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Background: PASI score is globally used to assess disease activity of psoriasis. However, it is relatively complicated and time‐consuming, and the score will vary due to the inconsistent subjectivity between dermatologists. Therefore, an AI system capable of assessing psoriasis severity will be useful. Objectives: To propose a simplified PASI system (Single‐Shot PASI) and associated AI models capable of assessing psoriasis severity. Methods: Overall, 705 psoriasis images of the trunk's front and back were used in our research. Considering the relatively small number of images, we used data augmentation techniques to expand the data. A psoriasis expert's scores were used as teacher data. Various convolutional neural network models and hyperparameters were adjusted using a fivefold cross‐validation. From these adjustments, we discovered that fine‐tuning Imagenet2012‐pretrained InceptionV3 whose last linear layer was replaced by a two‐layer perceptron (30 hidden units and five output units) exhibited the best performance. Results: To validate our deep learning system, 10 images were selected as test sets and were excluded from the training sets. The AI assessment of Single‐Shot PASI was almost consistent with the clinical severity. We examined whether AI assistance would affect human scoring. In this study, 13 dermatologists and 9 medical students were invited as evaluators. Mean absolute differences from AI scores and standard deviation among evaluators reduced with AI assistance. In addition, the evaluator's scores got close to the teacher's score with AI's assistance. Conclusions: We proposed a Single‐Shot PASI system and developed an associated AI system capable of assessing psoriasis severity simply by uploading a single clinical image. An easy‐to‐use scoring system and our freely available AI software would help dermatologists and patients with psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time lung weight measurement is a simple and non-invasive technique to detect extravascular lung water during ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). We aimed to investigate the feasibility of real-time lung weight measurement in clinical EVLP as an early predictor of transplant suitability and post-transplant outcomes. In our clinical acellular EVLP system, real-time lung weight was measured in 117 cases, from 6/2019 to 6/2022. Weights were repeatedly recorded with a scale under the organ chamber throughout the perfusion. Estimated lung weight gain at each time point was calculated by cumulative estimated lung weight up to that time point. According to our recent data on lung weight, 4 categories using adjusted lung weight before starting EVLP (Ad-LW0), Ad-LW0 was calculated as follows: Ad-LW0 [g] = Lung weight before EVLP [g] + (175 - donor height [cm]) × 11.07, Category1: the lowest weight, Category 4: the highest weight). Non-suitable cases (n = 39) had significantly higher estimated lung weight gain than suitable cases (n = 78) throughout the perfusion (Figure A). Estimated lung weight gain at 10 mins and 60 mins were significantly higher in non-suitable cases in each Ad-LW0 category (Figure B, C). Specifically, the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve to identify transplant non-suitability in category 4 was 0.81 for estimated lung weight gain at 10 mins (cut-off value: -43.6 g) and 0.89 for 60 mins (cut-off value: -1.3 g). In transplanted cases, estimated lung weight gain at 60 min was significantly higher in PGD 2-3 cases (n = 16) than PGD 0-1 cases (n = 58) (1.3 ± 53.0 vs -42.9 ± 52.1 [g], p < 0.05) with 4 ungradable cases. Early weight gain during EVLP using real-time lung weight measurement can predict transplant suitability and post-transplant outcomes. Abnormal value of real-time lung weight data has a specific role as an early alarm for any potential evidence of poor lung function during evaluation and post-transplant period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have conducted field and laboratory experiments to determine the rates of processes responsible for the recovery of dissolved oxygen (DO) in an embayment connected to a main channel. We measured the horizontal velocity vectors to evaluate large-scale circulation within the embayment and measured the time series of DO concentrations during the recovery processes promoted by supply from the main channel. In particular, this study has focused on the effects of the aperture ratio of the embayment/main-channel opening. We have developed a practical formula for the DO recovery rate based on the bulk-mean velocity in the main channel, the aperture ratio, and the position of the embayment opening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that determined the measurements of electron temperature and density in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma which were obtained using the technique of incoherent Thomson scattering of a high-power pulsed laser. Background on the use of ECR plasmas in plasma processing applications; Examples of typical Thomson scattered signals; Analysis of deviations from a Maxwellian velocity distribution.

Describes the behavior of magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the magnetorestriction constants over the composition diagrams in both the ruthenium-free and the ruthenium-added FeGaSi alloys. Origin of the soft magnetism of the FeGASi alloy; Ruthenium-content dependence of the magnetic properties; Measurement of magnetocrystalline anisotropy.

Develops a theory for the propagation loss of surface acoustic waves on a monolithic metal-insulator-semiconductor structure. Derivation of the theory; Nature of the surface-acoustic-wave propagation loss; Relation between the propagation loss and the admittance of the substrate.

SUMMARY Digitized electrical products have many functions, and these user interface specifications have become large scale. Therefore, in short development period, it is a problem that time for usability evaluation is insufficient. In this paper, we propose a user interface design method that can evaluate consistency in device operation, by simple processes. Features of the proposed method are to use similarity of functions or interactions, as software metrics. The similarities are calculated from the design information, and are analyzed by using an agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC). As a result of the AHC, functions or interactions are classified into several groups, and their consistencies are able to be judged. This is an automatic evaluation method that does not require manpower. Thus, unlike conventional usability evaluation, efficiency of the design work can be expected. As a result of evaluating user interfaces for digital camera by using the method, this technique was able to identify the points to be corrected in the interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) technology plays a pivotal role in expanding the donor pool. However, its expensive costs remain a hurdle, especially for cases ending up non-suitable for transplant. Therefore, maintaining acceptable utilization rates (transplantable / total EVLP cases) is an important goal for EVLP programs. In this study, we tested back-table evaluation tools prior to EVLP that can help in identifying non-recoverable donor lungs to avoid the additional costs of perfusing non-transplantable lungs. Marginal donor lungs and lungs procured by other teams were evaluated at back-table to decide whether it could be transplanted directly, needed further evaluation by EVLP, or declined before EVLP. The back-table evaluation included lung weight (LW) measurement, direCt Lung Ultrasound Evaluation (CLUE), inspection, and palpation. The LW measurements were adjusted to donor height. The CLUE scores were generated based on edema, atelectasis, and consolidation findings. Out of 109 evaluated donor lungs, 17 were declined before EVLP, 5 were transplanted directly, and 87 were further evaluated by EVLP. Out of the 87 EVLP cases, 56 were transplanted (utilization rate 64.4%). Donor lungs declined before EVLP had significantly higher adjusted LW and CLUE score compared to lungs evaluated by EVLP and transplanted directly (1279 vs 941 vs 833 gm, p < 0.001; 1.4 vs 0.4 vs 0.3, p < 0.001, respectively). The LW measurements of all donor lungs declined before EVLP were above the 80th percentile for donor height and 65 % were above the 90th percentile. On the other hand, the LW of all donor lungs transplanted directly were below the 50th percentile. In the EVLP group, non-suitable donor lungs for transplant had significantly higher adjusted LW and CLUE score compared to suitable donor lungs (1020 vs 925 gm, p = 0.01; 0.47 vs 0.33, p = 0.03, respectively). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve to identify donor lungs non-recoverable by EVLP was 0.98 for CLUE and 0.95 for adjusted LW. Our study demonstrated the ability of CLUE and LW measurement to predict the outcome of EVLP and identify non-recoverable donor lungs by EVLP. Thus, utilizing these tools in the back-table evaluation prior to EVLP can help in optimizing the utilization rates by avoiding the perfusion of non-transplantable donor lungs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a useful tool to evaluate marginal lungs. The aim of this study is to investigate if EVLP expands donor pool and improves clinical outcomes of lung transplantation. From Jan 2014 to Dec 2021, 868 lung transplants were performed at Cleveland Clinic. Of these, EVLP were used in 105 cases (12%). Toronto-type EVLP program was initiated on Feb 2016. Donor indication for EVLP included 1) marginal lungs, 2) extended DCD (agonal time > 60 min), 3) logistics, and 4) 3rd party procurement. EVLP evaluation was performed using standard parameters, ultrasound, and lung weight measurement. COMPLETE score and donor lung weight category protocols were initiated on 2019 and 2020, respectively. Endpoints included Primary graft dysfunction, hospital stay, and 1 year survival. Study cohort was divided into 4 periods; 2014-2015, 2016-2017, 2018-2019, and 2020-2021 by years. Average lung transplant volume was higher in 2nd-4th period than in 1st period (233 vs. 198 LTx). Total EVLP volume (Recovery rate) was 157 (67%). EVLP case increased; 0 in 2014-2015, 9 (77%) in 2016-2017, 58 (64%) in 2018-2019, and 90 (68%) in 2020-2021. EVLP indications included marginal lungs (79%), extended DCD (10%), logistics (15%), and 3rd party procurement (7%). Primary graft dysfunction Grade 3 at 72 hour during 2nd-4th periods was 13% in EVLP group and 10% in Straight lung transplant group (p = 0.16): The value of both groups decrease to 6.5% in EVLP and 6.0% in straight lung transplant group in 2020-2021 (Figure). There was no significant difference in hospital stay and 1 year survival between the two groups in 2nd-4th periods (hospital stay; 24 and 21 days, 1 year survival; 89 vs. 87%, respectively). These data suggest that EVLP might be useful to increase lung transplant volume and to improve clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary emboli (PE) can be formed in donor lungs during different phases of donor management and even during procurement, which makes its diagnosis challenging. Additionally, undiagnosed PE in donor lungs can have a detrimental effect on the outcomes of lung transplantation. The aim of this study was to apply our novel technique ex -vivo p u l m o nary a r t e ry (EXPLORE) angioscopy for the screening of PE in our clinical ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) program. One hundred and fifty-five EVLP cases were performed since the start of our program in 2018, 70 cases were performed after the application of EXPLORE angioscopy in March 2021. Donor lungs fulfilling the criteria for PE suspicion were screened with EXPLORE. For the EXPLORE angioscopy technique, an adult fiber optic bronchoscope was utilized (off-label use) for the visualization of the pulmonary arterial tree and the removal of identified PE. Out of 52 donor lungs screened by EXPLORE angioscopy before EVLP, PE were identified and removed in 15 cases. Ten cases out of 15 were deemed suitable for transplantation after EVLP evaluation. Two recipients had primary graft dysfunction (PGD) grade 0, 5 recipients had PGD 1, 3 recipients had PGD 2 and no recipient had PGD 3 at 72 hours post-transplant. Cases with identified PE had significantly lower lactate levels and higher glucose levels in perfusate during EVLP when compared to cases with no PE or where EXPLORE was not performed (7.5 ± 0.9 vs 10 ± 0.5 vs 10.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L, p = 0.01 and 133 ± 23 vs 111 ± 26 vs 114 ± 35 mg/dl, p = 0.04, respectively). After the application of EXPLORE in our EVLP program, donor lungs had significantly higher dynamic compliance and perfusate glucose levels during EVLP (82.3 ± 26 vs 72.6 ± 26 ml/cmH 2 O, p = 0.03 and 128 ± 38 vs 109 ± 40 mg/dl, p < 0.01, respectively). Importantly, before the application of EXPLORE large PE were suspected in 5 cases during EVLP by thermography and high lactate levels, and were confirmed by post-EVLP dissection. Since the application of EXPLORE, no PE cases were suspected during EVLP. Diagnosis of PE in donor lungs can be challenging especially post-procurement. Using EXPLORE angioscopy for screening of donor lungs can help in the diagnosis and treatment of easily missed PE. This can increase the utilization rates in EVLP and improve the outcomes of lung transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has the potential to expand the donor pool for lung transplantation by extending preservation times significantly beyond cold static preservation. We hypothesized that performing sequential EVLP would extend donor lung preservation time. Ten lungs from Yorkshire pigs were procured in a standard fashion and randomized to 2 groups. Control lungs (n=5) underwent 16 hrs of cold ischemic time (CIT) and 2 hrs EVLP (EVLP). Sequential EVLP lungs (n = 5) underwent 4 hrs of CIT (CIT1), 2 hrs EVLP (EVLP1), 10 hrs of CIT (CIT2), then 2 hrs EVLP (EVLP2) (Figure A). Transplant suitability was assessed based on physiological parameters at 2 hrs in cellular EVLP. Lungs were evaluated using lung weight (LW), ultrasound, ATP levels, histology, and electron microscopy. EVLP2 had significantly higher PaO 2 /FiO 2 , lower shunt fraction, and A-a gradient compared to Control (p = 0.02, each, Figure B). LW ratio (LW 2 hrs / 0 hr) was significantly lower in EVLP2 vs. Control (p = 0.02, Figure C). Moreover, ultrasound score in whole lung and lower lobe to assess extravascular lung water was significantly lower in EVLP2 vs. Control (p = 0.04, p = 0.02, respectively, Figure C). ATP levels were significantly higher in EVLP2 vs. Control (p = 0.01). Histologic analysis of lungs in EVLP2 showed significantly reduced intra-alveolar edema, while there was no difference between groups in lung injury score. Electron microscopy demonstrated better preservation of endothelial cells and mitochondria in alveolar cells in EVLP2 lungs vs. Control. Treating donor lungs with sequential EVLP resulted in superior oxygenation vs. lungs subjected to cold storage and 1 session of EVLP. Sequential EVLP was also associated with decreased LW ratio, lung edema, and higher ATP levels, in addition to favorable histology and electron microscopic findings. These suggest that sequential EVLP can have a potential role in prolonging lung preservation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although high-intensity resistance training (RT) increases arterial stiffness, removing weightlifting stimuli returns arterial stiffness to baseline levels within relatively short periods during 4-8 weeks. This study investigates the effects of repeated RT cessation and resumption on arterial stiffness. Eighteen young healthy subjects were randomly assigned to a group that performed continuous RT (CRT, n = 9) and a group that performed periodic RT (PRT, n = 9). Both groups performed RT at 75% of one repetition maximum for 3 days per week. The CRT group continuously trained for 16 weeks, whereas the PRT group performed 3 cycles of 4 weeks training, with 2 weeks detraining intervals between cycles. The carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity in the CRT group significantly increased (P<0.05) at 4, 6, 10, 12, 16 and 20 weeks from baseline, whereas in the PRT group it significantly increased (P<0.05) after 4, 10 and 16 weeks from baseline, and was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the CRT group after 6,10,12,16 and 20 weeks. Muscle mass and strength in the both groups significantly increased after 16 weeks from baseline and persisted for 20 weeks (P<0.05). These results suggest that PRT, including short-term repeated cessation and resumption, attenuates increases in arterial stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floral scents are among the key signals used by pollinators to navigate to specific flowers. Thus, evolutionary changes in scents should have strong impacts on plant diversification, although scent-mediated plant speciation through pollinator shifts has rarely been demonstrated, despite being likely. To examine whether and how scent-mediated plant speciation may have occurred, we investigated the Asimitellaria plant lineage using multidisciplinary approaches including pollinator observations, chemical analyses of the floral scents, electroantennographic analyses and behavioural bioassays with the pollinators. We also performed phylogenetically independent contrast analyses of the pollinator/floral scent associations. First, we confirmed that the pairs of the sympatric, cross-fertile Asimitellaria species in three study sites consistently attract different pollinators, namely long-tongued and short-tongued fungus gnats. We also found that a stereoisomeric set of floral volatiles, the lilac aldehydes, could be responsible for the pollinator specificity. This is because the compounds consistently elicited responses in the antennae of the long-tongued fungus gnats and had contrasting effects on the two pollinators, that is triggering the nectaring behaviour of long-tongued fungus gnats while repelling short-tongued fungus gnats in a laboratory experiment. Moreover, we discovered that volatile composition repeatedly switched in Asimitellaria between species adapted to long-tongued and short-tongued fungus gnats. Collectively, our results support the idea that recurrent scent-mediated speciation has taken place in the Asimitellaria-fungus gnat system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung weight gain during ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) can reduce lung transplant suitability. Therefore, real-time weight measurement can enhance donor lung evaluation. We sought to 1) develop/validate a real-time EVLP weight measurement system, and 2) define the time course of lung weight change during EVLP. In our clinical acellular EVLP system, from 6/2019-9/2020, real-time lung weight was measured in 36 cases. Weights were recorded with a scale under the organ chamber, and back table static weights measured after EVLP. Lungs were classified as unfavorable (n = 13) if declined after EVLP (n = 8) or PGD grade ≥ 2 at 72 hrs if transplanted (n = 5). Favorable group lungs were transplanted, with PGD ≤ 1 at 72 hrs (n = 23). Real-time lung weights correlated well with static/back table weights (r = 0.69, p < 0.01, Figure A). Unfavorable group lungs gained significantly more weight (mean 38 g, range -59 to 135 g) during the 1st hour of EVLP vs. favorable group lungs (mean -51 g, range -155 to +53 g) (p < 0.01, Figure B). In fact, this effect was most pronounced in the first 10 minutes of EVLP (Figure C), and correlated with an increased pulmonary artery (PA) pressures (7.0 ± 2.2 vs 5.4 ± 1.3 mmHg, p = 0.03). In contrast, lung weight gain was similar between groups during EVLP hours 2 and 3. For the 28 lungs suitable for transplant, 30-day recipient survival was 100%. Real-time lung weight measurement during EVLP is feasible. Our data suggest that donor lung weight gain in the earliest phase of EVLP correlates with decreased lung transplant suitability and PGD. Further studies are needed to define the significance of lung weight gain early during EVLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated donor lung weight can result from excess extravascular lung water and adversely affect transplant suitability and post-transplant outcomes. We sought to define the impact of lung weight on 1) donor lung suitability and 2) post-transplant graft dysfunction in lungs transplanted with and without ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). From Feb 2016 to Aug 2020, 365 human lung donors were reviewed. Of 365, 239 were transplanted without EVLP, 74 treated with acellular EVLP (50 went on to transplant), and 52 declined for transplant without EVLP. Lung weights were measured at two time points: at 0 hr (LW0; after lung explant or start of EVLP), and after EVLP was completed (LWend). LW0 data were divided into 4 quartiles (Category 1=0-25%, Category 2=25-50%, Category 3=50-75%, and Category 4=75-100%) within 3 height groups (< 160, 160-180, and ≥ 180 cm) [Figure]. LWend data were also divided into the same 4 quartiles as LW0 data. For LW0 Category 4, EVLP was utilized more frequently (45 vs. 17%, p < 0.05). Higher rates of Grade 3 PGD at 72 hrs (18 vs. 9%, p = 0.44), longer times to extubation, and longer ICU/hospital days (p < 0.05, each) were observed vs. LW0 Categories 1-3. For lungs treated with EVLP, LW0 Category 4 lungs were associated with a significantly lower transplant suitability rate (57 vs. 75%, p = 0.02) and higher incidence of PGD grade 3 at 72 hrs vs. LW0 Categories 1-3 (26 vs. 3%, p < 0.05). LWend Category 4 lungs were also associated with lower transplant suitability after EVLP (55 vs. 90%, p < 0.01), and an increased incidence of PGD grade 3 at 72 hrs (21 vs. 0%, p < 0.01), compared to LWend Categories 1-3. Donor lungs in the highest quartile of lung weight are associated with increased need for EVLP, but lower transplant suitability rates after EVLP when compared to lungs with lower weight. Donor lungs in the highest quartile are also associated with higher Grade 3 PGD rates and longer ICU/hospital stay. These findings should be taken into account when high weight donor lungs are considered for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperfection of the currently utilized tools for assessing graft function in acellular ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has led our team to develop a comprehensive evaluation scoring system. This study aimed to validate this scoring system in our clinical EVLP program. One hundred twelve EVLP cases were performed in our program since 2018. Data from the first 73 cases (derivation cohort) were retrospectively analyzed to identify the included evaluation parameters and to inform the cutoff values in the scoring system using Youden index. The scoring system was then prospectively applied in the remaining 39 cases (validation cohort). The comp rehensive l ung e valua t ion E VLP (COMPLETE) score included ultrasound evaluation, lung weight measurement, compliance, airway pressure, deflation, oxygenation, lactate level, bronchoscopy, and x-ray. Out of 112 EVLP cases, 75 (67%) were transplanted with 98.7% 30-day survival. The incidence of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) grades 0, 1, 2, and 3 at 72 hours post-transplant were 21, 63, 8, and 8 %, respectively. The COMPLETE score cutoff value for transplant suitability identified by the derivation cohort was 12 (AUC 1, 100% sensitivity & specificity) which was then applied in the validation cohort. Only two recipients in the validation cohort had PGD3 (which appeared to be related to intraoperative factors, not donor factors). The COMPLETE score had a significant correlation with IL-1β perfusate levels (r = 0.44, p <.001). Nine cases did not meet the standard criteria (FDA approved) for transplant suitability on EVLP but were transplanted based on their COMPLETE scores with 100% 30-day survival. Of those, 1 had PGD0, 7 had PGD1, and 1 had PGD3. On the other hand, 10 cases met the standard criteria for transplant suitability but were deemed non-suitable based on their COMPLETE scores and the post-EVLP pathological examination showed significant edema in 4 cases, acute lung injury in 4 cases, and pulmonary embolism in 2 cases. Our novel COMPLETE scoring system provides a protocolized comprehensive evaluation of donor lungs on EVLP. It can be used to optimize the outcomes of lung transplantation by increasing utilization rates after EVLP and by identifying donor factors that might lead to unfavorable outcomes following transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although organ donors have high prevalence of pulmonary embolism (PE), the diagnosis of PE in donor lungs can be challenging and can have a detrimental effect on lung transplantion (LTx) outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a novel technique using ex -vivo p u l m o nary a r t e ry (EXPLORE) angioscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of PE in donor lungs post-procurement. An adult fiber optic bronchoscope was utilized for the EXPLORE angioscopy technique (off-label use). EXPLORE angioscopy was first tested in donor lungs deemed non-suitable for LTx after ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) (test group). It was then routinely utilized for screening of donor lungs with suspected PE before EVLP (application group). Criteria for PE suspicion included: consistently low P/F ratio during donor management, observed clots during retrograde flushing, and inadequate flushing of donor lungs presented as abnormal coloring of some lung areas. In the testing group, using EXPLORE angioscopy we were able to identify and remove pulmonary emboli from 4 lungs (Figure 1). In the application group, 16 lungs fulfilled the criteria for PE suspicion and were screened with EXPLORE angioscopy. In 5 cases, pulmonary emboli were identified and removed before EVLP, two of which were deemed suitable for LTx post-EVLP evaluation and were transplanted with good outcomes. Both recipients were extubated on post-transplant day 1 and primary graft dysfunction (PGD) grades at 72 hours post-transplant were 1. In the other 11 cases, PE screening was negative, 6 of which were transplanted. Four recipients had PGD 1 and two had PGD 0 at 72 hours. Median time to extubation was 2 days. EXPLORE angioscopy can be a useful tool for PE screening in donor lungs post-procurement which can improve the outcomes of LTx. Additionally, it can be utilized for embolectomy prior to EVLP evaluation which can increase the number of initially declined donor lungs treated with EVLP and ultimately transplanted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dead space fraction (DSF) correlates with disease severity in cases of pulmonary embolism (PE) and lung injury, and with mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome. We sought to determine the relationship between DSF and donor lung transplant suitability during clinical ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). DSF was calculated in 80 consecutive double lung cases undergoing acellular EVLP from 6/2019 to 8/2021 in our department. 53 cases were judged suitable for transplant. End-tidal CO 2 and CO 2 levels in perfusate were measured, and DSF stratified into quartiles (Q1, lowest; Q4, highest). DSF was calculated using the following formula: (PCO 2 in left atrium - End tidal CO 2) / PCO 2 in left atrium. Tobacco use history correlated with significantly higher DSF (vs. no tobacco use history, (p < 0.05). Presence of PE also correlated with higher DSF (p < 0.05). Lungs in the highest DSF quartile (Q4) displayed significantly higher peak airway pressure, lower PaO 2 /FiO 2 , and lower dynamic compliance during EVLP (p < 0.01, each; Figure A-D). The Q4 DSF group also had higher lung weight following EVLP (p < 0.05). Transplant suitability decreased with higher DSF; 85% (17/20 cases) of Q1, 85% (17/20 cases) of Q2, 60% (12/20 cases) of Q3, and 35% (7/20 cases) of Q4 (p < 0.01, Figure E) lungs were suitable for transplant. Of the 53 EVLP cases transplanted, 30-day recipient survival was 98% and the incidence of Grades 0, 1, 2, and 3 primary graft dysfunction at 72 hours was 19%, 57%, 13%, and 6%, respectively with 3 ungradable cases. In human lungs undergoing acellular EVLP, higher DSF correlates with decreased transplant suitability. Further studies are needed to establish mechanisms by which high DSF contributes to lower transplant suitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a SERS stamp that can be pressed directly onto a solid surface for characterization of surface-adsorbed target molecules. The stamp was fabricated by transfer of a dense monolayer of SiO2 nanospheres from a glass surface onto a piece of adhesive tape and subsequent evaporation of silver. The performance of the resulting SERS stamps was evaluated by their exposure to methyl mercaptan vapor, and immersion in rhodamine 6G and ferbam solutions. It was found that beside the nanosphere diameter and metal deposition thickness, the extent of burial of the nanospheres into the adhesive tape, dictated by the pressure during the nanosphere transfer process, had a significant effect. We carried out FDTD calculations of the near field. Models are based on morphological information obtained from helium ion microscopy, which can provide high-resolution images of poor electrical conductors such as our SERS stamp. While one of our main eventual goals is detection of pesticides on agricultural produce, we have begun to take a careful step by testing our SERS stamp on better characterized surfaces such as a porous gel surface, having been immersed in fungicides such as ferbam. We also present our preliminary results with ferbam on oranges. It is expected that our well-characterized SERS stamp will play a role in shedding light on the poorly studied transfer process of target molecules onto a SERS surface as well as serving as a new SERS platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) is an important regulator of colonic motility and secretion; yet the role of serotonergic neurons in the colon is controversial. Methods We used immunohistochemical techniques to examine their projections throughout the enteric nervous system and interstitial cells of Cajal ( ICC) networks in the murine proximal to mid colon. Key Results Serotonergic neurons, which were mainly calbindin positive, occurred only in myenteric ganglia (1 per 3 ganglia). They were larger than n NOS neurons but similar in size to Dogiel Type II ( AH) neurons. 5- HT neurons, appeared to make numerous varicose contacts with each other, most n NOS neurons, Dogiel Type II/ AH neurons and glial cells. 5- HT, calbindin and n NOS nerve fibers also formed a thin perimuscular nerve plexus that was associated with ganglia, which contained both n NOS positive and negative neurons, which lay directly upon the submucosal pacemaker ICC network. Neurons in perimuscular ganglia were surrounded by 5- HT varicosities. Submucous ganglia contained n NOS positive and negative neurons, and calbindin positive neurons, which also appeared richly supplied by serotonergic nerve varicosities. Serotonergic nerve fibers ran along submucosal arterioles, but not veins. Varicosities of serotonergic nerve fibers were closely associated with pacemaker ICC networks and with intramuscular ICC ( ICC- IM). 5- HT2B receptors were found on a subpopulation of non-5- HT containing myenteric neurons and their varicosities, pacemaker ICC- MY and ICC- IM. Conclusions & Inferences Myenteric serotonergic neurons, whose axons exhibit considerable divergence, regulate the entire enteric nervous system and are important in coordinating motility with secretion. They are not just interneurons, as regularly assumed, but possibly also motor neurons to ICC and blood vessels, and some may even be sensory neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a novel and complementary method for fabrication of flexible electronics. This method is not based on conventional printing using inks, but is based on the application of a toner-based method such as Xerox or laser printing, followed by a lamination process. The lamination method is a solvent-free and material-saving process that simultaneously seals the devices, and the fabricated flexible devices have structural durability against bending. We have also shown that thermal lamination has an oriented growth effect, and the electrical characteristics of flexible organic field-effect transistors did not degrade under a bending radius of 1 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although high-intensity resistance training increases arterial stiffness, low-intensity resistance training reduces arterial stiffness. The present study investigates the effect of low-intensity resistance training before and after high-intensity resistance training on arterial stiffness. 30 young healthy subjects were randomly assigned to a group that performed low-intensity resistance training before high-intensity resistance training (BLRT, n = 10), a group that performed low-intensity resistance training after high-intensity resistance training (ALRT, n = 10) and a sedentary control group (n = 10). The BLRT and ALRT groups performed resistance training at 80% and 50% of one repetition maximum twice each week for 10 wk. Arterial stiffness was measured using carotid-femoral and femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV). One-repetition maximum strength in the both ALRT and BLRT significantly increased after the intervention (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). Both carotid-femoral PWV and femoral-ankle PWV after combined training in the ALRT group did not change from before training. In contrast, carotid-femoral PWV after combined training in the BLRT group increased from before training (P < 0.05). Femoral-ankle PWV after combined training in the both BLRT and ALRT groups did not change from before training. These results suggest that although arterial stiffness is increased by low-intensity resistance training before high-intensity resistance training, performing low-intensity resistance training thereafter can prevent the increase of arterial stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In future communications with rich high-level kansei information, such as presence, verisimilitude, realism and naturalness, the role of sound is extremely important to enhance the quality and versatility of communications because sound itself can provide rich semantic and emotional information. Moreover, sound (auditory information) has good synergy effects with pictures (visual information). In this paper, we introduce our recent research results toward capturing and synthesizing comprehensive 3D sound space information as well as a high-definition 3D audio-visual display realizing strict audio-visual synchronization. We believe that these systems are useful to advance universal communications, which require particularly high-quality and versatile communications technologies for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The colonic migrating motor complex (CMMC) is a spontaneous, rhythmic, and neurally mediated motor pattern generated by myenteric neurons, which can propel fecal pellets in mice. Our aim was to determine whether submucous neurons were also activated during the CMMC. Methods The isolated murine colon was opened and sections of mucosa were removed to expose the submucous ganglia, which were then loaded with Fluo-4. Key Results Colonic migrating motor complexes, which occurred spontaneously or by mechanically stimulating the mucosa, were identified by displacement of the tissue (duration = 23.3 s). Between CMMCs, spontaneous Ca2+ transients (frequency = 0.9 Hz) were observed in 55% ( n = 8) of submucous neurons. During the CMMC, 98% (seven ganglia, n = 7) of submucous neurons within the same ganglion exhibited rapid Ca2+ transients (1.6 Hz) superimposed on a sustained rise in Ca2+ (duration ∼23 s) that occurred 1.7 s following the mucosal stimulus; whereas other neurons exhibited a similar, but delayed response that occurred either at 7 or 13 s following the stimulus. The activity in submucous neurons was correlated with activity in adjacent nerve varicosities. Ondansetron (1 m m; 5-HT3 antagonist) significantly reduced the frequency and duration of the Ca2+ transient responses. Conclusions & Inferences Activity in the submucous neurons appears to be secondary to that in the myenteric plexus and appears to be generated largely by activity in myenteric descending (serotonergic) interneurons. During the CMMC, there is likely to be an increase in secretion to lubricate and facilitate fecal pellet propulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether the recent refinement and downsizing of the implants for posterior cervical fusion increase the occurrence of implant failure.Methods: One hundred forty-two consecutive cases of cervical fusion, using either cannulated Magerl screws or a multiaxial pedicle screw-rod system, were reviewed retrospectively after an average follow-up period of more than 3 years, and the rate and characteristics of the failure of these implants were evaluated.Results: Implant failure occurred in six (4.2%) patients: five with rheumatoid arthritis and one with athetoid cerebral palsy. Occipital plate fracture occurred in two patients, Magerl screw breakage in one patient, cervical pedicle screw fracture in two patients, and disassembly of the pedicle screw and rod in two patients (one with an occipital plate fracture). There was no rod fracture. The implant failures were asymptomatic, except in one patient. Disassembly of the pedicle screw and rod was observed immediately after another surgical procedure under general anesthesia in two patients.Conclusions: The failure rate of 4.2% was similar to the rates reported in the literature for posterior lumbar spinal fusion, confirming the reliability of the recent cervical screw-rod system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recently, mercury Hg concentration in human blood increases due to expanding the global mercury contamination. Excess mercury bioaccumulation poses a significant health risk. In order to decrease mercury concentration in the environment and human blood, we have developed two different kinds of nanostructured magnetic adsorbents for mercury to apply them to superconducting magnetic separation instead of conventional filtration. One is magnetic beads (MBs) which have nanosize magnetite particles in the core and a lot of SH radicals on the surface to adsorb Hg ions effectively. MBs were developed mainly to remove mercury from human blood. The maximum amount of the adsorption for MBs is 6.3mg/g in the solution in less than a minute. Dithiothreitol can easily remove mercury adsorbed to MBs, hence MBs can be reusable. The other is nanostructured magnetic activated carbon (MAC) which is activated carbon with mesopores and nanosize magnetite. The maximum amount of the adsorption for MAC is 38.3mg/g in the solution. By heat-treatment mercury can be easily removed from MAC. We have studied superconducting magnetic separation using each adsorbent for mercury removal from solution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The polyaniline (PANI) film deposition during the oxidative polymerization of aniline was studied using the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique. PANI was prepared in the presence and absence of PDAs (p-phenylenediamine (PPDA), o-phenylenediamine (OPDA) and m-phenylenediamine (MPDA)). The effect of PDAs concentrations on the PANI films formation were monitored using QCM technique. It was found that PPDA has an acceleration effect, OPDA has no or little effect and MPDA has retardation effect and work as inhibitor for the PANI film formation. The Gr and m′ increases by increasing PPDA concentrations in the same time induction period and reaction time decreases, in the opposite direction MPDA The Gr and m′ decreases by increasing MPDA concentrations and the induction period and reaction time increases, in the case of OPDA there is no measurable effect on the induction period, Gr , m′ and reaction time. UV–vis absorption spectra for the bulk and PANI films deposited onto glass supports were used for justification the data obtained from QCM. The presences of PDAs have no effect on the chemical structure and crystallinity of PANI and were confirmed using FTIR and X-ray. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper deals with the effect of filter element on the filtration speed of a charge injection type of electrostatic oil filter proposed by Yanada and his coworkers. The effect of the filter elements that are inserted between the emitter and collector electrodes on the filtration speed is examined using several types of oil. In order to discuss the effect of the filter elements on the filtration speed, numerical simulations of electrostatic field are conducted and ion drag flow patterns are measured using two-dimensional filter models. An optimal filter configuration is proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: The ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) system has been used successfully to assess donor lungs. Perfadex (PX) is usually the flush and preservation solution in EVLP systems. We have used the extracellular-type–Kyoto (ET-K) solution containing 44 mEq/L potassium for clinical lung transplantation, investigating whether it rather than PX affects the EVLP system. Methods: We used domestic slaughterhouse pigs to analyze the EVLP system. After 20-minute warm ischemia and 6-hour cold ischemia, EVLP was performed for 2 hours. Pig heart-lung blocks were divided into the PX (n = 5) and ET-K (n = 5) groups depending on the flush/cold preservation solution. At the beginning, we discarded the first 100 mL of effluent in the PX group and the first 200 mL in the ET-K group. We measured pulmonary physiological data and potassium levels. Results: In both groups, perfusion for 2 hours showed no differences between the 2 groups with respect to the final flow, pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, PaO2/FiO2, and shunt fraction. The potassium level in the perfusate was 4.4 mEq/L for the PX and 5.4 mEq/L for the ET-K group. Conclusion: The pig EVLP system was not affected when ET-K was used instead of PX as the flush/preservation solution. The initial 200 mL of effluent should be discarded when using the ET-K to ensure that the potassium level does not increase. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Initial treatment with morphine followed by fentanyl transdermal patch is the standard in Japan, since even the smallest patch (2.5 mg) could deliver too high an initial dose for Japanese patients. We evaluated the analgesic effect and safety of using the fentanyl transdermal patch as a first-line strong opioid for cancer pain that is resistant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Patients and Methods: For 20 hospitalized patients with cancer pain that could not be controlled by NSAIDs, the fentanyl transdermal patch (1.25 mg; half of a 2.5-mg patch) was administered as a first-line strong opioid. We used rescue medications depending on the degree of pain, and the dose of fentanyl transdermal patch was adjusted every 3 days. To evaluate analgesic efficacy of the patch, the degree of pain was assessed twice a day, in the morning and at night, using a face rating scale. The formulation and dose of morphine used during observation period were recorded. The safety of treatment was evaluated by measuring vital signs once a day, and the severity of side effects were evaluated. Any abnormal findings in blood and urine test were recorded.Results: The median pain score before administration of fentanyl transdermal patch was 3 + or - 0.58 and was decreased to 2 + or - 0.71 on day 9 of administration. The mean dose of fentanyl transdermal patch on day 9 of administration was 2.31 + or - 1.34 mg, and the mean dose of morphine as rescue therapy was 4.62 + or - 7.76 mg. No clinically significant changes in vital signs were observed. No severe adverse events were present when the dose of the fentanyl transdermal patch was 1.25 mg, but two patients experienced dizziness when the dose was increased from 2.5 to 5 mg. No abnormal laboratory data appeared during the administration.Conclusion: The use of 1.25-mg fentanyl transdermal patch (50% of a 2.5-mg patch) seems to be safe and efficient as a first-line strong opioid. The use of 3.75-mg fentanyl transdermal patch may be necessary since adverse events including nausea and sleepiness are likely to occur by increasing from 2.5 to 5 mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Functional evaluation of potentially damaged lungs donated after cardiac death is crucial for widespread clinical transplantation. To date, the mean weight of animals used in studies of ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has been 60 kg; however, in the clinical setting, donor weight may be greater. Objective: To investigate EVLP using lungs from large pigs (mean weight, 115 kg) to simulate human adult lungs donated after cardiac death. Materials and Methods: Five heart-lung blocks were obtained at 20 minutes after death at the slaughterhouse. The lungs were flushed and preserved on ice for 6 hours before being connected to an ex vivo lung circuit, and were perfused for at least 2 hours. Results: In all cases, perfusion was sustained for at least 2 hours. Mean (SEM) final flow rate was 4.9 (0.1) L/min, pulmonary artery pressure was 14.8 (1.7) mm Hg, and oxygen tension/fraction of inspired oxygen was 518.0 (18.0) mm Hg. The shunt fraction was 20.5% (4.0%). Histologic analysis demonstrated no significant pulmonary edema at the end of perfusion. Conclusion: We successfully completed EVLP using lungs from large pigs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background We previously have shown that nona-arginine protein transduction domain (R9-PTD) induced efficient protein-antigen (Ag) transduction of dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro, resulting in the efficient induction of strong Ag-specific immune responses mediated by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and in superior antitumour effects in vivo in cancer-bearing mice. Objectives The Ag-specific immune responses caused by intradermal (i.d.) injections of R9-PTD-containing protein Ags without DC preparation were investigated. We also investigated the antitumour effects by intratumoral (i.t.) injections of rR9-containing protein Ags. Methods Synthesized SIINFEKL peptide, or recombinant ovalbumin fusion proteins (rOVA, rR9-OVA), were directly injected into abdominal skin in naïve C57BL/6 mice. OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, serum IgG titre and cytokine profiles were investigated. Histopathological analyses were also performed. In a cancer vaccination model, EG.7 (OVA-cDNA transfectants thymoma) cells were inoculated intradermally in C57BL/6 mice, and the antitumour effects were evaluated by i.t. injections of rR9-OVA in a treatment setting. Results i.d. injections of rR9-OVA into naïve C57BL/6 mice elicited OVA-specific CTLs and produced IgG2-dominant immunoglobulin. The i.d. injections of rR9-OVA also induced inflammatory cell infiltrates containing neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes, as well as production of inflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin-2 and IFN-inducible protein 10, with presenting SIINFEKL epitopes on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules at the injection area. i.t. injections of rR9-OVA into EG.7 tumour mass significantly suppressed tumour growth, and these effects were completely abrogated by the depletion of CD8+ T cells. These antitumour effects were superior to those elicited by i.t. injections of rR9-OVA-treated DCs. Conclusions i.d. injections of rR9-containing immunogenic Ag without adjuvants simultaneously induce dual immunological effects: the induction of Tc1- and Th1-dominant immune responses, and the induction of inflammatory and CTL-mediated immune responses at the injection area by expressing Ag epitopes on MHC class I molecules as targets. This simple vaccination approach with R9-PTD-containing fusion proteins might be useful as prophylactic immunotherapy for cancer or infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being a first-line treatment for hypersensitivity allergic disease, histamine H1-receptor antagonists possess anti-inflammatory activity in addition to being H1-receptor antagonists. While it is not purely a histamine-related condition, hypersensitivity allergic disease is associated with an increase in the number of T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and Th2 cytokines, and a decrease in the number of Th1 cells and Th1 cytokines. Suppression of Th2-type cytokine production in addition to H1-receptor blockade may therefore represent a successful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hypersensitivity allergic diseases. H1-receptor antagonists have been reported to modulate immune cascade at various points by acting on T cell-related inflammatory molecules, including adhesion molecules, chemokines and inflammatory cytokines. These effects of H1-receptor antagonists may be optimized for the treatment of allergic diseases. Besides their ability to regulate inflammatory molecules, some H1-receptor antagonists have been reported to down-regulate Th2 cytokine production. In particular, it has been shown that several H1-receptor antagonists specifically inhibit the production of Th2, but not Th1, cytokines. Accumulating evidence indicates a crucial role for Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance on the development of allergic diseases. Accordingly, the use of H1-receptor antagonist with Th2 cytokine inhibitory activity to modulate Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance might be a favourable strategy for the treatment of hypersensitivity allergic diseases. Furthermore, the identification of H1-receptor antagonists which possess immunoregulatory activities in addition to their anti-histamine activity will provide an important insight into the development of novel immunoregulatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscle contractions in normal resistance training are performed by eccentric (ECC, lowering phase) and concentric (CON, lifting phase) muscle contractions. However, the difference in effects of timing of muscle contraction during resistance training on arterial stiffness is unknown. This study investigated the effect of muscle contraction timing during resistance training on vascular function in healthy young adults. Thirty healthy men were randomly assigned to group of resistance training with quick lifting and slow lowering (ERT, n=10), group of resistance training with slow lifting and quick lowering (CRT, n=10) and sedentary groups (SED, n=10). The ERT and CRT groups underwent two supervised resistance-training sessions per week for 10 weeks. The ERT group performed the on set of 8–10 repetitions with 3 s ECC and 1 s CON muscle contractions. In contrast, the CRT group performed the on set of 8–10 repetitions with 1 s ECC and 3 s CON muscle contractions. Brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) after ERT did not change from baseline. In contrast, baPWV after CRT increased from baseline (from 1049±37 to 1153±30 cm s−1, P<0.05). No significant changes in flow-mediated dilation were observed in the ERT and CRT groups. These values did not change in the SED group. These findings suggest that although both training does not deteriorate a vascular endothelial function, resistance training with quick lifting and slow lowering (that is, ERT) prevent the stiffening of arterial stiffness.Journal of Human Hypertension (2009) 23, 470–478; doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.152; published online 18 December 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographic differentiation of the Japanese skink ( Plestiodon japonicus) throughout the entire Japanese main islands was surveyed using two DNA markers, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and an internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal genes (ITS-1). Both of the markers concordantly demonstrated geographically discontinuous differentiation between three genetic lineages: the northeastern, central and western lineages. Little to no gene flow occurs between the western and central lineages despite their parapatric distribution suggesting an existence of reproductive isolation despite no known morphological and ecological dissimilarities. On the other hand, the geographic ranges of the northeastern and central lineages are partially separated by a wide area occupied by genetically intermediate type having northeastern mtDNA and central ITS-1. The current data imply that the intermediate type was established by past secondary hybridization between the northeastern and central lineages. Although current gene flow status between the northeastern and central lineages should be elaborated by further data, at least the divergence between the central and western lineages should be maintained by reproductive isolation and therefore taxonomic revision of the species is desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the luminescent intensity of bioluminescence from marine luminous bacteria with different motility. Methods and Results: Luminescent bacteria were separated according to their motility using a microfluidic device. The cell densities of the separated samples were measured using a counting plate. The luminescent intensity of the separated samples was measured using a luminometer. The luminescent intensity per cell was calculated, and the values from the mobile (swimmers) and the nonmobile cells (nonswimmers) per single cell were compared; as a result, the former were proved to be larger than the latter. Conclusions: Microfluidics were shown to be effective for the separation of bioluminescent bacteria and the bioluminescent intensity difference per cell was recognized with this experiment. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study introduced for the first time a method to examine the individual cell function of Photobacterium kishitanii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar prominences are cool 104 kelvin plasma clouds supported in the surrounding 106 kelvin coronal plasma by as-yet-undetermined mechanisms. Observations from Hinode show fine-scale threadlike structures oscillating in the plane of the sky with periods of several minutes. We suggest that these represent Alfvén waves propagating on coronal magnetic field lines and that these may play a role in heating the corona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent reports showing successful inhibition of cancer and leukemia cell growth using histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) compounds have highlighted the potential use of HDACi as anti-cancer agents. However, high incidence of toxicity and low stability in vivo were observed with hydroxamic acid-based HDACi such as suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), thus limiting its clinical applicability. In this study, we found that a novel non-hydroxamate HDACi NCH-51 could inhibit the cell growth of a variety of lymphoid malignant cells through apoptosis induction, more effectively than SAHA. Activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9, but not -7 was detected after the treatment with NCH-51. Gene expression profiles showed that NCH-51 and SAHA similarly upregulated p21 and downregulated anti-apoptotic molecules including survivin, bcl-w and c-FLIP. Proteome analysis using two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed that NCH-51 upregulated anti-oxidant molecules including peroxiredoxin 1 and 2 and glutathione S-transferase at the protein level. Interestingly, NCH-51 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) after 8 h whereas SAHA continuously declined ROS. Pretreatment with an antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, abolished the cytotoxicity of NCH-51. These findings suggest that NCH-51 exhibits cytotoxicity by sustaining ROS at the higher level greater than SAHA. This study indicates the therapeutic efficacy of NCH-51 and novel insights for anti-HDAC therapy.Leukemia (2007) 21, 2344–2353; doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2404902; published online 9 August 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory inflammation and hyperresponsiveness caused by various pathological stimulants and microbial infections are associated with excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) in airway epithelial and phagocytic cells. For example, in viral pneumonia caused by influenza and Sendai virus, NO contributes critically to inflammatory processes and pathological exacerbation in the airway. NO-mediated respiratory complications may be dependent on the complex reactions of NO, with simultaneously produced superoxide forming several reactive nitrogen species, most notably ONOO−. These reactive nitrogen oxides can react with biologically important proteins, enzymes, lipids, and nucleic acids via oxidation, nitration, or nitrosylation reactions, producing nitrative stress. Recent studies indicate that nitrative stress is involved in inflammation by a number of mechanisms including modulation of host immune response, destruction of tissue architecture, activation or inactivation of enzymes and transcription factors, and so on. There is accumulating evidence for the involvement of NO and nitrative stress in respiratory diseases. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of NO-induced and nitrative stress-mediated respiratory inflammation and pathogenesis during respiratory viral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the utility of easy Z-score imaging system (eZIS) in 27 diffuse axonal injury (DAI) cases. Twenty-seven DAI patients were examined with an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2* sequence and with eZIS (seven women, 20 men; age range, 19–35 years; median age: 26.6 years). In this investigation, we excluded patients who exhibited complications such as acute subdural hematoma, acute epidural hematoma, intracerebral hematoma, or brain contusion. We examined the neuropsychological tests and correlated with findings from MRI/eZIS. Furthermore, we evaluated the degree of ventricular enlargement in the bifrontal cerebroventricular index (CVI). Patients were divided into two groups: the enlargement group (bifrontal CVI > 35%, 12 patients) and the non-enlargement group (bifrontal CVI < 35%, 15 patients). All of the patients showed cognitive deficits as observed from the neuropsycological test results. Fifteen out of 27 patients by MRI T1/T2 weighted images and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), 22 out of 27 patients by MRI T2* weighted images and 24 out of 27 patients by eZIS showed abnormal findings. In MRI T2* weighted imaging, the white matter from the frontal lobe, corpus callosum, and brainstem showed abnormal findings. With eZIS, 22 patients (81.5%) showed blood flow degradation in the frontal lobe, and 12 patients (44.4%) in cingulate gyrus. In the enlargement group, Functional Independence Measure, Mini-Mental State Examination, Verbal IQ (VIQ)/Full Scale IQ (FIQ), Trail Making Test-B (TMT-B), and Non-paired of Miyake Paired Test were significantly lower. Amongst 12 patients without ventricular enlargement who had no abnormal findings in MRI T1/T2 weighted images and FLAIR, abnormal findings were detectable in seven patients with MRI T2* weighted imaging and to 10 patients with eZIS. Results of the MRI examination alone cannot fully explain DAI frontal lobe dysfunction. However, addition of the eZIS-assisted analysis derived from the single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) data enabled us to understand regions where blood flow was decreased, i.e., where neuronal functions conceivably might be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung weight (LW) gain is a typical characteristic of ischemia reperfusion injury in ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). However, LW gain data is available only at the end of EVLP. Additionally, objective physiological parameters useful in EVLP evaluation are limited. The study purpose was to investigate the usefulness of real-time LW measurement to assess pulmonary edema and to predict clinical outcomes. LW at back table was measured before and after EVLP. During acellular EVLP, real-time LW was continuously measured by a scale attached under the organ chamber. The LW change (weight change per time, g/min) was measured during the non-touching period at multiple time points and the estimated LW gain was calculated by LW change and its duration. Transplant suitability was judged based on the standard criteria including trend of physiological parameters and palpation findings. Ten lungs were perfused at our institute and 8 lungs were clinically transplanted. All patients survived and primary graft dysfunction (PGD) grade at 72 hours were Grade 0-1, n = 6; Grade 2, n = 2; Grade 3, n = 0. Estimated LW gain during the entire perfusion period significantly correlated with LW gain at the back table (n = 10, r = 0.95, p < 0.01, Fig. 1A). Furthermore, initial LW gain (0-60 min) had a significant correlation with back table LW gain, compared with LW gain after 60 min of EVLP (n = 10, r = 0.79, p < 0.01, Fig. 1B). Non-suitable group had significantly higher initial LW gain compared to suitable group (120 ± 30 vs -17 ± 56 g, p = 0.02, Fig. 1C). Unfavorable outcome group (defined as non-suitable or PGD grade 2-3) group had significantly higher initial LW gain compared to favorable outcome group (defined as PGD grade 0-1, 75 ± 56 vs -32 ± 58 g, p = 0.02, Fig. 1D). The data suggest that LW gain calculated by real-time LW measurement might be useful to assess pulmonary edema during EVLP. Initial LW gain at 0-60 min of EVLP might be a predictor of transplant suitability and clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the present study were to clarify the differences in muscle oxygen dynamics between eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) contractions and to investigate the relationship between muscle oxygen dynamics and the pattern of skeletal muscle recruitment during ECC and CON contractions. Fifteen healthy male subjects (age 21.8 +/- 2 yrs) performed isokinetic ECC and CON knee extension and flexion exercise for 1 min at an angular velocity of 180 degrees/s. Changes in muscle oxygenation (MO) levels in the active muscle were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) whose probe was placed on the rectus femoris. Bipolar surface electrodes recorded the electromyogram (EMG) activity of this muscle. The MO levels during ECC contraction were significantly higher at 10 s and 15 s after the onset of exercise while MO levels during CON contraction were significantly higher 60 s following the onset of exercise. A significant correlation was indicated between MO levels and EMG activity during CON contraction (p<0.05). These results reveal that oxygen supply-consumption balance in ECC and CON contraction are different. Moreover, this suggests that muscle activity in CON contraction increases and the oxygen supply to active muscle may exceed the oxygen consumption in active muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested that resistance training (RT) increases arterial stiffness. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the effect of eccentric RT (ERT) and concentric RT (CRT) on arterial stiffness in female adults by an interventional study. In total, 29 healthy female subjects were randomly assigned to either the ERT group (n=10), CRT group (n=10) or sedentary (SED) group (n=9). The ERT and CRT groups performed resistance training three times a week for 8 weeks. We determined brachial blood pressure, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), carotid artery intimamedial thickness (IMT) and carotid arterial lumen diameter before and after training and after detraining. The before-training baPWV did not differ significantly among the three groups. After 8 weeks of RT, arterial stiffness in the CRT group was increased compared with the ERT and SED group (P<0.05). However, brachial blood pressure, baPWV, carotid IMT and carotid lumen diameter in the ERT and CRT groups were unchanged by RT for 8 weeks. Consequently, it was clarified that arterial stiffness was not changed by ERT for 8 weeks. This suggests that ERT may be effective as an exercise prescription for middle-aged and elderly adults.Journal of Human Hypertension (2006) 20, 348–354. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001979; published online 23 February 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a day treatment program with a comprehensive team approach for treating outpatients with acquired brain injury, which is offered by the Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital.Design: Non-randomized controlled study.Subjects: Twenty-five program graduates and 12 control patients with acquired brain injury.Methods: A prospective study using 25 brain-injured patients with cognitive dysfunction who were provided with a comprehensive day treatment program at Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital. The 25 enrolled patients had treatment sessions lasting 2-4 hours for 2 days a week over a 3-6-month period. Functional Independence Measure/Functional Assessment Measure (FIM/FAM) and the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) were administered before and after the program to compare outcomes between the 25 program participants and the 12 control patients who did not receive the day treatment program.Results: Significant improvements in speech intelligibility, problem solving, memory, attention and social integration scores in the FIM/FAM and scores in social integration and productive activity in the CIQ were evident in the enrolled subjects. In addition, 9 of the 25 patients returned to work or school.Conclusion: These results demonstrate the effectiveness of this program in helping to rehabilitate patients with acquired brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We made considerations for microstructures on chromium film observed after femtosecond laser irradiation through an analytical study. Laser diffraction through an optical system with a rectangular aperture was analyzed for the estimation of intensity distribution at the focal point. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was also performed for the examination of laser ablation of metal by taking account of the electron–phonon relaxation. From results of diffraction calculation, it was shown that a typical surface pattern is significantly affected by laser intensity distribution. On the other hand, it may be estimated through the MD simulation that the porosity formation evolves by cumulative pulses with energy close to the ablation threshold and their surrounding grows to microcolumns with volume expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]