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This article aims to understand the origins and forms of legitimization of spaces "for the public and common use of the people", through a case study of the city of Salvador da Bahia and its region, between the 16th and 18th centuries. The research is based on documentation relating to municipal lands, donated by the king of Portugal to constitute the city's baldios (municipal common lands), and on official correspondence dealing with conflicts over the use of mangroves, located on beaches and riverbanks that were not included in the municipal patrimony. The notion of "commons" (or "common goods") is mobilized in its multiple dimensions: social, politico-economic and legal. We also tried to analyze the use in historical documentation of terms related to property rights with great conceptual density such as "domain" and "possession", and whose meanings change throughout the long period covered by the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how governance and infrastructure moderate the effect of natural resource rents on economic growth using a sample of 110 countries from 2000 to 2018. The empirical evidence is based on panel smooth transition regressions (PSTR). The nexus between economic growth and natural resources is not linear and the underlying non‐linearity is contingent on existing infrastructural and governance levels. Evidence of a "natural resource curse" is apparent in countries with extremely low levels of governance and infrastructural development. The favorable effect of natural resources on economic growth requires a governance threshold of −1.210 and an infrastructure threshold of 2.583, indicating that countries with governance and infrastructure levels higher than these values tend to benefit much more from the wealth of natural resources. Countries identified below the established thresholds are mainly from Africa. Policy implications are discussed with specific emphasis on African countries. Related Articles: Ali, Hamid E., and Shahjahan Bhuiyan. 2022. "Governance, Natural Resources Rent, and Infrastructure Development: Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa." Politics & Policy 50(2): 408–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12451. Asiegbu, Martin F., Okey Marcellus Ikeanyibe, Pius Otu Abang, Okwudili Chukwuma Nwosu, and Chuka Eugene Ugwu. 2024. "Natural Resource Fund Governance and the Institutionalization of Rent Seeking in Nigeria's Oil Sector." Politics & Policy 52(1): 169–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12579. Ikeanyibe, Okechukwu M. 2018. "Bureaucratic Politics and the Implementation of Liberalization Reforms in Nigeria: A Study of the Unbundling and Reorganization of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation." Politics & Policy 46(2): 263–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12249. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid governance constitutes a fusion of legal and illegal activities, where informal norms prevail over formal ones. This study focuses on the northeastern region of Mexico, presenting a paradigmatic case of hybrid governance characterized by the influence of organized crime on institutions. In this gas basin, long-term economic and historical processes converge, fostering an alliance between organized crime, the state, and economic powers, resulting in adverse effects on citizen security. Emphasizing that adopting this perspective enables the identification of external processes impacting regional configuration, it underscores the importance of empowering local actors to legitimize peaceful forms of coexistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human beings exploit natural resources to fulfill their basic needs. Consequently, environmental conservation requires the implementation of a comprehensive system of social, socioeconomic, and technical-productive measures. These measures should be directed towards the judicious utilization of natural resources, preservation of natural ecosystems, and protection of the environment from pollution and degradation. This study aims to scrutinize the factors contributing to the irresponsible utilization of natural resources using neutrosophic statistics. The findings suggest the necessity of proposing environmental legislation reforms to regulate and prevent the overexploitation of natural resources. Additionally, promoting environmental education among the population is crucial to instill responsible ecological behavior in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The municipality of Botuverá (Middle Valley of the Itaja-mirim River) has a morphology marked by hills with steep slopes and narrow valley bottoms, originally covered by an exuberant Atlantic Forest, which was modified by the anthropization that began at the end of the 19th century. The objective of the research was to analyze the uses of natural resources in the territory of Botuverá from 1876 until the end of the 20th century. Four periods were identified with the predominance of subsistence and commercial interest in extractive activities; land use for crops; and mineral exploration of gold, limestone, and lime production. Some activities have advanced from artisanal work to industry in a cycle that lasts just over 100 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human beings exploit natural resources to fulfill their basic needs. Consequently, environmental conservation requires the implementation of a comprehensive system of social, socioeconomic, and technical-productive measures. These measures should be directed towards the judicious utilization of natural resources, preservation of natural ecosystems, and protection of the environment from pollution and degradation. This study aims to scrutinize the factors contributing to the irresponsible utilization of natural resources using neutrosophic statistics. The findings suggest the necessity of proposing environmental legislation reforms to regulate and prevent the overexploitation of natural resources. Additionally, promoting environmental education among the population is crucial to instill responsible ecological behavior in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, nexuses between governance and trade performance in terms of natural resource rents are assessed in 44 Sub‐Saharan African countries. The empirical evidence is based on Tobit regressions. The findings show that political governance (entailing "voice and accountability" and political stability) and institutional governance (consisting of the rule of law and corruption control) have a negative effect on trade performance. The findings are consistent with the perspective that resource rents are linked to inefficiencies in governance which are further detrimental to trade performance within the remit of natural resource rents on the one hand and, on the other, the premise of the prevailing weak institutions in the region less likely to boost trade performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El Zapotal is a Natural-Protected Area (NPA) that preserves the last patches of the sub-evergreen forest of the central valleys of Chiapas, México; there are species of native flora and fauna. The objective was to identify the perception, Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), and the uses that the inhabitants of the area surrounding this NPA make of the local/native flora and fauna. The research uses two tools of the ethnographic method: participant observation and semi-structured interview; 17 key actors participated using the snowball technique. The interviewees have a positive perception of the NPA; they demonstrated that they know different species of flora and fauna (distribution, feeding, behavior), although this knowledge is not deep due to the control and isolation of the NPA. Finally, they use some species of flora and fauna for food, medicine, or firewood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship and contribution of research conducted within the Graduate Program in Sustainable Development at the University of Costa Rica to sustainable development. It analyzes 46 theses developed between 2007 and 2023. Through a comprehensive documentary analysis, the study delved into aspects including authorship, gender, nationality, emphases, and the locations and objects of study for each research. This analysis facilitated the identification of three main categories: 1) local communities, 2) organizations, and 3) protected areas. Lastly, the research focus underwent analysis in areas encompassing poverty, hunger, health, education, decent work, responsible production and consumption, alliances, and preservation of terrestrial ecosystems. This analysis facilitated the establishment of direct connections with the Sustainable Development Goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is paramount to address the importance of sustained conservation of natural resources in the environment as a fundamental approach to preserve biodiversity, maintain climate stability and ensure the well-being of future generations. It is important to explore strategies to achieve responsible and equitable management of natural resources, as well as the key role of environmental education and collaboration between different social actors. The promotion of effective policies, innovation and the participation of civil society and business are fundamental to achieving this objective. In a world increasingly concerned about environmental challenges, it is critical to address how we can preserve our natural resources for future generations, explore the importance of sustained conservation, its benefits and strategies to achieve this crucial goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the frontiers of the Brazilian Amazon and the Venezuelan Amazon, the growing increase in human populations has constituted a substantial part of the ecosystems in which they live. The scale and intensity of human occupation has caused a series of significant and differentiated environmental impacts not only on a local level, but also on a national and global level. The current impacts caused by human actions on ecosystems on the frontiers are varied: indiscriminate deforestation, illegal logging, in addition to unlawful mining activities. Within this context, the main aim of this article is to discuss the process of primitive accumulation and the development of capital under the logic of expansion and appropriation of natural resources on the frontiers of the Brazilian and Venezuelan Amazon. In order to achieve this, the article will use a deductive-inductive approach combined with exploratory qualitative research. The main conclusion is that the fragmentation of the Amazon forest, into a landscape made up of small sections, has contributed to a reduction in the biodiversity through a wide variety of mechanisms, including the practice of deforestation, logging and mining, many of which are carried out illegally, criminally and most often in frontier areas. This has come about because the structure of these societies in frontier territories tends to be "dominated" and "influenced" within the terms that the ideology of capital imposes, including resorting to methods of primitive accumulation. Therefore, the frontier must be understood in its most comprehensive form as a social relation of production, or rather, as an essentially capitalist social relation of production [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 1 million Rohingya have fled Myanmar to live in Bangladesh, mostly in Cox's Bazar district. The government of Bangladesh has been praised worldwide for sheltering them, but this enormous influx has strained its limited resources. As the host communities struggle with the Rohingya for control over, and access to, the scarce natural resources on which they depend for their livelihood – land, water, agriculture and forests – tension and conflict arises. The host community members perceive that the government and aid agencies prioritise the Rohingya over them in allocating resources, exacerbating their resentment. Both the locals and the Rohingya are marginalised, and therefore there is a need to focus on refugee–host community resource-based conflicts and related issues before designing any policy catering to the refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are difficulties for the efficient management of the ocean and the sustainable use of ocean resources, especially fishery resources. This leads to loss of biological diversity and destruction of ecosystems. In the last decade, digital technology has developed tools to improve the use of natural resources and environmental management. This research seeks to demonstrate the need to regulate digital tools in international and national regulatory frameworks to improve the management of fishery resources. To this end, I will review successful experiences in the implementation and use of technologies, as well as literature on the subject. To demonstrate that digital tools are instruments that can improve this management, being necessary their regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the 2008 Constitution, Ecuador became a pioneer in the constitutional recognition of nature as a legal subject, while simultaneously promoting large-scale mining and placing it at the center of its economic future. Against this backdrop, the article focuses on the analysis of potential dogmatic contradictions within the Ecuadorian legal framework, between the rights of nature and mining entitlements associated with large-scale mining operations. In this context, it provides a synthesis of the trajectory and development of the rights of nature in Ecuador, alongside an historical overview of large-scale mining in the country and a brief summary of the environmental impacts documented in academic literature. Based on this, a series of doctrinal tension points were identified, as per the provisions of the Ecuadorian Constitution. To develop this article, the theoretical-doctrinal method was employed, encompassing two levels: hermeneutic and theoretical-doctrinal. The argument presented posits that the Ecuadorian legal regime has not been adequately constructed or updated to integrate the principles of the constitutional recognition of the rights of nature, nor to address the potential violations of these rights resulting from large-scale mining activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of the energy has changed the humanity over the last centuries. The first types of energy used by humanity were renewable energies: biomass, wind, and water. But, for the last two centuries, fossil fuels have been the protagonists of world energy consumption. However, recently there has been an awareness of the great energy dependence on a finite resource, geographically concentrated in a few countries, which in addition to degrading the environment, is subject to large fluctuations in price. From renewable energies, hydroelectricity is currently the most important source in the Latin American electricity matrix. Current projections suggest that the installed hydroelectric capacity will continue to grow to meet future electricity demand. New turbine designs, such as gravitational water vortex hydraulic turbines, have drawn the attention of many researchers due to their easy installation and maintenance, and their low environmental impact. This work presents the hydropower potential and prospects for the implementation of this type of turbine in the Colombian context, and as well as a general description of the current panorama of the Colombian energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to determine the weaknesses and potential of green businesses in La Mojana and San Jorge subregions in the department of Sucre. Businesses in the category of sustainable goods and services from natural resources and subsectors of the Biotrade sector were considered since they were the most representative in the area—the instrument verification sheet version 1.2 F001-2014 established by the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development - MADS was used to evaluate them. The fulfillment of sustainability criteria in the evaluated subsectors and between the level of business development in the study municipalities was analyzed using the Chi-square test. As a result, weaknesses in the economic component criteria and strengths in the environmental criteria for most of the businesses were evidenced, as well as significant differences between the municipalities and subsectors. However, restructuring businesses towards sustainability is a path that requires cultural, technological, and management strengthening. This is a change that should gradually happen and must be supported by government authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges to environmental sustainability in a scenario of Climate change and Extreme Events require an ecological, socio-economic and cultural agenda that takes into account, among other elements, the endowment of natural resources, their exploitation and the carrying capacity of the Biomes. In this situation, the Biomes of the Northeast Region of Brazil are multiple and diverse, covering practically all the types of intertropical Landscape Macro Domains found in this country. In addition to presenting the largest picture of Brazilian cultural diversity. Although the spatial primacy of semi-arid landscapes is observed in the Northeast, it is important to assess the landscape's potential, in terms of the potential and limitations of the use of natural resources in the face of Climate Change and Desertification. This will make it possible to deal with evolutionary and desirable scenarios for optimizing bio-inputs. This is what this text is about, proposing an agenda for the sustainability of the biomes in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present the situation of the main natural resources of the state and their sustainable development potential. Natural resources are highly demanded by economic activities with increasing relevance in the state. This poses the question of what is the threshold for sustainable development under unfavorable environmental circumstances. This text instigates the debate and provides material for long term public policies. It assumes that conditions surpassing the state boundaries will require mitigating procedures. The compared analysis between Paraná and other major regional economies of Brazil is carried out through a descriptive research, with documental support and quantitative approach. In conclusion, the state potentiality is intertwined with better practices in the primary sector production, with greater efficiency and higher productivity. Associated to clean energy output, this process contributes, therefore, to reduce deleterious influences to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the approach of educational policies in Chile, which promote a curricular approach towards the nature of exploiting resources, functional in a country that bases its economy on the export of raw materials. Through a review of different bibliographic sources, the installation of this functionalist approach, which we call pedagogy of extractivism, is analyzed as part of a globalized economic system of neoliberal market that originated from the expansion of industrialism, installed as the only way of development for countries, which has generated social conflicts and pollution levels that have precipitated climate change. Education is a tributary of these hegemonies because the school has historically been linked to the productive apparatus of modernity after the Industrial Revolution, first with the factory and then with the company, laying the foundations for an «industrial society». After exploring the relationship between school knowledge and indigenous knowledge, it concludes by proposing the articulation between the knowledge of the mapuche people and schoolchildren, as a way for a pluralistic education that generates social change, towards another relationship with nature and other forms of development, aimed at environmental conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new model is developed by referring to the literature on Dutch disease and rent-seeking for explaining how a natural resource boom in the energy sector decreases national income and induces a resource movement effect under a rent-seeking monopoly. In such a model, it is shown that the resource movement effect certainly occurs during the boom where labor inputs will move to the energy sector from the services sector. Moreover, the boom facilitates rent-seeking and decreases national income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-timber forest products (NTFP), such as wild berries, are of great importance for rural communities and vulnerable social groups due to the economic income they might generate and their role in these people's nutrition. To optimize forest plants productivity is necessary to study their ecological needs, such as light availability. Calafate (Berberis microphylla) fruits are NTFP of interest. However, there is little information about the relation between their productivity and light availability. In this study, the potential of a native mixed shrubland as supplier of calafate fruits and its relation with light availability was analyzed. To achieve this, the presence and number of fruits in calafate plants naturally established in a native shrubland in El Foyel, Río Negro, and exposed to different light intensities were evaluated. An estimation of the productivity of the shrubland sampled was also made for different levels of light availability. Generalized linear models were used to analyze the data. It was found that greater canopy openness corresponded to a higher probability of fruiting and to a greater number of fruits per plant. In addition, a positive relationship was found between plant height and number of fruits. It was estimated that the highest fruit production would be found in a 100% canopy openness scenario, in which case, ~54.87 kg/ha would be obtained. It was concluded that light availability is an essential factor for calafate fruiting. Moreover, considering that the average canopy openness of the sampled shrubland was 22.2%, it is considered that an appropriate environmental management is necessary to optimize the use of this species in a sustainable and economically convenient way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pajareros are people who know, use and handle songbirds. Their profession, a tradition in Mexico and part of the living biocultural heritage of the country, is currently threatened by various social factors, such as a distorted perception and criminalization. This research aims to document for the first time in an academic article their experiences concerning this problem. The methodology used was ethnographic immersion, participant observation, and 60 interviews with aviaries in Mexico. Pajareros coincided in naming five types of problems, and most of the solutions proposed were based on the request to be heard. To solve this problem and for their voice to be part of a plural valuation of the profession, transdiscipline is proposed as a democratic environmental practice that places them as protagonists in the decision-making process for permit issuance, and promotes teaching/learning processes among all those involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this sentence from the Superior Court of Justice of the Valencian Community, the legality of Decree 39/2019, which declares the Romeu enclave in Sagunto as a municipal natural site, is questioned. A mining company files an appeal arguing the lack of a report on territorial delimitation and serious non-compliance with technical documentation. The Generalitat opposes the claims and argues compliance with legality and the prevalence of natural values over economic activity. The Court partially accepts the appeal, annulling the decree and considering the lack of economic justification and omission of essential technical documents. The sentence was issued on March 31, 2022. [Extracted from the article]

In research on tourism and protected natural areas, two tendencies are evident: one shows tourism as an element that contributes to local welfare and socio-economic development, while the other links tourism in these areas to excessively restrictive regulations that hinder tourist activity and thus rural development. This work contributes to these investigations and sets out the objective of determining the relationship between protected natural areas, nature tourism and its impact as a backbone for rural development. To this end, the protected areas of the region of Andalusia (Spain) are analysed, applying statistical techniques of Multivariate Analysis for the study. Tourism, employment and socio-economic dynamism, tourism efficiency, the quality of natural resources, territorial promotion and investment activities and tourism resources are identified as factors that characterise the regional protected natural areas. These factors have a positive impact on 75% of the territory, which shows that these areas are real assets for rural and local development in the region. Tourism as an activity benefits from the resources and values of these areas, contributing to the territorial development of rural areas in need of revitalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to identify the elements of the biocultural heritage of the Ch'ol people of Tacotalpa, Tabasco. Structured interviews, participant observation, and open dialogues were carried out. The most valued natural resources are landscapes, water, cornfields, plants, and animals. Problems of availability of these resources due to natural phenomena, lack management skills, and COVID-19 were mentioned. The most important cultural aspects are their values, traditions and customs, and their indigenous language. The most popular socio-cultural practices are mayordomía [a type of cultural stewardship], healing rituals, petitioning for rain, and blessing of seeds. The Ch'oles of Tacotalpa conserve the elements of their biocultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, the project proposed the production of a video-documentary with testimonials of the residents of the Beira Rio Camp, in the city of Fronteira, in the state of Minas Gerais, which would bring an approach to their relations with natural resources and with the land, where the camp is. The learnings in school, the knowledge in everyday experiences, family experience, deterritorializations, among many other factors related to life in the field. It was also specifically aimed at verifying the changes that have occurred in the camp since the arrival of family farming, and the role of this model in the transformations of the site. And, finally, to have an overview of the natural resources used in production, to understand the expectations of residents on the more sustainable use of these resources. The testimonies were recorded, from a guide of questions, to facilitate the post-production process. The recordings made allowed to build a documentary with 34 minutes, which is being shown in schools in the region. Bringing the stories of the campers, and love they show for the land, to other audiences is an effective way to combat prejudice and misinformation on the members of the struggle for land movements. It is believed that the documentary "A love for the land" has fulfilled this function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper is a mineral that is often considered ablessing and a fundamental pillar in the Chilean economy, since the country bases much of its growth on the exploitation of this mineral. This research raises the possibility that Chile; sdependence on copper is more of a curse than a blessing, since it makes the country prone to the negative effects of the Dutch Disease. The results suggest that the phenomenon is feasible within the national economic framework, finding statistically significant responses for certain periods within the model, observing an appreciation of the currency in the first quarter, and a negative reaction of the manufacturing sector for the sixth period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Foral Law 4/2022 on Climate Change and Energy Transition has been published in the Foral Community of Navarra. This law aims to combat climate change and promote a sustainable energy model. Citizen participation is encouraged, planning and evaluation instruments are established, and renewable energies and energy efficiency are promoted. In addition, energy cooperatives are promoted and measures are established for the installation of photovoltaic systems, the prohibition of fossil fuels in agricultural and livestock farms, and the generation of renewable energy in residential blocks. Local participation in renewable energy projects is also promoted, and measures are established for adaptation to climate change. The law includes additional provisions related to energy transition, ecological taxation, and the training of energy managers. [Extracted from the article]

Legislative Decree 1/2023, of February 28, approves the consolidated text of the Law on Territorial Planning and Urban Activity in Castilla-La Mancha. This law aims to regulate territorial planning and land use for urban development in the region. It highlights aspects related to harmonizing economic and social development with environmental preservation, rational exploitation of natural resources, positive linkage of land use with the appropriate environment, and compatibility of municipal regulations with the protection of the urban environment and architectural heritage. The law also establishes infractions and sanctions regarding management, subdivision, construction, and the environment. [Extracted from the article]

By the time oil was discovered off the Ghanaian coast in 2007, the capacity of elections to encourage alternation between government by the two main political parties was already clear. This paper aims to investigate the terms in which the debates have developed around the relationship between natural resources and democracy in Ghana. Three main issues have been addressed: the capacity of democratic institutions to condition and shape the social and political effects of the oil industry in the country; the potentially perverse effects of oil extraction on democratic institutions; and the role of international actors and the international arena in forming the political economy of oil in Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction--The excessive use of natural resources and their demand for the growing population have given importance to sustainability as the main strategy to mitigate the shortage and avoid the depletion of natural resources, contributing to reduce the damage caused to the environment and so adjacent social and economic problems. For this reason, the way how it is produced and consumed need to be changed. Objective--The purpose of this study is to identify trends, analyze patterns and establish fields of action in the review of the information that has been generated to date from global research on Sustainable Production (SP) with a focus on processes related to the industry and agriculture, all this with the intention of identifying relevant factors such as trends, most notable authors, countries with the greatest contributions, among other aspects.. Methodology--For this, an analysis process was applied based on the models of technological surveillance and scientometrics, which allowed to describe the characteristics and identify the patterns and trends of the research field. Results--The documents published for the industrial sector are 2 003 and for the agricultural sector are 2 149 until the 3rd of December 2020, it found that the United States is the largest producer of scientific research in both areas, and the thematic area with the highest production in the industry is Engineering and in the agriculture are the agricultural and biological sciences. Conclusions--Agriculture presented greater scientific production, this is due to the concern of being able to satisfy the food demand of the growing population, reduce the contaminating agents generated in the production process to conserve biodiversity, ensure the parameters of food security and sustainability while it generate socio-economic benefits for farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water and soil pollutants are a controversial issue due to the problems they cause to modern agriculture. Population growth has caused the expansion of cultivated areas, overexploitation of natural resources, as well as problems of availability and degradation of resources. This situation is aggravated due to the inappropriate management of industrial waste, pesticides, and fertilizers which contaminate with organic and inorganic elements by persisting in the environment and dispersing through bioaccumulation processes in animal and plant species, contributing to the imbalance of the ecosystems. This review article presents an overview of the main pollution factors that contaminate natural resources and specifically, the situation facing agriculture in Mexico and other countries due to the transport of chemical compounds to crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of natural resources in Colombia is based on national interests that determine their State institutional integration in favor of their preservation in the face of possible threats. This article analyzes water explicitly, understood as a human right and a strategic resource for the State, to understand the State’s hydrostrategy and its articulation with national defense and security. To this end, the State’s national interests are addressed. The specific interest of the integral management of water resources is analyzed, and the implications of water as a strategic natural resource in the social rule of law. It is concluded that the hydrostrategy provides a protection approach to the new threats to this resource, in articulation with the military strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth, which has made possible an increase in levels of well-being, has had as an immediate consequence environmental degradation through net consumption of nature and pollution. Thus, the current development pattern is eroding the very bases that sustain it. The purpose of this document is to present the contributions made by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (eclac) over the last decade to the discussion on the relationship between development and environment, the most recent innovation of which has been the introduction of the three gaps model. Based on this model, only one path will allow full compliance with the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement. Moving towards this scenario requires an induced recomposition of the sectoral structure made possible through public policies favorable to the sectors driving the transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peru has a diversity of climates that stand out for their natural potentialities; these characteristics were studied by the amauta and geographer Pulgar Vidal and the scientist Brack Egg. However, climate change can have a worrying impact on tourism, since it affects natural resources that are attractive for tourism activities. The biggest problem is that the conservation of natural assets in the localities is not valued, which, together with poor territorial ordering and the effects of climate change, reduce resources to the point of almost extinction, ignorance that accelerates this process. Therefore, it is important to create value and knowledge about the conservation, use and enjoyment of natural resources for tourism, promoting responsibility in planning, organization and management by the community, tour operators, as well as the tourists themselves, in order to explore and value natural resources in the practice of tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El mal de la taiga (2012) de Cristina Rivera Garza tiene como escenario a una lejana e inmensa región de bosques de coníferas que alberga a seres perturbados por un mal cuyo origen fluctúa entre lo mental y lo espiritual. En la vastedad de la taiga, una detective, acompañada por un traductor, va en busca de una mujer cuyo marido se resiste a aceptar un segundo fracaso matrimonial. Es durante esta búsqueda que la detective descubre situaciones que englobadas conforman un gran mal: El mal de la taiga. Sin embargo, Rivera Garza traslada a la taiga un tema socioambiental que atañe a Latinoamérica. La trata de personas vinculada a la explotación de recursos naturales emerge de manera sutil en la en la novela. A través de la presencia de leñadores en los prostíbulos, Rivera Garza sugiere una interrelación entre la trata de personas y los depredadores de los bosques. Durante su búsqueda, la misión de la detective adquiere rasgos periodísticos, ya que de forma involuntaria atestigua hechos que pertenecen al ámbito público de la taiga. Este artículo analiza los nexos entre la explotación de recursos naturales y la explotación de personas en El mal de la taiga y hace un paralelo con la realidad latinoamericana en el ámbito de las actividades extractivas-legales e ilegales-y agro-productivas, en torno a las cuales se producen atropellos en contra del medio ambiente-depredación-y tropelías en contra de personas: intimidación, trabajo forzado, explotación sexual de menores y adultos, secuestros y asesinatos. El análisis pone énfasis en la prostitución de adultos y la explotación sexual de menores, y basado en artículos, informes, reportajes y testimonios concluye que El mal de la taiga es una versión novelada de un mal que, en realidad, aqueja a Latinoamérica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International agreements on the Law of the Sea and responsibilities for living aquatic resources management are fairly recent (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982). Nowadays, evidence shows that developing countries have become suppliers of fish and shellfish for developed countries, impacting them socioeconomically. This research aims to recognize the agreements and standard-setting instruments currently in force (national and international) that link fishing and aquaculture with sustainable development, to conduct a socio-economic approach to study the aforementioned activities in Mexico and to synthesize the challenges of those sectors. Founded on the pillars of sustainability, the basis of the blue economy, there is harmony between the regulatory scales, although the lack of management capacity, the dysfunctions due to the absence of legal order and its environmental impact determine sustainable development. This situation demands more attention, if possible, with the 'Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030)', proposed for January 1, 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cuban Ministry of Higher Education currently carries out its functions in eight buildings. This dispersion has brought problems in its integral functioning. A study of the buildings was developed with the purpose of housing in a new building all the functions that are now dispersed. The design is based on two key words: science and society, and took into account the resources to be used, water and energy consumption, and comfort, with the aim of reducing the negative impact on the ecosystem, meeting the Goals of Sustainable Development (ODS). The solutions incorporate some elements of the inmotics for a better functioning of the building. The project also envisions the reorganization of the existing building and a new general distribution in the three buildings that will house the functions of the Ministry of Higher Education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation Units have suffered from anthropic actions, which result from diverse interests, mainly economic. The Environmental Protection Area (APA) South Coast of Sergipe, encompasses the entire coast of the municipality of Estância/SE, and illustrates this reality. The objective of this article is to classify, map and analyze the Social and Environmental Conflicts in the APA of the Estância coast. For that, we used the Socio-Environmental Conflict diagnostic methodology, proposed by Paul Little's (2001) literary-analytical categorization, in a qualitative and quantitative approach. This research serves as a subsidy for the reading of the Social and Environmental Conflicts existing in the APA, in view of the search for effective actions in favor of the sustainable use of its natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional constitutional conception, within the framework of social and democratic systems of law, takes as a characteristic respect for human dignity as an anthropocentric axis. This particularity was based on the constitution of the European continental court, ending the twentieth century and beginning in the XXI, taking into account the constitutionalization of criminal law and the protection of legal rights that surround this fundamental right. The contrary can not be said, what is intended is to show the margin of the evolutionary development of the constitutionalization of criminal law, in the sense of the legal rights that must be protected in the 21st century, in the process and the guarantee of preservation human Thus, it began to make a sketch about the need for the constitutionalization of criminal law and criminal procedure, to accommodate and an analysis of the legal rights that deserve greater attention in the XXI century, to end with a proposal to locate an extension of the crimes of humanity, towards a guardianship reinforced with the right of the environment and natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a study will be carried out on the exploitation of natural resources found on the Moon, mainly regolith or lunar dust, focused on determining whether the regulation in the Space Treaty and the Moon Agreement allows its exploitation, as well as the legal problems that may arise regarding the ownership of that asset, and its commercialization. It will also analyze the future consequences that may trigger the exploitation of natural resources as a consequence of the evolution of space missions to the Moon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Directiva 2004/35 sobre responsabilidad medioambiental es una de las más relevantes del Derecho ambiental en la Unión Europea, base de un sistema de protección de la naturaleza minucioso como es el europeo. La Unión comprobó que, pese a la importancia de la norma, esta no ofrecía la protección más adecuada y eficaz «por la notable falta de uniformidad en la aplicación de conceptos clave, en particular los relacionados con el daño medioambiental». Para intentar solventar estas deficiencias, el Reglamento (UE) 2019/1010 relativo a la adaptación de las obligaciones de información en el ámbito de la legislación relativa al medio ambiente actualizó el artículo 18 de la Directiva de 2004 e impuso a la Comisión Europea la obligación de desarrollar unas Directrices con las que proporcionar un concepto común de daño medioambiental que diluyese las diferencias en la aplicación de la norma en los distintos Estados miembros y elevase así la protección otorgada a la naturaleza en el territorio de la Unión. Pues bien, la presente Comunicación cuyo análisis nos ocupa es el fruto del cumplimiento de esa obligación impuesta a la Comisión Europea: su contenido son las Directrices a través de las cuales esta pretende aclarar y unificar el concepto de daño medioambiental. Un concepto que por el carácter general y transversal de la norma de 2004 es extensible a otros ámbitos del Derecho, por lo que estas Directrices deciden incorporar los pormenores previstos en otras normas esenciales como la Directiva de aves, de hábitats, la marco del agua o la de protección del medio marino. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dynamic monitoring algorithm of natural resources in scenic spots based on MODIS remote sensing technology is proposed to improve natural resources monitoring accuracy in scenic spots. The remote sensing images of scenic spots obtained by MODIS were preprocessed by TM image processing, atmospheric correction, and other technologies to get high-precision remote sensing images. The remote sensing images of scenic spots were segmented by the multiscale segmentation method, and then the hierarchical supervision classification method was used. The change points of natural resources were extracted. The resource changes and independent variables of scenic spots were analyzed based on the least square method to realize the dynamic monitoring of natural resources in scenic locations. The experimental results show that the technique can accurately monitor the dynamic changes of forest resources and water resources in scenic spots, and the monitoring results have high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decree Law 3/2022, of February 11th, establishes urgent measures for the sustainability and circularity of tourism in the Balearic Islands. Tourism is the main economic and social driving force of the Balearic Islands, but the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the transformation of tourism in search of greater economic, social, and environmental value. In this context, the circular economy is promoted as an important way to boost the sustainable global competitiveness of the archipelago. The Decree Law establishes measures related to energy, waste, and food in tourist establishments, and a certification is required for tourist companies to advertise themselves as circular companies. Additionally, the acquisition of tourist spots for new tourist activities in the Balearic Islands is temporarily suspended. The Decree Law came into effect on February 11th, 2022. [Extracted from the article]

The present study aims to characterize and evaluate the sustainability of two agricultural systems of the Ejido Cubiri de la Capilla, Sinaloa municipality, one technified and the other traditional, through the Framework for the Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Systems incorporating Sustainability Indicators (MESMIS). In this sense, this study seeks to support national evaluation systems on how to integrate evaluations to the review of the bases and foundations of long-term sustainable development based on the SDGs of the 2030 Agenda of the three dimensions of sustainable development: social, economic and environmental. In this research, three areas were evaluated, social, economic and environmental, from which 44 indicators emerged in total. In the analysis of the information, it was found that the indicators of the environmental and economic dimension turned out to be more sustainable than those of the sociocultural dimension. In general, for the traditional agroecosystem, practices that tend towards sustainability have been applied in the production system, but it may be at risk due to the high cost of labor due to the demand for workers, inputs and equipment and tools. Regarding the socio-cultural sphere, it was found that in neither of the two systems evaluated is there a participation of women in decision-making, however in the environmental dimension, the producers actively participate in the protection of the water resource, for which they carry out cleaning and protection of water source structures, however, a sustainable system of soil conservation practices has yet to be implemented. The multi-criteria sustainability indicators used in this study demonstrated their validity and adaptation to the environment; they are simple, reliable and replicable, therefore their use in similar conditions is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the seriousness of environmental problems, it is necessary for municipalities to acquire a greater role, develop strategies and capacities in order to preserve their natural resources for the benefit of current and future generations. In this context, it is examined, from the perspective of different actors--officers, businessmen and academics--the effectiveness of the programs and actions developed by the municipalities of Ahome, Guasave and Sinaloa to attend the main environmental challenges faced in the region. The study is based on the analysis of the development plans of these municipalities located in the northern area of Sinaloa and on the semistructured interview with the actors already defined. The interviewees agree that there is no authentic environmental public policy that marks the way forward to attend the environmental problems of the region, nor is there a necessary culture or environmental awareness by the population, which is worrying, since the natural environment begins to show signs of exhaustion and today is the time to act and to avoid waiting for irremiadable consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development is the starting point in the discussion on policies and development plans in the academic, political, and economic fields; for both emerging and developed countries. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the importance of this concept in the Colombian context, since it seeks to champion a large part of its national interests, since promoting projects that are sustainable, and, therefore, more friendly to the environment must be one of his focuses of interest. In this order, the importance of water as a natural resource that ensures an adequate standard of living is highlighted, especially because it is one of the fundamental conditions for survival, in addition to the threats that exist around its use and / or consumption. . Based on the above, this work presents the analysis and achievement of the review of bibliographic sources, which intends to suggest some strategic environmental guidelines, which are assertive to achieve some of the sustainable development objectives through the protection of the Water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Identifying potential environmental services associated with different land use and occupation in an urban watershed in Campinas, São Paulo. Methodology: Spatialization in GIS software of land use and occupation followed by qualitative and quantitative analysis of data with field verification. In this survey, it is assumed that the percentage of probable supply of environmental services in a watershed is exclusively associated to the typology of use and occupation in it. Relevance: Urban advancement, industrial development and unsustainable agricultural practices have altered the quantity and quality of environmental services provided by natural ecosystems, reflecting changes in land use. Results: 42.3% of the total area of the basin has conditions of use and occupation of the soil capable of providing component services of the four categories of services. The category of forest fragments is such that the provision of services occurs in greater quantity in the study basin, with a percentage of provision of 88.9%, followed by the category of green area (66.7%), agricultural activity and water resources (63% each) and exposed soil (15%). Contributions: The diagnosis of ecosystem and environmental services in the Ribeirão das Pedras basin may support Payment for Environmental Services programs and assist in the implementation of management standards for environmental conservation and recovery. Conclusion: The method applied to survey the potential supply of ecosystem and environmental services by watershed made it possible to understand the relationships between land use and occupation and services offered, as well as the priority areas for action by the municipal authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Sala conoce del recurso de apelación interpuesto por la Asociación "Federación Ecologistas en Acción de Castilla y León" contra la sentencia de 24 de febrero de 2.020 dictada por el Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo núm. 1 de Ávila, por la que se desestima el recurso contencioso-administrativo interpuesto por dicha Asociación contra la desestimación por silencio administrativo del recurso de alzada interpuesto por la misma frente a la Resolución de 3 de julio de 2.018 de la Comisión Territorial de Medio Ambiente y Urbanismo de Ávila por la que se concedió autorización de uso excepcional en suelo rústico protegido para centro cultural, religioso y obra social en el polígono 2, parcela 766, "los Batanes" del municipio de Burgohondo (Ávila). Imagen 1: Vista de la zona donde se pretendía construir en Burgohondo / Ecologistas en Acción. Fuente. Son partes apeladas la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León y la Asociación "Iglesia de Pobres y Humildes en Profecía de Esperanza" -IGLEHUMILPRE-. La parte apelante basa su recurso en los siguientes motivos: - La sentencia de instancia yerra al interpretar que la obra proyectada no requería una actuación de transformación urbanística. - El complejo urbanístico autorizado no ha resuelto el abastecimiento de agua y tampoco la existencia de recursos hídricos suficientes. - El proyecto aprobado constituye, tanto en la normativa urbanística autonómica como en las normas urbanísticas municipales de la localidad de Burgohondo, un uso prohibido en suelo rústico protegido, subcategoría de SRPN1, suelo rústico de protección natural: áreas de interés faunístico y agro-forestal. - No se ha justificado la concurrencia de circunstancias de interés público que aconsejen el uso autorizado. Resulta inviable el emplazamiento en suelo rústico, máxime cuando el proyecto no mantiene la naturaleza rústica de los terrenos ni el carácter aislado de las edificaciones, siendo contrario a la legislación ambiental y a la protección de los valores naturales del suelo y del entorno. La Asociación Ecologista apoya su defensa en los siguientes argumentos: Estamos ante un proyecto de construcción de un complejo dotacional con uso de centro cultural, religioso y obra social en Burgohondo. Constituye una actuación de transformación urbanística de nueva urbanización sobre un suelo con protección natural, con pérdida de la naturaleza rústica de los terrenos donde se concentren la edificación y los servicios urbanísticos. El ámbito de excepciones a la construcción en suelo rústico debe interpretarse de forma restrictiva. El procedimiento de autorización de uso excepcional no es el adecuado para llevar a cabo actuaciones de transformación urbanística. Se tramita y se aprueba la modificación de las NNUUMM del ayuntamiento con la finalidad de adecuar el proyecto a las mismas, lo que no responde al interés general sino a un interés particular. Para la comprensión del contenido de la sentencia es necesario tener en cuenta los siguientes extremos: - "IGLEHUMILPRE" promovió mediante escrito de fecha 11 de noviembre de 2010 ante el Ayuntamiento de Burgohondo (Ávila) licencia de obras para la ejecución del proyecto "Centro Cultural, Religioso y de Obra Social", en la parcela núm. 766, del polígono 2, Paraje "Los Batanes", de 305.326 m2, en la que la edificación abarca 14.843 m2. Esta parcela -constituida por la reagrupación de varias-, está situada entre la Garganta de Navalacruz y el arroyo del Sotillo, distando menos de 25 metros a norte y sur de una y otra ribera. La Garganta está incluida en el LIC Riberas del río Alberche y afluentes, y el arroyo es afluente de la misma, desaguando en las proximidades del lugar propuesto. - El primer expediente de autorización de uso excepcional de suelo rústico fue suspendido debido a que la Delegación Territorial de la Junta de Castilla y León de Ávila decidió someter el proyecto al trámite de evaluación de impacto ambiental. Para ello tuvo en cuenta sus características, tamaño, utilización de recursos naturales y generación de residuos, la ubicación del proyecto en suelo rústico con protección natural, los problemas comunes de abastecimiento de agua potable en la comarca del río Alberche y el incremento del volumen de las aguas residuales. - La finca dispone de acceso rodado a través de un camino que atraviesa el espacio Red Natura 2000 "Riberas del Alberche y sus afluentes". Dicha parcela no cuenta con ninguna de las infraestructuras necesarias para dotar al citado centro religioso de los servicios de agua potable y residual, suministro eléctrico y telecomunicaciones necesarias. En el proyecto se contempla la ejecución de estas infraestructuras para cubrir las necesidades de 500 personas, si bien el centro puede albergar hasta un millar. Burgohondo cuenta con 1225 habitantes. - El ayuntamiento de Burgohondo modificó las NNUUMM con la finalidad de posibilitar la ejecución del proyecto, contemplándose como "uso autorizable" la instalación y construcciones de utilidad pública o interés social que hayan de emplazarse en medio rural como son "actividades vinculadas a la enseñanza, relajación y esparcimiento de la población en contacto con la naturaleza: centros religiosos y de meditación". - La Declaración de Impacto Ambiental informó favorablemente al desarrollo del proyecto. Ello dio lugar a que la promotora presentara la segunda solicitud de autorización de uso excepcional en suelo rústico de conformidad con lo previsto en la Ley 11/2003, de Prevención ambiental de Castilla y León, acompañando al efecto también solicitud de licencia ambiental y licencia de obras. - El promotor considera justificada la necesidad de ejecutar el proyecto presentado en suelo rústico y no en suelo urbano ni urbanizable por cuanto todos los usos están contemplados en el planeamiento y en la ley, y tienen un interés público. Tampoco se va a producir una transformación física ni urbanística del suelo que comporte una alteración del modelo territorial elegido por el Plan General sino que la ejecución del proyecto afectará exclusivamente a los usos indicados en el suelo rústico. - La Comisión Territorial de Medio Ambiente y Urbanismo de Ávila en sesión de 3 de julio de 2018 acordó, con el voto en contra de tres de sus componentes, otorgar autorización de uso excepcional de suelo rústico para la construcción del citado complejo dotacional al considerar justificado el interés público del proyecto y la necesidad de su emplazamiento en suelo rústico. En opinión de la Sala, la determinación de si el proyecto de construcción comprende una actuación de transformación urbanística de nueva urbanización, exige por un lado definir o delimitar que es lo que debe entenderse desde el punto de vista urbanístico como una actuación de transformación urbanística, y por otro lado, concretar si las actuaciones urbanísticas de urbanización y edificatorias descritas en el proyecto pueden o no ser comprendidas en aquella actuación de transformación. Nos recuerda que el proyecto pretende ubicarse en suelo rústico con protección natural, y no en suelo urbano ni urbanizable, ni siquiera en suelo rústico común. En principio, la Sala señala que el uso religioso, cultural y de obra social no estaría permitido; a lo sumo sería un uso sujeto a autorización de uso excepcional de la Administración autonómica, que debería interpretarse de forma restrictiva. En este contexto, trae a colación el importante cambio normativo relacionado con la definición del modelo de desarrollo urbano en nuestras ciudades, insistiendo en la regeneración de la ciudad existente frente a las nuevas transformaciones de suelo tal y como ponen de relieve la Estrategia Territorial Europea, la Comunicación de la Comisión sobre una estrategia temática para el medio ambiente urbano y la Estrategia Española de Sostenibilidad Urbana y Local. A su vez, nos recuerda los datos de urbanización y edificación que contempla el proyecto, así como los actos de urbanización y de infraestructura, al carecer la parcela de todo tipo de servicios urbanísticos. Valorando en conjunto edificaciones e infraestructuras, la Sala considera que "nos encontramos claramente ante un supuesto de actuación de transformación urbanística de nueva urbanización y nueva edificación en suelo rústico con protección natural, y que ello es así porque con el conjunto de tales edificaciones sumado al conjunto de las actuaciones de nueva urbanización se comprueba claramente que se está pretendiendo levantar un amplio y extenso complejo dotacional en suelo rústico haciendo uso de una autorización de uso excepcional, y por tanto de una autorización prevista para concretos y determinados usos excepcionales, y no para todo un complejo con variedad de usos, religioso, cultural y de obra social, como el de autos". Se pasa, sin ninguna duda, de la situación de suelo rural a la situación de suelo urbanizado. En definitiva, se trata de un supuesto de actuación de transformación urbanística que ni asegura el carácter aislado de las construcciones y menos aún el mantenimiento de la naturaleza rústica de los terrenos, como exige el artículo 25 de la LUCyL. Tampoco se han valorado las repercusiones que el proyecto pudiera producir en la capacidad de las redes de servicios e infraestructuras existentes en el municipio de Burghondo ni en sus redes de abastecimiento de aguas o de saneamiento, a las que se pretende conectar el proyecto. Por tanto, la actuación que se quiere desarrollar no respeta la naturaleza y condición del suelo rústico con protección natural y no se ajusta a la normativa urbanística que la regula, máxime teniendo en cuenta que el promotor elude el cumplimiento de los deberes exigibles en todo procedimiento de actuación de transformación urbanística, amén de que la plusvalía que pudiera generarse no revierte a la comunidad sino al patrimonio del promotor. A la vista de lo expuesto, la Sala acoge el primer motivo de recurso y declara la nulidad de pleno derecho de los actos impugnados por cuanto a través de los mismos se adquieren facultades y derechos careciendo de los requisitos esenciales. Y la estimación del recurso es parcial porque la Sala no accede al pedimento también formulado por la parte actora de que se produzca la restauración de las cosas a su estado anterior con demolición de lo indebidamente construido. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]