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This article focuses on the evaluation of Martin Lienhard's ideas that gave impetus to my vision of Peruvian literature. Beginning to learn about the work of M. Ilenhard from his book Cultura popular andina.yforma novelesca 0982),1 penetrated the essence of Peruvian literary development (and, more broadly, that of Central Andean literatures) from several approaches. Namely: Lienhard's questioning of the notion of narrative transculturation, of the possibility of applying the terms mestizo and syncretic to a large part of literary creations written in Spanish, the reason for his term "cultural diglossia," his emphasis on the millennial nature of the Peruvian dualism coast/highlands, his interpretation of modern poetry in Quechua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a series of chronicles in Spanish written in the second half of the sixteenth and the early seventeenth centuries by focusing on the untranslatability of the Quechua term w'aka. I explore a corpus of texts that present different interpretations of the word, which is transcribed as huaca or guaca in Spanish sources. The article examines the untranslatability of the word in the writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas, José de Acosta, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, and the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. Moreover, the article provides an interpretation about how the practice of untranslatability from indigenous languages to Spanish reveals mechanisms of cultural domination. After examining how writers incorporated the term huaca into their chronicles, I argue that the untranslatability of the native word reflects specific dynamics of appropriation that writers grappled with as they negotiated the terms of Spanish cultural domination in Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to discuss the formation of identities in the Ancash region based on a Narrative Inquiry of two families living in the city of Huaraz, the parents are Hirka and Quyllur. Both have faced the same external influences but have opted for different identity constructions. Narrative inquiry employs three dimensions: interaction, continuity, and situation. The data analysis was based on the composition of meanings and the interpretative perspective of the experiences that consist of organizing meanings based on the data and a reflective process by the researcher, and the presentation of the advances to a support group to discuss, review and adjustment of the obtained data. From the analysis of the experiences, we can conclude that Hirka represents cultural resistance and Quyllur cultural assimilation. The first considers that their cultural practices have been inherited from their ancestors; on the other hand, Quyllur does not have this intergenerational awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following research describes argument marking in the Huarpean languages --Millcayac and Allentiac--, focusing on the determination of their marking locus and alignment type. With respect to the locus, several systems are observed coexisting in the synchronic stage described by Luis de Valdivia. In both languages, a split alignment is observed in flagging constructions, between nominative-accusative and neutral, and secundative and indirective alignments. In the indexing constructions, a nominativeaccusative alignment and one of secundative type are recognized. Finally, regarding the diachronic process, we propose that the Huarpean languages might have exhibited a predominance of marking through flagging, and that they would have gradually incorporated argument indexing constructions at the time they were documented by Valdivia, possibly as a result of the influence of surrounding Andean languages, especially Quechua. In fact, from this language, they would have received the case marker -ta and the object morpheme pu-. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we describe Basque solidarity for language revitalization in the context of two language-cultures indigenous to Latin America; Mapuche and (southern) Quechua. We explain Basque solidarity broadly in section 2, whereas in section 3 we contextualize this collaboration within a framework of four processes or historic trends. We draw conclusions and key questions from each trend in order to understand Basque solidarity for language revitalization of "Latin-American languages". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research is to analyze the intersubjective communication of the Andean identity, especially of Ayacucho, with the film Retablo [Altarpiece] that vindicates the inhabitants of the Peruvian highlands. The historical process of the Andean communities had its own way until the arrival of Spaniards. These communities remained for years, even today, stable in their organization preserving the order established by their founders. The social justice of the Andean communities apply punishment in public to those responsible for actions that go against the morality of the community. The film Retablo reflects and analyzes the experience of many peasants who cover up their spontaneity largely for fear of rejection. In the structuring of Andean communities, unrestricted respect for cultural individuality is encouraged. On the contrary, state is seen as alien, a powerful apparatus of discrimination compromised with the owners of the broad media, especially in political and social participation in pre- and post-electoral scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kichwa language is used in commercial names in Quito, the capital of Ecuador, where most of the population self-identifies as mestizo and does not speak Kichwa. The usage of Kichwa is very limited in social interactions in Quito, yet its presence in the city's linguistic landscape is evident. These names are associated with concepts like organic, artisanal, or national; and so assign an additional commercial value to the product. Accordingly, surveys and interviews show that the meanings of Kichwa words in commercial names are unknown by the population. This use of the Kichwa language represents a case of cultural exploitation as it is causing the language to be resignified through a process of language commodification resulting in commercial benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific etymology, as opposed to the naive or the purely impressionistic, finds its strongest support in historical linguistics, and, in turn, within this discipline, in its consecratory discovery of the regularity of sound change. By virtue of this attribute, the researcher, in this case the etymologist, is capable of finding the etymology of a given term of which he wasn't yet sure. Furthermore, by taking into account the regularity of the change, he can predict it, even in absence of available corroborating corpus at hand. Empirical confirmation for an etymological prospect can be found either with the discovery of novel dialect forms not previously known, or by virtue of unsuspected evidence provided by philologically interpreted written record. The present work aims to demonstrate the importance of written source, printed or manuscript, as a rich and inexhaustible vein of information thanks to which the hypothetical postulations made by the etymologist can be tested and eventually corroborated. More specifically, this essay will test the impressive predictive potential of regular sound change by using examples taken from Quechua and Aymara. Our exposition goes as follows: after a general introduction on the development of historical linguistics in the Andean region, we focus our discussion on regular sound change and its predictive nature within Andean linguistics studies with corroborating evidence of dialectal as well as documental (published) material. A fourth section provides new and revealing archival evidence. In sum, the evidence provided, both printed or unpublished, revolves around the etymology of onomastic terms such as , a nobility title, and , a well-known Andean ethno-toponym. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyses the links between scribes from the city of Quito during the seventeenth century and the indigenous people that inhabited this major city and its surroundings. It delves into the nature of these links, their development, their consequences, and the forces that shaped them; analysing almost one hundred notary volumes and a thousand documents, among which are included the main typologies of notarial protocols. By studying the special connection between certain scribes and the indigenous population in the city of Quito, it maintains that during the seventeenth century, a group was formed of scribes from Quito, who specialized in the republic of Indians, whose defining characteristic was their use and their spreading of the local indigenous language (Quechua) in their notaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a study on the influence that translating into one's mother tongue has on the written communication of students in bilingual intercultural schools in the province of Andahuaylas (Apurímac, Peru). An experiment was designed with five teaching modules that used examples in the Quechua language and a methodology based on the translation of words, phrases, sentences, and text into the students' native language. The sample comprised 97 students from two schools; the research employed a descriptive statistical analysis and a Pearson's correlation test with a significance level of a = 0.05, performed with the statistical package SPSS 25. It was found that the only significant correlation was between the translation of words and phrases (p-value < 0.05), and this correlation was very strong and positive (R > 0.90). The study concludes that translation from a second language (Spanish) into a native language (Quechua) has a positive impact on the development of students' written communication skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecuadorian Andean Spanish (EAS) has been in intense and sustained contact with Kichwa, a variety of Quechua spoken in Ecuador. Different studies have shown the influence of Kichwa in this variety of Andean Spanish at different levels, such as lexical, phonetic/phonological, morphosyntactic, and pragmatic (Bustamante 1991; Haboud 1998, 2018; Palacios 2005, 2007; Haboud y de la Vega 2008; Pfänder y Palacios 2013; Muysken 2019). Although morphological influence of Kichwa over EAS is minimal, there is evidence of the use of the Kichwa morpheme -ka in both Kichwa-Spanish bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals (Lipski 2014; Muysken 2019). Nevertheless, no previous study analyzes the presence of this particle in the speech of EAS monolinguals. Thus, the present study offers a preliminary analysis about the distribution and discourse role of -ka in the speech of EAS monolinguals from the city of Ambato (EAS Ambateño). The data was obtained through sociolinguistic interviews and fieldwork notes collected between 2018 and 2019. The results show that EAS monolinguals from Ambato use -ka with different constituents (e.g., pronouns, nouns, adverbs, verbs, conjunctions). Regarding its role in the discourse, it is argued that -ka is a particle that evokes contrast (contrastive focus). Since we are in a language contact scenario, it is of the utmost importance to consider social, historical, and demographic factors of the city of Ambato along with the background of the speakers in order to understand the dynamics of the languages (Kichwa and Spanish) and try to find a possible answer to how this particle was incorporated in the speech of EAS monolinguals from Ambato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Spanish Andean varieties, también 'also, too' has been recognized as a particle with multiple usages besides its canonical function of an additive (Babel 2010; Calvo Pérez 2000; Cerrón-Palomino 2003; Escobar 2000; Pfänder 2009; Toscano 1953). Among these usages, también as a marker of indefiniteness has been proposed by Cerrón-Palomino (2003). The author argues that its origin corresponds to the linguistic contact with Quechua and the suffix -pas, which fulfills additive and indefinite functions. The present study focuses on the function of también in direct or indirect interrogative structures, a usage that to a certain extent is related to the indefinite value described by Cerrón-Palomino (2003). The present analysis is based on empirical data of the Spanish of Quito collected on Twitter and from intuitions of native speakers of this Spanish variety. Building on the traditional description of this usage of también as an adverb of doubt that marks emphasis on the lack of knowledge of what is asked (Cordero 2021; Miño-Garcés 2020; Toscano 1953), this study offers an in-depth pragmatic account that shows that the usage of the structure 'interrogative pronoun + también' corresponds to a conventional implicature. The realis and irrealis moods of the speakers are in an interplay, and the usage of the structure is felicitous only when the speaker does not intend to resolve their lack of information by means of the interrogative clause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work we will approach the analysis of a phenomenon of variation of Spanish in contact with Quechua from the theoretical perspective of Contact Linguistics. We will analyze the innovative functions of the marker ya también in an oral corpus compiled in the province of Cuzco, Peru. In the corpus, ya también is used as a marker that possess the inclusion and ordering values of the adverb también, as well as the update of a change or new information and emphasis that have been indicated for the adverb ya in Spanish (Delbecque 2006; Deloor 2011; Garrido 1993; Girón Alconchel 2011). On the other hand, it has developed innovative values as a discursive marker since it behaves as a focuser to address the interlocutor's attention to certain new or added information in the conversation, or in the narration of events that contrasts with previous information. We postulate that the observed phenomenon is a contact induced change with the Quechua language that has emerged from the exploitation of the linguistic resources available to the bilingual speaker, especially in those areas in which he perceives similarities in both languages, creating thus innovative communication strategies that allow a more effective interaction (Jarvis & Pavlenko 2008; Palacios 2013; Palacios & Pfänder 2014). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a new approach to the (re)ordering of subject and object morphemes in verb agreement of Ayacuchan Quechua. Our analysis is based on Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993), which proposes operations on morphemes in the morphological component. We conclude that the addressee feature of the second-person object morpheme -nki «wins» when it comes to specificity and, therefore, it appears in a subject position, which results in the occurrence of -yki as an allomorph and the appearance of -su. Finally, we propose the occurrence of -su as a transitional defective morpheme, which cannot be considered as a third or second person pronoun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many languages preposed adverbial clauses repeat the previous verb or predicate, which phenomenon has been termed tail-head linkage (THL henceforth, Thompson & Longacre, 1985; de Vries, 2005). This paper aims to describe THL constructions in Santiagueño Quichua (Quechua) according to two parameters: a) the degree of semantic overlap between the predicates of the THL constructions, and b) the degree of event integration of the preposed adverbial with its main clause. The first parameter allows the identification of verbatim constructions -with exact repetition of the previous predicate- and non verbatim constructions -without exact repetition-. The second parameter manifests itself in the form the head clause might adopt, where it is a converb or it takes switch reference suffixes. The interplay of both parameters shows that the different THL constructions possess diverse discourse functions, particularly regarding thematic coherence (Givón, 2001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I employ a philological approach to reading and analyzing Spanish-language historical documents that include Quechua, Aymara, and other non-Spanish terms to shed light on the records left by Native individuals, particularly women, in colonial Peru. Careful and rigorous attention to voice and language expands our understanding of the speaker's intended meanings. Through this approach, I write an alternative history based on strategic speculation, but woven out of textual snapshots contextualized within their broader history and pieced together with an eye for narrative and plot as well as cultural and linguistic nuances. I illustrate this critical position and a methodology with the recasting of Kusi Warkay, an Indigenous woman often perceived as a poverty-stricken widow, but who was in fact one of the last local power players with enough influence among Inkas and Spaniards to also be considered as an important actor on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the examples of the Quechua grammars composed between 1560 and 1753: a total of nine missionary arts. It analyses the marking of the examples, their topics, their function and their origin so that, on the one hand, it brings to light the links that exist between the grammars of this tradition and, on the other hand, it connects the examples used by the missionaries with the didactic and evangelizing purposes of these grammatical texts. To this end, this paper focuses on the analysis of the chapters related to nouns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the studies of Alfredo Torero, Ecuadorian-Colombian Quechua is often considered to come from a variety that was formerly spoken on the central coast of Peru and introduced into Ecuador through maritime trade long before the formation of the Inca empire. Based on a dialectal comparison and an examination of historical sources, we refute this thesis and show that Northern Quechua is the product of a strong influence of Cuzco Quechua on the speech of the North Peruvian settlers that were brought by the Incas into Ecuador. Finally, this case study leads us to question the genetic classification of Quechua dialects proposed by Torero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the central paradoxes of textbook authorship in Indigenous languages is that some of those for whom the textbooks are intended find it challenging to read them. Here, through examining cases of Quechua across the Andes in Peru and in Ecuador, we consider the role of orthography in this paradox. Textbook authors must decide on an alphabet for writing textbooks. Yet, the selection of a particular alphabet or changing the alphabet can cause unforeseen difficulties in reading and teaching with the books. Teachers often have experiences with the letters and with reading and writing that are linked to larger-scale questions about what 'the Quechua language' is and how one writes in Quechua. These experiences affect their own and others' interactions with linguistic varieties and with textbooks, playing a significant role in what and how they teach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revitalization of Latin American Indigenous languages started many years ago, but only some university libraries in the United States have taken steps to advocate for preservation, access, inclusion, and diversity through collection building covering these languages and cultures. This study examines holdings of Quechua, Nahuatl, Guaraní, Zapotec, Maya, Mapudungun, and Aymara materials in 87 university libraries in the United States. This study seeks to answer the question: are university libraries in the United States supporting inclusion and diversity through the purchase of Latin American Indigenous language materials? In addition, the author explores what initiatives university libraries could take to further the revitalization and advancement of these Indigenous languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discute las opiniones del autor sobre las diferentes variedades regionales de quechua habladas por los migrantes con un enfoque en el caso de Reina Maraz, incluyendo temas relacionados con la marginación social, las luchas y desafíos de los pueblos indígenas mapuche quechua hablantes y las migraciones de Bolivia en Argentina.

Already in pre-Hispanic times the Mapuche (Mapudungu(n)) and Quechua languages were in contact. Due to this, lexical elements were adopted by the general language of Chile. Quechua terms were included in the lexicons that are part of the colonial mapudungu(n) grammars (published in 1606, 1765 and 1777), in the Vocabulario Araucano of 1642-1643, and also in modern dictionaries. Some terms are no longer used, but others are still in force in the language spoken today. Speakers are apparently unaware of their ultimate provenance. The lexicon belongs to various semantic fields (clothing, food, etc.), and has given rise to derived forms. Some terms have also been incorporated into the Spanish spoken in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives and Research Questions: This study explores the effects of bilingualism on the production of subject personal pronouns (SPPs) in speakers of two null-subject languages, Quechua and Spanish. The paper also seeks to determine if these effects can be explained by general bilingual accounts, such as the Interface Hypothesis (IH), or by contact-specific accounts. Methodology: This is a sociolinguistic variationist study; therefore, the data were collected with sociolinguistic interviews. Data and Analysis: The data consist of transcriptions of audio recordings of eight Spanish monolingual and eight Quechua-Spanish bilingual speakers of Huancayo (Peru). The data were analyzed by using the statistical software SPSS 23.0 and Goldvarb X. Findings: The IH predicts that the overt SPP rate of the bilinguals should be higher than that of the monolinguals and that the pragmatic switch reference constraint should be difficult for the Quechua first language speakers to master. The results show, however, that their rates are similar, and that switch reference was the most robust predictor for the bilinguals. This study's results suggest that indirect transfer from the mandatory Quechua switch reference subordinating particle – pti is taking place. Originality: This is one of the first variationist studies examining the IH predictions regarding SPP production in bilinguals speaking an indigenous American null-subject language alongside Spanish. In addition, this is the first study to show, through statistical analyses, the contact-specific effect the other language can exert on a particular constraint in the subject pronoun expression of the bilinguals. Significance: The results of the study suggest that even subtle transfer in situations of language contact can be accurately explained by contact-specific accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct object clitics in Latin American Spanish are subject to great variability in features across dialects. Variability also characterizes bilingual acquisition and especially clitic doubling structures in language contact contexts. We focus on the distribution of clitics and Differential Object Marking (DOM) in clitic doubling structures among Shipibo-Spanish bilinguals, Quechua-Spanish bilinguals, and monolingual speakers of Spanish in contact with Quechua. We analyze a continuum of clitic forms and DOM as complex cases of feature reassembly and functional convergence that results in new interface rules with scalar hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the extent to which official fears about the failure of Christianization became projected onto language during periods of extirpatory zeal in the seventeenth-century Archdiocese of Lima. Quechua and Spanish, as 'languages of conversion' and 'languages of the converted' became, simultaneously, tools of extirpation and sources of missionary anxiety. I first explore seventeenth-century understandings of language as a transformative force that simultaneously enabled and threatened to undermine the project of conversion in the colonial Andes. Next, I examine the distinct but complementary roles allotted to Quechua and Castilian as instruments of education and reform. While officials intended to strengthen Andeans' commitment to orthodox Catholicism through indoctrination in a Christianized register of Quechua, attempts to teach Spanish to Andean children were connected to the belief that the language itself would 'naturally' transfer Spanish Catholic beliefs and customs to neophytes. Finally, I explore little-traversed records to examine the ways Andeans employed Spanish in their own lives and for their own purposes, often outside the purview of colonial officialdom. Situated at the intersection between official aims and intents regarding languages in the Archdiocese of Lima and the decisions made by Andeans themselves, this study opens up new avenues for understanding the relationship between Spanish and Quechua and the roles assigned to each in peoples' lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin American urban contexts are defined by their demographic, cultural and linguistic diversity. In the same way, schools are multilingual and multicultural spaces, enriched, in many cases, by students who speak indigenous languages. In contrast, the Argentinian school has historically transmitted one 'national' language, identity and culture, in line with homogenizing values and school practices. The present study inquiries about the instruction of Spanish guided by linguistic ideologies bind together to monolingual and assimilation of diversity, focusing on teacher teaching on school context at Ciudad de Buenos Aires, with students who are either Quechua speakers or speakers of Andean Spanish (dialect in contact with Quechua). According to this, one of the goals in this paper is to provide theoretical tools about language contact (Spanish-Quechua), such as the concept of Linguistic Transferences (Clyne, 1976) and typological generalities of Quechua. The other goal is to offer resources for the language teacher considering Standard Spanish as well as the languages and dialects of the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the government of Rafael Correa in Ecuador (2007-2017), the program Citizen Link functioned as one of the main government communication devices. At the end of this program, José Maldonado, a native of Peguche, read a summary of these in Kichwa. During this summary, and in general in the program, Correa and Maldonado exchanged comments and jokes, often focused on a dispute about the competence in the Kichwa language. The objective of this work, which will be based in some categories of discourse analysis and focus on the Links made in the indigenous community of Zumbahua, will be to demonstrate that the Ecuadorian president uses several polyphonic strategies to reinforce an ethos of competition in relation to the Kichwa language and the indigenous worldview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • First perceptual study to take into account a mixed language and its source languages. • Vowels with highly overlapping 'intermixed' acoustic spaces can still be aurally contrastive. • Media Lengua listeners identify differences in mid- and high-vowel production. • Young Quichua listeners identify differences in mid- and high-vowels while older listeners do not. • Theoretical implications raised for models of L2/non-native speech perception. Abstract This study explores mid and high vowel perception in and across Ecuadorian Spanish, Quichua, and Media Lengua (a mixed language containing Quichua systemic elements and Spanish lexicon). Quichua and Media Lengua were originally considered three vowel systems comprised of /i, u, a/. However, recent production results reveal that mid vowels /e, o/ may have entered these languages through Spanish lexical borrowings. The aim of the present study is to test listener perception with minimal pairs containing different mid and high vowels to determine how listeners identify them. A two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) identification task experiment with paired stimuli, gradually modified along 10-step continua, revealed that listeners of all three languages demonstrate a relatively high degree of consistent response patterns with the exception of older Quichua listeners. The results of this study coupled with the 'intermixed' acoustic spaces in which the vowels are produced also call into question the predictions that might be made in theoretical models of L2/non-native speech perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an acoustic study describing the vowel spaces of bilingual Quechua–Spanish speakers in Cochabamba, Bolivia, with a particular focus on the height of mid and high vowels, in order to explore longstanding questions about the nature of Quechua vowel categories. South Bolivian Quechua is generally described as phonemically trivocalic with high-vowel lowering in presence of uvular consonants, but there has been little acoustic study of vowel formant characteristics (Cerrón-Palomino 1987, Laime Ajacopa, Cazazola & Pairumani 2007). The current study quantifies previous impressionistic observations of the vowel system and describes the acoustic properties of the Quechua vowels. Eleven bilingual speakers of South Bolivian Quechua and Spanish were recorded in a Quechua translation task and a Spanish list-reading task. Results of Bayesian models indicate that Quechua high vowels do appear to undergo systematic lowering following uvular consonants, supporting earlier descriptions. The results also demonstrate that lowering is consistent throughout the duration of the vowels, challenging a purely coarticulatory motivation for the observed lowering pattern. The allophonic mid-vowels of Quechua and the phonemic high and mid vowels of Spanish also have formant characteristics that may differ from one another, providing evidence for the hypothesis that these bilingual speakers could potentially command two separate vowel systems with different bases of articulation. These findings are also relevant for questions related to the nature of three-vowel systems, and whether or not they may contain true mid-vowel allophones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ecuador there exists a dynamic language contact continuum between Urban Spanish and Rural Quichua. This study explores the effects of competing phonologies with an analysis of voice onset time (VOT) production in and across three varieties of Ecuadorian highland Spanish, Quichua, and Media Lengua. Media Lengua is a mixed language that contains Quichua systemic elements and a lexicon of Spanish origin. Because of this lexical-grammatical split, Media Lengua is considered the most central point along the language continuum. Native Quichua phonology has a single series of voiceless stops (/p/, /t/, and /k/), while Spanish shows a clear voicing contrast between stops in the same series. This study makes use of nearly 8,000 measurements from 69 participants to (i) document VOT production in the aforementioned language varieties and (ii) analyse the effects of borrowings on VOT. Results based on mixed effects models and multidimensional scaling suggest that the voicing contrast has entered both Media Lengua and Quichua through Spanish lexical borrowings. However, the VOT values of voiced stops in Media Lengua align with those of Rural and L2 Spanish while Quichua shows significantly longer prevoicing values, suggesting some degree of overshoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the terminology for the major internal organs of the torso across the Quechuan language family. From both semasiological and onomasiological points of view, differences in the synchronic organization of the semantic field across individual Quechua varieties as well as the diachronic developments that brought them about are described. Particular attention is also paid to semantic reconstruction within the field at the proto-Quechua level, and, with recourse to recent efforts at internal reconstruction, also beyond. Another recurrent theme is the interrelation between lexical data and the conceptions of anatomy and bodily functions encountered in quechua-speaking communities. A major conclusion is that an engagement with such perspectives allows for a considerably richer understanding of lexical organization in synchrony and diachrony than linguistic data alone could provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Quechua concept of larphay. In the Ch'isikata Quechua language the positions of subject, action, and object are not stable: the subject person can be transformed and for that, the action of larphay is relevant. In this text I will explain the notion of larphay through the narration of tales about the relationship between humans and non-humans. In many tales the non-humans (animals, vegetables, and objects) are transformed into humans in order to seduce and deceive, or to larphay -- to unload his non-human condition into the human. The «larphayed» people have been transmuted into the tian (double) of the non-human. Similarly, humans in certain circumstances can transform into vegetable, animal, mineral entities, or non-human supra-beings. This is possible due to the lack of boundary definition -- chawpi -- which allows for this exchange between beings of diverse conditions (cay). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the standardization of Ecuadorian Quichua (Kichwa) and on the effects of this process on one of the minority varieties of the language: Tena Kichwa, or Alto1 Napo Kichwa, spoken in the Amazonian province of Napo. The analysis presented here is based on data and observations collected during one year of fieldwork in the Napo province. The article showcases how the standardization of Ecuadorian Kichwa debilitates the local dialects, rather than strengthening them. The interruption of intergenerational transmission of Tena Kichwa is accelerated not only by the growing dominance of Spanish and processes of urbanization and socio-political change, but also by the standardization of Kichwa. Because of the latter, different variants of Kichwa are used in the school system and by the authorities on the one hand, and in the everyday life of the community on the other. This dichotomy accelerates the process of Tena Kichwa falling into disuse. Moreover, the language policies implemented by the local and state authorities do not respond to the needs of the local population, and contribute to the increasing marginalization of the local dialects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a variationist study on subject position in Spanish monolinguals and Spanish-Quechua bilinguals in Huancayo, Peru. Such a variable is ideal to examine the universal predictions of the Interface Hypothesis (IH), since it involves two interfaces constraining subject position choice in Spanish: the syntactic-semantic one (internal) and the syntactic-pragmatic one (external). The IH predicts that the acquisition of features at internal interfaces should bear no difficulty for bilinguals, in contrast with the acquisition of features at external interfaces. Multiple regression analyses reveal that the differences found go along the lines of the universal predictions of the IH: the unaccusativity of the subjects' verbs (internal interface) is a strong predictor of the VS order for the bilinguals, whereas focus (external interface) does not constrain said variant. Nonetheless, some Quechua properties appear as an alternative explanation, rather peculiar to the contact situation studied, to the contrast found between the two speaker groups [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex, multilayered contact between the Quechuan and Aymaran languages is a central but still poorly understood issue in Andean prehistory. This paper proposes a periodization of that relationship and characterizes some aspects of the languages as they might have existed prior to their first contact. After disentangling the linguistic lineages on the basis of a large corpus of lexical data, the paper makes some observations about the phonology of Pre-Proto-Aymara: first, about aspiration and glottalization; second, about the glottal fricative *h; and third, about the phonotactic structure of lexical roots. The paper also presents lexical reconstructions of Proto-Aymara and Proto-Quechua and proposes provenances for several hundred roots. More than a third of the reconstructed Proto-Aymara lexicon may originate in Proto-Quechua. A method like the one presented here is a prerequisite for testing a hypothesis of genetic relatedness between the two families (and others in the region). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a variationist study on subject position in Spanish monolinguals and Spanish-Quechua bilinguals in Huancayo, Peru. Such a variable is ideal to examine the universal predictions of the Interface Hypothesis (IH), since it involves two interfaces constraining subject position choice in Spanish: the syntactic-semantic one (internal) and the syntactic-pragmatic one (external). The IH predicts that the acquisition of features at internal interfaces should bear no difficulty for bilinguals, in contrast with the acquisition of features at external interfaces. Multiple regression analyses reveal that the differences found go along the lines of the universal predictions of the IH: the unaccusativity of the subjects' verbs (internal interface) is a strong predictor of the VS order for the bilinguals, whereas focus (external interface) does not constrain said variant. Nonetheless, some Quechua properties appear as an alternative explanation, rather peculiar to the contact situation studied, to the contrast found between the two speaker groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De Saussure's idea that phonological systems are based on distinctive oppositions crystalizes in the work of Jakobson and his collaborators with the "dichotomous scale" of distinctive features. For these scholars, the way a language works, as well as the way it is acquired and lost, depends on the hierarchical organization of the distinctive features. The work of Dresher and his collaborators recovers the importance of this fundamental conception of phonological systems, with the name "contrastive hierarchy". In this paper, I show that the acquisition of the Spanish vocalic system by Quechua speakers and of the Quechua vocalic system by Spanish speakers amounts to the acquisition of L2 oppositions on the basis of L1 oppositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication of Garcilaso de la Vega's Comentarios reales in 1609 contributed to an idealized image of the ancient Incas in Europe, an image that was verysuccessful in eighteenth century France. For the Philosophers of the Lights, the Inca society established a model of enlightened despotism, by which the monarchs of their time could be inspired. Strengthened by its new international legitimacy, the idealized representation of the Incas returned triumphantly to Peru, where a movement known as “Inca Renaissance" was flourishing. Antonio Valdez used this image to give life to the characters of his play Ollantay (1782) in the Quechua language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct object clitics in Spanish are morphological markers at the interfaces of syntax, phonology, morphology, and information structure (Zwicky, 1985; Ordóñez & Repetti, 2006; Belloro, 2007; Spencer & Luís, 2012). They play an important part in argument morphology in Spanish and are subject to variability in bilingual acquisition (McCarthy, 2008). In this paper we explore the morphology- syntax-information structure mapping of direct object clitics in clitic structures in a range of speakers that includes Quechua-dominant bilinguals and Spanish monolingual individuals along a continuum of language contact situations. Our findings indicate clear dissociation between syntactic properties and marking of morphological features. They also indicate a progression from default gender marking in clitics to a scalar system of clitic forms based on animacy and informational value along the continuum of speakers. Finally, while clitics in liberal clitic doubling varieties receive a focus interpretation (Sánchez, 2010; Sánchez & Zdrojewski, 2013), our data indicate that in some Spanish contact varieties they denote the primary object and secondary topic (Sánchez, 2003; Dalrymple & Nikolaeva, 2011; Mayer, 2008, 2013, forthcoming). The findings of this exploratory study support the view that while clitics exhibit common syntactic properties across a continuum of speakers, they may vary in morphological marking and informational value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and explores names of places pertaining to the southern Yunga languages -- Muchik or Quingnam -- from the valley of Nepeña (Ancash, Peru). Toponyms include possible Quechua-Yunga compounds and, possibly Muchik-Quingnam hybrids. Their regional distribution is described and their temporal placement discussed. Archaeological data patterning, the location of sacred waka places, routes of interregional interaction and political developments are described. Enduring multilingualism -- coupled with established oracular shrines -- is put forward as an alternative to language replacement theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes systematic differences between sounds used in ideophones and sounds used in the non-ideophonic or "prosaic" lexicon of the Pastaza Quichua language of Amazonian Ecuador. We compare a digitized corpus of vocabulary items with a list of ideophones identified from field observations. We find that if a sound, syllable structure, or stress pattern is distributionally restricted in Pastaza Quichua, it is likely to be normalized and expanded within ideophones. The overall system is also stretched among ideophones by the addition of new sounds to the obstruents. These expansions are complemented by an overall contraction among sonorant sounds within ideophones. Many of the sounds and structures that expand from the prosaic into the ideophonic system are found to be statistically significant in their differences between the ideophonic and prosaic systems. We conclude that ideophonic sounds and structures add greater complexity to obstruent sounds while diminishing the use of sonorants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses Quechua instruction to emergent bilinguals in urban schools, as part of the implementation of a language policy promoting Quechua in the Peruvian Andes. In the light of two other teachers who work in similar scenarios and the language ideologies of Quechua experts leading the language policy, this article analyzes a focal teacher who constructs alternative ideologies and subjectivities that contribute to transform the power relationships typically enacted in these racially segregated urban schools. Through translanguaging strategies for involving her diverse audience ( Creese & Blackledge, 2010; García, 2009 ) and a critical language awareness approach to make the invisible visible and the inaudible audible ( Bucholtz & Hall, 2004 ), this teacher constructs a community of legitimate Quechua speakers, which subverts the dominant representation of the bilingual speaker as the “perfectly” coordinated bilingual and the invisibilization of emergent bilinguals in the official language policy. Like other studies that conceptualize teachers as policy makers ( Menken & García, 2010 ), the present study shows that teachers negotiate with official language policies and can ultimately contest them in practice. However, in the case under study, this constitutes a process where the teacher initially reproduces ambiguous and contradictory discourses before reaching more critical positionings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently, the members of a community on the Andean-Amazonian agricultural frontier of Southern Peru have tended to limit their social ties to members of their own families. But the residents have begun to forge a ‘community’ through a semiotic distinction between private and public spaces, social practices, and domains of morality. Particular discursive phenomena in the asamblea ‘community meeting’ are deployed to create and maintain the community as a domain of action distinct from kin commitments, and participation in the asamblea offers a context in which to assume a novel political and moral subjectivity. Thus, the social organizational construct of the community is emergent in public interactions. The article concludes with a comparative analysis of public discourse in another comunidad nativa ‘indigenous community’ that has not embraced the notion of ‘community’, and demonstrates how code-switching allows leaders there to invoke both the private and public modes of social authority. (Amazonia, Andes, Matsigenka, Spanish, Quechua)* [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Natural classes are typically defined by some shared phonetic property, though the segments within such a class may differ substantially along other dimensions. This paper explores two such classes in Quechua: the class of [spread glottis] segments, aspirates and [h], and the class of [constricted glottis] segments, ejectives and [ʔ]. While aspirates and ejectives pattern with their glottal counterparts in the cooccurrence phonotactics of the language, nonce word tasks only find weak evidence of these natural classes. Instead, there is evidence for strong phonotactic restrictions on aspirates and ejectives to the exclusion of their glottal counterparts. It is proposed that the preference for classes of laryngeally marked stops is phonetically based, deriving from the salience of the phonetic properties unique to stops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]