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We observe gig workers' retrospective sense-making of their career development, from creating an account on online labor platforms to managing gigs successfully. Our data reveals that gig workers advance through three career stages in their initial career learning cycle. We identify each stage as characterized by stage-specific emotions and that they react with specific behaviors to gig work challenges. Gig work challenges that occur in the platform environment are namely the newbie challenge, the positionin g and relational challenge, and the balancing challenge, which workers need to overcome in order to transition to the next stage. In line with contemporary career and protean career theory on career learning cycles, gig workers need to build a set of specialized skills and meta-competencies to successfully navigate their careers. As an outcome of the here-described career learning cycle, gig workers develop an entrepreneurial identity aspiration, as they are empowered and can use the platform as a playground or stepping stone for entrepreneurial activities. Our paper, thus, develops an understanding of gig workers' initial career learning cycle by examining the factors that enable gig workers to kick off a career and allow them to thrive and advance on the platforms professionally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been an increased focus on the development of children's social, emotional and behavioural skills in schools, via a swathe of classroom‐based schemes and more general, relational and emotional approaches to pedagogy. With a now established but growing evidence base focusing upon the outcomes of such social, emotional and behavioural work for schools and children, calls have been made for research that makes a gender critical analysis of such work. This article is grounded in a conceptual framework that positions gender as socially constructed and performative and draws on qualitative data gathered in a series of focus group and individual interviews with primary school practitioners. The findings demonstrate how gender binary beliefs influence perceptions of the behaviours displayed by boys and girls in play‐based situations as well as the social, emotional and behavioural work carried out by staff in response. The implications of these findings, in terms of the positioning of, and responses to the social, emotional and behavioural difficulties presented by boys and girls on the schoolyard are discussed and suggestions for future practice are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA reduction of urban space dedicated to outdoor play has occurred in recent decades, accompanied by a focus on risk reduction when planning for play. Experts increasingly argue in favor of risky play and enabling settings in the urban outdoors. In this paper we examine how risky play is enabled and constrained in two Dutch cities – frontrunners in this debate. Through analyzing path dependencies and institutional change, our qualitative case study (document analysis, expert interviews and focus group) demonstrates some early indicators of a paradigm shift, but also shows the complexity of planning for risky play in dense urban settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The building scheme design of the maintenance center plays a crucial role in the maintenance and safe operation of dock process equipment. Intelligent container terminals are currently at the forefront of terminal automation development. However, traditional maintenance center buildings are no longer able to meet the process equipment maintenance needs of intelligent container terminals. Based on the new construction concept of the intelligent container terminal project in Section C of Tianjin Port, the key design issues of the functional positioning, spatial layout, green intelligence, "zero carbon" design and aesthetic enhancement of the maintenance center building are summarized, and a maintenance center building scheme that meets the needs of intelligent container terminals is designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines paternal and maternal sensitivity as predictors of toddlers' attachment security in two naturalistic contexts. Seventy‐three mostly White middle‐class families participated between 2015 and 2019 when children (49.3% girls) were approximately 29.48 months old. Each child–parent dyad completed a home and playground visit. Findings revealed paternal and maternal sensitivity were significantly associated at home and marginally at the playground. Paternal sensitivity was only predictive of security to the father at the playground, showing a medium effect, while small effects of maternal sensitivity on security to the mother were found in both contexts. Cross‐parent contributions to security were small and limited to the playground. The need to consider the greater ecology of child–parent relationships and suggestions for larger‐scale research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores toddler – place relationships outdoors during early childhood education in Sweden. Informed by Tim Ingold's theorization of movement, we explore toddlers' embodied engagements with the preschool playground and how the human–non-human environments become entangled. The results show that, just as in the wider world, the processes enabling and limiting toddlers' engagements in the playground are continuously in motion. Toddler–place relationships are continuously created through a mutual dependence between human and non-human entities. In this sense, toddlers' engagements with playgrounds are not separate from the place through which they engage, but change place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) in authentic ways is often overlooked in early childhood spaces, despite young children having the ability to engage with the world around them through STEM practices. This piece showcases the work of children in a prekindergarten classroom as they explored an integrated STEM unit centering around the construction of a treehouse on their playground. Through the careful connection to content and standards in science, engineering, and mathematics, along with the integration of developmentally appropriate uses of technology, children learned about and constructed a treehouse on their school playground. Family and community partnerships also contributed to this work. We highlight the various phases of the project, associated standards, and tasks that children engaged with to help demonstrate the propensity of our youngest learners to authentically engage with STEM tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to describe the goals, activities, and methods of EUMOVE project in developing a set of resources targeting both primary and secondary schools that allow the entire educational community to promote healthy lifestyles (HL). The EUMOVE project is an Erasmus+ program based in the Creating Active Schools (CAS) framework. The project lasted 3 years and was developed by 14 academic and non-governmental institutions from Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, and the UK. EUMOVE was divided into three phases. In the first phase, several work packages were carried out aimed to ensure the coordination/management of the project activities. In the second phase, seven educational resources strengthened by rigorous scientific research were developed to promote HL from schools. During the last phase, all the resources were disseminated through scientific seminars, workshops with families and teachers, and the online promotion by the non-governmental institutions of each country. The EUMOVE project developed and promoted a smartphone APP, video/activity repository of physically active lessons, active break virtual platform, learning units, and parent/teachers/school-leaders' guidelines to promote physical activity, active commuting, active school playgrounds, healthy diet, and sleep habits. To our knowledge, EUMOVE is the first European project to provide a set of practical tools based on scientific evidence to help schools or future school-wide interventions implement a paradigm shift based on the CAS framework for the promotion of HL. Future research will need to investigate the implementation, effectiveness, and scalability of this proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While play in its various forms is universally recognised as developmentally important, it is neither universally accessible nor inclusive. Examining different forms of play is crucial for decolonising our understanding of play – particularly formal play provisions. This paper addresses the challenge of accessing these spaces by following one family’s journey in Pune, India, from their home to a designed formal play space. It explores how play is intertwined with aspirations of a certain type of romanticised formal play, imagined lifestyles, and access. This discussion highlights how the design and accessibility of formal play spaces reflect the influence of colonial histories and neo-colonialism on the everyday lives of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reliable data analysis center plays a crucial role in the successful execution of a space mission. The Science Operation and Data analysis Center (SODC) of Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory (ASO-S) is a bridge between the science team of ASO-S and data users (Huang et al. 2019). ASO-S plays a crucial role in understanding the solar eruptions (such as flares and coronal mass ejections) and the magnetism behind them. In this article, we outline the current status of ASO-S, as well as its data products and analysis software. These resources aid in the enhanced understanding of solar magnetism and its associated energetic eruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic helminth infections are of public health importance and resulting morbidities mostly affect school-aged children. This study was conducted in Bwari Area Council, Abuja, aimed to assess levels of contamination of preprimary and primary school playgrounds by helminth eggs. Twenty schools were randomly selected, 10 private and 10 public-owned pre/primary schools. Using floatation method, direct smear, and formal-ether sedimentation techniques, eggs were recovered from soil samples. Overall, 6607 eggs were obtained from 400 soil samples of which 4836 were geo-helminth and 239(59.8%) were positive for helminth eggs. The distribution is as follows: Taenia eggs(18.5%), Toxocara eggs(14.4%), Fasciola eggs(1.2%), Strongyle eggs(2.5%), Hookworm eggs (16.0%), Schistosome eggs(0.1%), Trichuris eggs(2.9%), Strongyloides eggs(8.2)%, Coccidian eggs(21.8%) and Mite eggs (14.5%) were also recorded. There was no significant association between the occurrence of helminth eggs and the schools (χ² = 0.6434, p = 0.4225). There was no significant association between the occurrence of geo-helminth eggs and the soil samples from primary and pre-primary school playgrounds (χ² = 2.751, p = 0.0972). This study revealed that the soils of pre-primary school playgrounds in Bwari Area Council were contaminated with helminth eggs. School-based chemotherapy and public enlightenment programmes should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, Lisa Sandlos and Rennie Tang investigate the potential for movement to play a more significant role in schoolyard design processes to enhance the physical literacy of middle school youth. This research responds to a need for prioritizing physical literacy for historically marginalized youth whose movement needs are often different from what is currently provided by athletics- focused school programming. The study draws on urban design theory, an ecological approach to psychology, movement/ dance studies research theory, and creativity studies to explore landscape design strategies that have the potential to cultivate a more robust culture of physical literacy in schoolyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this analysis, I employ Husserl's three-part description of intentionality to show how a player/play act/play object model for consciousness helps us see play more clearly. I review Suits' logic-based attempts to amend Huizinga's overly inclusive characterization of play. However, I do so on what I see as stronger phenomenological grounds by describing four kinds of experience embedded in Suits' work-play dichotomy. I analyze two species of play-fortified work – namely, work that requires intrinsic enhancement and work that does not. I also describe two species of play – namely, play that is compromised and play that is unfettered. I conclude by summarizing advantages of phenomenological analyses and underlining the important distinctions this philosophic method uncovers within traditional work and play categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the communication planning employed by the ICONNET 150678 Contact Center in handling customer complaints through inbound call services based on Philip Lesly's communication planning model. The research method used is in-depth interviews with a qualitative approach involving three internal ICONNET informants. The results show that the ICONNET Contact Center plays a crucial role in managing customer complaints through inbound call services. ICONNET implements systematic steps such as customer data verification, complaint analysis, and the application of First Contact Resolution (FCR). Regular evaluations have led to increased customer satisfaction and a reduction in unresolved complaints. Innovations such as the MyICON+ application facilitate customers in checking bills and reporting issues. Overall, the effective communication strategies and systematic handling of complaints by the ICONNET Contact Center significantly contribute to enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin 1/2 quantum spin chains represent the prototypical model for coupled two-level systems. Consequently, they offer a fertile playground for both fundamental and technological applications ranging from the theory of thermalization to quantum computation. Recently, it has been shown that interesting phenomena are associated to the boundary conditions imposed on the quantum spin chains via the so-called topological frustration. In this work, we analyze the effects of such frustration on a few-spin system, with a particular focus on the strong even–odd effects induced in the ground-state energy. We then implement a topologically frustrated quantum spin chain on a quantum computer to show that our predictions are visible on current quantum hardware platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the history of playgrounds in Finland and focuses on the emergence and implementation of the objectives of the international playground movement in the early twentieth century. Specifically, it examines the relations between supervised playgrounds, women's emancipation, child welfare policies, and political discussion on social class. In doing so, the article illustrates the transnational circulation and implementation of early twentieth century "child-saving" ideas, such as the playground reform. The analysis is done by cross and close reading a wealth of contemporary texts on playgrounds, such as magazines, newspapers, and archival materials. By tracing the interwoven aspects of the playground movement and the history of Finland, especially the significance of the Civil War of 1918, this article argues that supervised playgrounds were utilised in reconciling the socio-political issues of the newly independent state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Active outdoor play is important for children's health and development, and playgrounds provide good places for play. However, the importance of playground use for health and well-being is unclear. Our scoping review aims to create an overview of all research on playground use and health benefits for children. Methods: Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus, and PsycInfo were searched using two search blocks, focusing on 'playground' and 'children' respectively, for publications from 2000 to November 2023. The primary inclusion criterion was examining the relationship between playground use and positive physical, mental, or social health outcomes. Only papers published in English were reviewed. For each publication, we synthesized and condensed the results, categorizing them by playground setting, reported health outcome, participant age group, study design, methodologies, publication's country, year, and 'stage of evidence'. Results: Data from 247 studies were extracted and nearly 80% of these publications were descriptive or exploratory studies. Fifty-two were intervention studies. Adding playground markings to schoolyards led to increased physical activity. Greening schoolyards had mainly positive effects on social and mental health. In Early Childhood Education and Care, renewing play structures had a positive effect on physical activity in three publications. All Public Open Space interventions we found were different, with mixed effects on health outcomes. Conclusions: The existing evidence provides good arguments for policy makers, city planners and school-leaders to invest in adding playground markings in schoolyards as this will likely result in more physical activity. The evidence for the health benefits of investing in new play structures indicated that tailoring the playground to local needs is important as 'one size does not fit all' and playgrounds need to be designed as engaging and interesting places for children's play if they are to generate health benefits. Investing in 'greening' playgrounds is likely to result in social and mental health benefits for children, but does not always result in more physical activity. The research field needs more efficacy and effectiveness studies, and in particular replication and scale-up studies to demonstrate which type of playground interventions are successful. Protocol: The review protocol was registered at Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UYN2V). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current hardware Trojan (HT) detection techniques are mostly developed based on a limited set of HT benchmarks. Existing HT benchmark circuits are generated with multiple shortcomings, i.e., (i) they are heavily biased by the designers' mindset when created, and (ii) they are created through a one-dimensional lens, mainly the signal activity of nets. We introduce the first automated reinforcement learning (RL) HT insertion and detection framework to address these shortcomings. In the HT insertion phase, an RL agent explores the circuits and finds locations best for keeping inserted HTs hidden. On the defense side, we introduce a multi-criteria RL-based HT detector that generates test vectors to discover the existence of HTs. Using the proposed framework, one can explore the HT insertion and detection design spaces to break the limitations of human mindset and benchmark issues, ultimately leading toward the next generation of innovative detectors. We demonstrate the efficacy of our framework on ISCAS-85 benchmarks, provide the attack and detection success rates, and define a methodology for comparing our techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schoolyards represent an important opportunity for physical activity, development and learning. However, there is minimal policy or accountability for their level or distribution. Through community partnership and citizen science, we built a system-wide picture of schoolyard quality across Ontario, using a validated, standardized tool. Quality was low with considerable variation. The top-scoring school scored 61 of a possible 88 points, the minimum was 14 (M = 35.3; SD = 9.9). Affluent schools and communities had slightly better playgrounds than poorer ones. Knowledge mobilization about how schoolyards impact health and shortcomings in existing resources raise possibilities for advocacy and policy work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAlthough natural playgrounds have originated from an intention to provide greater access to nature for children, these play spaces offer a designed and regulated space that diverges from other natural contexts. This study investigated the perceived and sociomaterially constructed role of nature in natural playgrounds by examining what people (i.e. playground designers and users) perceive and experience as natural within five natural playground sites in Calgary, Alberta. Drawing from interviews with playground developers, caregivers, and children that use the natural playground sites, this study describes what features are perceived as natural within the playgrounds, what shapes these forms of nature, and how these forms of nature may contribute to sustainable learning environments. This study found several opportunities and challenges surrounding sustainability, including the use of sustainable design within sites, the tension of sharing sites with non-human users, and the potential for further environmental education embedded within site design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children’s playgrounds became part of the urban planning and evolution of Western cities at the turn of 19th and early 20th centuries. The overall objective was to improve urban children’s well-being and enhance safety by channelling play activities away from city streets towards designated play spaces. This article zooms in on the process of creating recommendations, norms and standards related to playgrounds. The subject under scrutiny is the standardization of childhood in Finland during the 1960s and 1970s, a period characterized by the most intense phases of urbanization, the establishment of welfare state institutions and the evolution of legislation pertaining to children's play spaces as well as vigorous discussions concerning children's environments. These planning discussions, norms and standards have had far-reaching consequences. They are not only prominently evident in today's Finnish cities but have also significantly influenced our contemporary perception of children's place within urban contexts. This study brings a social history approach to the academic discussion of the role of standardization in urban planning. Simultaneously, it examines the development of the increasingly standardized urban childhood in Finland in the 1960s and 1970s and asks what kind of childhood this standardization aimed to promote. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is evident that urban open green spaces play a vital role in the health and well-being of urban residents. In addition to providing residents with access to fresh air and a stress-relieving environment, green spaces also encourage social interaction, support biodiversity, and assist cities in combating climate change. However, rapid population growth with urbanisation increases the need for housing in existing cities and causes unplanned development. As a result, the amount of open green areas on the zoning plans and in the current situation generally differ from each other. The aim of this study is to evaluate the adequacy of the open green areas foreseen in the zoning plans in the central neighbourhoods of Efeler district of Aydın province by comparing the current situation of these areas and to make suggestions for the future. In the realisation of the study, the area, population, Master and Implementation Zoning Plans, satellite images and on-site investigations of Efeler District of Aydın Province were used. The surface areas of open green areas were calculated from the Zoning Plans and satellite images, their ratios to the population were analysed and evaluated in terms of our country standards. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the open green areas in the central neighbourhoods of Efeler district of Aydın province are insufficient according to our country standards with an amount of 2.36 m² per person. For this reason, it is necessary to increase the open green areas included in the zoning plans but not implemented and new open green areas in the city centre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider an α' corrected Reissner-Nordström AdS black hole to study thermodynamics. We study the P -- V criticality and thermodynamical stability of the black hole. We obtained a first-order phase transition, which may be interpreted as the large/small black hole phase transition. Therefore, we obtained a van der Waals behaviour and obtained critical points. Finally, we calculate quantum work used to resolve the information loss paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Human toxocariasis (HT) is a zoonotic disease with a global expansion. Contaminated soil with Toxocara spp. eggs is the main source of human infection, which may lead to severe complications depending on the organs invaded by migrating larvae. Aim. This study is aimed at eliciting the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks in Zahedan, southeast Iran, and providing new insight into the soil contamination rate in this area using microscopic and molecular methods. Methods. Based on five municipal districts, 240 soil samples were collected from public parks and playgrounds in Zahedan. The modified Sheather's flotation technique was employed to isolate Toxocara spp. eggs from the soil, followed by microscopic assessment and molecular evaluation of internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (ITS1 and 2 rDNA) using nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) to identify the presence of Toxocara spp. eggs. The Sanger sequence was used to differentiate the Toxocara species. Subsequently, all the sequenced data were blasted and compared with other sequences available in the GenBank. Results. Out of 240 soil samples collected, 7 (2.9%) samples were identified to contain Toxocara spp. eggs using Sheather's flotation and microscopic techniques. Meanwhile, 19 (7.9%) samples were positive using nested PCR. According to the Sanger sequencing analysis findings, all positive samples were contaminated with Toxocara cati. Conclusion. As evidenced by the obtained results, only T. cati species were detected in public parks and playgrounds in Zahedan; therefore, control and prevention programs against this species should be considered in human and animal communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogenic bacteria and environmental surfaces play an important role in the spread of the bacterium. Presence of S. aureus on children's playgrounds and on toys was described in international studies, however, little is known about the prevalence and characteristics of S. aureus at playgrounds in Europe. In this study, 355 samples were collected from playgrounds from 16 cities in Hungary. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was tested for nine antibiotics. Presence of virulence factors was detected by PCR. Clonal diversity of the isolates was tested by PFGE and MLST. The overall prevalence of S. aureus was 2.81% (10/355) and no MRSA isolates were found. Presence of spa (10), fnbA (10), fnbB (5), icaA (8), cna (7), sea (2), hla (10), hlb (2) and hlg (6) virulence genes were detected. The isolates had diverse PFGE pulsotypes. With MLST, we have detected isolates belonging to ST8 (CC8), ST22 (CC22), ST944 and ST182 (CC182), ST398 (CC398), ST6609 (CC45), ST3029 and ST2816. We have identified a new sequence type, ST6609 of CC45. S. aureus isolates are present on Hungarian playgrounds, especially on plastic surfaces. The isolates were clonally diverse and showed resistance to commonly used antibiotics. These data reinforce the importance of the outdoor environment in the spread for S. aureus in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We compared changes in physical activity (PA) in active and inactive youth during school recess with supervised and unsupervised activity zoned playgrounds (AZP). Methods: We analyzed PA of 143 third-, fourth-, and fifth-graders from 2 elementary institutions using Actigraph-GT3X accelerometers for 4 weeks. We collected baseline data for one week prior to activity zoning. Afterwards, the playgrounds were divided into 6 activity zones for 2 weeks, with activity zones supervised at only one institution. Activity zones were removed, and PA data were collected for one-week post intervention. Results: We saw few differences in PA engagement between the supervision conditions throughout the duration of AZP implementation such that moderate and vigorous PA decreased with supervision (ps < .05). Initial activity status influenced PA engagement with AZP implementation. AZPs significantly reduced vigorous PA engagement in active kids with subsequent increases in light PA engagement, whereas PA engagement remained relatively unchanged among inactive children. Conclusion: Supervising AZP may be detrimental to PA engagement during recess; however, this could be dependent on the reliability of employed supervisors. Additionally, considerable attention is needed with activity development that will appease students of differing activity statuses and prevent decreases in higher intensity PA engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We assessed changes in social skill development, problem behaviors, and academic competencies with an acute implementation of an activity-zoned playground (AZP) during recess. Methods: Third- and fifth-grade students (N = 116) from 2 midwestern elementary institutions were selected to wear an accelerometer at recess and have their teacher complete a pre- and post-intervention assessment of the Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS). We measured physical activity (PA) using Actigraph-GT3X accelerometers for 4 continuous weeks: one week of baseline, 2 weeks of activity zone intervention, one week of post-intervention with activity zone removal. Results: The AZP intervention was effective at increasing MVPA with decreases in sedentary activity during recess for third-grade students whereas fifth-grade students showed no significant change in PA (ps < .001). Furthermore, third-grade children improved their social skill scores by 3% (p = .003), but no change in social skill behavior was noted for fifth-grade students (p = .73); we detected no differences in problem behaviors or academic competence (ps > .05). Conclusion: Activity-zoned playgrounds can improve PA engagement and can lead to improvements in social skill development without worsening problem behaviors, especially in younger students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes how liberal, American-curriculum universities and neoliberal entrepreneurship centers play a role in shaping the religious subjectivities of millennial Muslim women in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is grounded in 2 years of fieldwork and interviews conducted with middle-class, migrant Muslim women living in the UAE, a highly cosmopolitan urban setting shaped deeply by processes of globalization. Examining how 'global forms' materialize in local contexts, the article scrutinizes how the 'assemblages' emerging in educational and entrepreneurial contexts play a vital role in shaping women's practices and sensibilities, conceptualizations of God, and relationships to others. Tracing one woman's intellectual and religious trajectory through her self-narrative, the article intervenes in debates on the global reach and resonance of American educational 'imperialism'; the entanglement of religious and entrepreneurial subjectivity; and the contemporary forms of Islamic religiosity in the Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic mechanisms of nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) on the pristine and Co/α‐MoC(001) surfaces were explored by density functional theory calculations. The results show that the preferred pathway is that a direct N≡N cleavage occurs first, followed by continuous hydrogenations. The production of second NH3 molecule is identified as the rate‐limiting step on both systems with kinetic barriers of 1.5 and 2.0 eV, respectively, indicating that N2‐to‐NH3 transformation on bimetallic surface is more likely to occur. The two components of the bimetallic center play different roles during NRR process, in which Co atom does not directly participate in the binding of intermediates, but primarily serves as a reservoir of H atoms. This special synergy makes Co/α‐MoC(001) have superior activity for ammonia synthesis. The introduction of Co not only facilitates N2 dissociation, but also accelerates the migration of H atom due to the antibonding characteristic of Co−H bond. This study offers a facile strategy for the rational design and development of efficient catalysts for ammonia synthesis and other reactions involving the hydrogenation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mill Bridge in Besigheim In the small town of Besigheim, north of Stuttgart, a footbridge was built over the river Enz in front of the historic, heritage‐listed cityscape. With a curved span of approximately 70 m and inclined hanger cables only connected to the outer edge of the superstructure, the one‐sided, self‐anchored suspension bridge offers pedestrians a direct connection from the Enz Park to the medieval city‐centre, and cyclists a smoothly transfer from one river bank to the other. Although the new footbridge is a highly technical lightweight structure, it takes account of the local context and carefully embraces the adjacent historic watermill. As a result, the bridge enhances the park and associated riverside playground in both form and function, allowing visitors to experience the river and the historic cityscape in a new way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Viewpoint considers why children's playground provision has changed so little in the UK over the last century despite radical changes in our understanding of children's geographies, considerable research into play space design and committed advocacy that has promoted children's more equitable access the city. It argues that the equipped playground has become increasingly embedded in to social, political and professional attitudes relating to the provision of public space for play. This history continues to have an enduring influence on the present-day management and maintenance of more than 26,000 children's playgrounds and the £86m spent on them each year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates views and discourses on outdoor play in preschool teachers talks about their playgrounds and outdoor practices in Swedish preschools. Included were a strategic sample of teachers from newer, larger preschool facilities with more programmed outdoor space, and teachers from older, more traditional facilities containing more nature. Through interviews with 38 teachers at 21 preschools and a thematic analysis inspired by socio-material theory, we identified three main themes: The meanings and limits of free outdoor play, the view on nature and children’s encounters with nature,and dangers and risks in the playground. Within these themes, we show how the teachers’ views construct discourses related to the outdoor educational places and spaces that are available. Furthermore, changes in preschool curricula as well as in the playground material and design are active agents in constructing discourses on outdoor play, including risks and limitations, beyond teachers’ own beliefs on children’s needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal perovskite oxide membranes and their unique properties have attracted great attention recently and have been developed into one of the research frontiers in condensed matter physics and materials science. Free of constraint imposed by the underlying substrate, freestanding membranes exhibit extraordinary structural tunability and flexibility far exceeding the bulk materials and epitaxial films clamped on substrates, which substantially extends the explorable regime in the phase diagrams. Moreover, high‐quality oxide membranes, even down to a single unit cell, can be synthesized and stacked/integrated with any materials for novel artificial heterostructures and electronic applications. The exceptional structural tunability and stacking ability in oxide membranes provide new knobs to explore the spontaneous symmetry breaking in oxides, providing a fertile playground for emergent primary ferroic/multiferroic properties and electronic applications. Here, the recent progress is briefly reviewed and the promising outlook for future research in ferroic perovskite oxide membranes and their applications is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Playgrounds are the areas where children spend a significant part of their time, play games and socialize each other. However, playgrounds located in city centers are affected by the emissions released from both the materials used in their structures and pollutant sources in the city. This study was carried out to determine exposed element concentrations and to figure out the potential health risks posed by toxic elements. In the study, surface dust samples were collected from 28 playgrounds in Buca, Izmir. The concentrations of 25 elements were determined and evaluated according to the floor covering (rubber, concrete and sand) of the playgrounds. The highest element concentrations were measured in rubber coated playgrounds and especially for Zn, Ba, Cu, Pb, Co and Sb elements. On the other hand, the health risks (noncarcinogenic risks and cancer risks) were determined using the model published by the US Environmental protection agency (EPA). The non-carcinogenic risks of Co and As were found close to limit value but total Hazard index (HI) of elements was calculated higher than safe limit for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drop off in physical activity (PA) for children has led to an increased focus on their PA engagement, due to the poor health outcomes often linked to this decline. Subsequently, stakeholders, across a variety of fields, have problematised and intervened in activity settings to address this decline. Many of these studies acknowledge high levels of activity in the primary years and tend to prioritise their efforts on the adolescent years. An important limitation in these studies is that they greatly overlook how a decline might also be related to children's physical engagement in early childhood. To gain more insight on the role that early PA engagement may play in long-term PA participation, this paper examines early physical engagement through a focus on year one/ two students across three PA spaces – the home, the physical education (PE) class and the playground. Data was collected through a range of ethnographic and child-centred methods and examined using a Bourdieusian lens. This analysis shows that engagement in PA starts as a confluence between the physically active habitus, sport-focused PE and the sportised playground, which produces different patterns of engagement. This paper offers an in-depth examination of this process across the three spaces and identifies how these outcomes become habitualised over the course of primary school, which may play a role in affecting long-term participation. The paper concludes with a call for a more democratised approach to early primary PE, along with accompanying changes to the playground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are the basic skills children should develop but are low in children from high-income countries. Literature indicates that playgrounds can play an important role challenging children's balance, agility, and coordination. However, knowledge on the influence of playgrounds on children's FMS development is fragmented. The aim of the present scoping review was to create an overview of all research that is relevant when studying the influence of unstructured playground play on children's FMS. Four electronic databases (Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus, and PsycInfo) were searched systematically in May 2022 and October 2023 following the PRISMA guidelines, leading to a final set of 14 publications meeting the inclusion criteria. The results of these publications indicate that it is important to design playgrounds with various features targeting balance, climbing, throwing, and catching to provide opportunities for children to enhance each FMS (i.e., stability, locomotor skills, and object control skills). Also, spreading features over a large area of the playground seems to ensure ample space per child, stimulate children to use locomotor skills by moving to and from features, and to play active games without equipment. Possibly, also natural play settings develop children's FMS. These findings, however, should be read with caution. More experimental studies using objective and standardized FMS tests are needed in this research field for a more robust conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of Multilingual Language Models (MLLMs) and Large Language Models (LLMs) has spawned innovation in many areas of natural language processing. Despite the exciting potential of this technology, its impact on developing high-quality Machine Translation (MT) outputs for low-resource languages remains relatively under-explored. Furthermore, an open-source application, dedicated to both fine-tuning MLLMs and managing the complete MT workflow for low-resources languages, remains unavailable. We aim to address these imbalances through the development of adaptMLLM, which streamlines all processes involved in the fine-tuning of MLLMs for MT. This open-source application is tailored for developers, translators, and users who are engaged in MT. It is particularly useful for newcomers to the field, as it significantly streamlines the configuration of the development environment. An intuitive interface allows for easy customisation of hyperparameters, and the application offers a range of metrics for model evaluation and the capability to deploy models as a translation service directly within the application. As a multilingual tool, we used adaptMLLM to fine-tune models for two low-resource language pairs: English to Irish (EN ↔ GA) and English to Marathi (EN ↔ MR). Compared with baselines from the LoResMT2021 Shared Task, the adaptMLLM system demonstrated significant improvements. In the EN → GA direction, an improvement of 5.2 BLEU points was observed and an increase of 40.5 BLEU points was recorded in the GA → EN direction representing relative improvements of 14% and 117%, respectively. Significant improvements in the translation performance of the EN ↔ MR pair were also observed notably in the MR → EN direction with an increase of 21.3 BLEU points which corresponds to a relative improvement of 68%. Finally, a fine-grained human evaluation of the MLLM output on the EN → GA pair was conducted using the Multidimensional Quality Metrics and Scalar Quality Metrics error taxonomies. The application and models are freely available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel SrMn3Ti14M4O38 (M = Ti and Fe) compounds with a crichtonite-type structure are reported herein. M = Ti shows a ferrimagnetic behavior at TN = 15 K, while M = Fe creates a ferromagnetic cluster-glass at Tf = 8 K via positional disorder. This family offers a promising magnetic playground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid growing academic discourse on teenagers' political rights, this paper argues that the inclusion of teenagers in the decision-making process at the municipal level has positive effects. Based on qualitative and quantitative research on three municipalities in Greece and Sweden, this paper concludes that a level of awareness of the critical issue of climate change leads to a greater propensity for action from municipal councils aimed at restoring the environment. The findings demonstrate that including teenagers in the decision-making process at the local and regional level could lead to a greater focus on forward-thinking policies, particularly in areas concerning young people, such as environmental preservation efforts and democratic rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of bullying worldwide is high (UNESCO, 2018). Over the past decades, many anti-bullying interventions have been developed to remediate this problem. However, we lack insight into for whom these interventions work and what individual intervention components drive the total intervention effects. We conducted a large-scale individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis using data from 39,793 children and adolescents aged five to 20 years (Mage = 12.58, SD = 2.34) who had participated in quasi-experimental or randomized controlled trials of school-based anti-bullying interventions (i.e., 10 studies testing nine interventions). Multilevel logistic regression analyses showed that anti-bullying interventions significantly reduced self-reported victimization (d = − 0.14) and bullying perpetration (d = − 0.07). Anti-bullying interventions more strongly reduced bullying perpetration in younger participants (i.e., under age 12) and victimization for youth who were more heavily victimized before the intervention. We did not find evidence to show that the inclusion of specific intervention components was related to higher overall intervention effects, except for an iatrogenic effect of non-punitive disciplinary methods–which was strongest for girls. Exploratory analyses suggested that school assemblies and playground supervision may have harmful effects for some, increasing bullying perpetration in youth who already bullied frequently at baseline. In conclusion, school-based anti-bullying interventions are generally effective and work especially well for younger children and youth who are most heavily victimized. Further tailoring of interventions may be necessary to more effectively meet the needs and strengths of specific subgroups of children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Playground Shade Index (PSI) is introduced as a design metric for assessing the shade and solar ultraviolet (UV) protection provided by eight different cloth weave shade structures currently utilized in public playgrounds across a regional city located in southern Queensland, Australia. The PSI, expressing the ratio of available ambient solar UV exposure relative to the UV exposure received by a shaded 184 m2 playground surface over a whole day in midsummer and midwinter, is used to determine the best design and aspect of all eight existing structures. Unlike subjective shade audits that may only consider the type of shade structure, the number and characteristics of surrounding trees, and surface materials available at a given site, the PSI considers, in addition to previous factors, the available sky fraction and the direct solar UV contribution underneath the shade structure over a full day. By considering the in situ UV protection characteristics of the shade structure, the PSI has demonstrated its value as a robust design metric. Of the eight shade structure styles examined, this research presents the most likely structure best suited for UV protection over the two solar UV extremes in summer and winter, including optimal structure aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an in-depth understanding of children's perspectives toward playing on three interactive playgrounds located in a schoolyard in Enschede, a city located in the eastern part of the Netherlands, in the Twente region. The COM-B model of behavior change is used to explore children's perspectives. This model defines behavior as the result of an interaction between three components that generate behavior: Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation. The perceptions and experiences of 27 children aged 8 to 12 from playing on these interactive playgrounds are investigated through go-along group interviews and focus group discussions. Based on our findings, we list key issues and general recommendations for designing interactive playgrounds for children's outdoor play based on children's perspectives. These key issues and recommendations are beneficial for practitioners, and in particular, interactive designers who develop interactive playgrounds that stimulate children's outdoor play behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the emergence and development of playgrounds in the most significant treaty ports of China — Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Tianjin — during the first half of the 20th century. It contributes to understanding the unique evolution of playgrounds and children's play in modern China by exploring the interaction between imported ideas from the endogenous development of playgrounds in Europe and America and new ideas on children's development with local circumstances and social ideas. It reveals that initially, children's play was mainly adult-oriented, but after certain ideas on safety, education, and physical development were introduced, playgrounds were constructed. Later, physical constructions and management methods were added until they developed into particular landscapes that were constructed to meet the perceived physical, social, and mental needs of children. During this process, urban citizens changed their ideology on play, viewing playgrounds as a tool for training children to conform to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vocabulary knowledge provides a critical foundation for later reading comprehension. Children with limited vocabularies and background knowledge often need many opportunities to learn a new word. One effective way to promote vocabulary acquisition for young children is to provide opportunities for children to learn new words throughout classroom routines. Activity-Based Intervention, an early childhood teaching approach, can be used as a framework for planning and implementing vocabulary instruction across planned, child-directed, and routine activities like science and math activities, free play during center time, and mealtimes. By using these underutilized times of the day for instruction, and by adapting instructional strategies and words taught to meet the needs of individual learners, early childhood educators can provide rich vocabulary instruction to all young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When playwork settings re-opened in July 2020 after the first lockdown in March 2020, playwork as a profession demonstrated its adaptable and flexible nature for children to access the provision. This included open access provision becoming closed access and bookable, a reduction in the number of children, resources, and space to play, and increased cleaning. As part of a longitudinal study, now one year how are open access settings (adventure playgrounds and mobile play provision) and closed access settings (breakfast clubs, after-school clubs, and holiday playschemes) operating? An online survey was completed by 42 participants, 31 who ran closed access and 11 who ran open-access settings. Results indicated that all settings were running the same number of days and hours pre-March lockdown, however, fewer children are attending with a smaller number of staff, this being more noticeable within closed access settings. It appears the open access adventure playgrounds are operating as they were pre-March 2020 lockdown, however, the closed access childcare provision, e.g. after-school clubs are still running as they were in July 2020. Although funding has been made available to support aspects such as extra cleaning, playwork settings are concerned with being able to open and continue to operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]