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This article argues that the stories of Tarpeia and of Manlius Capitolinus are variations on a single, historically attested concern about internal enemies on the Capitoline. Moreover, the unusual presentation of these stories in Ovid in particular can be explained by various chemical properties of the mint, most likely located near the temple of Juno Moneta. Concerns about the safety of the mint in the late Republic may have driven authorial interest in these tales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the canonical recognition of Jean Bassand's partially skeletonized mummy, digital X-ray examination and computed tomography scanning revealed the presence of 5 coins from Italian mints (15th-16th century). The coins were recovered endoscopically: in the pelvis 3 quattrini of the Republic of Florence (one of which with signs of withdrawal from circulation) dating after 1472, and 1 cavallo of Aquila coined under Charles VIII of Valois (1495-1496); in the skull 1 quattrino of Pier Luigi Farnese, duke of Castro (1537-1545). These items, possibly survived from a richer deposit, may represent part of the offerings, which have become chronological indicators of ceremonies (50th and 100th anniversaries). Probably, they were intentionally repositioned during further inspections following earthquakes (1703) or desecrations (1529, 1799). The study aims to establish the period of production and free flow - in the Aquila's area - of these coins, in order to determine possible historiographical relationships with the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the transition of the Guanajuato Mint from New Spain to independent Mexico. It proposes a study of the institutional strategies that allowed this minting center to emerge, become institutionalized, and renew itself between 1812 and 1825. The central argument has two parts. First, I emphasize the warlike and political circumstances of the monetary transition that led to the legalization of the mint. Second, I show that the first trials of institutional management of the mint, including the lease to a foreign company, led to the renewal of the mint, without a clear predominance of any of the parties involved. In dialogue with economic-history scholarship, the essay maintains that the wear and tear of the war of independence encouraged monetary institutionalization initiatives, aspects of which still need to be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines three eighteenth-century projects to replace shopkeeper tokens in Spanish America with copper coins minted in Spain. The proyectistas (projectors) argued that copper coins would promote commerce, alleviate poverty, and restore the king's monopoly on minting in his American possessions. They encountered opposition, however, from local officials and colonial elites and gained little traction before the outbreak of the wars for independence in the early nineteenth century. In tracing these projects and the responses they generated, this article argues that Spain's American subjects held diverse understandings of money and value and that their divergent views highlight the uneven bonds of trust that linked Spanish Americans to the Crown and to one another in the late-colonial era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even at the beginning of his long and turbulent reign (978–1016), Æthelred II's coinage was an impressive institution. Mint-places across the kingdom issued silver pennies of identical design, each sporting an image of the king surrounded by his name and title while the reverse named both the man responsible for manufacture (the moneyer) and the location where he produced the coin. Æthelred and his subjects inherited this currency from Edgar (959–75) and Edward the Martyr (975–8), but were not content to rest on their laurels. Indeed, the reign of Æthelred saw the evolution of the most ambitious form of coinage yet seen in England. Nationwide recoinages became frequent for the first time since the ninth century, and the coinage emerged as a potent tool of symbolic expression. It probably also helped attract the attention of Viking aggressors, and facilitated the collection and transfer of tribute. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An introduction is presented in which the editors discuss various reports within the special issue on topics including criticism of the theories about Old English meter, growing number of mints in the kingdom of King AEthelred II, and the fading separation between Englishman and Dane population.

This paper deals with the problems of coinage in medieval Courland. The aim of the study is to date the launch of minting, locate the mint(s) and reveal the monetary system and minting standard. Although the data available are extremely limited, a comparative study of written and numismatic sources has provided provisional results. Also, a new hypothesis about the origins of a local monetary unit known as the osering is presented. Finally, the role of Westphalia merchants in the colonisation of and their route to Courland are discussed in the light of the coin finds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this article is to illustrate that during the second half of the eighteenth century monetary circulation was much more active in Santiago than had been previously thought. To that end minting levels have been analyzed especially the volume of small change as this was the currency that circulated in the daily market and was used to fix the price of foodstuffs as well as to pay daily wages in the city of Santiago during the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth century. This means that common people knew about and used money in their daily transactions and also implies that the Chilean economy was growing and forming a market of its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1686 the leadership of Massachusetts became involved in the first operational bank scheme in America. In 1688 this note-issuing bank was mysteriously aborted at an advanced stage. I suggest a new, simple explanation for the bank's demise. The bank's notes were supposed to be backed mostly by private land in Massachusetts, but a new royal governor invalidated all the land titles. This episode demonstrates the importance of clearly defined and enforced property rights for the development of financial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: For application as coin metal the used materials must be able to meet the demands in a wide range. This paper describes the selection criteria for coin metals and gives an overview about the quality and production requirements needed for special collector coins. Niobium was selected as core metal for a special 25 Euro bi-metallic coin collectors series issued by the Austrian Mint. As counterpart Silver is used as surrounding metal. A special feature of this bi-metallic coin is the use of coloured niobium inserts. The combination of these materials with distinctly different material properties, especially the deformation behaviour, and the use of the coloured niobium insert makes an adaptation of production parameters and manufacturing philosophy necessary. Beside a general overview about the properties and applications of niobium the paper describes the experience gathered during production of the bi-metallic coins. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The results of the chemical analysis of 78 silver denarii issued by the Julio-Claudian emperors are presented and interpreted against the available numismatic, archaeological and historical information. Earlier surface analyses are found to be incorrect, especially for the coinage of Nero, and the reasons for this are investigated. The new elemental data are augmented by a subset of coins being subjected to lead isotope analysis and the results of this are found to complement these data in unexpected ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delves into the development of the mint and minting rights of the Archbishop of York in York, England. Right of the archbishop to the production of coinage in the region; Coexistence of the archbishop's mints in 1460 with a royal mint; Role of the citizens and civic authorities of York in the administration of the mint and its rights.

The Hawaiian endemic mints constitute a major island radiation, displaying a remarkable diversity of floral, fruit, and vegetative features. Haplostachys and Phyllostegia have flowers associated with insect pollination, whereas Stenogyne has flowers typical of bird pollination. The three genera had been thought to be closely related to East Asian members of Lamioideae tribe Prasieae because of the fleshy nutlets borne by Phyllostegia and Stenogyne. We evaluated the origins of the Hawaiian mints using phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from the plastid rbcL and trnL intron loci and the nuclear ribosomal 5S nontranscribed spacer. The Hawaiian genera were found to be monophyletic but deeply nested inside another lamioid genus, Stachys. In particular, they were found to be most closely related to a group of temperate North American Stachys from the Pacific coast, suggesting that the Hawaiian mints derived from a single colonization event from western North America to the Hawaiian Islands. Furthermore, Stachys, which contains amphiatlantic and transberingian clades, was found to be polyphyletic, with some species more closely related to Gomphostemma, Phlomidoschema, Prasium, and Sideritis than to other species of Stachys. Based on chromosomal evidence and our phylogenetic analyses, we hypothesize that the Hawaiian mints may be polyploid hybrids whose reticulate genomes predate the Hawaiian dispersal event and are derived from Stachys lineages with flowers exhibiting insect- vs. bird-pollination characteristics. Thus, the Hawaiian endemic mints may provide yet another insular system for the combined study of polyploidy, hybrid cladogenesis, and adaptive radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provincial town of Huwayza in Arabistan/Khuzistan, southwestern Iran, was a minting center from the early days of the Safavid period. Huwayza became an especially productive mint in the course of the seventeenth century, issuing a silver coinage, the mahmudi, that became the most widely circulating of all currencies throughout the Persian Gulf basin. A combination of extant mahmudis and written records about these coins permits an analysis that views the coinage of Huwayza through the prism of the economic problems that plagued Iran in the later Safavid period. The focus of the present article is twofold. The first part examines the place of Huwayza in the general consolidation of mints in seventeenth-century Iran and seeks to explain why Arabistan was somewhat of an exception to this trend. Part two makes an effort to substantiate the alleged deterioration of the Huwayza coinage as of the 1660s through numismatic techniques, relates this to the overall monetary situation in the country, and speculates on the causes and reasons for the demise of the Huwayza mahmudi at the turn of the eighteenth century. Huwayza, centre provincial situé en Arabistan/Khuzistan, au sud-ouest de l'Iran, possédait un atelier de monnaie dès le début de l'époque safavide. L'atelier monétaire de Huwayza atteignit son essor productif dans la seconde moitié du XVII[sup e] siècle, avec la frappe d'un monnayage d'argent, le mahmudi, qui devint la monnaie la plus repandue dans le bassin entier du golfe Persique et jusqu'aux côtes occidentales de l'Inde. L'étude des pièces de monnaie preservées et des données écrites qui leur sont consacrées, nous permet d'analyser le mahmudi de Huwayza à la lumière des difficultés économiques qui accablaient l'Iran vers la fin de l'époque safavide. Le présent article a un double objectif. La première partie s'interroge sur la place de Huwayza dans l'unification des ateliers de frappe iraniens au XVII[sup e] siècle, et sur les raisons pour lesquelles Huwayza ne s'était pas conformé à cette tendance générale. La seconde partie tente de vérifier, par des techniques numismatiques, la détérioration prétendue de la monnaie de Huwayza à partir de 1660. Enfin, en établissant un rapport entre le mahmudi de Huwayza et les conditions monétaires générales dans le pays, nous évoquons les causes de l'arrêt de l'émission de cette monnaie au tournant du XVIII[sup e] siècle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the significance of Juno Moneta and the siting of the mint of Rome in the vicinity of Moneta's temple. Important aspect of the status of Moneta as a warning goddess with regard to the location of the mint; Explanation for the coinage adoption as an appropriate medium for the exposition of historical scenes from the Roman past.

Presents previously unpublished Spanish monarchy mint output and seigniorage data for the period 1597 to 1643 in Spain. Domination of western European minting with silver and gold outputs; Relationship of war to minting fluctuation; View of Spanish price fluctuation.

The author talks about the discovery of Byzantine gold coins in Jerusalem on December 11, 2008 as part of excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority, with the Nature and Parks Authority in the Giv'ati car park in the City of David. He cites questions raised in the finds including the date and function of the building in which the coins were concealed and the identity of its owner. According to the author, the gold coins uncovered had probably been brought there from the Imperial mints abroad to sustain the Byzantine armies fighting the Persians.

Presents a collection of research information presented at the National Science Week 2004. Information on Oscillating Water Column, a wave energy generation device; Controlled scramjet experiment to be conducted by Australia and the United States Department of Defense; Research done by Min Zhu and co-workers on mints and common plants that kill oral germs.

Reports the offertory of 50 State Quarters Program Education Initiative Lesson Plans. Commemoration of the fifty states of the US in the form of mint; Development of the US Mint of three sets of lesson plans; Composition of the booklet.