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Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a generic term for various neuropathies coexisting in a single patient. Clinical diagnosis alone can be misleading, yet routine electrodiagnostic studies in diabetes care are rare. Skin autofluorescence (SAF) is a recognized DN risk factor with potential screening value. This article highlights the diagnostic challenges and raises awareness of the often underdiagnosed neuropathic conditions in diabetes patients. Material and Methods: We present common entrapment neuropathy cases from our diabetes clinic's electrodiagnosis laboratory in Iași, Romania. We selected seven type 2 diabetes patients with sensory or sensory-motor distal polyneuropathy and atypical DN presentations investigated through electroneurography (ENG) and electromyography (EMG) with the Neurosoft® EMG instrument and SAF measured by standard procedures. Subsequently, a narrative literature review was conducted. Results: Entrapment neuropathies were diagnosed in all the patients: three carpal tunnel syndromes, two ulnar neuropathies (one proximal, one distal), one peroneal neuropathy, and one case of meralgia paresthetica. The lower-limb cases showed radiculoplexopathy, and there was one case of superficial radial nerve neuropathy. The SAF values ranged from 2.5 AU to 3.4 AU. Conclusions: Electrodiagnosis is essential for detecting focal neuropathies in patients with sensory-motor distal polyneuropathy. Elevated SAF levels may correlate with symptom severity, although further research, including large cohorts, is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lead toxicity was significantly reduced in rice plants by applying CeO 2 NPs and FeONPs. • Nanoparticle application caused significant reduction in MDA, H 2 O 2 , and electrolyte leakage. • Nanoparticles reduced Pb uptake in plants. • The growth of rice plants was stimulated by nanoparticle application. Nanotechnology offers creative and effective solutions for addressing various environmental issues, such as heavy metals (HM). The rapidly increasing HM concentrations in agricultural land have drawn considerable attention. Nanoparticles (NPs) have special physiochemical features that help reduce stress. This study assessed the viability of applying CeO 2 NPs and FeONPs to rice plants at a concentration of 25 mg/L to effectively remove the detrimental effects of lead (Pb) by using various concentrations (100 and 200 ppm) on plant development and growth. To achieve the desired concentrations, a Pb solution was prepared by dissolving lead nitrate in distilled water and added to the soil. Interestingly, the application of CeO 2 NPs and FeONPs resulted in a notable increase in plant growth, biomass, gas exchange characteristics, antioxidant enzymatic activity (SOD, POD, APX, and CAT), their gene expressions, as well as other antioxidants (phenols, prolines, amino acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acids) while simultaneously reducing oxidative stress (MDA, H 2 O 2 , and electrolyte leakage) and Pb uptake in rice. Conversely, Pb elevation in the soil increased oxidative damage and organic acid exudation pattern in the rice. At 200 ppm, a significant rise in Pb content (416.67 % and 380 %) was found in the roots and leaves of rice plants. According to our findings, rice growth can be bio-stimulated by CeO 2 NPs and FeONPs. Subsequent investigations should focus on the persistent ecological consequences and molecular mechanisms associated with the application of cerium oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles in agriculture to reduce Pb-induced oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the rate skin color is reported in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving basal cell carcinoma (BCC) identification and treatment in the top ten dermatology journals. Methods: A systematic review was conducted of RCTs involving BCC among the top ten dermatology journals, determined by impact factor, from inception to July 11th, 2023. Studies were included if they reviewed the prevention, detection, and treatment of BCC, directly involved patients, and were classified as RCTs. Studies were classified as positive for reporting skin of color (SOC) if the demographic data in the methods or results included any of the following terms: Fitzpatrick scale, race, ethnicity, skin of color, or sunburn tendency. Results: Of the 51 studies identified, only 23 articles reported data pertaining to skin color within the results section (45.1%); whereas 28 articles mentioned skin color somewhere within the text (54.9%). Subgroup analysis was performed, and no statistical significance was found for study location or year of publication. Conclusion: Dark skin color can make it more difficult to diagnose skin tumors and it is unknown if race affects response to treatment. Less than 50% of RCTs related to basal cell carcinoma in top international dermatology journals included skin color within the demographic portion of their results section pertaining to study participants. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that studies performed within the United States reported skin color less than half the time (40%). Additionally, there has been no statistically significant difference in reporting over the past 4 decades. Further research is necessary to determine whether low reporting rates of race/skin color in BCC-related RCTS could impact diagnostic or treatment recommendations for patient care in this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long-term effect of the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is not fully known. Severe cases of COVID-19 have resulted in disability that can be assessed in a biopsychosocial manner with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health with the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) questionnaire. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects on disability of COVID-19 three years after post-acute rehabilitation using WHODAS 2.0. Methods: This single-center cohort study included patients with severe COVID-19 who underwent immediate post-discharge post-acute rehabilitation intervention. Three years later, patients were assessed via telephone using the WHODAS 2.0 questionnaire. Results: Of the 69 patients identified in the hospital database, 27 responded. A total of 16 patients refused to respond due to emotional distress. The mean age was 63.4 ± 8.6 years, 81.5% were independent in the community, 55.3% had been previously admitted to the ICU, and the median rehabilitation hospitalization duration was 18 (11.5,24) days. Comorbidities included type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (55.5%), grade 2 high blood pressure (62.9%), pressure ulcers (37%), peripheral neurologic deficits (62.9%), and central neurological deficits (14.8%). ICU admission was significantly correlated with advanced rehabilitation needs (measured by the level of the rehabilitation (p < 0.01) and longer hospitalizations (measured by total days in the hospital (p < 0.001). The overall disability score was 35.09%, significantly influenced by DM and central neurological deficits. Conclusions: Central neurological deficits and DM are associated with higher disability scores. Tailored rehabilitation programs, ongoing medical assessment, integrated care models, and patient education are essential for improving long-term outcomes after COVID-19 disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second part of the article "The full potential of multifunctional ingredients" deals with the optimization of the protective effect of cosmetic ingredients against microbes. Two additional factors are considered: chelating agents and water activity. The results of the microbial contamination tests show that multifunctional ingredients have the potential to provide effective protection systems for cosmetic products. Contamination tests were conducted with an O/W emulsion. The effect of different barriers was examined, and multifunctional ingredients proved to be effective barriers. The use of chelating agents can enhance the performance of multifunctional ingredients, and reduced water activity can enhance the effect of these ingredients. [Extracted from the article]

We have begun a series of publications on studies related to the optimization of the antimicrobial product protection effectiveness of multifunctional cosmetic ingredients. Previously, we reported studies on the impact of pH even within a narrow range most relevant to cosmetic products [1]. Powerful combinations with organic acids were also examined as part of our technology platform Symshield®, which explores the concept of barrier technology or hurdle technology in the interest of empowering multifunctionals. In this article, we report studies with two additional parameters, chelating agents and water activity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives are to determine the frequency that skin color is reported in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) detection and treatment in leading dermatology journals. A systematic review of RCTs involving SCC was conducted among the top ten most impactful dermatology journals from inception to July 10th, 2023. Studies were included if they reviewed the treatment, prevention, or detection of SCC, involved patients directly and were classified as traditional RCTs. Studies were considered positive for reporting SOC if there was any demographic data in the methods or results of the following terms: Fitzpatrick scale, race, ethnicity, sunburn tendency, or skin of color. Of the 39 studies which were identified, 23 reported data related to skin color data (59.0%). White individuals were the most reported in these studies (56.5%). Subgroup analysis was conducted, and no statistical significance was found for study location, year of publication, or funding source. Skin color impacts skin cancer detection, predominant location of tumors, and recurrence. Less than 60% of high-quality RCTs related to SCC in top global dermatology journals included skin color among the demographic traits of study participants. Subgroup analysis demonstrated no improvement in reporting over the past 2 decades. Further research is needed to understand the reason for low skin color reporting rates among SCC-related RCTs and the impact this has on society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a retrospective study based on 55 patients diagnosed with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs)-gastric (G-NET), small bowel (SB-NET) and colonic (C-NET), hospitalized and evaluated within the Surgical, Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine Clinics, in The Clinical Emergency County Hospital Craiova, between May 2016 and April 2024. We aimed in this study to analyze the epidemiological aspects and clinical characteristics of patients with GEP-NETs. In our study group, the patients' ages were between 39-82 years, with a mean of 66.40 (±12.46) years. The incidence of GEP-NETs cases in young patients was insignificant low-1 case. 45.46% of all patients lived in urban areas. 16.36% were G-NET, 14,54 were SB-NET and 69.09% were CNET. The GEP-NETs diagnosis was established by immunohistochemistry features. Also, we observed that the most frequency localization was on the ascending colon, while the rarest on the colon it is located on the transverse colon and the rarest is on the small bowel, in spite of the generally literature data. From the C-NET group, 49.09% have been presented arterial hypertension probable explained by serotonin and dopamine secretion an inflammatory through phenotype expression and just one patient has been presented an erythematous psoriasis, which could be also explained by the same neurotransmitter's involvement as a possible purposed mechanism. The results obtained in our study demonstrate that could be a common profile of GEP-NETs patients through epidemiological general information and clinical characteristics. Also, we demonstrate that, in the last years, the incidence increased for the GEP-NETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) is a tool designed to measure disability in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Measuring disability is becoming increasingly important due to its high prevalence, which continues to rise. Rehabilitation interventions can reduce disability and enhance functioning. (2) Objective: The present study aims to assess the impact of rehabilitation interventions on reducing disability, as measured by the WHODAS 2.0 questionnaire. It also seeks to identify which specific rehabilitation interventions are more effective and to explore other disability assessment questionnaires. (3) Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, we conducted a systematic review, with the protocol registered with the identifier CRD42023495309, focused on "WHODAS" and "rehabilitation" using PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases. (4) Results: We identified 18 articles from various regions encompassing patients with various health conditions, related to stroke, the cardiovascular system (cardiovascular disease, chronic heart failure), the pulmonary system (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), the neurologic system (Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, neurodegenerative disease), the musculoskeletal system (orthopaedic surgery), cancer, and chronic pain, and among frail elderly. These patients have received a wide range of rehabilitation interventions: from conventional therapy to virtual reality, robot-assisted arm training, exergaming, and telerehabilitation. (5) Discussion and Conclusions: A wide range of rehabilitation techniques can effectively improve disability with various comorbidities, offering numerous benefits. The WHODAS 2.0 questionnaire proves to be an efficient and reliable tool for measuring disability, and scores have a tendency to decrease after rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "The Full Potential of Multifunctional Ingredients Part 1" deals with barrier technology in body care. This technology combines various physical or chemical factors to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and ensure the long-term quality and safety of cosmetic products. Multifunctional ingredients are often combined with preservatives or other antimicrobial components. The article examines the influence of pH value and organic acids on antimicrobial efficacy. It emphasizes that the use of barriers and multifunctional ingredients can be an alternative to conventional preservation. The article describes the use of pentylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, and caprylyl glycol as protective agents in modern products. A new ingredient called 1,2-heptanediol is considered promising due to its optimal chain length. Multifunctional ingredients can enhance protection against microorganisms and potentially allow for the elimination of conventional preservatives. The combination of multifunctional ingredients with preservatives is also mentioned as an option. Barrier technology is discussed as a promising concept for improving product protection. The present study examines the effect of different barriers on the growth of microorganisms. It is found that multifunctional ingredients serve as an effective barrier and can be used in combination with other barriers at lower concentrations. pH value is identified as another effective barrier, with lower pH values having a stronger effect on microbial growth. The study also shows that the pKa value of acids plays a role, with lower pKa values having a better effect on growth. The study examines the effect of organic acids on microbial growth in body care products. Sorbic acid, anisic acid, and phytic acid are identified as effective preservatives. The pH value of the formulation influences the efficacy of the acids. The combination of acids with multifunctional ingredients enhances protection against microorganisms. The results show that sorbic acid at a concentration of 0.3% can sufficiently reduce microbial growth. The article deals with the effect of multifunctional ingredients on microbial growth. It has been found that lower concentrations of these ingredients, compared to neutral pH value, provide an additional barrier and inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The efficacy of these ingredients is further enhanced by combining them with other barriers such as pH value or organic acids. It has also been found that lowering the pH value from 5.5 to 4.5 increases the efficacy of the organic acid barrier. These results show that multifunctional ingredients offer an effective way to protect products and use lower concentrations of preservatives. [Extracted from the article]

Symshield®, also known as barrier technology or hurdle technology, is a concept of combining several physical or chemical factors aiming at inhibiting microbial growth. This systematic approach has been proven successful as it strengthens the microbiological product protection systems of cosmetic formulations, thus ensuring long-term product quality and safety. Relying on this technology, multifunctional ingredients are often used in combination with preservatives or other antimicrobial enhancers and are commonly applied as part of the product protection system. While typically chemical ingredients are used as barriers in these combinations such as organic acids, chelating agents, surfactants, etc., it is important not to overlook the possible beneficial effects of physical parameters. Ultimately, this extensive approach has the potential to create a more robust product protection system or even lower the necessary use level of traditional antimicrobial compounds in the formula. In this series of publications, we present studies to demonstrate how the antimicrobial product protection effectiveness of multifunctional cosmetic ingredients, which are known product protection enhancers, can be optimized by combining them with additional barriers, such as pH, water activity, organic acids, chelating agents, etc. In the first part of the series, we examine the effect of pH and organic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in ultrasound technology and the integration of cell-free DNA testing into standard prenatal screening services have made it more feasible to identify fetal sex at an early stage. Fetal sex determination through sonography relies on different factors, depending on the gestational stage. In the late second trimester, it is determined by directly visualizing the external genitalia. However, in the late first and early second trimesters, it primarily relies on the direction of the genital tubercle, known as the sagittal sign. Other sonographic landmarks, like the fetal scrotum, midline raphe of the penis, labial lines, uterus, descended testis, and the direction or origin of the fetal micturition jet in males, can aid in the fetal sex determination accuracy. However, malformed external genitalia can lead to inaccurate results. This article focuses on the sonographic determination of fetal sex during the late first trimester, early second trimester and late second trimester, utilizing both transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasound techniques. Additionally, we explore various elements that have contributed to the precision of fetal sex determination. While ultrasound examination of the external genitalia is typically sufficient, there are certain situations where it becomes crucial to identify the internal genitalia for precise prenatal diagnosis and thorough counseling. This paper aims at reviewing these situations in which the evaluation of the external genital organs is necessary, as well as the ways in which ultrasound can be used in the diagnosis of genital malformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rural sub-Saharan Africa, preventable delays in accessing emergency care remain a dominant factor in maternal and neonatal deaths. The MOMENTUM study is a pragmatic cohort investigation designed to measure the "Three Delays", i.e. delays in recognizing need for care (Type 1), reaching care (Type 2), and receiving care (Type 3) within a remote island health system on Lake Victoria, Kenya. The study utilizes an adaptive methodology to provide actionable data for a locally-directed "Health Navigation" intervention. We present analysis of 56 maternal and neonatal emergency cases occurring between January 2019 and February 2020. The mean Total Delay Interval (Type 1–3) reported was 39.3 ± 32.3hours. Notably, 18 cases in this cohort resulted in a neonatal (n = 16) or maternal death (n = 2). Sub-analysis indicates significant delay interval reductions associated with involvement of a "Health Navigator" in emergency care coordination for Type 2 Delay Intervals (0.5 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 1.1 hrs., p = 0.002) and Type 3 Delay Intervals (17.9 ± 14.1 vs. 32.9 ± 33.7 hrs., p = 0.030). Prolonged delays, complex barriers, and high mortality highlight the fraught nature of maternal emergencies in this remote setting. We discuss practical considerations for application of the Three Delays model, and avenues for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in life expectancy without a decrease in the years lived without disability leads to the rise of the population aged over 65 years prone to polypharmacy. The novel antidiabetic drugs can improve this global therapeutic and health problem in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). We aimed to establish the efficacy (A1c hemoglobin reduction) and safety of the newest antidiabetic drugs (considered so due to their novelty in medical practice use), specifically DPP-4i, SGLT-2i, GLP-1 Ra, and tirzepatide. The present meta-analysis followed the protocol registered at Prospero with the CRD42022330442 registration number. The reduction in HbA1c in the DPP4-i class for tenegliptin was 95% CI −0.54 [−1.1, 0.01], p = 0.06; in the SGLT2-iclass for ipragliflozin 95% CI −0.2 [−0.87, 0.47], p = 0.55; and for tofogliflozin 95% CI 3.13 [−12.02, 18.28], p = 0.69, while for tirzepatide it was 0.15, 95% CI [−0.50, 0.80] (p = 0.65). The guidelines for treatment in type 2 DM are provided from cardiovascular outcome trials that report mainly major adverse cardiovascular events and data about efficacy. The newest antidiabetic non-insulinic drugs are reported to be efficient in lowering HbA1c, but this effect depends between classes, molecules, or patients' age. The newest antidiabetic drugs are proven to be efficient molecules in terms of HbA1c decrease, weight reduction, and safety, but more studies are needed in order to characterize exactly their efficacy and safety profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Neuronal autoantibodies can support the diagnosis of primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (PACA). Knowledge of PACA is still sparce. This article aims to highlight the relevance of anti‐neurochondrin antibodies and possible therapeutical consequences in people with PACA. Methods: This is a case presentation and literature review of PACA associated with anti‐neurochondrin antibodies. Results: A 33‐year‐old man noticed reduced control of the right leg in May 2020. During his first clinic appointment at our institution in September 2021, he complained about gait imbalance, fine motor disorders, tremor, intermittent diplopia and slurred speech. He presented a pancerebellar syndrome with stance, gait and limb ataxia, scanning speech and oculomotor dysfunction. Within 3 months the symptoms progressed. An initial cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, June 2020, was normal, but follow‐up imaging in October 2021 and July 2022 revealed marked cerebellar atrophy (29% volume loss). Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed lymphocytic pleocytosis of 11 x 103/L (normal range 0–4) and oligoclonal bands type II. Anti‐neurochondrin antibodies (immunoglobulin G) were detected in serum (1:10,000) and cerebrospinal fluid (1:320, by cell‐based indirect immunofluorescence assay and immunoblot, analysed by the EUROIMMUN laboratory). After ruling out alternative causes and neoplasia, diagnosis of PACA was given and immunotherapy (steroids and cyclophosphamide) was started in January 2022. In March 2022 a stabilization of disease was observed. Conclusion: Cerebellar ataxia associated with anti‐neurochondrin antibodies has only been described in 19 cases; however, the number of unrecognized PACAs may be higher. As anti‐neurochondrin antibodies target an intracellular antigen and exhibit a mainly cytotoxic T‐cell‐mediated pathogenesis, important therapeutic implications may result. Because of the severe and rapid clinical progression, aggressive immunotherapy was warranted. This case highlights the need for rapid diagnosis and therapy in PACA, as stabilization and even improvement of symptoms are attainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We evaluated the safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) for their use with other glucose-lowering drugs and drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in a standard-of-care regimen with maximum tolerated doses, and, respectively, when compared with metformin. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational study on 405 patients that were seen in the outpatient clinic of the N Paulescu National Institute for Diabetes Mellitus, Bucharest, Romania, in 2019. Their demographics, metabolic parameters, and medication safety were evaluated at three follow-up visits, from baseline, six months, and twelve months. Results: Both SGLT-2is and GLP-1 RAs are safe regarding creatinine, eGFR, urea, GOT, and GPT upon the comparison of the data from the six- and twelve-month visits with the initial visit, and also the twelve-month visit with the six-month visit. Moreover, when comparing SGLT-2is and GLP-1 RAs with metformin, there are safety data only for urea. Conclusions: In this retrospective analysis, both SGLT-2is and GLP-1 RAs, when used in conjunction with other glucose-lowering, blood-pressure-lowering, and lipid-lowering medications, appeared to be safe for the management of T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images of sexualized women depicted as animals or alongside meat are routinely used in advertising in Western culture. Philosophers and feminist scholars have long theorized that such imagery reflects the lower status of both women and animals (vs. men) in society and argued that prejudiced attitudes towards women (i.e., sexism) and animals (i.e., speciesism) are interconnected, with meat‐eating as a core symbol of masculinity. Addressing these key ideas from ecofeminist theory, we review the psychological evidence on the associations between sexism, speciesism, meat, and masculinity. Research on the animalistic dehumanization of women provides evidence that sexism and speciesism are psychologically entangled and rooted in desires for group‐based dominance and inequality. Furthermore, research on the symbolic value of meat corroborates its masculine value expressing dominance and power, and suggests that men who abstain from meat consumption (e.g., vegans) are feminized and devalued, particularly by those higher in sexism. We conclude that a greater recognition of the interconnected nature of patriarchal gender relations and practices of animal exploitation, including meat‐eating, can help in efforts to improve the status of both women and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal growth restriction is an important part of monitoring a pregnancy. Because guidelines or diagnostic criteria for either minor or major thrombophilia are scarce, this systematic review aims to summarize the present knowledge in the field. We performed the CRD42022376006 protocol in Prospero with a systematic literature search in PubMed and Web of Science databases and included original full-text articles (randomized control trials and clinical trials) from the last 10 years, published in English, and with the "thrombophilia AND (pregnancy OR diagnostic criteria) AND fetal growth restriction" criteria. After two researchers extracted the articles of interest, they were assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and eight articles were included. The elements from the thrombophilia diagnostic predict IUGR, factor V Leiden mutation, MTHFR C667T mutation, protein S deficiency, antithrombin deficiency, factor VII polymorphism, and antiphospholipid antibodies, while the association of protein C, PAI-1 and certain combinations of mutations are still under debate and require the collection of more data. The present systematic review provides an extensive picture of the actual knowledge about thrombophilia diagnosis and its links with pregnancy complications, such as intrauterine growth restriction, despite its limitation in the inclusion of other actually debated disorders such as PAI-1 mutation, protein C deficiency and other thrombophilia types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In hindsight, when the outcome of an uncertain scenario is already known, we typically feel that this outcome was always likely; hindsight judgments of outcome probabilities exceed foresight judgments of the same probabilities without outcome knowledge. We extend prior accounts of hindsight bias with the influence of pragmatic communication inherent in the task and the consolidation of self-generated responses across time. In a novel 3 × 2 within-participants design, with three sequential judgments of outcome probabilities in two scenarios, we replicated the within-participants hindsight bias observed in the classic memory design and the between-participants hindsight bias in a hypothetical design simultaneously. Moreover, we reversed the classic memory design and showed that subjective probabilities also decreased when participants encountered foresight instructions after hindsight instructions, demonstrating that previously induced outcome knowledge did not prevent unbiased judgments. The constructive impact of self-generated and communicated judgments ("saying is believing") was apparent after a 2-week consolidation period: Not outcome knowledge, but rather the last pragmatic response (either biased or unbiased) determined judgments at the third measurement. These findings highlight the short-term malleability of hindsight influences in response to task pragmatics and has major implications for debiasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global health researchers, we have long embraced the conviction that the answers to complex problems of poverty and disease will reveal themselves if only we apply enough scientific rigor. Yet, at the community level, our group of American and Kenyan investigators has begun to question whether our veneration of rigor is itself contributing to the intractability of certain types of global health problems. Here, we illustrate examples from our experience among the remote island communities of Lake Victoria, Kenya, and join a chorus of emerging voices, to examine how our culture of control as global health scientists may marginalise truth-seekers and change-makers within communities we seek to serve. More broadly, we seek to acknowledge the limitations of control over truth that rigorous academic research affords. We suggest that by relinquishing this pervasive illusion of control, we can more fully appreciate complementary modes of answering important questions that rely upon the intrinsic resourcefulness and creativity of community-based enterprises taking place across sub-Saharan Africa. While such inquiries may never solve all problems facing the diverse populations of the continent, we advocate for a deeper appreciation of the inherent capacity of adaptive, locally contextualised investigations to identify meaningful and enduring solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this study is to propose a method through which student cost is measured at Prince Sattam bin Abdualzizi University (PSAU). Cost accounting practices were used to measure, analyze, and report financial information related to the costs of using resources at PSAU. The framework of cost accounting system is used to estimate the cost of student at PSAU. In specific, the cost of student can be calculated in three levels, namely; the university, the college and the department levels. In more details, the cost of student at PSAU can be classified based on the type of college which include: scientific colleges, healthcolleges, human colleges, and community colleges. The outcomes of this study are important in determining the budget allocations for educational institutions and the method of their implementation in order to rationalize the use of the available resources in an optimal way. Further, the use of cost information gives ability and flexibility in planning and controlling the activity of educational institutions and achieving the greatest benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most methods for single-cell transcriptome sequencing amplify the termini of polyadenylated transcripts, capturing only a small fraction of the total cellular transcriptome. This precludes the detection of many long non-coding, short non-coding and non-polyadenylated protein-coding transcripts and hinders alternative splicing analysis. We, therefore, developed VASA-seq to detect the total transcriptome in single cells, which is enabled by fragmenting and tailing all RNA molecules subsequent to cell lysis. The method is compatible with both plate-based formats and droplet microfluidics. We applied VASA-seq to more than 30,000 single cells in the developing mouse embryo during gastrulation and early organogenesis. Analyzing the dynamics of the total single-cell transcriptome, we discovered cell type markers, many based on non-coding RNA, and performed in vivo cell cycle analysis via detection of non-polyadenylated histone genes. RNA velocity characterization was improved, accurately retracing blood maturation trajectories. Moreover, our VASA-seq data provide a comprehensive analysis of alternative splicing during mammalian development, which highlighted substantial rearrangements during blood development and heart morphogenesis. VASA-seq sequences total RNA in single cells, revealing non-coding expression and splicing patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopment disorder caused by improper brain development or harm to the developing brain and is the underlying cause of the most common motor disability in children. The clinical symptoms vary between subjects because the etiology is complex and can affect a variety of anatomical structures and each of these can lead to a different symptom. The motor dysfunction is often associated with sensory, perceptual, cognitive, communication and behaviour impairments as well as epilepsy and secondary musculoskeletal disorders which have a significant influence on the child’s quality of life, activity, and participation. The risk of developing CP is present in infants born preterm, but these children sum up less than 50% of cases. The factors that cause CP in children born at term are grouped in antenatal, perinatal, neonatal, some of them can be modified like alcohol consumption, maternal smoking, infections, but others like genetic factor cannot be modified. CP can be classified in different ways depending on the clinical manifestation. Throughout time classification was based on the type and distribution of motor anomalies, which often corresponded to the area of injury. Spastic subtypes, dyskinetic subtypes, and ataxic subtypes are the three basic forms of motor dysfunction. The most common conditions associated with CP are pain, intellectual disability, speech disorder, bladder control problems, epilepsy, and behaviour disorders. Early intervention is thought to be the most effective treatment for CP. As soon as the diagnosis is determined, rehabilitation treatment should begin. The earlier a rehabilitation intervention begins, the better the prospects of improving the child’s functional abilities and independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prematurity affects 1 in 10 births and is associated with different degrees of disability and leads to a higher risk of neurological impairment and cerebral palsy (CP). Because its prevalence increase, but with a decrease in mortality rate, there is a burden of survivors that develop sequelae, a problem for the healthcare systems worldwide and for the patient’s social integration. Magnesium sulfate is a useful tool to limit the development of such complications. The risk factors for preterm brain injury act antenatally, intrapartum and postpartum. Even though there are several trials that tried to assess it benefits, magnesium sulfate is on the D list of U.S. Food and Drug Administration for pregnancy and several Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology tried to implement national guidelines for its safe use. In conclusion it should be used with caution, within 24 hours before birth and under medical surveillance and to administer it only in pregnancies that are at high risk of premature childbirth. If there is a medical emergency involving the mother or the fetus, delivery should not be postponed in order to administer de magnesium sulfate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To assess the characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) as compared to patients with type 2 DM without DPN in an ambulatory setting, given the pandemic size of DM and its challenge for the healthcare systems worldwide in the 21st century. From the chronic complications of DM, DPN has a major impact on the patient’s life quality. DPN risk factors are both modifiable and unmodifiable and represent either other comorbidities per se, or predisposing factors for various comorbidities that alter the patient’s prognosis. Material and Methods. We conducted a retrospective observational study with 112 patients with type 2 DM treated in an out-patient department, in order to assess the characteristics and associated comorbidities of DPN. The group characteristics are a mean age of 60.28±9.76 years; 62.5% males; 77.67% from urban settlement; a prevalence of DPN of 52.67%. Outcomes. In the statistical analysis, DPN significantly associated with duration of DM, the need for insulin-therapy, risk factors such as smoking or obesity; with other complications of DM such as retinopathy, chronic kidney disease, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or peripheral artery disease; with comorbidities such as heart failure; and with the level of HDL-cholesterol and eGFR. Conclusions. A patient with DPN is more prone to also present other microvascular complications of type 2 DM, such as chronic kidney disease, retinopathy and, respectively with macrovascular complications of type 2 DM, and with other comorbidities such as heart failure and obesity. Its easily available diagnosis in an ambulatory setting by quantitative sensory testing should offer to DPN the status of a good marker for the presence of other chronic complications or comorbidities in type 2 DM, prompting the patient’s screening and an adequate medical management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The VP8* domain of spike protein VP4 in group A and C rotaviruses, which cause epidemic gastroenteritis in children, exhibits a conserved galectin-like fold for recognizing glycans during cell entry. In group B rotavirus, which causes significant diarrheal outbreaks in adults, the VP8* domain (VP8*B) surprisingly lacks sequence similarity with VP8* of group A or group C rotavirus. Here, by using the recently developed AlphaFold2 for ab initio structure prediction and validating the predicted model by determining a 1.3-Å crystal structure, we show that VP8*B exhibits a novel fold distinct from the galectin fold. This fold with a β-sheet clasping an α-helix represents a new fold for glycan recognition based on glycan array screening, which shows that VP8*B recognizes glycans containing N-acetyllactosamine moiety. Although uncommon, our study illustrates how evolution can incorporate structurally distinct folds with similar functionality in a homologous protein within the same virus genus. Group B rotaviruses have a unique fold in the glycan-binding domain specific for N- acetyllactosamine that potentially diverged from folds conserved in group A and C rotaviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meningitis and encephalitis are a group of neuroinfectious diseases that require both correct and early diagnosis and etiopathogenic treatment, because their potential for severe evolution, is often being associated with sequelae. In addition to the detailed anamnesis and clinical examination, it is important to know the specific neurological manifestations at the beginning in order to decide properly the indication to perform the lumbar puncture for identifying an etiopathogenic agent in order to administer a targeted treatment. We present the approach both in terms of diagnosis and treatment, in case of an elderly patient with a favourable evolution, towards healing, without associating neurological sequelae. At the same time, we present a synthesis of the novelties of diagnostic and treatment methods in infectious meningitis and encephalitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global fish populations face threats from climatic change and human exploitation, the value of Indigenous knowledge and technology for guiding restoration and conservation efforts is gaining increasing recognition. Indigenous fishers on the Northwest Coast of North America traditionally employed sophisticated harvesting practices developed through long-term relationships with marine ecosystems, which promoted sustained harvests. Here we examine traditional Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) hook technology which has been shown to reduce bycatch of nontarget species and is often described as highly size-selective. We investigate this technology using ethnographic information, analysis of fishing equipment curated in museums, and measurements of modern halibut. We identify regional variation and overlap in hook styles, expand previously established hook typologies, and observe the greatest number of hooks and the most stylistic diversity originating from Haida Gwaii, a location where available zooarchaeological data indicates high halibut abundance. We demonstrate that two measurements (hook lip-gap and barb-area size) disproportionately influence the maximum and minimum body size. Based on hook and modern fish measurements, we estimate the sample of hooks targeted fish between 53 and 145 cm in length, indicating a broad but flexible size-selectivity that has presentday relevance for fisheries conservation, including nonmortality slot-limit fishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a rare subtype of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma. Approximately 20 cases of primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the cervix have been reported. Pathologic examination shows that adenocarcinomas with mucin accumulation in intracytoplasmic vacuoles displacing the nucleus indicate signet-ring cell carcinoma. A thorough metastatic workup is needed both for staging and to rule out gastrointestinal tract origin. Due to the rarity of the disease, both the true incidence and optimal management are unknown. Herein, the authors present a case of stage 1B3 primary signet-ring cell cervical carcinoma treated with combined chemotherapy and radiation (including external beam radiation and brachytherapy), followed by resection for residual disease. This case is consistent with limited reports where all surviving patients received surgery as well as 1 surviving patient with bulky disease required with chemoradiation and adjuvant hysterectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy is a period characterized by numerous alterations of the body, to provide a proper environment for newborn development and growth and optimal conditions for the natural delivery. The changes that take place at the musculoskeletal system are subsequent to the increase in the ligament laxity secondary to hormonal changes, especially relaxin, and due to weight gain, which is predominantly distributed at the abdominal level, with the anteriorly movement of the center of gravity. The curvatures of the spinal column changes, with the accentuation of the lumbar lordosis and compensatory modifications at cervical and thoracic levels in order to facilitate the ambulation of the pregnant woman with a minimum risk of falls. The pelvic girdle adapts for natural delivery, with higher diameters due to an increased mobility in the sacroiliac and pubic articulations. Hydro saline retention may be accompanied by edema and secondary compression of the nervous structures, determining paresthesia and pain. It is important to know how these mechanisms work, because the common element is pain, which leads to invalidation and a decrement of the life quality, to provide with an adapted management, especially because the therapeutic resources are limited in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactation provides for the newborn the proper quantity and quality of food. There are no alimentary restrictions for the mother in the lactating period, but in case of complications such as obesity or gestational diabetes, nutrition counseling is necessary. The milk demand of the infant dictates the mother’s capacity of milk production and is influenced by age, growth rate and by any other medical conditions. Breastfeeding offers optimal nutritional intake, even when the mother’s food intake is limited, except for the case when the mother has a chronically deficient diet. Energy requirement depends on maternal age, weight, height and level of physical activity, alongside the necessary elements for milk synthesis. The micronutrients and macronutrients requirements depend on the maternal nutritional status, the mobilization of tissue deposits and on their rate in milk secretion, in order to provide a proper growth and development of the newborn. Weight gain or loss in lactation is similar as in nonpregnant women, but weight loss after pregnancy is influenced by factors such as weight before pregnancy, age, parity, race, smoking status, the amount of physical exercises and if the mother returns to work outside her home. Special situations such as multiple gestations, obesity or recent bariatric surgery require support and encouragement for a proper breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactation provides for the newborn the proper quantity and quality of food. There are no alimentary restrictions for the mother in the lactating period, but in case of complications such as obesity or gestational diabetes, nutrition counseling is necessary. The milk demand of the infant dictates the mother’s capacity of milk production and is influenced by age, growth rate and by any other medical conditions. Breastfeeding offers optimal nutritional intake, even when the mother’s food intake is limited, except for the case when the mother has a chronically deficient diet. Energy requirement depends on maternal age, weight, height and level of physical activity, alongside the necessary elements for milk synthesis. The micronutrients and macronutrients requirements depend on the maternal nutritional status, the mobilization of tissue deposits and on their rate in milk secretion, in order to provide a proper growth and development of the newborn. Weight gain or loss in lactation is similar as in nonpregnant women, but weight loss after pregnancy is influenced by factors such as weight before pregnancy, age, parity, race, smoking status, the amount of physical exercises and if the mother returns to work outside her home. Special situations such as multiple gestations, obesity or recent bariatric surgery require support and encouragement for a proper breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy is a period characterized by numerous alterations of the body, to provide a proper environment for newborn development and growth and optimal conditions for the natural delivery. The changes that take place at the musculoskeletal system are subsequent to the increase in the ligament laxity secondary to hormonal changes, especially relaxin, and due to weight gain, which is predominantly distributed at the abdominal level, with the anteriorly movement of the center of gravity. The curvatures of the spinal column changes, with the accentuation of the lumbar lordosis and compensatory modifications at cervical and thoracic levels in order to facilitate the ambulation of the pregnant woman with a minimum risk of falls. The pelvic girdle adapts for natural delivery, with higher diameters due to an increased mobility in the sacroiliac and pubic articulations. Hydro saline retention may be accompanied by edema and secondary compression of the nervous structures, determining paresthesia and pain. It is important to know how these mechanisms work, because the common element is pain, which leads to invalidation and a decrement of the life quality, to provide with an adapted management, especially because the therapeutic resources are limited in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal and maternal outcomes are related to maternal pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI) and to the weight gain during pregnancy. Women with overweight or obesity encounter almost a quarter of the complications that develop during pregnancy. The importance of excessive weight gain prophylaxis in pregnancy led to the development of certain guidelines. The Committee on Nutritional Status during Pregnancy and Lactation of the Institute of Medicine (IOM; now, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine) stated that, for a favourable outcome of a pregnancy, the weight of the infant should be between 3000 and 4000 grams. The management of the pregnancies should be dictated by the maternal BMI and should be particularized regarding the presence of gestational diabetes mellitus, in which active intervention, including treatment, is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have long argued that sexism is partly rooted in dominance motives over animals and nature, with women being perceived as more animal-like and more closely connected to nature than men. Yet systematic research investigating these associations is currently lacking. Five studies (N = 2,409) consistently show that stronger beliefs in human supremacy over animals and nature were related to heightened hostile and benevolent sexism. Furthermore, perceiving women as more closely connected to nature than men was particularly associated with higher benevolent sexism, whereas subtle dehumanization of women was uniquely associated with higher hostile sexism. Blatant dehumanization predicted both types of sexism. Studies 3 and 4 highlight the roles of social dominance orientation and benevolent beliefs about nature underpinning these associations, while Study 5 demonstrates the implications for individuals' acceptance of rape myths and policies restricting pregnant women's freedom. Taken together, our findings reveal the psychological connections between gender relations and human–animal relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most frequent eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, binge eating and bulimia nervosa. They are frequently aggravated during pregnancy or postpartum and because they impair the general health and psychosocial functioning of the patients, it is fundamental to be carefully managing these pathologies in a multidisciplinary team. The common association with menstrual irregularities, even with secondary amenorrhea, lead to unplanned pregnancy following the patients’ belief that they are infertile, and this represents a risk factor for both mother and fetus. Carefully attention should be paid in the patients’ assessment due to the concealment behaviors adopted in order to hide the maladaptive patterns or the eventual use of certain potential drugs that are thought to prevent weight gain or an excessive appetite and, moreover, in the postpartum period patient should be carefully investigated for an eventual anxiety or depression syndrome that may arise as a result of the postpartum body shape or weight gain from the pregnancy period [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. Because the COVID-19 pandemic is a topic of interest in the literature due to its information dynamics and, also, to its impact on the population health status; we wanted to highlight the connection between pandemic and lifestyle, with an emphasis on eating habits. Material and methods. A questionnaire with 20 items about sociodemographic data and information about eating habits was distributed. Results. Data collected reflected how COVID-19 pandemic influenced the employment status, level of income, smoker status, consumption of fruits, vegetable, candies, sweets, chocolate and fast-food of the respondents. The reported dietary changes were reflected both positively by more regular meals, a slight increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, lower consumption of fast food and higher cooked food, and negatively by a higher intake of sweets, candies and chocolate and as a result of an increasing in the habit of compulsive eating. Conclusion. The trait that easily weighed on all the activities of this period is the perceived level of stress and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prenatal ultrasound examination should take place between 18 and 20 week of gestation and is important for early detection of fetal anomalies such as the facial malformations. One important anatomic element is the palate that raises echographic technical difficulties such as the shadowing by facial bones and, especially, by the superior alveolar ridge, the fetal prone position and its localisation, respectively, profoundly, inside of fetal head or anatomic obstacles such as the fetal tongue, so new echographic examination techniques are being under evaluation. The prenatal detection rate of fetal cleft palate remains low, so various methods of examination are being proposed. The ultrasound assessment of the fetal face is made by 2D ultrasound, technique completed by 3D ultrasound, which includes the evaluation in both axial and coronal planes, with the uvula being analysed in two types of section, transversal and sagittal. In the latter to epiglottis is a landmark that confirms the identification of the uvula and a normal uvula has a typical and resembling echo graphic pattern to the equal sign. Even tough, prenatal diagnosis of soft palate cleft is a real challenge, with low detection rate due to difficulty of its visualization during routine examination, and even if suspected, diagnostic accuracy is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment decisions for persons with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) rely on clinical and radiological disease activity, the benefit-harm profile of drug therapy, and preferences of patients and physicians. However, there is limited evidence to support evidence-based personalized decision-making on how to adapt disease-modifying therapy treatments targeting no evidence of disease activity, while achieving better patient-relevant outcomes, fewer adverse events, and improved care. Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) is a sensitive measure of disease activity that captures and prognosticates disease worsening in RRMS. sNfL might therefore be instrumental for a patient-tailored treatment adaptation. We aim to assess whether 6-monthly sNfL monitoring in addition to usual care improves patient-relevant outcomes compared to usual care alone. Methods: Pragmatic multicenter, 1:1 randomized, platform trial embedded in the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Cohort (SMSC). All patients with RRMS in the SMSC for ≥ 1 year are eligible. We plan to include 915 patients with RRMS, randomly allocated to two groups with different care strategies, one of them new (group A) and one of them usual care (group B). In group A, 6-monthly monitoring of sNfL will together with information on relapses, disability, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inform personalized treatment decisions (e.g., escalation or de-escalation) supported by pre-specified algorithms. In group B, patients will receive usual care with their usual 6- or 12-monthly visits. Two primary outcomes will be used: (1) evidence of disease activity (EDA3: occurrence of relapses, disability worsening, or MRI activity) and (2) quality of life (MQoL-54) using 24-month follow-up. The new treatment strategy with sNfL will be considered superior to usual care if either more patients have no EDA3, or their health-related quality of life increases. Data collection will be embedded within the SMSC using established trial-level quality procedures. Discussion: MultiSCRIPT aims to be a platform where research and care are optimally combined to generate evidence to inform personalized decision-making in usual care. This approach aims to foster better personalized treatment and care strategies, at low cost and with rapid translation to clinical practice. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06095271. Registered on October 23, 2023 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article deals with the current state of knowledge on the topic of launching new products on the market and the success factors that constitute launch success. As things stand today, it can be stated that the existing research work already covers a broad range of topics and that there is an extended pool of relevant results, which, however, appear rather confusing for the most part due to the lack of comparability of methods and indicators and a large number of specific topics dealt with. It also reveals many gaps of science for future research. The method of this article uses integrative review approach with elements of semi-structured methods to analyse the content of studies concerning the research topic and is thus providing an up-to-date overview of the object of research, which reflects the state-of-the-art on questions relevant to practice and science. Therefore, databases like Google scholar and the university catalogues of the university in Dortmund and Cologne have been used, focussing only on sources that were also listed in Scopus and the Web of Science. The current change through megatrends like the digitalization is also taken into account. Literature on this topic is evaluated to determine the influence of current and future megatrends on the optimal design of product launches. The result is that on the one hand there is already a secure pool of success factors, best-practice methods, typologies and investigation of phenomena encompassing the product launch. On the other hand, the introduction of products to the market is a complex process whose orientation towards the maximum prospects of success must be individually aligned to the respective specifics of the market, product, business model and target group (internal and external), so that there can be no general recipe for success, which applies to every situation. The new opportunities provided by digitisation will also play a key role in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic non-transmittable disease and, alongside periodontal disease, another chronic disease, but with infectious and inflammatory etiology, that have increasing prevalence. The link between the two comorbidities is bidirectional, with common aspects such the inflammatory state, altered immune response and healing process. This link is alimented, also, by oxidative stress, an element that can initiate proinflammatory pathways in both pathologies. Moreover, periodontal disease favors the development of DM complications by a multifactorial mechanism centered on hyperglycemia, that leads to damage of the endothelial vascular cells, characteristic for microvascular complications, while the periodontal bacteria and their waste products, and inflammatory cytokines lead to an increase in systemic inflammation and damage of the vascular walls that aggravates the atherogenic process. The increase of novel cases of type 2 DM or gestational DM in patients with periodontitis has no sufficient data. Dental caries is favored by DM and not by periodontal disease. So, DM is a well-known risk factor for periodontal disease and, on the other hand, periodontitis influences the metabolic control and favors the development of DM complications, but with a link between these conditions that is not fully understood. Other comorbidities, such as missing teeth, depression, osteoporosis are, also, positively associated to higher risk of development for periodontal disease. Patients with DM should be regularly screened for periodontal disease and referred to therapy if necessary, while the patients with periodontal disease should be screened for the presence of DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a frequent complication and disability of diabetes mellitus that requires complex management. The importance of an early diagnosis is emphasized by the high risk of subsequent foot ulceration or amputation and an increase in the mortality rate. The aim of the study was to evaluate the utility of quantitative sensory testing in monitoring peripheral diabetic neuropathy and its correlation with micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: We included 136 patients admitted to N. C. Paulescu National Institute for Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases over six months, and analyzed their clinical and paraclinical data using Excel and PSPP software. Each patient had quantitative sensory testing performed. Results: The group consisted of 61.03% males and 38.97% females, with a mean age of 55.97±15.2 years. Of them, 22.79% presented type 1 diabetes mellitus, 30.88% had type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 46.32% had insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus, with a mean glycated hemoglobin of 9.64%±2.49% and a mean duration of diabetes mellitus of 11.94 years. Diabetes complications were diabetic peripheral neuropathy (68.38%), diabetic retinopathy (27.94%), chronic kidney disease (25.74%), atherosclerotic disease (38.24%). Diabetic peripheral neuropathy diagnosis positively correlated with age (p=0.031), body mass index (p<0.0001), albumin to creatinine ratio (p=0.049), presence of chronic kidney disease (p=0.01) and diabetic retinopathy (p=0.001), and diabetes duration (p<0.001). Conclusions: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy accounts for considerable morbidity and mortality and reduced quality of life. Clinical recognition is required for allowing early symptomatic management in order to reduce the morbidity associated with this condition. Quantitative sensory testing is used for screening and diagnosing diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Given the significant association with other microvascular complications, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy's diagnosis should immediately lead to screening for other complications of diabetes and certain risk factors and consequent measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Aloe fleurentiniorum extract and antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs were investigated. Examinations using ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the efficacy of AgNP biosynthesis using A. fleurentiniorum extract. Purely prepared AgNPs were spherical and moderately sized. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was evaluated through the agar well diffusion assay using Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. The biosynthesized AgNPs consistently displayed strong antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The polysaccharide capsule is a major virulence factor of S. pneumoniae in diseases such as meningitis. While some capsular serotypes are more often found in invasive disease, high case fatality rates are associated with those serotypes more commonly found in asymptomatic colonization. We tested whether growth patterns and capsule size in human cerebrospinal fluid depends on serotype using a clinical isolate of S. pneumoniae and its capsule switch mutants. Results: We found that the growth pattern differed markedly from that in culture medium by lacking the exponential and lysis phases. Growth in human cerebrospinal fluid was reduced when strains lost their capsules. When a capsule was present, growth was serotype-specific: high carriage serotypes (6B, 9 V, 19F and 23F) grew better than low carriage serotypes (7F, 14, 15B/C and 18C). Growth correlated with the case-fatality rates of serotypes reported in the literature. Capsule size in human cerebrospinal fluid also depended on serotype. Conclusions: We propose that serotype-specific differences in disease severity observed in meningitis patients may, at least in part, be explained by differences in growth and capsule size in human cerebrospinal fluid. This information could be useful to guide future vaccine design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grip force has been studied widely in a variety of interaction and movement tasks, however, not much is known about the timing of the grip force control in preparation for interaction with objects. For example, it is unknown whether and how the temporal preparation for a collision is related to (the prediction of) the impact load. To study this question, we examined the anticipative timing of the grip force in preparation for impact loads. We designed a collision task with different types of load forces in a controlled virtual environment. Participants interacted with a robotic device (KINARM, BKIN Technologies, Kingston) whose handles were equipped with force sensors which the participants held in precision grip. Representations of the hand and objects were visually projected on a virtual reality display and forces were applied onto the participant's hand to simulate a collision with the virtual objects. The collisions were alternating between the two hands to allow transfer and learning between the hands. The results show that there is immediate transfer of object information between the two hands, since the grip force levels are (almost) fully adjusted after one collision with the opposite hand. The results also show that the grip force levels are nicely adjusted based on the mass and stiffness of the object. Surprisingly, the temporal onset of the grip force build up did not depend on the impact load, so that participants avoid slippage by adjusting the other grip force characteristics (e.g., grip force level and rate of change), therefore considering these self-imposed timing constraints. With the use of catch trials, for which no impact occurred, we further analyzed the temporal profile of the grip force. The catch trial data showed that the timing of the grip force peak is also independent of the impact load and its timing, which suggests a time-locked planning of the complete grip force profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research examined whether personality and individual differences have practical implications for effective animal advocacy (i.e., how effective an animal advocacy message is) by exploring whether individual differences in gender identity, social dominance orientation, and speciesism moderate the effects of advocacy. An online study was conducted employing an experimental design (advocacy vs. control condition). Four hundred and ninety-five participants (120 men, 375 women) watched either an advocacy video showing chickens suffering on a free-range egg farm or a control video (a lifestyle video showing the preparation of plant-based meals). Data were analyzed using MANOVA, ANOVAs, correlations, and moderated regression analyses. Results indicated that participants in the advocacy condition showed more positive attitudes toward chickens and less positive attitudes toward free-range eggs and stronger intentions to reduce egg consumption, compared with participants in the control condition. Importantly, whereas social dominance orientation had no moderating effects, gender identity moderated the effect of advocacy on attitudes toward chickens: Women, but not men, showed more positive attitudes in the advocacy condition compared with the control condition. Furthermore, speciesism moderated the effects of advocacy on attitudes toward free-range eggs and on intentions to reduce egg consumption: Participants low in speciesism expressed less positive attitudes toward free-range eggs and stronger intentions to reduce egg consumption in the advocacy compared with the control condition. These effects were weaker (attitudes) or nonsignificant (intentions) in participants high in speciesism. The findings suggest that some types of animal advocacy may work only for some people, but not others. The present research contributes to the understanding of the role that personality and individual differences play in human–animal relations and has relevance for practical efforts of animal advocacy to improve these relations, increase animal welfare, and reduce the use of animal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are more prone to experiencing severe cardiovascular (CV) events, often occurring at a younger age, due to a complex interplay of risk factors. T2DM diagnosis inherently classifies patients as belonging to a higher CV risk group. In light of the increased susceptibility to severe CV outcomes, our study aims to assess the distribution of CV risk categories and the attainment of therapeutic targets among Romanian patients diagnosed with T2DM. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed, including 885 patients diagnosed with T2DM who were consecutively admitted to a secondary care hospital unit between January and July 2019. Data collection included demographics, lipid profile, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and medication specifics for T2DM and associated conditions. Patients were stratified into CV risk categories based on the ESC/EAS guidelines, encompassing moderate, high, and very high risk categories. The rationale for selecting these guidelines for CV risk categories was that they were current and provided best practice recommendations for T2DM patients during the cross-sectional evaluation. We assessed therapeutic target achievement rates for LDL-C, HbA1C, and BP for each CV risk category. Additionally, we examined utilization rates of statins and novel cardio- and reno-protective, non-insulin antidiabetic medications. Results: The group's average age was 62.9 ± 7.7 years and comprised 53.7% females. An average HbA1c level of 7.1 ± 1.3% was observed in the group. Within the cohort, 83% had hypertension, with a mean systolic BP of 132 ± 16.2 mm Hg and mean diastolic BP of 80 ± 9.6 mm Hg. Additionally, 64.6% of patients were obese, with a mean body mass index of 32.3 ± 5.3 kg/m2. Mean LDL-C levels varied across the different CV risk categories: 106.6 ± 35.6 mg/dL in the very high risk category, 113 ± 39.3 mg/dL in the high risk category, and 124.3 ± 38.3 mg/dL in the moderate risk category. Most treatment schemes included metformin (87.0%) and statins (67.0%), with variable use rates for other glucose-lowering and CV risk-modifying therapies. The percentage of patients using GLP-1 RAs was 8.1%, while 3.9% used SGLT2 inhibitors. Conclusions: Most Romanian patients with T2DM are at very high or high CV risk. Despite reaching glycemic control targets, most patients are not achieving the composite target, which includes, besides glycemic control, BP values and lipid profile. Many patients with T2DM are not benefiting from DM therapies with additional cardiorenal benefits or statins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the CNS, which predominantly affects women. Studies investigating the sex distribution in MS are sparse. We aim to analyze the female‐to‐male ratio (F/M ratio) in different MS phenotypes in association with age at diagnosis and year of birth. Methods: We performed a retrospective cross‐sectional analysis by cumulating data (sex, year of birth, age at diagnosis, and MS phenotypes) from unpublished and published studies of the participating centers. Results: Datasets of 945 patients were collected. The overall F/M ratio was 1.9:1.0 and female preponderance was present in all phenotypes except for primary progressive MS (PPMS), in which men were predominantly affected (F/M ratio: 0.5:1.0). Female preponderance declined with increasing age at diagnosis and was no longer present in relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS) patients > 58 years of age. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate an age dependency of female preponderance in MS except for PPMS. This could be influenced by the lifecycle of sex hormone secretion in women. In PPMS, a male preponderance was observed in all age‐groups, which might point to pathophysiological mechanisms being less influenced by sex hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]