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The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in safeguarding the central nervous system by selectively controlling the movement of substances between the bloodstream and the brain, presenting a substantial obstacle for the administration of therapeutic agents to the brain. Recent breakthroughs in nanoparticle-based delivery systems, particularly metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), provide promising solutions for addressing the BBB. MOFs have become valuable tools in delivering medications to the brain with their ability to efficiently load drugs, release them over time, and modify their surface properties. This review focuses on the recent advancements in molecular-based approaches for treating brain disorders, such as glioblastoma multiforme, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. This paper highlights the significant impact of MOFs in overcoming the shortcomings of conventional brain drug delivery techniques and provides valuable insights for future research in the field of neurotherapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beginning of the twenty-first century saw advancements in all areas of life, including medicine and nanotechnology. This review will look at the most recent advances in nanomaterials for diagnostics and treatments. The emphasis is on the application of nanofibers, nanosensors, and quantum dots (QDs) in medication delivery, neuron regeneration, chemical detection, and microelectrode probes. The manufacture of implantable nanofibers and nanosensors based on QDs, and their application-specific features impacting the interface with targeted brain cells were described. The collaborative efforts have helped us to understand the potential of nanostructured materials in fabrication to overcome the limits of micro and bulk materials in treatments and diagnostics. These advancements will eventually lead to using nanostructures, including nanofibers and nanosensors, in high throughput cutting-edge applications. Only when extensive safety investigations have been completed may the use of nanomaterials on an industrial basis be viable. This review discusses the recent advances in the usage of nanostructures and nanoparticles (NPs) for diagnostics and treatments, with a special focus on nanofibers, nanosensors, and quantum dots (QDs) applications in drug delivery, nerve regeneration, chemical detection, and microelectrode probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Classification, applications, and market of superabsorbent polymers. • 180 billion tons of lignocellulosic biomass per year for biochemicals production. • Potential of lignocellulosic biomass as alternative source for bio-SAPs synthesis. • Various techniques to extract cellulose from lignocellulose by fractionation. • Modification and crosslinking methods to prepare cellulose-based SAPs. The synthetic superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) market is experiencing significant growth, with applications spanning agriculture, healthcare, and civil engineering, projected to increase from $9.0 billion USD in 2019 to $12.9 billion USD by 2024. Despite this positive trend, challenges such as fluctuating raw material costs and lower biodegradability of fossil fuel-based SAPs could impede further expansion. In contrast, cellulose and its derivatives present a sustainable alternative due to their renewable, biodegradable, and abundant characteristics. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), rich in cellulose and lignin, shows promise as a source for eco-friendly superabsorbent polymer (SAP) production. This review discusses the applications, challenges, and future prospects of SAPs derived from lignocellulosic resources, focusing on the cellulose extraction process through fractionation and various modification and crosslinking techniques. The review underscores the potential of cellulose-based SAPs to meet environmental and market needs, offering a viable path forward in the quest for more sustainable materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, apigenin was chosen as a raw material to synthesize a novel epoxy monomer (DGEA), while the bio-based epoxy resin was further obtained after curing with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The control samples were prepared by curing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with DDM. The non-isothermal differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) method was utilized to further investigate the curing behavior and curing kinetics of the DGEA/DDM system. Despite no flame retardant active elements, the DGEA/DDM thermoset still exhibited exceptional anti-flammability. Specifically, the DGEA/DDM thermoset reached a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test and owned a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 37.0%, while DGEBA/DDM resins were consumed completely in the vertical combustion test with a low LOI of 23.0%. Furthermore, the microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) results manifested that compared with DGEBA/DDM resins, both PHRR and THR values of the DGEA/DDM resins were dropped by 84.0% and 57.6%, respectively. Additionally, the DGEA/DDM resin also presented higher storage modulus and tensile strength compared with DGEBA/DDM one. Particularly, in contrast with that of the cured DGEBA/DDM one (156 °C), the DGEA/DDM thermoset displayed an extremely high glass transition temperature (232 °C). This study breaks new ground on how to produce bio-based monomers with aromatic structures and achieve high-performance thermosetting polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires have been recognized as a natural incident in some forests, however, fire season is now more severe and extensive, even in tropical rainforests in which fire could have damaging impacts. A hydrogel is a 3-D polymeric structure encompassing cross-linked and hydrophilic macromolecules. In comparison with water, hydrogels have shown some superiorities in terms of water-binding, cooling, and sealing, which make them be applied in forest fire prevention programs for improving fire-extinguishing performance. In this study, an environmentally friendly phosphorus-modified methylcellulose/silica hybrid hydrogel was prepared based on the modified methylcellulose by 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide–itaconic acid (DOPO-ITA) and silica nanoparticles. In the fire prevention experiments, the grass treated with the methylcellulose@DOPO-ITA@silica hybrid hydrogel shows self-extinguishing behavior, whereas those treated with ordinary water or methylcellulose hydrogel can be easily ignited after one week. In the firefighting experiments, the methylcellulose@DOPO-ITA@silica hybrid hydrogel displays a much shorter extinguishing time and lower consumption volume than ordinary water and the methylcellulose@DOPO-ITA hydrogel. This work presents an environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and biodegradable cellulose-based hybrid hydrogel for the fire prevention and firefighting of wildfires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The guanazole complex was synthesized using a green method. • The guanazole complex demonstrated a relatively high S BET (407 m2/g) and V total (0.187 cm3/g). • The guanazole complex exhibited high CO 2 uptake, measuring 3.18, 2.08, and 1.51 mmol/g at temperatures of 273, 298, and 313 K, respectively. A novel complex, resulting from the synthesis of a guanazole ligand coordinated with Zn(II), has been successfully synthesized through an environmentally friendly method and carefully characterized using a combination of analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), N 2 adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface (BET) surface area of the guanazole complex is determined to be approximately 407.50 m2/g, featuring pore diameters and pore volume of 1.84 nm and 0.187 cm3/g, respectively. The emergence of micropores in the guanazole complex significantly enhances its CO 2 adsorption capacity. The maximum CO 2 adsorption capacity of the complex is observed to be 3.18, 2.08, and 1.51 mmol/g at temperatures of 273, 298, and 313 K, respectively. This study presents novel prospects for the controlled synthesis of nitrogen-rich complexes and their potential application in CO 2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing awareness of global warming and depletion of petroleum resources, the development of bio-based epoxy thermosets as an alternative to petroleum-based diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy thermosets has generated extensive interest over the past decade. However, most of the bio-based epoxy thermosets studied to date are bio-based epoxy monomers or bio-based curing agents. In order to increase the biomass content in the resultant epoxy thermoset as high as possible, it is desirable to fabricate fully bio-based epoxy thermosets. In this study, we synthesized a bio-based epoxy monomer (SA-GA-EP) from syringaldehyde, as well as a bio-based curing agent (DIFFA) from furfurylamine. The fully bio-based epoxy thermoset was obtained through curing SA-GA-EP by DIFFA, while the commercial DGEBA epoxy thermoset was cured by 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as a contrast sample. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the cured SA-GA-EP/DIFFA thermoset was as high as 204 °C, which was much higher than that of the DGEBA/DDM thermoset (143 °C). The tensile strength and elongation at break of SA-GA-EP/DIFFA were 57.4 MPa and 2.9%, respectively, which were comparable to those of DGEBA/DDM. Additionally, the cured SA-GA-EP/DIFFA thermoset displayed excellent intrinsic flame retardancy with UL-94 V-0 classification and a relatively high limiting oxygen index of 40.0%. The results of the cone calorimetry test also manifested that the peak heat release rate, the total heat release and the smoke production rate of SA-GA-EP/DIFFA significantly declined by 85%, 86% and 38%, respectively, compared to those of DGEBA/DDM. Moreover, bio-based epoxy exhibited antibacterial activities against Gram-positive S. aureus. Owing to these outstanding performances (including mechanical strength and modulus, high Tg, intrinsic flame resistance and antibacterial properties), this fully bio-based epoxy thermoset is a green and promising substitute for DGEBA-based thermoset in high performance fire safe applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of biocompatible drug delivery systems with extended drug release capabilities is highly advantageous in cancer therapy, as they can mitigate adverse effects. To establish such a biocompatible system with prolonged drug release behavior, researchers developed an innovative drug carrier. In this study, a sustainable approach was employed to synthesize a new zinc-based metal-organic framework (Zn-MOF) through the reaction between synthesized Schiff base ligands and zinc ions. Comprehensive analyses, including FT-IR, XRD, SEM, BET surface area, and TGA techniques, were employed to thoroughly characterize the frameworks. Following comprehensive characterization, curcumin (CUR) was loaded onto the Zn-MOF, resulting in CUR entrapment efficiency and loading capacity of 79.23 % and 26.11 %, respectively. In vitro evaluations of CUR release from CUR@MOF exhibited controlled release patterns, releasing 78.9 % and 50.0 % of CUR at pH 5.0 and pH 7.4, respectively. To mitigate initial burst release, a coating of the biopolymer sodium alginate (SA) was applied to CUR@Zn-MOF. In vitro CUR release tests indicated that SA/CUR@Zn-MOF outperformed pristine CUR@Zn-MOF. The release of CUR conformed to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, displaying non-Fickian diffusion. Furthermore, an in vitro cytotoxicity study clearly demonstrated the potent anti-tumor activity of the synthesized CUR@Zn-MOF attributed to its controlled release of CUR. This led to the induction of apoptotic effects and cell death across HeLa, HEK293, and SH-SY5Y cell lines. These findings strongly suggest that the developed pH-sensitive carriers hold remarkable potential as targeted vehicles for drug delivery in cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are a broad class of agents with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite their frequent current uses, they exhibit several problems for administration related to delivery control, low solubility, and low oral bioavailability. Due to mentioned reasons, several inorganic materials (anionic clays and mesoporous materials) as host, have been tested to support the min order to overcome these drawbacks. Among these materials, layered zinc hydroxide (LZH) has been used in recent years. In the present research, naproxen (Np) was intercalated into the interlayer space of LZH using anion exchange method. From the PXRD results, it was found that Np anions were successfully incorporated on LZH and the basal spacing of LZH increased from 9.57 to 22.09 Å, indicating that Np was intercalated into the interlayer space of LZHs as a monolayer. FTIR study exhibits the vibrations bands of the functional groups of Np and of the LZH, confirming the intercalation. TG analysis confirms that the intercalated Np drug in the form of nanohybrid is thermally more stable than its Np salt. SEM images illustrated that the LZH precursor has a plate-like structure transformed into the uniform structure when the nanohybrid is formed. In vitro drug release experiments at a pH of 7.4 phosphate buffer solutions and a pH of 4.8 acetate buffer solution showed controlled release profiles with Np anions as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory model drug. In the following, the results of cytotoxicity assay showed that Np–LZH nanohybrid affected cell viability in a dose and time-dependent mode. According to the results, synthesized LZH can act as a host network and accept Np as a guest in its structure and release the drug in a more controlled manner and over a longer period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intercalation of indomethacin into the interlayer gallery of layered zinc hydroxide (LZH) has been successfully executed using the simple ion exchange approaches. The synthesized intercalation compound, indomethacin-LZH nanohybrid, was characterized using PXRD, FTIR, SEM, BET, and STA. From the PXRD results, the intercalation of indomethacin anions into the interlayer gallery of LZH was successful; showing the formation of a new peak at lower 2θ with a basal spacing of 21.96 Å. FTIR analysis of the nanohybrid further supported the presence of indomethacin in the interlayer of the indomethacin-LZH nanohybrid. STA analysis confirms that the nanohybrid has higher thermal stability than pure indomethacin. The in vitro release mechanism of the indomethacin anions from the indomethacin-LZH nanohybrid showed slow release, with 95% and 78% release in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution at pH 4.8 and 7.4, respectively. The release behavior of indomethacin from its intercalation compounds in PBS solution at pH 4.8 and 7.4 follows the Higuchi model. In addition, the nanohybrid treated with normal fibroblast cell line shows that it reduces cell viability in a dose and time-dependent manner. This study shows that the high potential of the nanohybrid as an encapsulated material for the controlled release formulation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NASID) anions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New drug delivery systems are very helpful in diagnosis and treatment of diseases through controlled and targeted drug delivery. They can increase bioavailability of drugs and reduce their side effects. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are alternative drug delivery systems, which are suitable for targeted drug delivery due to their adjustable pore sizes and compatibility by adding some functional groups. Application of these compounds permits simultaneous use of several advantages including biocompatibility, the ability to absorb large amounts of drugs and control drug release. The present study was designed to provide Zn2(bdc)2(dabco) MOF and evaluate its performance in absorbing and releasing gentamicin. Characterization methods, such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, BET, UV-Vis spectroscopy and TGA, were employed to characterize the gentamicin-loaded Zn2(bdc)2(dabco) structure. The amount of drug release from Zn2(bdc)2(dabco) was measured in buffer solutions with 7.4 and 5.0 pHs. Furthermore, antibacterial properties of the drug, MOF and drug-loaded MOF have been investigated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This study shows the potential of using Zn2(bdc)2(dabco) frameworks for controlled release of antibiotic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a simple method was developed to prepare gentamaicin (GEN)—loaded nanoscale zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (GEN@NZIF-8) nanoparticles (NPs) at room temperature and GEN@NZIF-8 NPs were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, BET nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The PXRD patterns showed that large drug molecules can be encapsulated in ZIF-8 frameworks. Thermogravimetric analysis confirms that the GEN@NZIF-8 NPs have higher thermal stability than ZIF-8 NPs. FT-IR spectroscopy exhibted the presence of functional groups of GEN and NZIF-8 frameworks in GEN@NZIF-8 NPs. Results showed that GEN@NZIF-8 NPs exhibited high drug capacity (19%) and high drug loading capacity of gentamicin anions through ion exchange and good chemical stability. The researchers attempted to demonstrate that large drug molecules at pH 5.0 and 7.4 could be loaded in NZIF-8 NPs. Additionally, drug release in acidic condition was faster than in physiological condition. The biological activities of GEN, NZIF-8 and GEN@NZIF-8 NPs against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed that the GEN@NZIF-8 NPs had good antimicrobial activity. This work highlights the potential of using NZIF-8 as a valuable candidate to develop highly efficient drug delivery vehicles in the treatment of infectious diseases using pH-responsive release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A syringaldehyde derived epoxy resin monomer (SA-TAG-EP) was developed. • The bio-based epoxy system showed a record T g of 224 °C, high strength and modulus. • The bio-based epoxy system showed satisfactory intrinsic flame retardancy. Due to increasing environmental concerns, global warming, and the decline of oil reservoirs, the use of bio-epoxy resins derived from sustainable resources is recommended. The development of bio-based epoxy resins with considerable thermal stability, mechanical strength, and appropriate intrinsic flame retardant potential is highly demanded. In this study, a new Schiff-based epoxy monomer, triglycidyl ether of syringaldehyde (SA-TAG-EP), was synthesized from renewable syringaldehyde. After the 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM)-based curing process, an intrinsically flame-retardant resin (SA-TAG-EP/DDM) with C, H, N, and O elements was achieved. SA-TAG-EP/DDM showed higher glass transition temperature (224.9°C) and greater mechanical strength, including a tensile strength of 66.8 MPa and an elongation at break of 3.91%, compared to petroleum-based bisphenol A epoxy thermoset. It also passed the V-0 flammability rating in the UL-94 test and exhibited a 38.5% limiting oxygen index, 48.9% char yield under N 2 , and a lower peak heat release rate than that of petroleum-based bisphenol A epoxy thermoset. We proposed a simple and sustainable route for the synthesis of Schiff base epoxy compounds from biomass-derived resources, which demonstrates significant mechanical properties and increased flame retardant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde derived epoxy resin monomer (HMF-PDMS-EP) was developed. • The bio-based epoxy system showed a record T g of 207 °C, high strength and modulus. • The bio-based epoxy system showed satisfactory intrinsic flame retardancy. • The bio-based epoxy system showed recyclability in carbon fiber composite. A new renewable material, comprising a Schiff base epoxy thermoset derived from furan derivatives, was successfully synthesized. This innovative material not only possesses remarkable carbon fiber recyclability but also exhibits favorable mechanical properties and flame retardancy. After being cured with the bio-based curing agent, 5,5′-methylenedifurfurylamine, the cured Schiff base epoxy thermoset exhibited an ultra-high char yield of 54% and a glass transition temperature of 207 °C. Compared to bisphenol A epoxy resin, it achieved a 100% higher yield. Furthermore, the cured Schiff base epoxy thermoset demonstrated a high storage modulus (at 30 °C) of 2695 MPa and a tensile modulus of 60 MPa, surpassing bisphenol A epoxy resin. Remarkably, the exceptional structure of the Schiff base epoxy thermoset imparted intrinsic flame retardancy, resulting in a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. The thermoset also exhibited considerable recyclability in carbon fiber composites due to its Schiff base network. Moreover, it could be nondestructively and quickly recycled under mildly acidic conditions, enabling efficient recycling of the carbon fiber composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a hydrothermal method was developed to prepare nalidixic acid-loaded [Zn2(bdc)2(dabco)] metal–organic frameworks. The self-assembly of primary building blocks was used for synthesis of [Zn2(bdc)2(dabco)] at room temperature. The zinc metal ion was used as a connector, 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (bdc) as a chelating ligand, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco) as a bridging ligand. The metal organic frameworks were used as the carriers for drug delivery system, where it could entrap nalidixic acid as a model drug. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), BET nitrogen adsorption–desorption method, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for characterization of samples. The drug release was also monitored, and 96 and 62% of the loaded drug were released over 120 h at pH values of 5.0 and 7.4, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of [Zn2(bdc)2(dabco)] and nalidixic acid-loaded [Zn2(bdc)2(dabco)] were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. The results revealed that this nanoscale metal organic framework may be regarded as a simple and stable platform for drug release in the treatment of infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated antibiotic drug loading in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Porous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) were synthesized under concentrated aqueous solution. A straightforward nano-precipitation method was used to prepare ciprofloxacin (CIP)-loaded ZIF-8 (CIP-ZIF-8). ZIF-8 and CIP-ZIF-8 were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, the BET nitrogen adsorption–desorption method, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The thermal behavior of CIP-ZIF-8 was confirmed by thermal analyses. FT-IR spectroscopy illustrated the presence of functional groups of CIP and ZIF-8 frameworks in CIP-ZIF-8. ZIF-8 showed high loading capacity for the model antibiotic drug CIP with pH-sensitive release. The as-synthesized CIP-ZIF-8 possesses high drug loading efficiency (21%), and the release in pH 5.0 acetate buffer solutions (97%) was faster than in pH 7.4 phosphate buffers (83%). The antibacterial activities of ZIF-8 and CIP-ZIF-8 were tested against one Gram-positive and one Gram-negative species. The results showed that the synthesized materials had good growth inhibition against microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A bio-based epoxy thermoset (HMF-GAN-EP/DIFFA) from furan derivatives was synthesized. • HMF-GAN-EP/DIFFA showed the outstanding flame retardancy (UL-94 V-0 grade and high LOI of 40%). • HMF-GAN-EP/DIFFA was capable to degrade under mildly acidic conditions. • Carbon fibers could be recycled from the HMF-GAN-EP/DIFFA composites. The recycling of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs) is difficult because the thermosetting matrix is insoluble and does not melt. To overcome this problem, a furan-derived epoxy resin (HMF-GAN-EP) was synthesized from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and cured with a furan-based curing agent (DIFFA). The cured HMF-GAN-EP/DIFFA system showed excellent flame retardancy (UL-94 V-0 and LOI of 40%). The glass transition temperature, tensile strength, and tensile modulus of the cured HMF-GAN-EP/DIFFA system were approximately 234 °C, 67 MPa and 2273 MPa, respectively, all of which were higher than those of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-type epoxy thermosets cured by 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) (151 °C, 56 MPa and 1744 MPa). The cured HMF-GAN-EP/DIFFA system could dissolve in a mixed solution of THF:HCl (8:2, v/v), making it possible for the recycling of carbon fibers from CFRPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various articles have been written about MOFs, which are organic-inorganic polymer structures that are unique in three-dimensional porosity, crystalline structure, and their ability to adsorb cadmium ion pollutants from aqueous solutions. These materials possess active metal sites, highly porous structures, high specific surfaces, high chemical functionality, and porous topologies. It is necessary to study adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and mechanisms in order to better understand the adsorption process. Adsorption kinetics can provide information about the adsorption rate and reaction pathway of adsorbents. Adsorption isotherms analyze the possibility of absorbances based on the Gibbs equation and thermodynamic theories. Moreover, in practical applications, knowledge of the adsorption mechanism is essential for predicting adsorption reactions and designing MOFs structures. In this review, the latest suggested adsorption mechanisms, kinetics, and isotherms of MOFs-based materials for removing cadmium ions are presented. A comparison is then conducted between different MOFs and the mechanisms of cadmium ion removal. We also discuss the future role of MOFs in removing environmental contaminants. Lastly, we discuss the gap in research and limitations of MOFs as adsorbents in actual applications, and probable technology development for the development of cost-efficient and sustainable MOFs for metal ion removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fully bio-based epoxy thermosetting network was prepared by curing a renewable luteolin-derived epoxy resin (DGELU) with a furan-derived hardener, 5, 5′-methylenedifurfurylamine (DFA). For comparison, a control sample was prepared by curing the petroleum-based commercial epoxy diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with a petroleum-based hardener, 4, 4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The glass transition temperature (T g) was found to be 216 °C for the cured DGELU/DFA, which was 67 °C higher than that of the cured DGEBA/DDM. The storage modulus at 30 °C and the tensile strength of the cured DGELU/DFA were 82.5 % and 23.2 % higher than those of the cured DGEBA/DDM. The benzopyrone unit of the luteolin structure was conducive to exceptional charring, and the char yield for thermal decomposition in the nitrogen of the cured DGELU/DFA was 3.2-fold higher than that for the cured DGEBA/DDM. As expected, the cured DGELU/DFA displays a relatively high limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 38.0 % and a UL-94 V-0 classification, whereas the petroleum-based counterpart exhibited a much lower LOI of 24.0 % and no classification in the UL-94 test. An in-vitro cytotoxicity study indicated that the cured DGELU/DFA showed no cytotoxic effect against normal fibroblast cells after 24 and 72 h. Because of these fascinating features, the DGELU/DFA thermosetting network was deposited onto wood surfaces for evaluation as a flame-retardant coating. Compared with the wood treated using the cured DGEBA/DDM coating, wood coated with the cured DGELU/DFA showed a super fire-safe property that could lead to a 55.8 %, 12.4 %, and 11.5 % decrease in peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP), respectively. An anti-flammable, high strength and non-toxic bio-derived epoxy thermosetting network for highly safe epoxy coating applications has been developed. • A fully bio-based epoxy thermoset (DGELU/DFA) has been prepared from luteolin. • DGELU/DFA showed higher Tg and tensile strength than its petroleum-based counterpart. • DGELU/DFA displayed anti-flammability with a high LOI of 38.0 % and a UL-94 V-0 grade. • DGELU/DFA showed no cytotoxic effect against normal fibroblast cells. • DGELU/DFA is suitable as a flame-retardant and eco-friendly coating for wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A vanillin-derived cyclotriphosphazene-cored triazole compound (HHCTP) was synthesized. • The HHCTP-modified epoxy achieved a UL-94 V-0 classification and an LOI of 31.5%. • The addition of HHCTP preserved the thermo-mechanical properties of epoxy resins. A vanillin-derived cyclotriphosphazene-cored triazole compound (HHCTP) was successfully synthesized as a flame retardant for epoxy thermosets with high efficiency while preserving their thermomechanical properties. 1H- and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as well as Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR), were applied to confirm the molecular structure of HHCTP. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements demonstrated that the introduction of HHCTP improved the storage modulus of the epoxy composites but decreased the glass transition temperature. The epoxy thermoset containing 7.5 wt% HHCTP (EP/HHCTP-7.5) achieved a UL-94 V-0 classification and an LOI of 31.5%, manifesting its outstanding flame-retardant efficiency. In addition, the cone calorimeter results showed that the total heat release (THR) and the peak value of the heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/HHCTP-7.5 were decreased by 35.6% and 50.0%, respectively, in comparison with those of the unmodified epoxy. To further study the flame retardant mechanism of HHCTP, pyrolytic gas species were detected utilizing thermogravimetric-infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). In addition, the microstructure of the char residues was analyzed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The phosphazene groups in HHTCP clearly stimulated the production of an intumescent, compact, and strong char layer, which improved the flame retardancy of the DGEBA matrix during burning, according to the SEM data. As a result, the underlying components were protected from further degradation and combustion, resulting in effective flame retardancy of the DGEBA thermoset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intercalation of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMOX) into layered zinc hydroxide (LZH) has been achieved via ion-exchange method. The resulted nanocomposite (AMOX-LZH) has been thoroughly characterised by a number of techniques including powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA/DTG analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PXRD results showed that the gallery height of LZH was expanded from 9.57 to 11.97 Å, indicating that the AMOX anions were successfully intercalated into the interlayer space of LZHs. The increased thermal stability of nanocomposite was confirmed by TGA/DTG analyses. Improved antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of AMOX-LZH nanocomposite was evaluated against Gram-positive bacteriaStaphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniaand Gram- negativeEscherichia coliusing the disk diffusion technique. The sustained release of amoxicillin drug from the AMOX-LZH nanocomposite was also verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), ibuprofen (IBU) anion, was intercalated into the layered zinc hydroxide (LZH) to form a new organic-inorganic nanohybrid. Then, IBU-LZH nanohybrid was dispersed into chitosan for the formation of the nanocomposite. The IBU-LZH nanohybrid was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to study intercalation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the investigation of surface morphology, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer to study the chemical interactions and thermal gravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG) for understanding the thermal stability. The PXRD patterns showed that the IBU was successfully intercalated into the interlay space of LZHs as monolayers and the basal spacing of LZH increased from 9.57 to 19.54 Å. The FTIR analyses confirmed the formation of the host-guest nanohybrid. The DTG studies revealed that the thermal stability of IBU was increased after the intercalation into LZH. The in vitro release study of IBU from IBU-LZH and IBU-LZH/chitosan nanocomposite was investigated in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution of pH 4.8 and 7.4. The drug release from the LZH was studied by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many applications for epoxy resin as a coating material in the automotive, electronics, and aerospace industries. However, when derived from petrochemical industries, adversely affect the environment, as they are rigid and resistant to recycling due to inherent cross-linked structure. In the present study, we prepared green epoxy resin from renewable resources, able to replace the conventionally produced DGEBA thermoset. Initially, we synthesized an epoxy thermoset from vanillin-derived Schiff base epoxy monomer (VTA-EP) that was thermally cured with bio-based 5, 5′-methylenedifurfurylamine (DFA). Due to the unsaturated double bond in cured VTA-EP/DFA thermoset displayed a relatively high glass transition temperature (T g ~ 170 °C) than the DGEBA/DDM system. Also, tensile strength (60 MPa), storage modulus (3271 MPa), and elongation at break (2.8%) were higher. Additionally, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of the cured VTA-EP/DFA resin decreased, and LOI and UL-94 ratings were improved. The green epoxy thermoset exhibited good dissolution in various acidic conditions due to the degradability of the Schiff base network in contrast to DGEBA/DDM. This work demonstrates that the combination of biomass with Schiff base structure provides a versatile platform for the fabrication of multifunctional vanillin-derived epoxy thermosets. [Display omitted] • A fully bio-based epoxy resin derived from vanillin was synthesized. • The fully bio-based epoxy resin system showed excellent intrinsic flame retardancy. • The fully bio-based epoxy resin possessed excellent acidity and temperature-controlled degradability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, MOF-74 nanocarriers were coated with sodium alginate (SALG) to enhance physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. Spectroscopic and microscopic analyses showed MOF-74 particle size below 100 nm. Zinc-based MOF-74 nanocarriers (Zn-MOF-74) were developed for doxorubicin (DOX) delivery, achieving high drug loading efficiency (DLE) and drug loading capacity (DLC) as measured by UV–visible spectrometry. Nanocarriers synthesized using zinc acetate (RA-MOF-74) achieved a DLE of 96.5% and a DLC of 19.6%, outperforming those prepared with zinc nitrate (RN-MOF-74) with a DLE of 88.8% and a DLC of 18.3%. Uncoated samples released cargo rapidly at pH 1.5 and significantly at pH 8. In contrast, SALG-coated samples showed reduced release at pH 1.5 and reached 54.2% release at pH 8 due to alginate's physicochemical properties. Drug release from DOX@RA-MOF-74/ALG was significantly slower and more sustained than from uncoated samples. This study demonstrates the potential of SALG-coated RA-MOF-74 as a controlled drug release system for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardant technology integrates independent ingredients into a whole, thus showing advantage of simultaneous improvement in flame retardant, smoke suppressant and mechanical properties of polymers over traditional flame retardants. In this work, a novel organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardant denoted as IR-MOF-3-Mel was synthesized by covalent hybridization of isoreticular metal-organic framework-3 (IR-MOF-3) with melamine. A relatively low amount of IR-MOF-3-Mel nanoparticles dramatically decreased the fire risk of epoxy resin (EP). Specifically, the EP with only 2.0 wt% of IR-MOF-3-Mel achieved a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.5% as well as a UL-94 V-0 classification, whereas its counterpart with 2.0 wt% of IR-MOF-3 showed a LOI of 25.0% and no classification in UL-94 test. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate, total heat release and smoke production rate of the EP with 2.0 wt% of IR-MOF-3-Mel was declined by 74.0%, 71.4% and 35.6%, respectively, compared to neat EP. Additionally, the glass transition temperature, the tensile strength, and the young's modulus were 11 °C, 38%, and 27% higher than those of neat EP, respectively. The flame retardant mechanism analysis clarified that IR-MOF-3-Mel contributed to formation of a char layer with a high level of thermal resistance and graphitization which accounted for significantly reduced fire risks. Image 1 • With only 1.5 wt% of IR-MOF-3-Mel, the EP composite achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating. • 2.0 wt% of IR-MOF-3-Mel leads to an unprecedented reduction in both PHRR (−74.0%) and THR (−71.4%) of epoxy composites. • IR-MOF-3-Mel hybrid also shows good smoke suppression effect. • 2.0 wt% of IR-MOF-3-Mel improves the tensile strength by 38% compared to neat EP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phosphaphenanthrene-containing vanillin-derived compound (VDG) was synthesized by a one-pot nucleophilic addition reaction from vanillin, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and 3,5‐diamino‐1,2,4‐triazole. The molecular structure of VDG was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer. Various loadings of VDG were incorporated into diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) as a co-curing agent together with 4, 4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) to produce an epoxy thermoset. The thermomechanical, thermal and fire-retardant properties of EP thermosets were evaluated by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and cone calorimetry. The results showed that a linear decrease in glass transition temperature with increasing loading of VDG owing to the declined cross-linking density. The cured DGEBA/DDM system with 2.0 wt% of VDG exhibited super anti-flammability in terms of a high LOI value of 37.0% and UL-94 V-0 rating, whereas the cured DGEBA/DDM and DGEBA/DDM with 2.0 wt% of DOPO systems showed no rating in UL-94 test. In addition, cone calorimetry test showed that the cured DGEBA/DDM system with 2.0 wt% of VDG exhibited a reduction of up to 47.5% and 34% for peak heat release rate and total heat release, respectively, compared to the cured DGEBA/DDM system. The enhanced flame-retardant property was attributed to the formation of the compact and continual structure of char layer residue with good thermo-oxidative stability. In addition to good anti-flammability, the cured DGEBA/DDM/VDG thermoset showed antibacterial property against E. coli , with an inhibition zone diameter of 10 mm. Thus, this bio-based co-curing agent could impart flame-retardant and antibacterial performance to epoxy for developing high performance functional thermosetting materials. Image 1 • With only 2.0 wt% of VDG, the EP composite achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating. • 2.0 wt% of VDG leads to a significant reduction in PHRR (−47.5%) of epoxy composite. • The cured epoxy thermoset with VDG showed anti-bacterial property against E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coating comprising graphene oxide (GO) and oleic acid (OA)-modified zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-8 (ZIF-8) was deposited to cotton fabrics with the aim of obtaining a flame-retardant, self-cleaning and superhydrophobic features. SEM images showed a rough surface with hierarchical structure for GO-cotton/ZIF-8. Existence of the coating on the surface of cotton fabrics was proved by XPS spectra and FT-IR characterization. Surface of the GO-cotton/ZIF-8 fabrics achieved a remarkable degree of thermal and mechanical stability and superhydrophobicity. The results from a flame test demonstrated a protective effect of the coating on the cotton fabrics against fire. Additionally, the GO-cotton/ZIF-8 cotton showed superior self-cleaning ability and oil/water separation performance due to its superhydrophobic surface. Thus, it has a wide range of potential applications in military equipment and outdoor clothing. • Flame-retardant and superhydrophobic coating was deposited on cotton fabric. • The coated cotton fabric exhibited outstanding flame retardancy. • The PHRR and the THR of the coated cotton fabric were reduced by 30% and 53%. • The coated cotton fabric showed oil/water separation efficiency higher than 92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton fabrics are prone to ignite fire accidents as well as breed bacteria and fungi, which have hampered their applications in the field of packaging and home decorations. Guanazole complexes with silver and zinc ions were deposited to cotton fabrics through self-assembly to prepare the flame-retardant and antibacterial cotton fabrics. The effect of the guanazole-metal complexes on the morphological structure, flammability and thermal degradation of cotton fabrics was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy, limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning test, and thermogravimetric analysis. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the coated fabrics were evaluated as well. The guanazole-zinc and guanazole-silver treated cotton fabrics showed a high LOI of 29.5% and 27.5%, respectively. In the vertical burning test, both the guanazole-zinc and guanazole-silver treated cotton fabrics self-extinguished when removing the ignition source, displaying a UL-94 V-0 classification, while the untreated one and the guanazole-treated one burned out. Thermogravimetric analysis results confirmed that the guanazole-metal complexes promoted the thermal decomposition of cotton and thus improved the char yield significantly. Micro-scale combustion calorimeter measurements clarified that the guanazole-zinc and guanazole-silver treated cotton displayed dramatically decreased peak heat release rate (64.4% and 59.1%, respectively) and total heat release (26.4% and 14.8%, respectively) in comparison to the untreated one. The significantly improved flame retardancy of guanazole-metal complexes treated cotton fabrics could be attributed to their enhanced charring capability that blocked flammable volatiles into flame zone. The treated cotton fabrics with guanazole-metal complexes exhibited better antibacterial capacity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli than the untreated and guanazole-treated ones. Furthermore, the guanazole-silver treated cotton fabrics also showed good antifungal activity against Penicillium, Fusarium chlamydosporum and Aspergillus niger. Image 1 • Guanazole-metal complex was used to simultaneously improve flame retardant and antibacterial property of cotton fabrics. • Limiting oxygen index increases to 27.5% for guanazole-silver treated cotton from 19.5% for untreated one. • The peak heat release rate of guanazole-silver treated cotton was reduced by 59% compared to untreated one. • The guanazole-silver treated cotton showed self-extinguishing behaviors owing to promotion of char formation. • The guanazole-silver treated cotton showed good antibacterial and antifungal ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Layer-by-layer assembled fully bio-based coating protected flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) from fire. • Coated FPUF by 9 bilayers of alginate, chitosan and hydroxyapatite showed self-extinguishing behavior. • Peak heat release rate of coated FPUF by 9 bilayers of alginate, chitosan and hydroxyapatite reduced by 77.7 %. • Smoke production rate of coated FPUF by 9 bilayers of alginate, chitosan and hydroxyapatite declined by 53.8 %. The present study reports the successful synthesis of the flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) through a fully bio-based coating. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is added to the solutions containing sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CH), respectively, to create negative and positive polyelectrolytes for Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly. The influence of the solution concentrations and bilayers numbers deposited on the flame-retardant and mechanical properties of FPUF samples is investigated systematically. Benefitting from the presence of such a fully bio-based coating, the resultant FPUF affords excellent smoke-suppressant and flame-retardant features. In particular, the FPUF coated by 9 bilayers of HAP-SA/HAP-CH exhibits significantly declined peak heat release rate, total release rate and smoke production release by 77.7 %, 56.5 % and 53.8 %, respectively. The compression test verifies the coated FPUFs exhibit lower recovery properties compared with the uncoated one. These results demonstrate that a green and cost-effective strategy is provided for producing flame-retardant, anti-dripping and smoke-suppressant FPUFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam as a primary softening material is utilized in soft furnishings of upholstered mattresses and furniture. High flammability of this soft furnishing material usually leads to residential fires, causing severe fatalities. In the present study, we proposed a bio-based and environmentally-friendly flame retardant multilayered coating consisted of laponite (LAP), branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI), sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CH) that was deposited onto FPU foams to enhance their fire safety property. Based on the thermogravimetric analysis results, it was indicated that after the deposition of LAP, the thermal stability of the coated FPU foams increased sharply. Foam treated with 9 quad layers (QL) of BPEI/SA/CH/LAP multilayered coating showed self-extinguishing behavior in an open flame burning test. Furthermore, the values of peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and smoke release rate (SPR) of the coated FPU foams reduced considerably in comparison to those of the pure FPU foam. Specifically, 9 QLs of BPEI/SA/CH/LAP declined the PHRR and the THR by 74% and 42.6%, respectively. The coated FPU foam also showed self-extinguishing and anti-dripping features in an open flame testing. Therefore, it can be stated that LAP-based coating has incredible benefits in decreasing fire risk of FPU foams. Moreover, the flame retardant mechanism of this LAP-based multilayered coating was proposed. The LAP-based coating functioned as a physical insulating barrier that successfully retarded the permeation of the flammable volatiles, heat and oxygen. Hence, the significant decrease in PHRR with the self-extinguishing behavior was achieved, implying promising potential of this LAP-based multilayered coating to enhance the fire safety of FPU foams. • Laponite-based inorganic-organic hybrid coating is deposited on FPU foams. • The coated FPU foam shows a 74% lower peak heat release rate than the uncoated one. • The coated FPU foam exhibits a 62% lower smoke production rate than the uncoated one. • Laponite strengthens the barrier effect that accounts for reduced fire hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered zinc hydroxide (LZH) nanoparticles are versatile material used for intercalating bioactive and therapeutic molecules with the purpose of obtaining controlled release properties, enhancing their poor aqueous solubility and protecting them from degradation. Co-precipitation method was employed here to synthesis LZH and ion-exchange intercalation of the anti-inflammatory drug mefenamic acid (MA) to prepare MA–LZH nanohybrids. An increase in the basal spacing of the (200) plane from 9.57 Å in pristine LZH to 17.73 Å in the MA–LZH nanohybrid indicated successful intercalation of anionic MA into a LZH gallery, which was arranged in a monolayer fashion with the carboxylate group pointing toward the LZH inorganic interlayers. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful intercalation without major changes in the structure of MA. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that MA is stabilized in the interlayers through electrostatic interaction of MA within the interlayer space of LZH. The drug released from the nanohybrid revealed a controlled profile of about 66% of MA anions released at pH 7.4, while 86% release took place after 14 h at pH 4.8. The mechanism of drug release was explained by the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic models. The kinetic studies suggest that drug release mechanism is predominantly diffusion-controlled. In vitro tests performed with normal fibroblast cells indicated synergistic anti-inflammatory performance compared to pristine LZH and pure MA; hence, MA–LZH nanohybrid effectively affected controlled-release performance. Because of ease of preparation and sustained release of the active and less-toxic compounds to the cell, this nanohybrid could be regarded as a potential drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While MOF-74 drug delivery platforms are known for their high drug loading capacity (DLC) and efficiency (DLE), surface chemistry modifications can further enhance their performance. Two variants of Zn-MOF-74 nanoparticles (particle size < 100 nm, per microscopic analysis) were prepared at room temperature, fully characterized and loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) as a model drug. UV-visible spectrometry revealed a DLE of 96.5% and a DLC of 19.6% for zinc acetate (RA-MOF-74) nanocarrier, against zinc nitrate (RN-MOF-74) with 88.8% and 18.3% in the same order. RA-MOF-74 nanocarriers were coated with polydopamine (PDA) through an in-situ polymerization process to enhance physicochemical properties and compatibility with biological systems. Both the uncoated and PDA-coated RA-MOF-74 showed accelerated drug release at pH 5.5 due to quicker structural collapse, which experienced an increase of 24.3% for the former and a 6.2% increase for the latter sample. The biological properties of loaded Zn-MOF-74 nanocarriers demonstrated acceptable anti-cancer activity, and possessing low hemolytic activity. Moreover, the cytotoxicity results indicated an inhibition of 85.73% against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells for the DOX-loaded MOF-74, notably about 5% higher than that of the pure DOX at a concentration of 400 µg/ml. At the same concentration, loaded MOF-74 showed a hemolytic activity of 9.62%, which was significantly lower than 28.97% assigned to the pure DOX. These results demonstrate the potential of Zn-MOF-74 nanoparticles for diverse medical applications, warranting further investigation of their in vivo performance in both therapeutic and diagnostic roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was intended to clarify if the dyeing treatment could modify the functional properties of white substrate as well as the surface finishing would alter the initial color of dyed textiles. Thus, in this work, a kind of surface coating was applied to modify the flame retardant and hydrophilic properties of both the undyed (white) and dyed polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) textiles using some novel compounds like chitosan (CS), montmorillonite (MMT), sodium alginate (ALG) and phytic acid (PA) in a quadralayer (QL) or a hexalayer (HL) fashion. The obtained results revealed that the dyed fabric samples exhibited better flame retardancy and hydrophilicity compared to the undyed one; indicating the dyeing treatment contributed in improving the functional properties. For example, the 5HL-deposited dyed fabric sample (i.e., PA6.6-D-5HL) showed a maximum reduction in the peak heat release rate (pHRR) by 32% and the 7.5QL-deposited dyed fabric sample (i.e., PA6.6-D-7.5QL) brought a water contact angle (WCA) value of 0°. However, this kind of surface finishing caused a slight loss in depth of color for the dyed fabric samples. [Display omitted] • A kind of surface coating was developed onto the undyed and dyed PA6.6 textiles. • Dyed fabrics showed better flame retardant properties compared to the undyed one. • Dyed fabric with a 5HL deposition obtained a maximum reduction in pHRR by 32%. • A super-hydrophilic surface was realized, especially for the dyed fabrics. • The applied finishing slightly altered the depth of color of dyed fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A hybrid coating was prepared from chitosan, melamine, urea, phytic acid and GO. • Improved flame retardancy and hydrophilicity of PA6.6 fabrics were realized. • Hybrid coating raised LOI value up to 25 % and stopped the melt dripping completely. • A maximum reduction in pHRR by 56 % was achieved with 5 BLs depositions. • Hybrid coatings could withstand against 10 home laundering cycles. The layer by layer (LBL) deposition of chitosan/melamine/urea (CS/ME/UREA) and phytic acid (PA) onto the acrylic acid (AA) grafted Polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) fabrics including a pad-dry-cure treatment with chitosan/graphene oxide (CS/GO) nanocomposites were considered to improve the hydrophilicity and durable flame retardancy. Obtained results indicated that these hybrid coatings could significantly improve the flame retardancy as the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value reached up to 25 % from 18.5 % and could completely stop the melt dripping where the fabric sample with two bilayers deposition and simultaneously treated with CS/GO nanocomposite (PA6.6-g-AA-2BL-CS/GO) achieved a V-1 rating. A 2BLs deposited hybrid coating (i.e., PA6.6-g-AA-2BL-CS/GO) could decrease the peak heat release rate (pHRR) by 47.1 %; whereas a maximum reduction of pHRR by about 56 % was achieved for 5BLs deposition. Moreover, a considerable improvement in thermal stability and char yield% were also realized in the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test. Furthermore, the as-prepared hybrid coatings imparted better hydrophilicity as a 2BLs deposition along with pad-dry-cure treatment by CS/GO could boost up the hydrophilicity of the treated fabrics further compared to the only 2BLs deposited fabric sample. In addition, the application of CS/GO nanocomposite could improve the stability of this coating and able to stop the dripping tendency even after 10 laundering cycles as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microwave assisted grafting of AA onto the PA6.6 fabric surfaces was done. • Layer by layer deposition and HP cross-linking were followed. • A maximum reduction in pHRR by ca. 50% was achieved. • Super-hydrophilic surfaces were obtained. • Such coating could retain anti-dripping properties even after 10 launderings. Microwave-assisted surface modification of polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6) fabrics was carried out in a grafting polymerization technique in the presence of acrylic acid (AA) monomer with an aim to enhance the extent of surface functional groups onto the PA6.6 fabric surfaces. In the next step, the surface modified fabric substrate was gone through a layer by layer (LbL) deposition process in the presence of some hybrid (organic/inorganic) polyelectrolytes in imparting hydrophylic and flame retardant properties and finally, the as prepared coating was subjected to a cross-linking treatment aided by hypo-phosphorus acid (HP) in enhancing the stability of the same. From the obtained results, it was revealed that the simultaneous microwave assisted grafting, LbL deposition and HP cross-linking left positive impacts in improving the flame retardant performance and hydrophilicity of PA6.6 fabrics along with the enhancement of coating stability in laundering. For example, acrylic acid grafted PA6.6 fabric sample with a 5-BL deposition and cross-linked with HP (i.e., PA6.6-g-AA-5BL-HP) attained a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value up to 23.5%, while exhibiting a significant level of reduction in the peak heat release rate (pHRR) by ca. 50 %. In line, a super-hydrophilic surface was obtained for this fabric sample as the water contact angle value declined to 0º. Furthermore, such kind of surface modification displayed a considerable level of coating stability during laundering as the anti-dripping properties still exist even after 10 home launderings. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]