Search

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary hempseed or camelina cakes on the fatty acid profiles of intramuscular fat in quail. A total of 189 one-day-old quail were allocated to three dietary treatment groups. The diet of the control (C) group was supplemented with 10% rapeseed cake, whereas the rapeseed in experimental 1 (HE) and experimental 2 (CA) groups was replaced by, respectively, hempseed cake and camelina cake in the same proportions. The length of the study was 42 days. Dietary enrichment with camelina cake increased the α-linolenic fatty acid (ALA) content in the meat of CA group 2.5 times (p < 0.01). The muscle tissues of CA contained 3.4–3 times more eicosapentaenoic acid (p < 0.01), 1.2 times more docosapentaenoic acid (p < 0.05–p < 0.01) and 1.3 times more docosahexaenoic acid (p < 0.01) and, thus, demonstrated the increase in total long chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p < 0.01) and total n-3 PUFA (p < 0.01) compared with the C group. The ALA and total n-3 PUFA content in the breast and leg meat of HE-treated quail were, respectively, 1.3 and 1.1 times higher (p < 0.01) than in the C group but the accumulation was lower compared to the CA group. The content of γ-linolenic acid was found to be 1.21–1.31 times higher in HE quail meat (p < 0.01). However, hempseed cake supplementation had a negative effect on growth performance. The supplementation of quail feed with camelina or hempseed cakes resulted in the production of healthy meat with an increased n-3 PUFA content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with abnormalities of liver lipid metabolism. On the contrary, a diet enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3-PUFAs) has been reported to ameliorate the progression of NAFLD. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of dietary n-3-PUFA enrichment on the development of NAFLD and liver lipidome. Mice were fed for 6 weeks either a high-fat methionine choline-deficient diet (MCD) or standard chow with or without n-3-PUFAs. Liver histology, serum biochemistry, detailed plasma and liver lipidomic analyses, and genome-wide transcriptome analysis were performed. Mice fed an MCD developed histopathological changes characteristic of NAFLD, and these changes were ameliorated with n-3-PUFAs. Simultaneously, n-3-PUFAs decreased serum triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations as well as ALT and AST activities. N-3-PUFAs decreased serum concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated free fatty acids (FAs), while increasing serum concentrations of long-chain PUFAs. Furthermore, in the liver, the MCD significantly increased the hepatic triacylglycerol content, while the administration of n-3-PUFAs eliminated this effect. Administration of n-3-PUFAs led to significant beneficial differences in gene expression within biosynthetic pathways of cholesterol, FAs, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and TNF-α). To conclude, n-3-PUFA supplementation appears to represent a promising nutraceutical approach for the restoration of abnormalities in liver lipid metabolism and the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids and ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplementation on semen quality, sperm fatty acids, and reproductive performance of roosters. Seventy-two roosters (30 weeks old) were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments including 1) basal diet as the control group (F0G0), 2) basal diet supplemented with 20 g/kg fish oil (F2G0), 3) basal diet supplemented with 30 g/kg ginger powder (PG) (F0G3), and 4) basal diet supplemented with 20 g/kg fish oil and 30 g/kg ginger powder (F2G3) for 10 consecutive weeks. The levels of sperm linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA were higher in fish oil-fed roosters (P<0.05). A lower percentage of sperm linoleic and arachidonic acids were recorded in F2G0 and F2G3 groups (P<0.05). At 38 weeks of age, a higher sperm volume was found in F0G3 roosters than in the F0G0 and F2G0 groups. From week 34 to the end of the experiment, sperm viability, sperm abnormality, and sperm motility were significantly improved in the GP-fed roosters (F0G3 and F2G3 groups) (P<0.05). Significantly lowest sperm concentration overall the experiment was observed in the F2G0 group (P<0.05). Higher testosterone levels and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content were recorded in F0G3 and F2G3 groups in comparison to the F2G0 (P<0.05). Also, the fertility rate of collected eggs from F0G3 and F2G3 groups was higher compared to F2G0 group (P<0.05). In conclusion, although the use of fish oil in roosters' diets alone had a negative effect on some parameters related to reproductive performance, the use of ginger powder alone or along with fish oil improved semen quality and fertility potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional food is a term for food products fortified with ingredients that possess beneficial physiological effects. Meat products are characterized by relatively high salt, fat and saturated fatty acid contents. Moreover, phosphates and nitrites are also marked as potential harmful components. Designing meat products as functional food has been associated with replacement (and/or reduction) of these components with other, especially natural, ingredients that possess beneficial effects. The development of such products poses quite a challenge since it requires the creation of a product with improved functional properties and the same sensory quality as conventional ones. Results of numerous studies into improving the nutritional properties of meat products indicate that the meat industry has responded to the changes of lifestyle and perception of food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Eggs are considered a complete animal food. They are rich in proteins, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. By modifying the composition of feed mixtures for laying hens, it is possible to influence the content of certain nutrients in eggs. By adding vegetable oils (linseed and/or rapeseed) to feed mixtures for layers, it is possible to increase the content of omega-3 fatty acids in eggs, more specifically, the content of α-linolenic fatty acid increases. However, for human health, essential fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important, and their content in eggs can be increased by adding fish oil to feed mixtures for hens. Given that omega fatty acids are subject to oxidation, it is desirable to design the mixtures for laying hens in such a way that the content of some antioxidants is also increased. The most common antioxidants used in egg enrichment are selenium, vitamin E, and lutein. Eggs enriched with the mentioned components are desirable in the human diet because they have a positive effect on human health and can be called functional food. The research investigates the possibilities of enriching eggs with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, selenium, vitamin E, and lutein. The research was carried out on 100 TETRA SL laying hens divided into two groups (C and E). Hens in treatment C (control group) were fed a standard feeding mixture that contained 5% soybean oil, 0.32 mg/kg organic selenium, 25.20 mg/kg vitamin E, and 20.5 mg/kg lutein (Marigold flower extract). Hens in treatment E (experimental group) were fed a mixture in which soybean oil was replaced by 1.5% fish oil + 1.5% rapeseed oil + 2.0% linseed oil. The content of other nutricines amounted to 0.47 mg/kg organic selenium, 125.2 mg/kg vitamin E, and 120.5 mg/kg lutein. Portions of total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in enriched eggs were significantly increased when compared to conventional eggs (480.65:204.58 mg/100 g; p < 0.001). The content of selenium, vitamin E, and lutein was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in enriched eggs than in conventional eggs. The content of selenium in egg albumen was increased by 1.81 times, and in the yolk, it was increased by 1.18 times. At the same time, the content of vitamin E was 2.74 times higher, and lutein was 8.94 times higher in enriched eggs than in conventional eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Apelin could be one of the last protective defenses before developing obesity-related disorders, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, which can be modified by dietary intake. The present study investigated the association of habitual intake of total fatty acids (TFAs), saturated-, monounsaturated-, polyunsaturated FAs, n-3, and n-6 FAs with Apelin expression in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Methods: We obtained VAT and SAT from 168 participants (64 nonobese and 104 obese) who had undergone open abdominal surgery. Dietary intake information was gathered with a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. The mRNA expression of the Apelin gene was analyzed by realtime PCR. Results: Apelin serum levels were increased in the obese subjects compared to the nonobese group (p = 0.016). The SAT and VAT Apelin mRNA levels were significantly elevated in the obese participants compared to the nonobese ones (p < 0.05). Based on BMI status, only obese subjects indicated a positive association between SAT and VAT Apelin expression and TFA intake (p < 0.001). However, this association was observed between SAT and VAT Apelin gene expression and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n-3 FA intakes in both obese and nonobese groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: High Apelin gene expression was associated with TFA intake in obese subjects in both fat tissues. However, habitual intake of PUFA and n-3 FA was associated with Apelin gene expression in obese and nonobese individuals. Our results indicate a determinative role of the quality and quantity of FA intake on adipose tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) benefits human and animal health. Our study aimed to analyze the long-chain n-3 PUFA content of two types of food and their effect on plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids of Belgian Shepherd dogs. A total of 10 dogs were fed commercial granulated food (Food 1), and another 10 were provided commercial Premium granulated food of high quality (Food 2). All the analyses were performed using gas-liquid chromatography. Our results showed that Food 1 contained more n-3 PUFA than Food 2, which was reflected in higher n-3 PUFA in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids. Because long-chain n-3 PUFA in phospholipids are precursors for antioxidative molecules, further studies should investigate the effects of the analyzed commercial granulated food rich in n-3 on oxidative stress parameters in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major lipids and antioxidant activities of Asterias rolleston gonad lipids were evaluated systematically. Major lipids of A. Rolleston gonad lipids were triacylglycerols (TAGs) and phospholipids (PLs). Total lipids were composed of 15.62% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and 40.81% of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). The most abundant PUFA were C20:5n-3 (EPA) (6.28%) and C22:6n-3 (DHA) (5.80%). Predominantly composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), polar lipids were rich in PUFAs and could contain up to 34.59% EPA and DHA, and PE and PI (phosphatidylinositol) were also found to be the main carriers of EPA and ARA (arachidonic acid) in polar lipids. The MUFA and PUFA of Sn -2 in TAG are 39.72% and 30.37%, respectively. A total of 64 TAG species were identified, with Eo-P-M, Eo-Eo-M, and M-M-Eo being the main TAGs components. Moreover, A. rollestoni gonad lipids exhibited potent radical scavenging activities and reducing power in a dose-dependent manner. • A. rollestoni Gonad Lipids: In-depth characterization unveils structural insights. • n-3 Rich Lipids: Abundance of EPA and DHA for superior health benefits. • Phospholipid Wealth: PE and PI are the main carriers of n-3 PUFAs. • Powerful Antioxidants: Robust scavenging activities for lipid applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of nutrition during adolescence and its role in maintaining optimal health including the effects of improper eating habits, the importance of vitamin D and iron, and the impact of interventions aimed at promoting healthy eating habits.

The article offers information on the importance of proper nutrition during adolescence, the impact of micronutrient deficiencies, and the benefits of vitamin D intake. Topics include how poor eating habits during adolescence can lead to eating disorders and health problems in adulthood; micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in those who consume plant-based diets; and how vitamin D intake is essential for overall health benefits.

Simple Summary: Squid is a product with a high protein content and fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. The main marketed parts are the mantle in the form of a fresh-frozen fillet, the head with tentacles ("dancers"), and fins. However, there is another market that can provide added value to the squid fishery, and it focuses on using the viscera, other parts of the squid, or the whole squid that do not meet quality standards for human consumption to produce meal for poultry feeding. The objective of this study was to include giant squid meal (1.67%, 3.34%, and 5.01%) in broiler rations to enrich its meat with n-3 fatty acids. The results showed that squid meal increased the content of EPA, DPA, and DHA in the poultry meat, mainly in females, and the legs with thighs without negatively affecting the production parameters or the flavor of the meat. The use of giant squid meal in chicken diets could benefit not only the poultry sector, also the fishing industry and health-conscious consumers. The main marketed parts of squid are the mantle, the head with tentacles, and fins. However, when the whole squid does not meet quality standards for human consumption it can be used for broiler feed. The objective of the study was to include giant squid (Dosidicus gigas) meal (GSM) in broiler rations to increase the content of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) in chicken meat. Two hundred Ross 380 chickens, half male, half female, and one day old, were randomly distributed in a 4x2x2 factorial arrangement. The factors were the treatment (0%, 1.67%, 3.34%, and 5.01% of GSM in the diet), sex, and content of n-3 in the legs with thighs and the breasts. Each treatment had five repetitions with 10 birds each. There were no differences (p > 0.05) in the production parameters for both sexes. The contents of EPA, DPA, and DHA increased in the females and in the legs with thighs (p < 0.05) with GSM. Acceptance for the flavor and texture of meat was higher in the treatment with 1.67% GSM than in the other treatments. It is concluded that GSM is an alternative for increasing the amount of n-3 in chicken meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatty acid profiles of wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and salmon feed was elucidated and quantitated. Due to the increasing proportion of vegetable oils in salmon feed, it was of interest to evaluate the effects on the farmed salmon fatty acid profile. There was found to be four times more fat in the muscle in farmed compared to wild salmon, 8.97 ± 0.63% and 2.14 ± 0.32%, respectively. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 15.0%, 55.4%, and 29.6%, respectively, in farmed salmon, while 26.3%, 47.4%, and 26.3% in wild salmon. The lipids were also fractioned into neutral lipids, free fatty acids, and polar lipids by solid‐phase extraction. Both wild and farmed salmon contained approximately equal amount of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid with 520 and 523 mg/100 g fish muscle, respectively. The salmons of both kinds were evaluated from a health perspective by discussing the contents of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids together with nutritional quality indices. In conjunction with a lower fat intake by consumption, the wild Atlantic salmon displayed the most nutritionally beneficial profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary n-6: n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio and the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A total of 100 pregnant women were prospectively included for detailed information on dietary intake at 16-18 weeks evaluated using a three-day food record, and subsequent GDM diagnosis at 24-28 weeks. Participants were divided into two groups for analysis: GDM group (n = 22) and control group (n = 78) based on oral glucose tolerance test results performed between 24 and 28 weeks. The average dietary n-6: n-3 PUFA ratio in the control group was 5.63 ± 2.12 and that in the GDM group was 8.35 ± 3.45, within a significant difference (p <.05). A significant difference was associated with a higher dietary n-6: n-3 PUFA ratio and GDM (adjusted odds ratio = 4.29, 95%confidence interval:1.303, 14.124). Higher dietary n-6: n-3 PUFA ratio was associated with higher odds of GDM. Given the small sample, further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the present study was to examine the relation between adipose tissue content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: In this case‐cohort study based on data from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort, a total of 5255 incident cases of AF was identified during 16.9 years of follow‐up. Adipose tissue biopsies collected at baseline from all cases and from a randomly drawn subcohort of 3440 participants were determined by gas chromatography. Data were analysed using weighted Cox regression. Results: Data were available for 4741 incident cases of AF (2920 men and 1821 women). Participants in the highest vs. the lowest quintile of EPA experienced a 45% lower risk of AF (men HR 0.55 (95% CI 0.41–0.69); women HR 0.55 (0.41–0.72)). For DHA, no clear association was found in men, whereas in women, participants in the highest quintile of DHA in adipose tissue had a 30% lower risk of incident AF (HR 0.70 (0.54–0.91)) compared to participants in the lowest quintile. Conclusions: A monotonous inverse association was found for the content of EPA in adipose tissue and risk of AF in both men and women. The content of DHA was inversely associated with the risk of AF in women, whereas no clear association was found for men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid supplementation on the fatty acid profile of sow milk were investigated using traditional fatty acid analysis and a novel method of the electronic nose (EN). The control group received 6.3 g of sunflower oil (SO) rich in n-6 fatty acids per kg feed, and experimental animals received the same amount of fish oil (FO) as an n-3 fatty acid source. The diets were corn- and soybean meal-based diets. Supplementation of SO enhanced the amount of linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6) (SO: 8.43 mg/mL vs. FO: 6.63 mg/mL milk), and significantly increased (p < 0.02) the amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (SO: 9.92 mg/mL vs. FO: 8.61 mg/mL milk) in the sow's milk. On the contrary, FO significantly increased the amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (FO: 1.17 mg/mL vs. SO: 0.69 mg/mL milk), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5, n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, n-3), in the milk (p < 0.001). FO and SO supplementation did not affect the analytical composition of milk. Milk samples collected from the differently fed individuals could be clearly separated according to the feeding groups based on the odour profile described by the EN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bariatric surgery is considered the most effective treatment for severe obesity. Despite this wide success, bariatric surgery is associated with increased risks of nutritional deficiencies.Objectives: To examine whether Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass (RYGB) alters essential fatty acid (FA) status and inflammation markers.Methods: Subjects with obesity (n = 28; BMI > 40 kg/m2; mean age 48 years) were studied before and 1 year after RYGB. We collected blood samples before and 12 months after RYGB, and analyzed FA in RBCs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and measured inflammation parameters in plasma. The proportion of total n-3 FAs was the primary outcome, while parameters related to other FAs and inflammation factors were the secondary parameters. In addition, PBMCs from 15 of the participants were cultured alone or with 100 and 200 μM DHA, and the production of IL-6, IL-1β, PGE2, and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2α) was assayed after endotoxin (LPS) stimulation.Results: RYGB induced a significant reduction of BMI (-30%) and improvement of insulin resistance (-49%). While the proportion of arachidonic acid was 15% higher after RYGB, the proportions of total and individual n-3 FAs were 50%-75% lower (P < 0.01). Consequently, the RBC omega-3 index and n-3:n-6 fatty acid ratio were 45% and 50% lower after surgery, respectively. In isolated PBMCs, LPS induced the production of IL-6, IL-1β, PGE2, and PGF2α in both pre- and post-RYGB cells, but the effects were 34%-65% higher (P < 0.05) after RYGB. This effect was abrogated by DHA supplementation.Conclusions: This study presents evidence that RBC and PBMC n-3 FAs are severely reduced in patients with obesity after RYGB. DHA supplementation in PBMC moderates the production of inflammation markers, suggesting that n-3 FA supplementation would merit a trial in bariatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Evidence documenting whether diet quality, particularly dietary fatty acids, is associated with preterm birth (PTB) is limited. Objective The aim was to measure associations between dietary fatty acid intake prior to pregnancy, specifically n–3 (ɷ-3) PUFAs and odds of PTB in US women and determine if associations differed by prepregnancy BMI. Methods We designed a secondary analysis of dietary intake in nulliparous women enrolled in a longitudinal cohort (NCT01322529). Participants completed an FFQ, modified to assess detailed PUFA intake, during the 3 mo preceding pregnancy. Inclusion in this analytic cohort required total energy intake within 2 SDs of the group mean. Prepregnancy BMI was categorized as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese. The primary exposure was estimated intake of EPA and DHA (combined EPA+DHA), in the context of a recommended intake of 250 mg. The primary outcome was PTB (<37 wk). Adjusted regression models controlled for maternal factors relevant to PTB and evaluated associations with PUFAs. Interaction terms estimated effect modification of BMI. A false discovery rate (FDR) correction accounted for multiple comparisons. Results Median daily intake of combined EPA+DHA in 7365 women was 70 mg (IQR: 32, 145 mg). A significant interaction term indicated the effects of EPA+DHA on odds of PTB were different for different BMI categories (P  < 0.01). Specifically, higher intake of combined EPA+DHA was nominally associated with reduced odds of PTB in women with underweight (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.46–0.98) and normal BMI (OR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78–0.96), yet was associated with increased odds of overweight BMI (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.02–1.44). Associations remained significant after FDR correction. Conclusions Based on a cohort of US women designed to identify predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes, dietary intake of combined EPA+DHA was considerably lower than recommended. Associations between intake of these recommended n–3 fatty acids and risk of PTB differ by maternal BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crustaceans are low in fat but rich in omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FA). In this study, a mini-scale extraction method was optimized based on the Bligh and Dyer method for the determination of n-3 fatty acids, i.e., alpha-linolenic acid (LNA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in shrimp samples followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The optimal extraction conditions were determined through a 23 factorial design with a center point. The optimized method extracted comparable amounts of n-3 FA as the original Bligh and Dyer method but was 45 times faster and used 30 times less chloroform and sample and 11 times less total solvent volume. Additionally, the optimized method was successfully applied for the extraction of fatty acid, mainly n-3 fatty acid, from various shrimp species. Thus, the n-3 mini-scale extraction method can be considered a suitable alternative to traditional methods for the extraction of n-3 fatty acid from shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Aging is an inevitable and progressive biological process that leads to irreversible physiological and functional changes, also in the nervous system. Cognitive decline occurring with age can significantly affect the quality of life of older people. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is necessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system; it can affect its action directly through its impact on neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, but also indirectly by affecting the functioning of the cardiovascular system or anti-inflammatory effect. Literature analysis shows that good nutritional status of n-3 fatty acids, determined on the basis of their level in blood plasma or erythrocytes, is associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline in selected cognitive domains, as well as a lower risk of dementia or Alzheimer's disease, although studies are also available where the above relationship has not been confirmed. Apart from this, studies on DHA and EPA diet intake, as well as in the form of dietary supplements, show their beneficial effects in the context of cognitive functioning and the risk of dementia. Also, the results of intervention studies, although not explicit, suggest that high doses of DHA and EPA in the form of dietary supplements may slow down the process of deteriorating the cognitive functioning of the elderly within selected domains. Based on the review of the literature, it can be concluded that DHA and EPA play an essential role in the prevention of cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The Sardinian food delicacy 'bottarga' is the final product of a number of treatments (salting and drying) on the ovaries of mullet (Mugil spp) and represents an important natural source of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) with nutraceutical properties. During the salting process of mullet roes to obtain bottarga, huge amounts of waste salt are generated, rich in residual ovary material. RESULTS: We evaluated the lipid composition (main lipid components and fatty acids) and bioactivity of oil obtained from the ovary material separated from waste salt (waste salt oil). Oil was obtained by supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide (SFE‐CO2), an environmentally friendly separation technique. The lipid composition of waste salt oil was determined by carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐NMR) spectroscopy and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector and an evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC‐DAD/ELSD) chromatography. The oil was characterized by a relatively high level of n‐3 PUFA (122 ± 7 g kg−1 of oil), and these beneficial health compounds were mainly present in the form of wax esters. Waste salt oil showed a marked cytotoxic effect [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay] in cancer B16F10 melanoma cells, with a slight cytotoxic effect in normal cells (3T3 fibroblasts). Waste salt and its derivatives (salt oil and residual material after oil extraction) were also tested for the attractant effect and acceptability to insects (Ceratitis capitata) to gain preliminary information about their potential application for animal supplementation. CONCLUSION: The results qualify waste salt as a potential resource for veterinary dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical applications. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can directly regulate glucose and fat metabolism in skeletal muscle besides exerting anti-inflammatory effects. To accomplish this, L6 skeletal muscle cells were treated with 50 µM of either DHA or EPA for 1, 3, and 5 days. Here, we report that basal and insulin-stimulated rates of glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, protein kinase B (AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) phosphorylation were not affected by DHA or EPA. However, glucose and palmitate oxidation were consistently elevated by DHA treatment, whereas EPA only increased this variable transiently. Similarly, only DHA caused significant and sustained increases in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and protein levels of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-1b (CPT1b) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in skeletal muscle cells. DHA also caused a larger anti-inflammatory effect than EPA in these cells. In conclusion, besides exerting anti-inflammatory effects, DHA and EPA directly regulated glucose and fat metabolism in skeletal muscle cells, although DHA was more effective in doing so than EPA. Thus, by directly enhancing glucose and fat oxidation, DHA may increase glucose disposal and reduce intramyocellular lipid accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on a comprehensive analysis of the canonical activation pathway of the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, addressing c-Rel, p65 and p50 activation in 28 women at early (T1) and late follicular (T2) and mid (T3) and late luteal (T4) phase of the menstrual cycle, and possible relations with fasting plasma lipids and fatty acids. For the first time, strong inverse relations of c-Rel with apolipoprotein B were observed across the cycle, while those with LDL cholesterol, triglycerides as well as saturated (SFA), particularly C14–C22 SFA, monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) clustered at T2. In contrast, p65 was positively related to LDL cholesterol and total n-6 PUFA, while p50 did not show any relations. C-Rel was not directly associated with estradiol and progesterone, but data suggested an indirect C22:5n-3-mediated effect of progesterone. Strong positive relations between estradiol and individual SFA, MUFA and n-3 PUFA at T1 were confined to C18 fatty acids; C18:3n-3 was differentially associated with estradiol (positively) and progesterone (inversely). Given specific roles of c-Rel activation in immune tolerance, inhibition of c-Rel activation by higher plasma apolipoprotein B and individual fatty acid concentrations could have clinical implications for female fertility. Image 1 • c-Rel activation is inversely related to apolipoprotein B across the menstrual cycle. • c-Rel activation is inversely related to SFA (C14–C22), MUFA and PUFA at T2. • p65 activation is positively related to LDL and total n-6 PUFA (C18:2n-6) at T2. • 18-carbon SFA, MUFA and n-3 PUFA are positively related to estradiol at T1. • C18:3n-3 is positively related to estradiol and inversely to progesterone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between adipose tissue content of the plant-derived n-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and the rate of incident peripheral artery disease (PAD). Methods: We conducted a case-cohort study nested within the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort (n = 57,053), which was established between 1993 and 1997. Potential PAD cases were identified using linkage with The Danish National Patient Register and all potential cases were validated. Adipose tissue samples from the buttock were collected at baseline and fatty acid composition was determined in cases and in a random sample (n = 3500) from the cohort by gas chromatography. Statistical analyses were performed using weighted Cox regression allowing for different baseline hazards among sexes. Results: During a median of 13.5 years of follow-up, we identified 863 PAD cases with complete information. The median adipose tissue content of ALA in the sub-cohort (n = 3197) was 0.84% (interquartile range 0.73–0.94%) of total fatty acids. In multivariate analyses including adjustment for established risk factors, we observed a U-shaped association between ALA in adipose tissue and rate of PAD, but the association was not statistically significant (P = 0.131). Similar pattern of associations were observed between ALA content in adipose tissue and the rate of PAD among men and women. Conclusions: We found indications of a U-shaped association between adipose tissue content of ALA and the rate of PAD, but the association was not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the association of whole blood n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with insulin resistance (IR) in children. Whole blood fatty acids were measured in 705 children aged 2-9 years of the European IDEFICS/I.Family cohort using gas chromatography in units of weight percentage of all detected fatty acids (%wt/wt). IR was determined by the Homeostasis Model Assessment for IR (HOMA). Mixed effect models were used to assess the associations between selected baseline PUFA and HOMA z-scores at baseline and after 2- and 6-year follow-ups using models with basic and additional confounder adjustment as well as stratified by sex and weight status. In the basic model, α-linolenic (β = 1.46 SD/%wt/wt, p = 0.006) and eicosapentaenoic acid (β = 1.17 SD/%wt/wt, p = 0.001) were positively associated with baseline HOMA z-score. In the stratified analyses, α-linolenic acid was positively associated with HOMA z-score in girls only (β = 1.98 SD/%wt/wt, p = 0.006) and arachidonic acid was inversely associated with baseline HOMA in thin/normal-weight children (β = - 0.13 SD/%wt/wt, p = 0.0063). In the fully adjusted model, no statistically significant associations were seen.Conclusions: Our overall results do not indicate a protective role of higher blood n-3 PUFA or an adverse role of higher blood arachidonic acid proportion on the risk of IR. What is Known: •Intervention studies reported a beneficial effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on insulin resistance compared with placebo while observational studies in cildren are inconclusive. •Studies have shown a positive association of n-6 arachidonic acid and insulin resistance indicating an adverse role of arachidonic acid. What is New: •Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses based on circulating blood fatty acid concentrations in a large cohort of European children and adolescents. •Overall results do not support a protective role of n-3 PUFA or an adverse role of arachidonic acid in insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of extruded flaxseed (EF) on laying hen performance, apparent total tract nutrient retention (ATTNR) and fatty acid concentrations of egg yolk, blood plasma and liver. Seventy‐two White Leghorn layers (58 weeks old; three per cage) were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: 0 (control), 3, 6 and 9% of EF‐supplemented diets for 8 weeks. Results showed that feed intake, egg production, feed conversion ratio and egg weight were not affected by treatments. The ATTNR of dry matter (p =.001) and gross energy (p =.014) was lower for layers fed 9% EF than those fed the control diet, while ATTNR of organic matter (p =.001) and nitrogen‐corrected apparent metabolizable energy (p =.003) were lower for birds fed 6% and 9% EF compared with those fed the control diet. Relative to the control diet, feeding EF increased (p <.001) egg yolk, plasma and liver n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations. Birds fed 6% EF produced eggs > 300 mg of n‐3 PUFA after two weeks of feeding, while the highest of n‐3 PUFA concentrations were achieved for birds fed 9% EF. It was concluded that feeding EF up to 9% of the diet had no adverse effects on layer performance and increased n‐3 PUFA concentrations in blood plasma, liver and egg yolk. However, moderate to high levels of EF (i.e., 6% and 9% of the diet) reduced nutrient ATTNR and nitrogen‐corrected apparent metabolizable energy. Omega‐3‐enriched eggs can be achieved by feeding layers EF at 6% of the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of feeding sources of n-3 fatty acids (FA) to ISA brown and Shaver white breeders and their female offspring during rearing on egg production, eggshell, tibia, and keel bone attributes was examined. Breeders were fed Control (CON) or CON + 1% dried microalgae (DMA: Aurantiochytrium limacinum) as the source of docosahexaenoic acid or CON + 2.6% of a coextruded mixture of full-fat flaxseed (FFF) and pulses as a source of α-linolenic acid. Day-old offspring were fed 1) breeder CON-pullet CON (CON-CON), 2) breeder CON-pullet DMA (CON-DMA), 3) breeder CON-pullet FFF (CON-FFF), 4) breeder DMA-pullet CON (DMA-CON), 5) breeder DMA-pullet DMA (DMA-DMA), 6) breeder FFF-pullet CON (FFF-CON), and 7) breeder FFF-pullet FFF (FFF-FFF). At 18 wk of age (WOA), pullets were fed a common layer diet to 42 WOA for egg production and bone quality assessments. There was no (P > 0.05) interaction between strains and diets and the main effect of diets on egg production, egg mass, and eggshell quality. There was an interaction (P = 0.008) between strain and diet on egg weight (EW); however, the strain effect on EW (P < 0.001) was such that ISA brown had heavier eggs than Shaver white. Shaver white had higher (P < 0.001) eggshell %, eggshell, and tibia breaking strength (BS), as well as tibia ash concentration compared with ISA brown hens. In contrast, ISA brown hens exhibited heavier (P < 0.05) tibia and keel bones. Feeding breeders DMA and pullets both sources of n-3 FA increased tibia medullary ash concentration compared with other diets (P < 0.001). Shaver white hens showed greater decline in tibia BS (83.7 vs. 96.3%) and ash content (84.1 vs. 94.3%) than ISA brown hens from 18 to 42 WOA (P < 0.05). Strain and diets exhibited independent effects on eggshell, tibia, and keel attributes. Provision of α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid to breeders and offspring improved tibia medullary ash concentration at 42 WOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This study aims to define the influence of Type 1 diabetes on concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids and its influence on fetal growth. Methods. The study included 120 pregnant women: 60 with type 1 diabetes and 60 from the Control group. Maternal vein blood and umbilical vein, and artery blood samples were taken during delivery. Extraction of omega-3 fatty acids was performed using gas chromatography. Results. The concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in the mother's blood and umbilical vein were higher in Type 1 diabetic pregnancy than in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (P <0.001). Concentrations of omega 3-fatty acids do not influence fetal growth in type 1 diabetic pregnant women. Conclusion. Despite Type 1 diabetes, reasonable metabolic control leads to insignificant DHA levels in diabetic pregnancy and fetal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of retinal function due to manifestation of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in hyperglycemia is well addressed. However, the effect of hyperlipidemia on retinal inflammation and microvascular integrity, and the modulatory effects of oxidation-stable oleic acid and long-chain n-3 fatty acids have never been addressed. The objective of this investigation was to assess the retinoprotective effect of oxidation stable oleic acid and oxidation-susceptible EPA + DHA on retinal inflammation and microvascular integrity, under hyperlipidemic conditions. Male Wistar rats were fed with control (7.0% lard), high-fat (35.0% lard), high-fat with fish oil (17.5% fish oil + 17.5% lard), high-fat with olive oil (17.5% olive oil + 17.5% lard), and high-fat with fish oil and olive oil (11.66% fish oil + 11.66% of olive oil + 11.66% of lard) diet for 90 days. Systemic and retinal inflammation, as measured by eicosanoids and cytokines, retinal expression of NF-kB, capillary degeneration, and pericyte loss, were assessed. Hyperlipidemia significantly (p < 0.05) increased the markers of inflammation (PGE2, LTB4, LTC4, IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNF-α) in serum and retina. Besides, the retinal NF-kB-p65 expression, capillary degeneration, and pericyte loss were significantly (p < 0.05) increased under hyperlipidemic conditions. Dietary incorporation of oleic acid and EPA + DHA significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed hyperlipidemia-induced effects in the retina. In conclusion, hyperlipidemia causes retinal aberrations by compromising the balance in the inflammatory response and microvascular integrity. Dietary incorporation of oleic acid and long-chain n-3 fatty acids prevents hyperlipidemia-induced aberrations in the retina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of dietary Tetracarpidium conophorum (African Walnut) seed meal (TCSM) on fatty acids, productivity parameters, and physicochemical properties of breast and thigh muscles in broiler chickens are assessed. A total of 180, 28‐d‐old Arbor acre broiler chickens are randomly assigned to dietary treatments containing 0% (control), 2.5%, and 5% w/w TCSM, fed for 28 d, and euthanized. Dietary TCSM reduces (p < 0.05) feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), carcass weight, and abdominal fat. Diet does not affect feed efficiency and hematological parameters. The control birds have higher (p < 0.05) serum total cholesterol and triglycerides than do the supplemented birds. Diet has no effect on pH, water holding capacity, carbonyl and malondialdehyde contents, and organoleptic properties of breast and thigh muscles. The 5% TCSM has higher redness in breast muscle than do other treatments. Dietary TCSM improves (p < 0.05) the concentration of C18:3n‐3 (4.80–8.76% vs 1.56%), C20:5n‐3 (0.54–0.79% vs 0.39%), C22:5n‐3 (0.64–0.89% vs 0.18%), and C22:6n‐3 (0.75–0.97% vs 0.19%), and reduces (p < 0.05) the fat content (2.15–2.45% vs 3.15%) in breast and thigh muscles. Dietary TCSM enhances muscle n‐3 fatty acids without instigating oxidative deterioration, but reduces BWG in broiler chickens. Practical Application: Albeit that broiler meat is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), its omega 6 (n‐6)/omega 3 (n‐3) is >4. Elevated n‐6/n‐3 could have adverse effect on human physiology thereby promoting the pathogenesis of certain diseases. This heightens the need to enhance the n‐3 PUFA content of broiler meat. Dietary TCSM induced up to a fourfold increase in n‐3 PUFA content of the breast and thigh muscles in broiler chickens. Moreover, dietary TCSM induced up to a tenfold decrease in the n‐6/n‐3 of the breast and thigh muscles in broiler chickens. This finding assumes great significance because the health concerns regarding dietary fat are the foremost factors responsible for the bad image suffered by meat. These results provide insights on the potential of TCSM to improve the nutritional quality without compromising the oxidative shelf life, organoleptic traits, and physicochemical properties of broiler meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil extracted from shrimp processing by-products (SPBP) is rich in n-3 fatty acids and astaxanthin. These compounds are well known for health benefits, especially for the treatment of several chronic diseases. Conventional extraction method, in which organic solvents are generally used, results in low extraction yield of oil and poses serious environmental problems. Newly developed extraction methods aims at augmenting extraction efficiency and reducing the use of solvents. Shrimp oils extracted using various novel physical extraction processes have been discussed in terms of yield, quality and their uses. Stabilization of shrimp oil using different techniques has been addressed. Also a summary about potential medicinal and nutraceutical application of the shrimp oil has been revisited. Shrimp oil containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids, which exhibited higher health benefits than other fish oils, can be used as supplements. Physical processes used for extraction of oil from SPBP have a potential to improve the extraction process by eliminating excessive solvent usage and increasing the extraction yield. Modified or combined processes can subdue a few drawbacks faced during extraction of shrimp oil. Shrimp oil has excellent medicinal properties, however its use is limited in food or pharmaceutical industry. Therefore shrimp oil with stable form produced with scale-up processes at industrial level would be a value-added product for shrimp industry and marine resource sustainability can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of feeding n-3 fatty acids (FA) to ISA brown and Shaver white breeders and their progeny on bone development in pullets was investigated. Breeders were fed Control (CON); CON + 1% microalgae (DMA: Aurantiochytrium limacinum) as the source of docosahexaenoic acid; and CON12.6% of a coextruded mixture of full-fat flaxseed (FFF) and pulses mixture as source of a-linolenic acid. Test diets (DMA and FFF) were balanced for total n-3 FA and n-6: n-3 FA ratio. Samples of day-old progeny were euthanized for bone mineral content (BMC) and tibia collagen type II. The remaining pullets were fed posthatch treatments as follows: from breeder CON: CON (CON-CON), DMA (CON-DMA), and FFF (CON-FFF), from breeder DMA: CON (DMA-CON) and DMA (DMA-DMA) and from breeder FFF: CON (FFF-CON) and FFF (FFFFFF). A total of 60 pullets per posthatch diets were reared in cages (12 pullets/cage, n55) with free access to feed and water, bled at 6, 12, and 18 wk of age (WOA) for bone turnover markers and necropsied at 18 WOA for tibia and femur samples. Day-old pullets from breeder fed CON had greater BMC (P≤ 0.001) relative to those from breeders fed other diets. There was strain and diet interaction (P ≤ 0.024) on tibia breaking strength (TBS) and tibia cortical ash concentration at 18 WOA such that diet responses were only observed in Shaver white pullets. In this context, TBS of DMA-DMA and FFFFFF was greater than for pullets originating from CON breeder, and the cortical ash weight of DMA-DMA and FFF-FFF pullets was 23.8 and 20.2%, respectively, higher than for CON-CON pullets. In conclusions, the strain effects were strong on tibia attributes on 18-weekold pullets. Breeder feeding of n-3 FA was more effective when concomitant with posthatch feeding of n-3 FA in supporting the skeletal strength and cortical bone development in Shaver white pullets. Further investigations are warranted to establish the impact these strategies on skeletal health during laying cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To ascertain whether the oocytes of women who are obese or overweight have a different fatty acid (FA) profile than women with normal weight.Design: Prospective case-control study.Setting: Two IVF centers.Patient(s): A total of 205 women undergoing IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were included in the study, totaling 922 oocytes.Intervention(s): The unfertilized and the immature oocytes from the women who underwent IVF/ICSI were subjected to FA analysis with capillary gas chromatography. Women were classified according their body mass index (BMI) as normal, overweight, or obese. Germinal vesicle oocytes, metaphase I oocytes, and unfertilized metaphase II oocytes were analyzed separately.Main Outcome Measure(s): Fatty acid profile.Result(s): A very different oocyte FA pattern was observed for each BMI. Women with normal weight had higher levels of saturated FAs, and lower levels of monosaturated FAs. Women who were obese had lower levels of n-3 polyunsaturated FA, and the lowest n-6:n-3 ratios. Regarding specific FAs, docosahexaenoic acid levels were lower in women with normal weight than in those who are overweight, and in women who are overweight than in those who are obese. The opposite occurred with eicosapentaenoic acid, with the highest levels in women who have normal weight followed by those who are overweight and lower levels in those women who were obese. When FA analysis was restricted to a subset of oocytes, many of these differences persisted.Conclusion(s): Our study shows that oocytes from women who are obese or overweight have a different FA composition. This difference in levels could be related to the IVF poor outcome in these women. Therefore, this different composition could suggest that offspring of women who are obese or overweight have an unfavorable milieu even before conception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the major cause of death and disability worldwide, and residual risk after implementing all current therapies is still high. In this context, the latest (2016) European Cardiology Society/European Atherosclerosis Society guidelines recommend that triglyceride (TG)-lowering drugs should be used in high-risk patients with TGs levels >2.3 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), after lifestyle measures fail to lower them. After several neutral CVD outcome trials with n-3 fatty acids, the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with EPA–Intervention Trial met its primary end point, that is, among patients with elevated TGs levels despite the use of statins, the risk of ischemic events, including cardiovascular death, was significantly lower in those who received 4 g of icosapent ethyl daily. In this review, we comment on the findings of previous and recently published randomized controlled CVD outcome trials assessing n-3 fatty acids supplementation. Both efficacy and safety, as well as future perspectives, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of maternal energy sources during late gestation and lactation on the performance, glucolipid metabolism, and oxidative status of sows and their offspring were investigated using a total of 75 (2 to 6 of parity) Landrace × Large White sows at day 85 of gestation under 3 different dietary treatments: SO diet (basal diet plus 3.0% and 5.0% soybean oil during late gestation and lactation, respectively), FO diet (basal diet plus 3.0%/5.0% fish oil during late gestation and lactation, respectively), and CS diet (basal diet plus 32%/42% corn starch during late gestation and lactation, respectively). All the 3 groups showed no obvious differences (P > 0.05) in the number of total piglets born, born alive, after cross-fostering, and at weaning, whereas the CS group exhibited a shorter farrowing duration (P < 0.05) and lower stillbirth rate (P < 0.05) when compared with the SO group. In addition, litter weight at birth was significantly higher in the CS group than in the SO or FO group (P < 0.05). Despite no notable differences in the ADG of suckling piglets among dietary treatments (P > 0.05), the CS group had greater feed intake than the SO group during the lactation period (P < 0.05). In neonatal piglets with normal birth weight (NBW , 1.3 to 1.5 kg), the CS group was lower than the SO group in the content of liver glycogen (P < 0.05) and the mRNA abundances of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid-binding protein 1, and acyl-CoA oxidase (P < 0.05). Interestingly, compared with the SO group, the FO group had a lower preweaning mortality rate (P < 0.05), but greater liver glycogen pools (P < 0.05) in neonatal piglets with low birth weight (LBW , <1.1 kg). Compared with the CS group, the FO group showed an increase in the plasma malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05) of sows, as well as an increase of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (P < 0.05) and a decrease of ferric reducing ability of plasma (P < 0.05) in NBW piglets. Overall, the diet rich in starch decreased the stillbirth rate and increased the litter weight of neonatal piglets, the dietary supplementation with fish oil decreased preweaning mortality rate, and the diet with a low n6:n3 ratio increased the oxidative status of sows and their offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens is commonly used as an n-3-fatty acid source for people living in Northern Thailand. However, cultivated areas are limited because it apparently requires specific growth conditions. Our results suggested that perilla seeds grown at higher altitude in Maehongson province contained more α-linoleic acid (ALA) contents than seeds collected from Chiang Rai and Nan provinces. Furthermore, mass spectrometry, proteomic and gene expression analysis revealed that the increase of KASII and FAD3 proteins was associated with mRNA expression and ALA production. Predictive bioinformatics analysis demonstrated two important transcription factor binding sites, AP2 and B3, are responsible for kasII and fad3 genes, respectively. The AP2 and B3 transcription factor families were known to be responsible for abiotic stress such as drought and temperature changes. From our observation, geographical factors could possibly influence the expression of genes related to fatty acid production. Furthermore, plant responses to abiotic stress environments contribute to the increase of kasII and fad3 genes and their protein expression. However, responsive transcription factors will be further studied as well as other geographical influences for a proof of concept and also to improve growing methods in order to increase perilla productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this review is to collect and compare fish intervention studies. Prospective studies have outlined the beneficial effect of frequent fish consumption on cardiovascular incidents that is attributed to n-3 fatty acids incorporated in fish, mainly eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. This outcome triggered clinical trials to examine the effect of either fish intake or consumption of n-3 fatty acids via capsules on biomarkers related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). The absence of a recent review focusing on clinical trials regarding fish intake and not n-3 fatty acids supplements rendered necessary the composition of this article. In total, 28 studies on healthy volunteers were found to meet the inclusion criteria. With EPA and DHA intake varying between 0.03 to 5 g per day, biomarkers, such as triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and platelet aggregation, tended to ameliorate when daily intake exceeded 1 g per day, while the most common inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein, was not affected. In all, fish consumption gives promising results; yet fish micronutrients, total diet fat, as well as other dietary habits may also affect biomarkers. Therefore, all these factors should be considered in future clinical trials in order for one to draw more reliable conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell division, which could spread or invade various tissues. There are more than 200 types of cancer, including breast, skin, lung, colon, and prostate cancer, and lymphoma, the symptoms and indications of which vary depending on the type of tissues. Cancer has several treatments with different applications. For instance, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery or their combination are common treatment modalities for cancer. However, a complete cure for cancer has not been achieved yet. On the other hand, novel drugs for cancer treatment are not efficient due to the ability of cancer cells to develop resistance against chemotherapeutic agents. Recently, natural compounds have been reported to improve the efficiency of cancer treatment. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are natural compounds that could be used as dietary supplements in cancer patients. PUFAs are classified into two main categories, including n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. According to the literature, n-3 PUFAs exert protective effects against cancer through the induction of apoptotic pathways and suppressing cell proliferation, while n-6 PUFAs cause tumor formation by inducing cell growth and proliferation. Using PUFAs in combination with chemotherapeutic agents is considered to be an effective approach to the treatment of cancer patients through increasing cancer cell death. This review aimed to discuss the interactive effects of the structure and function of PUFAs on cancer and cell processes through various signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of aging and hyperglycemia on oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation in dyslipidemic conditions has not been elucidated. Hence, in this study, we assessed the implications of aging, hyperglycemia, and also the dietary effect of n-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) on OS and inflammation in dyslipidemic rats. Dyslipidemia was induced in young and aged rats by feeding high-fat lard (HFL) diet. Diabetes was induced in young dyslipidemic rats by administering streptozotocin 30 days after the induction of dyslipidemia. Experimental groups received diets containing canola oil (HF + CNO) and fish oil (HF + FO) as a source of ALA and EPA + DHA respectively. After 60 days of feeding rats with their respective diets, OS and inflammatory markers in serum were assessed. Dyslipidemia caused significant (p < 0.05) increase in OS (lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and protein carbonyl), pro-inflammatory cytokine (CRP, IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNF-α), and eicosanoid (PGE2, LTB4, and LTC4) level in serum of both young and aged rats. Aged dyslipidemic rats presented significantly (p < 0.05) higher level of these markers compared to young dyslipidemic rats. Hyperglycemia onset further augmented OS and inflammatory markers in young dyslipidemic rats significantly (p < 0.05). Administration of n-3 fatty acids downregulated the serum markers of OS and inflammation in all the three experimental models. Thus, aging and hyperglycemia onset intensified dyslipidemia-induced OS and inflammation. Dietary preformed EPA + DHA presented larger restorative potentials than precursor ALA in countering OS and inflammation in all the three experimental models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina has been highlighted as a valuable complementary ingredient in aquafeeds due to its high protein and vitamin content, in addition to other nutritional benefits. To evaluate the effect of dietary spirulina inclusion in fish meal sparing (FMS) on juvenile Caspian brown trout as a slow‐growth fish, a complete randomized experimental design was developed with five treatments: 0% (control), 2% FMS (13.2 g/kg spirulina in diet), 4% FMS (26.4 g/kg spirulina in diet), 6% FMS (39.6 g/kg spirulina in diet) and 8% FMS (52.8 g/kg spirulina in diet). Six hundred juveniles (11.0 ± 1.0 g) were assigned to 15 experimental tanks. Although this fish is sensitive to diet composition, fish fed the 6% FMS and 8% FMS diets had a significantly higher weight gain rate (239.51% and 231.27%) and specific growth rate (1.74% bw per day and 1.71% bw per day) compared with those fed the control diet. Furthermore, 6% FMS and 8% FMS treatments had statistically higher protein efficiency (0.76 and 0.78), lipid efficiency (1.89 and 1.94) and statistically lower feed conversion ratio (2.47 and 2.41) compared with other treatments, respectively (p < 0.05). In terms of whole‐body composition, the higher amount of protein and lower content of lipid were observed in fish fed the 8% FMS diets as compared to control. Although no significant differences in ash and moisture content were observed, the highest protein deposition (157.3 g/kg) and the lowest lipid content (77 g/kg) in whole body were reported in fish fed 8% FMS diet. Based on the fillet fatty acid outcome, fish fed the 8% FMS diet had significantly higher saturated fatty acids (SFAs), C20:3n‐6, C18:3n‐3, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and total n‐3 fatty acids as compared to those fed the control diet (p < 0.05). Accordingly, increasing dietary spirulina content significantly enhanced the amount of these fatty acids in fish fillet. As regards of whole‐body amino acid profile, arginine and lysine in fish fed 6% FMS and 8% FMS diets were higher and lower than in those fed the control diet, respectively (p < 0.05). Fillet and skin colour parameters, such as luminosity, redness and yellowness, significantly increased with spirulina supplementation with the 8% FMS treatment displaying higher values than the control. In summary, according to our results, 8% FMS (52.8 g/kg spirulina in diet) treatment improved juvenile Caspian brown trout growth, carcass composition and pigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: n-3 PUFA during pregnancy have been subject to intense research interest, but also much controversy, creating a situation of confusion among patients and health-care providers. The present study was carried out to explore knowledge, attitude and practices regarding n-3 PUFA in two independent populations of pregnant women and gynaecologists-obstetricians in Belgium and to assess the relationship between the pregnant women's attributes and their n-3 PUFA status measured by the omega-3 index.Design: Cross-sectional study. Knowledge, attitude and practices were collected by self-administered questionnaires while laboratory data were available for each pregnant woman.Setting: During the first antenatal hospital appointment (for the pregnant women) and by email (for the gynaecologists-obstetricians).ParticipantsWomen in early pregnancy (n 122) and gynaecologists-obstetricians (n 67).Results: Marked discrepancies in perception were evidenced between the pregnant women and health-care providers. While 82 % of the women attached high importance to n-3 PUFA during pregnancy, only a third of the gynaecologists-obstetricians did. About 35 % of the women declared paying particular attention to their consumption of n-3 PUFA. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, these positive dietary practices were significantly associated with higher omega-3 index (P=0·04). Overall, 43·3 % of professionals did not provide any information about n-3 PUFA to their pregnant patients and 46·3 % did not take any preventive actions.Conclusions: Evidence-based guidelines, refreshment training and communication tools are needed to improve awareness and clinical practices among caregivers regarding n-3 PUFA to benefit both mothers and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Cold-pressed oils with sinapic and ferulic acids vinyl derivatives were oxidized. • Phenolic vinyl derivatives increased sterols, carotenoids and squalene retention. • Ferulic acid vinyl derivative inhibited α-linolenic acid loss. • Ferulic acid vinyl derivative can be use as a food additive for oil stabilization. Abstract In the western diet there is an oversupply of n-6 fatty acids. This adverse trend can be balanced by the consumption of rapeseed and flaxseed oils rich in α-linolenic acid (n-3). However, the high share of this fatty acid contributes to low oxidative stability of oil. Oxidation decreases n-3 fatty acid and other bioactive compounds contents, which adversely affects oil nutritional value. In this study, the impact of ferulic and sinapic acids vinyl derivatives on the fatty acids and oil terpenoids (sterols, tocols, carotenoids, squalene) retention at the end of induction period during accelerated oxidation of rapeseed and flaxseed cold-pressed oils was investigated. It was found that the use of 4-vinylsyringol (4-VS) or 4-vinylquaiacol (4-VQ) increased the retention of intact sterols and carotenoids (at least 2-fold) and squalene (at least 4-fold). The 4-VQ addition also inhibited the α-linolenic acid loss. Unfortunately, both phenolic derivatives favoured α-tocopherol decay in rapeseed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Obesity is now widely recognized to be associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. It has been shown that high-fat feeding modulates gut microbiota which strongly increased intestinal permeability leading to lipopolysaccharide absorption causing metabolic endotoxemia that triggers inflammation and metabolic disorders. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown associated with anti-obesity properties, but results still remain heterogeneous and very few studies underlined the metabolic pathways involved. Thus, the use of Fat-1 transgenic mice allows to better understanding whether endogenous n-3 PUFAs enrichment contributes to obesity and associated metabolic disorders prevention. It specially evidence that such effects occur through modulations of gut microbiota and intestinal permeability. Then, by remodeling gut microbiota, endogenous n-3 PUFAs improve HF/HS-diet induced features of the metabolic syndrome which in turn affects host metabolism. Thus, increasing anti-obesogenic microbial species in the gut microbiota population (i.e Akkermansia) by appropriate n-3 PUFAs may represent a promising strategy to control or prevent metabolic diseases. Highlights • N-3 fatty acids exert preventive effects on diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders. • Endogenous n-3 PUFAs enrichment in fat-1 mice maintains the intestinal barrier integrity and lowers metabolic endotoxemia. • Transfer of fecal microbiota of fat-1 to wild type mice replicates n-3 PUFAs benefic effects observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Flaxseed is a rich source of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3). Feeding flaxseed to hens can increase n-3 fatty acids (FA) in eggs. However, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in flaxseed decrease nutrient digestibility and can have a negative impact on egg n-3 FA incorporation. Addition of carbohydrase enzymes to flaxseed-based diets can decrease the anti-nutritive effects of NSP. 2. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on FA composition and gastrointestinal morphology in hens fed flaxseed. A total of seventy-two, 51-week old brown layer hens were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments (six replicates with three hens per replicate): corn-soybean based diet containing 0% flax (Control), 10% flax (Flax), Flax+0.05% enzyme (Flax+E1), or Flax+0.1% enzyme (Flax+E2) in a 120-day feeding trial. 3. Egg weight was highest in hens fed Flax+E1 (P < 0.05). Yolk weight was higher in Flax+E1 compared with the control and Flax+E2 and was not different from Flax treatment. ALA and total n-3 FA was highest in eggs from Flax+E2 hens (P < 0.05). Addition of enzyme has no effect of on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), total long chain (>20-C FA), or n-6:n-3 FA ratio in eggs from hens fed flaxseed-based diets (P > 0.05). Over nine-fold increase in hepatic ALA was observed in the liver of hens fed flaxseed-based diets when compared with the control diet (P < 0.0001). No effect of enzyme supplementation was observed on liver ALA, DHA or long chain n-3 FA (P > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation reduced arachidonic acid, total n-6 and LC n-6 FA in liver tissue from hens fed flaxseed-based diets (P > 0.05). 4. Villi height and width was higher in the duodenum and jejunum of hens fed flax-based diets compared to the control (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation led to an increase in villi width in jejunum (P < 0.05) in hens fed Flax+E2 (P < 0.05). No effect of diet was observed in the crypt depth and villi height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum (P > 0.05). 5. It was concluded that enzyme supplementation enhanced total n-3 FA deposition in eggs and liver and influence gastrointestinal morphology in layer hens fed flaxseed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish are a major dietary source of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in humans since the human body lacks the necessary enzymes required to synthesize them. Diets rich in fish oil containing n-3 fatty acids have been shown to lower the incidence rates of cancer. They have also been shown to have cytotoxic or anti-proliferative effects on a variety of human cancer cell lines, and they are known to nurture overall human health without any observable side effects. The present review focused on in-vitro research findings regarding the apoptotic and anti-proliferative role of n-3 fatty acids FAs that highlight the important mechanisms and pathways of their action in inhibiting the progression of cancer. A survey of the literature indicated the paucity of information on the use of n-3 FAs in combination with other anticancer substances. Therefore, further research needs to be undertaken on the use of n-3 FAs in combination with other anticancer phytochemicals and drugs, the use of antibodies as specific carriers of n-3 FAs, and different increasing ratios of n-3/n-6 FAs that not only control the side effects of chemotherapy but also enhance its efficacy and selectivity. These FAs might also prove to be a pioneer therapy against cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A long-term impact of prepartum feeding of essential fatty acids on subsequent lactation is proposed. • Prepartum feeding of polyunsaturated fatty acids increased milk production and reproductive efficiency. • Both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids were effective in improving 300-d lactation performance. Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with calcium salts of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FA) during the last 3 weeks of gestation on colostrum composition and productive and reproductive performance of nulliparous and parous Holstein cows during the entire subsequent lactation. During the last 3 weeks of pregnancy, cattle (n = 120), within parity, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments, no fat supplement (CON), a Ca-salt supplement enriched in C18:2n-6 (CSO), or a Ca-salt supplement enriched in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid FA (CFO). After calving, all cows received a common lactation diet. As expected, cows fed CSO or CFO produced colostrum with higher (P < 0.01) contents of n-6 or n-3 FA, respectively. Colostrum yield and composition were not affected by treatments, but cows fed fat produced colostrum with higher (P < 0.01) IgG concentration. The major impact of treatments on productive and reproductive performance was observed for the contrast comparison of supplemental fat (CSO and CFO) compared with CON. Body weight was not affected by treatments, but at 14 weeks after parturition, cows fed fat tended (P = 0.07) to have a greater body condition score compared with CON cows. Milk yield and 4% fat corrected milk were higher (P < 0.001) for cows fed fat compared with CON (37.8, 34.9 versus 35.2, 33.0 kg/d, respectively) during the experimental period. Milk fat content was higher (P < 0.001) in CON cows compared with cows fed fat (36.1 vs. 34.9 g/kg, P < 0.001). Plasma cholesterol concentrations were higher (P ≤ 0.02) for both fat supplement groups during the pre- and postpartum period, but plasma concentration of non-esterified FA was lower (P < 0.01) for fat-supplemented compared with CON-supplemented cows during postpartum. Fat-supplemented cows had shorter days to first estrus and first insemination (P < 0.04). Total reproductive disorders tended (P = 0.06) to be lower in cows fed supplemental fat than in those fed CON. Cows fed supplemental fat had lower (P = 0.01) incidences of total health disorders compared with those fed CON diet. In summary, prepartum fat supplementation increased milk yield during the entire lactation and improved reproductive performance. Our findings suggest that the benefits of supplemental polyunsaturated FA during the prepartum period only is independent of the n-type of FA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flax meal is known for its high content of alpha-linolenic acid, widely used as a source of fatty acid n-3 in animal feed. In this regard, a study on dairy cows was carried out to assess the influence of the use of flaxmeal on milk fatty acids. 15 dairy cows, Holstein breed (50 ± 23 days in lactation), with an average weight of 580 ± 37 kg, were divided into 3 experimental groups (C, E1, E2). Cows, were fed 2times/day, and received a basic concentrate mix (corn, soybean meal, sunflower meal and wheat bran) and roughage (alfalfa hay and maize silo). Group C received the basic concentrate, while groups E1 and E2 received different formulations of concentrate by substituting sunflower meal (12%) for both groups (E1, E2). Beside, in the E2 group concentrate the wheat bran was substituted with barley radicles (16.35%). Milk samples were collected in the morning and evening for a period of five consecutive days, on which the determinations of fatty acids were made using the chromatographic gas method. The use of flaxmeal in cows feeds resulted significant increase (P <0.05) in milk cows a of n-3 fatty acids at the end of the experiment for both groups fed flaxmeal, in the morning 0.53% and 0.54% in the evening (E1) 0.49% in the morning and 0.53% in the evening (E2) versus the C group (0.23%), representing a good source of omega 3. Such data indicated that the fatty acid addition was favorable to the fatty alpha-linolenic acid in milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract For many years it has been known that high doses of long chain omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial in the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia. Over the last three decades, there has also been a wealth of in vitro and in vivo data that has accumulated to suggest that long chain omega-3 fatty acid treatment might be beneficial to decrease liver triacylglycerol. Several biological mechanisms have been identified that support this hypothesis; notably, it has been shown that long chain omega-3 fatty acids have a beneficial effect: a) on bioactive metabolites involved in inflammatory pathways, and b) on alteration of nuclear transcription factor activities such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP), involved in inflammatory pathways and liver lipid metabolism. Since the pathogenesis of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) begins with the accumulation of liver lipid and progresses with inflammation and then several years later with development of fibrosis; it has been thought in patients with NAFLD omega-3 fatty acid treatment would be beneficial in treating liver lipid and possibly also in ameliorating inflammation. Meta-analyses (of predominantly dietary studies and small trials) have tended to support the assertion that omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial in decreasing liver lipid, but recent randomised controlled trials have produced conflicting data. These trials have suggested that omega-3 fatty acid might be beneficial in decreasing liver triglyceride (docosahexanoic acid also possibly being more effective than eicosapentanoic acid) but not in decreasing other features of steatohepatitis (or liver fibrosis). The purpose of this review is to discuss recent evidence regarding biological mechanisms by which long chain omega-3 fatty acids might act to ameliorate liver disease in NAFLD; to consider the recent evidence from randomised trials in both adults and children with NAFLD; and finally to discuss key 'known unknowns' that need to be considered, before planning future studies that are focussed on testing the effects of omega-3 fatty acid treatment in patients with NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The marine n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exert numerous beneficial effects on health, but their potency to defend against development of peripheral insulin resistance of healthy person with overweight remains poorly characterized. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a combination intervention using EPA + DHA and the lifestyle modification (LSM) in women with overweight.Method: In a parallel-group, three-arm, randomized trial (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry - R000031131), 34 women were assigned to a 12-week-intervention using corn oil (1.5 g/day; placebo); LSM and corn oil (1.5 g/day; LSM); or LSM and EPA + DHA concentrate (1.5 g/day, containing ~ 0.6 g EPA + DHA; LSM & n-3). At baseline and after intervention, anthropometric measurements including bioelectrical impedance analysis, spiroergometry, 24-hours dietary recall, and various metabolic markers, adiponectin and cytokines were evaluated in serum using standard procedures. Data from 29 women were used for the final evaluation. Wilcoxon two-sided rank-sum test was used to inspect the differences between LSM and LSM & n-3, and placebo groups, with a p-value of ≤ 0.05. All computations were performed with MATLAB Statistics Toolbox.Results: In comparison with placebo, LSM and LSM & n-3 decreased body weight, waist circumference, and body fat, and increased VO2max/kg. LSM & n-3 increased adiponectin levels in comparison to LSM. Fasting insulin, IL8, and cholesterol were decreased by LSM, but were unchanged by LSM & n-3. IL6 was not affected in LSM & n-3, while it was increased in LSM. Other inflammatory markers, as well as leptin, LIF, follistatin, BDNF, and fasting triacylglycerol were not significantly affected by any of the interventions.Conclusion: Besides preventing a modest negative effect of LSM on IL6 and adiponectin level, the combination of LSM and EPA + DHA supplementation could be probably used to improve the functional capacity of adipose tissue in women with overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Previously, we showed that consumption of a diet supplemented with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3FAs) for two rounds of gestation and lactation increased the ability of rat dams to cope with stress when compared to dams that ingested a diet lacking n-3FAs. The objective of this study was to determine if the diets of these dams affected the behavior of their pups later in life. To isolate the neurodevelopmental effects of n-3FAs, pups from the second gestation were weaned to a diet adequate in n-3FAs. Pup testing began at 8 weeks of age and consisted of the forced swim, open field, and hole board tests to examine depression-related behavior, reaction to novelty, and learning and memory, respectively. Results: Given the considerable difference in the n-3FA content of the maternal diet, we expected a large effect size, however with the exception of rearing duration, maternal diet did not affect behavior in any of the tests conducted. These results suggest that maternal n-3FA supplementation during neurodevelopment likely does not affect offspring behavior when a diet adequate in n-3FA is provided post-weaning. Rather, we hypothesize that brain n-3FAs at the time of testing confer altered behavior and corroborate the need for additional research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Chronic inflammation is associated with obesity, morbidity, and mortality in postmenopausal women. Objective The objective of this pilot study was to determine preliminary feasibility and efficacy of a dietary intervention to improve diet quality and lower inflammation. Design The study had a single-arm, pre- and posttest design. Participants/setting Fourteen postmenopausal women (body mass index >30 [calculated as kg/m2]) from the greater Columbus, OH, area participated between August 2015 and April 2016. Intervention This was a 12-week individualized dietary intervention targeting lower consumption of added sugars and increased fiber and fatty fish. Main outcome measures Primary outcomes of this analysis were serum tumor necrosis factor α receptor-2 (TNFαR-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP); other outcomes included intake of targeted food components and Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) scores calculated from food frequency questionnaires at baseline, end of intervention (week 12 [WK12]), and 24-week (WK24) follow-up. Statistical analyses performed Repeated measures analysis of variance and partial Pearson correlations, respectively, were used to assess changes in outcomes and associations between dietary variables and inflammatory markers, controlling for percent weight change. Results Mean levels of TNFαR-2 decreased pre- to postintervention (P <0.01) and remained reduced at WK24 (P <0.001). Mean intake of added sugars and n-3-rich fish improved from baseline to WK12 and remained better at WK24 (all P <0.001); mean fiber intake did not change significantly (P =0.66; baseline to WK24). Mean HEI-2010 score increased (P <0.001; baseline to WK12). Change in HEI-2010 score inversely correlated with change in TNFαR-2 (P <0.05; baseline to WK24). Change in added sugars directly correlated with change in TNFαR-2 (P <0.05; baseline to WK24), but inversely correlated with change in hsCRP (P <0.05; baseline to WK12, and WK12 to WK24). All participants lost weight by WK12 (P <0.001). Conclusions These pilot intervention findings suggest that improving diet quality is associated with decreases in TNFαR-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]