twenty subjects who recently suffered a mTBI were subjected to a respiratory challenge consisting of repeated 20 s breath-holds (BH) and hyperventilations (HV). Testing occurred on days 2 (D2), 4 (D4) and 8 (D8) post-injury as well as a baseline (BASE) assessment (after return-to-play). Transcranial Doppler was used to assess mean cerebral blood velocity (vMCA) and expired gas analysis provided end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) levels. Results: There was no significant difference in resting vMCA across all testing days for mTBI. No significant differences in PETCO2 were found throughout the testing protocol. A significant effect ( p < 0.001) of testing day on vMCA was found during BH and HV challenges for mTBI. Post-hoc analysis revealed significant differences ( p < 0.05) in vMCA between D2 and the other testing days. Conclusions: These data suggest that, following mTBI: (1) CVR is not impaired at rest; (2) CVR is impaired in response to respiratory stress; and (3) the impairment may be resolved as early as 4 days post-injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six vinyl-based, imidazolium room-temperature ionic liquid(RTIL)monomers were synthesized and photopolymerized to form dense poly(RTIL)membranes. The effect of polymer backbone (i.e., poly(ethylene), poly(styrene),and poly(acrylate)) and functional cationic substituent (e.g., alkyl,fluoroalkyl, oligo(ethylene glycol), and disiloxane) on ideal CO2/N2and CO2/CH4membraneseparation performance was investigated. The vinyl-based poly(RTIL)swere found to be generally less CO2-selective comparedto analogous styrene- and acrylate-based poly(RTIL)s. The CO2permeability of n-hexyl- (69 barrers) and disiloxane-(130 barrers) substituted vinyl-based poly(RTIL)s were found to beexceptionally larger than that of previously studied styrene and acrylatepoly(RTIL)s. The CO2selectivity of oligo(ethylene glycol)-functionalizedvinyl poly(RTIL)s was enhanced, and the CO2permeabilitywas reduced when compared to the n-hexyl-substitutedvinyl-based poly(RTIL). Nominal improvement in CO2/CH4selectivity was observed upon fluorination of the n-hexyl vinyl-based poly(RTIL), with no observed changein CO2permeability. However, rather dramatic improvementsin both CO2permeability andselectivitywere observed upon blending 20 mol % RTIL (emim Tf2N) intothe n-hexyl- and disiloxane-functionalized vinylpoly(RTIL)s to form solid–liquid composite films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A series of cross-linked poly(vinylimidazolium)-RTIL gel membranes was synthesized and evaluated for room-temperature, ideal CO2/N2, CO2/CH4, and CO2/H2 separation performance. The membranes were formed by photo-polymerization of oligo(ethylene glycol)-functionalized cross-linking (i.e., di-functional) and non-cross-linking (i.e., mono-functional) vinylimidazolium RTIL monomers with non-polymerizable, “free RTIL.” The effect of free RTIL ([emim][Tf2N]) loading on CO2 separation performance was evaluated by varying RTIL loading at three levels (45, 65, and 75wt.%). The effect of cross-linker content on CO2 separation performance was also evaluated by varying the copolymer composition of cross-linked membranes from 5 to 100mol% di-functional monomer. The substituent on the mono-functional RTIL monomer was also varied to investigate the effect of substituent structure and chemistry on CO2 separation performance. CO2 permeability was dramatically increased with higher loading of free RTIL. Increased RTIL loading had no effect on CO2/N2 or CO2/CH4 permeability selectivity, but significantly improved CO2/H2 permeability selectivity. Reducing the cross-linking monomer concentration generally improved CO2 permeability. However, anomalous permeability and selectivity behavior was observed below critical concentrations of cross-linker. The effect of the substituent on the mono-functional monomer on CO2 separation performance was minimal compared to the effects of RTIL loading and copolymer composition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on a study, which assessed cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) after a sport-induced concussion, also known as mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). As stated, the middle cerebral artery blood velocity (vMCA) was monitored by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, and simultaneous end-tidal carbon dioxide measurements. Thirty-one athletes participated as subject of the study. It was concluded after the research that, in the days immediately after occurrence of mTBI, there may be disruptions in the normal CVR responses.

Abstract: A mixed-matrix membrane containing three components consisting of a solid polymerized room-temperature ionic liquid (poly(RTIL)), a liquid RTIL, and a zeolite material was previously investigated. This membrane showed an improvement in CO2/CH4 separation over the neat poly(RTIL)–RTIL composite membrane without the zeolite component. It was hypothesized that the RTIL served as “wetting agent,” improving the adhesion between the poly(RTIL) (a charged organic polymer) and zeolite particles (charged inorganic particles). In this article, a detailed study of the CO2 separation performance of this 3-component MMM system is presented, along with results showing how the system can be optimized or tuned. Specifically, this study focuses on the effect of varying SAPO-34 and RTIL loadings on the separation performance of the 3-component MMMs. 3-Component MMMs containing [emim][Tf2N] and styrene-based poly(RTIL)s with various loadings of SAPO-34 and various compositions of RTILs and poly(RTIL)s were prepared. Another type of poly(RTIL), which has a longer n-alkyl substituent and a polyolefin backbone was also investigated, in addition to the initial styrene-based poly(RTIL). The single gas permeation of various compositions and types of these 3-component MMMs were investigated. The results show that increasing the amount of RTIL in the 3-component MMM increases the CO2 permeability of the composite membrane. The presence of the SAPO-34 particles in the 3-component MMM improves both the CO2/CH4 selectivity and CO2 permeability in comparison to the neat poly(RTIL)–RTIL composite membrane. For the 3-component MMMs based on the poly(RTIL) with an olefin backbone, the presence of the added liquid RTIL component is not mandatory, which may be due to the similarity of its structure compared to [emim][Tf2N]. In this paper, we also propose a potential molecular arrangement of the poly(RTIL), RTIL, and SAPO-34 particles in the 3-component MMMs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nuclear receptors such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that mediate transcription of target genes by recruiting factors that modulate chromatin structure. In this study, curcumin, a compound known to inhibit GR-mediated transcription, was used to examine the different mechanisms by which GR regulates transcription. The mechanisms of transcription regulation of metallothioneine-2A (MT2A) and solute carrier family 19 member 2 (SLC19A2), two GR target genes where the hormone-dependent gene activation is inhibited or unaffected by curcumin treatment, respectively, were analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and RT-PCR experiments. The data suggest that the loss of hormone-dependent MT2A gene expression is due to the inhibition of continued transcription activity after initial assembly of the transcription machinery. In contrast, the hormone-dependent SLC19A2 gene expression is maintained because the continued transcription output after assembly of transcription machinery is unaffected by curcumin. These results suggest that the two GR target genes use alternate mechanisms to regulate expression levels at the level of continued transcription output after transcription machinery assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is a key player in multiple chromatin transactions. Core subunits of this complex, including the ATPase, Brg-1, and various Brg-1-associated factors (BAFs), work in concert to maintain a functional remodeling complex. This intra-complex regulation is supervised by protein-protein interactions, as stoichiometric levels of BAF proteins are maintained by proteasomal degradation. We show that the mechanism of BAF155-mediated stabilization of BAF57 involves blocking its ubiquitination by preventing interaction with TRIP12, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Consequently, as opposed to complexed BAF57, whose principal lysines are unavailable for ubiquitination, uncomplexed BAF57 can be freely ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome. Additionally, a BAF57 mutant, which contains no lysine residues, was found to retain its ability to be stabilized by interaction with BAF155, suggesting that in addition to the ubiquitin-dependent mechanism of BAF57 degradation, there exists a ubiquitin-independent mechanism that may involve the direct interaction of BAF57 with the proteasome. We propose that this regulatory mechanism exists to ensure functional fidelity of the complex and prevent the accumulation of uncomplexed proteins, which may disrupt the normal activity of the complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Three dense polymer membranes composed of main-chain, poly(imidazolium)s (imidazolium ionenes) with decyl (“C10”) spacer groups were fabricated and shown to be selective for CO2-based separations. An imidazolium ionene with the bromide counterion (Polymer 1) exhibited good H2/CO2 ideal (pure component) selectivity (6.0), while H2 permeability was slightly lower than 1×10−10 cm3(STP)cmcm(−2) s(−1) cmHg(−1) (1barrer). A “Robeson Plot” was used to compare the separation performance of Polymer 1 to other dense polymer membranes. Polymer 2 was structurally similar to Polymer 1 with the exception of the bulky Tf2N anion in place of the bromide. This polymer was found to have good CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 ideal selectivities (20 and 24, respectively), but no H2/CO2 separation performance with a selectivity of 1.0. A stable composite film made from an imidazolium ionene (Polymer 2) and a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) was also fabricated and showed large CO2 permeability enhancements compared to the analogous neat polymer membrane, with little or no sacrifice in CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 ideal selectivity. The separation performance of Polymer 2 and the Polymer 2–RTIL composite films were compared to previously studied “side-chain” poly(imidazolium)s (poly(RTIL)s) and other dense polymer membranes on “Robeson Plots.” Polymer 2 and the Polymer 2–RTIL composite films exhibited CO2 permeabilities comparable to poly(RTIL)s. This is the first known study and application of imidazolium ionenes for CO2 light gas separation membranes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A mixed-matrix membrane containing three components of polymerizable room-temperature ionic liquids (poly(RTIL)), RTIL and zeolite materials was fabricated, and its transport properties were studied. A previous study showed that 20mol% of RTIL in a poly(RTIL) membrane increased the gas permeability of the composite membrane due to more rapid gas diffusion in the RTIL. At the same time the selectivity of these membranes remains relatively constant with respect to the original poly(RTIL). On the contrary, mixed-matrix membranes consisting of a polymeric matrix and dispersed inorganic particles have the potential for outstanding separation properties, but some challenges such as a good adherence at the inorganic/organic interface still remain uncertain. In this article, we used an RTIL to both increase the permeability of the membrane, and to better facilitate interaction between the poly(RTIL) (polymer) and zeolite (inorganic particles). Our results showed that the RTIL component may have served as an interfacial material for better adhesion between the inorganic zeolite surface and organic polymer. We have shown that addition of the ionic liquid increased the selectivity of the MMM, which demonstrated that the membrane is without defects. Moreover, the performance of this membrane was in agreement with the Maxwell model prediction, which is important because it also indicated that the membrane is defect-free. We believe that this approach may be extended as a novel general method for forming zeolite/polymer-based MMMs with better performance properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: (S)-5-Oxo-N-phenyl-1-[(E)-3-phenylacryloyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide, easily prepared from inexpensive and readily available, in both enantiomeric forms, glutamic/pyroglutamic acid was designed as an optimal type of chiral Michael acceptor for reactions with a series of nucleophilic glycine equivalents. A study of the corresponding Michael addition reactions revealed that the new generation of modular glycine derivatives, as a counterpart to the Michael acceptor, provides for operationally convenient preparation of β-phenyl pyroglutamic acids and related compounds with virtually complete chemical and stereochemical outcomes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

New insights into the mechanism of thermal reactions of alkenes with hydrogen terminated silicon are presented. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging at the early stages of the reaction of 1-decene with H/Si(111) at 150 °C confirm this reaction occurs via a propagating radical chain mechanism. In addition, evidence is presented for an initiation mechanism involving degradation of hydrocarbon molecules catalyzed by the silanol surface of Schlenk tubes commonly used in carrying out these reactions. Hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces are found to be unstable in the “inert” solvent dodecane when heated at 150 °C in a Pyrex Schlenk tube. By contrast, the surfaces were significantly more stable at the same temperature when reactions were carried out in Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE). The thermal reaction of decene with H/Si(111) was found to proceed more rapidly in Pyrex than in PTFE, consistent with an impurity-based initiation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are nonvolatile, tunable solvents that have generated significant interest across a wide variety of engineering applications. The use of RTILs as media for CO2separations appears especially promising, with imidazolium-based salts at the center of this research effort. The solubilities of gases, particularly CO2, N2, and CH4, have been studied in a number of RTILs. Process temperature and the chemical structures of the cation and anion have significant impacts on gas solubility and gas pair selectivity. Models based on regular solution theory and group contributions are useful to predict and explain CO2solubility and selectivity in imidazolium-based RTILs. In addition to their role as a physical solvent, RTILs might also be used in supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) as a highly permeable and selective transport medium. Performance data for SILMs indicates that they exhibit large permeabilities as well as CO2/N2selectivities that outperform many polymer membranes. Furthermore, the greatest potential of RTILs for CO2separations might lie in their ability to chemically capture CO2when used in combination with amines. Amines can be tethered to the cation or the anion, or dissolved in RTILs, providing a wide range of chemical solvents for CO2capture. However, despite all of their promising features, RTILs do have drawbacks to use in CO2separations, which have been overlooked as appropriate comparisons of RTILs to common organic solvents and polymers have not been reported. A thorough summary of the capabilitiesand limitationsof imidazolium-based RTILs in CO2-based separations with respect to a variety of materials is thus provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, tuning the solubility parameter of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) with appended functional groups was explored using a combination of experiment and theory. By predictably altering the solubility parameters of several RTIL solvents, their gas solubility and separation performance were tailored. This concept was demonstrated by synthesizing and characterizing imidazolium-based RTILs that incorporate nitrile and alkyne functional substituents. The ideal solubility and selectivity values of CO 2, N 2, and CH 4at near ambient temperature and pressure were measured for these RTILs. These functionalized RTIL solvents exhibited lower CO 2, N 2, and CH 4solubility values but improved CO 2/N 2and CO 2/CH 4solubility selectivity when compared to analogous nonfunctionalized, n-alkyl-substituted RTILs. A group contribution method was used to predict the solubility parameters of the functionalized RTILs, and these values were used with regular solution theory to predict the solubility and selectivity of the three gases. These predicted gas solubility values were found to be in good agreement with those measured experimentally. Furthermore, the predictions from the group contribution method indicated that inclusion of the nitrile and alkyne functional groups increased the solubility parameter relative to the analogous, n-alkyl-substituted RTILs. These initial results show that the group contribution method offers a valuable guide for systematically designing functionalized RTILs with specific gas solubility and selectivity performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Alliance for the Human Epigenome and Disease (AHEAD) project. The project is intended to provide high-resolution reference epigenome maps that is important in basic and applied research. It can provide understanding on diseases that will head to the discovery of new means in controlling diseases. The major challenges of AHEAD include the initial selection of the significant epigenomic markers, identification of proper pure cell populations, and handling and presentation of data. AHEAD would incorporate epigenetics research that would led in understanding normal and pathological processes. Furthermore, the study would provide important scientific opportunities to maximize translational research to the prevention and cure of human diseases.

Background: Embryonic stem (ES) cells self-renew as coherent colonies in which cells maintain tight cell-cell contact. Although intercellular communications are essential to establish the basis of cell-specific identity, molecular mechanisms underlying intrinsic cell-cell interactions in ES cells at the signaling level remain underexplored. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we show that endogenous Rho signaling is required for the maintenance of cell-cell contacts in ES cells. siRNA-mediated loss of function experiments demonstrated that Rock, a major effector kinase downstream of Rho, played a key role in the formation of cell-cell junctional assemblies through regulation of myosin II by controlling a myosin light chain phosphatase. Chemical engineering of this signaling axis by a Rock-specific inhibitor revealed that cell-cell adhesion was reversibly controllable and dispensable for self-renewal of mouse ES cells as confirmed by chimera assay. Furthermore, a novel culture system combining a single synthetic matrix, defined medium, and the Rock inhibitor fully warranted human ES cell self-renewal independent of animal-derived matrices, tight cell contacts, or fibroblastic niche-forming cells as determined by teratoma formation assay. Conclusions/Significance: These findings demonstrate an essential role of the Rho-Rock-Myosin signaling axis for the regulation of basic cell-cell communications in both mouse and human ES cells, and would contribute to advance in medically compatible xeno-free environments for human pluripotent stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the attack of Japanese navy to American ship in China in 1937. The authors present the historical background following the events in which the USS Panay, a navy ship, was attacked and sunk by Japanese naval aircraft in 1937 in Yangtze river in China. It also discusses the letter of apology and donations sent by Japanese students in regard to the USS Panay incident and the diplomatic ties between Japan and the United States. It also highlights the apology letter and donation sent by a Japanese schoolboy for the injured sailors. The article also presents the original letter sent by the schoolboy and its translation by the American foreign serviceman in Japan.

The packaging of DNA with histones to form chromatin represents an important and powerful mechanism to regulate gene expression. Critical aspects of chromatin-specific contributions to gene regulation have been revealed by the comparison of the activities from DNA regulatory elements examined both as transiently transfected reporters and stably integrated reporters organized as chromatin. Using the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter as a model, we probed the structural differences between transiently transfected and stably integrated DNA templates. We demonstrated that all four core histones and the linker histone (H1) are associated with the transient template. However, whereas the core histones were present at a similar stoichiometry between the transient and the stable templates, we found that linker histone H1 molecules are fewer on the transient template. By using supercoiling assay, we show that the transient template shows intermediate levels of nucleosomal assembly. Overexpression of H1 resulted in repression of MMTV transcriptional activity and reduced accessibility to restriction endonucleases on the transient MMTV promoter. However, the addition of exogenous H1 failed to impose a normal chromatin structure on the transient template as measured by micrococcal nuclease digestion pattern. Thus, our results suggest that while transiently transfected DNA acquires a full complement of core histones, the underrepresentation of H1 on the transient template is indicative of structural differences between the two templates that may underlie the differences in the mechanisms of activation of the two templates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]