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Neutrophil infiltration occurs in a variety of liver diseases, but it is unclear how neutrophils and hepatocytes interact. Neutrophils generally use granule proteases to digest phagocytosed bacteria and foreign substances or neutralize them in neutrophil extracellular traps. In certain pathological states, granule proteases play a destructive role against the host as well. More recently, nondestructive actions of neutrophil granule proteins have been reported, such as modulation of tissue remodeling and metabolism. Here, we report a completely different mechanism by which neutrophils act nondestructively, by inserting granules directly into hepatocytes. Specifically, elastase-containing granules were transferred to hepatocytes where elastase selectively degraded intracellular calcium channels to reduce cell proliferation without cytotoxicity. In response, hepatocytes increased expression of Serpin E2 and A3, which inhibited elastase activity. Elastase insertion was seen in patient specimens of alcohol-associated hepatitis, and the relationship between elastase-mediated ITPR2 degradation and reduced cell proliferation was confirmed in mouse models. Moreover, neutrophils from patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis were more prone to degranulation and more potent in reducing calcium channel expression than neutrophils from healthy individuals. This nondestructive and reversible action on hepatocytes defines a previously unrecognized role for neutrophils in the transient regulation of epithelial calcium signaling mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid-specific T cells comprise a group of T cells that recognize lipids bound to the MHC class I-like CD1 molecules. There are four isoforms of CD1 that are expressed at the surface of antigen presenting cells and therefore capable of presenting lipid antigens: CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d. Each one of these isoforms has distinct structural features and cellular localizations, which promotes binding to a broad range of different types of lipids. Lipid antigens originate from either self-tissues or foreign sources, such as bacteria, fungus, or plants and their recognition by CD1-restricted T cells has important implications in infection but also in cancer and autoimmunity. In this review, we describe the characteristics of CD1 molecules and CD1-restricted lipid-specific T cells, highlighting the innate-like and adaptive-like features of different CD1-restricted T cell subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new potentially N4-multidentate pyridyl-functionalized scorpionates 4-((tris-2,2,2-(pyrazol-1 -yl)ethoxy)methyl)-pyridine (TpmPy, (1)) and 4- (TpmPyPh (2)) have been synthesized and their coordination behavior toward FeII, NiII, ZnII, CuII, PdII, and VIII centers has been studied. Reaction of (1) with Fe(BF4)2-6H2O yields [Fe(TpmPy)2](BF4)2 (3), that, in the solid state, shows the sandwich structure with trihapto igand coordination via the pyrazolyl arms, and is completely low spin (LS) until 400 K. Reactions of 2 equiv of (1) or (2) with ZnII or NiII chlorides give the corresponding metal complexes with general formula [MCl2(TpmPy*)2] (M = Zn, Ni; TpmPy* = TpmPy, TpmPyPh) (4-7) where the ligand is able to coordinate through either the pyrazolyl rings (in case of [Ni(Tpmpy)2]Cl2 (5)) or the pyridyl-side (for [ZnCl2(TpmPy)2] (4), [ZnCl2(TpmPyPh)2] (6) and [NiCl2(TpmPyPh)2] (7)). The reaction of (1) with VCl3 gives [VOCl2(TpmPy)] (8) that shows the N3-pyrazolyl coordination-mode. Moreover, (1) and (2) react with cis-[PdCl2(CH3CN)2] to give the disubstituted complexes [PdCl2(TpmPy)2] (9) and (PdCl2(TpmPyPh)2] (10), respectively, bearing the scorpionate coordinated via the pyridyl group. Compounds (9) and (10) react with Fe(BF4)2 to give the heterobimetallic Pd/Fe systems [PdCl2(μ-TpmPy)2-Fe](BF4)2 (11) and [PdCl2(μ-TpmPyPh)2Fe2(H2O)6)(BF4)4 (13), respectively. Compound (11) can also be formed from reaction of (3) with cis-[PdCl2(CH3CN)2], while reaction of (3) with Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O generates (Fe(μ-TpmPy)2-Cu(NO3)2](BF4)2 (12), confirming the multidentate ability of the new chelating ligands. The X-ray diffraction analyses of compounds (1), (3), (4), (5), and (9) are also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical method is proposed for the determination of maltol in food. Microwave-assisted extraction procedures were developed to assist sample pre-treating steps. Experiments carried out in cyclic voltammetry showed an irreversible and adsorption controlled reduction of maltol. A cathodic peak was observed at -1.0 V for a Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode versus an AgCl/Ag (in saturated KCl), and the peak potential was pH independent. Square wave voltammetric procedures were selected to plot calibration curves. These procedures were carried out with the optimum conditions: pH 6.5; frequency 50 Hz; deposition potential 0.6 V; and deposition time 10 s. A linear behaviour was observed within 5.0 x 10-8 and 3.5 x 10-7 M. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of cakes, and results were compared with those obtained by an independent method. The voltammetric procedure was proven suitable for the analysis of cakes and provided environmental and economical advantages, including reduced toxicity and volume of effluents and decreased consumption of reagents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytosolic Ca2+ is a versatile second messenger that can regulate multiple cellular processes simultaneously. This is accomplished in part through Ca2+ waves and other spatial patterns of Ca2+ signals. To investigate the mechanism responsible for the formation of Ca2+ waves, we examined the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) isoforms in Ca2+ wave formation. Ca2+ signals were examined in hepatocytes, which express the type I and II InsP3R in a polarized fashion, and in AR4-2J cells, a nonpolarized cell line that expresses type I and II InsP3R in a ratio similar to what is found in hepatocytes but homogeneously throughout the cell. Expression of type I or II InsP3R was selectively suppressed by isoform-specific DNA antisense in an adenoviral delivery system, which was delivered to AR4-2J cells in culture and to hepatocytes in vivo. Loss of either isoform inhibited Ca2+ signals to a similar extent in AR4-2J cells. In contrast, loss of the basolateral type I InsP3R decreased the sensitivity of hepatocytes to vasopressin but had little effect on the initiation or spread of Ca2+ waves across hepatocytes. Loss of the apical type II isoform caused an even greater decrease in the sensitivity of hepatocytes to vasopressin and resulted in Ca2+ waves that were much slower and delayed in onset. These findings provide evidence that the apical concentration of type II InsP3Rs is essential for the formation of Ca2+ waves in hepatocytes. The subcellular distribution of InsP3R isoforms may critically determine the repertoire of spatial patterns of Ca2+ signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study that bridges the gap between the traditional silk dyeing chemistry to a secondary-school chemistry project. The study describes the design and implementation of a project involving Portuguese high-school chemistry teachers and their students. It aims to explore formal and informal learning contexts to 1) explore in a large and significant context, 2) develop a better understanding of the chemistry involved in dyeing processes, and 3) promote new relationships between the schools and the local community through links between formal and informal contexts. It has been stressed that this project allows students and teachers to go beyond chemistry solely as an academic subject.

Cytosolic Ca2+ is a versatile secondary messenger that regulates a wide range of cellular activities. In the past decade, evidence has accumulated that free Ca2+ within the nucleus also plays an important messenger function. Here we review the mechanisms and effects of Ca2+ signals within the nucleus. In particular, evidence is reviewed that the nucleus contains the machinery necessary for production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-mediated Ca2+ release. The role of Ca2+ signals within the nucleus is discussed including regulation of such critical cell functions as gene expression, activation of kinases, and permeability of nuclear pores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic iron overload disease, in the majority of cases associated with homozygosity for the C282Y mutation of the HFE gene. In spite of this genetic homogeneity, there is a great clinical heterogeneity among HH patients. Low CD8+ lymphocyte numbers have been associated with a more severe expression of iron overload in HH patients, and in experimental models of iron overload. HH patients present low serum transferrin levels. Transferrin is an indispensable resource for lymphopoiesis. Lymphocyte homeostasis follows general ecology rules of population dynamics that involve competition for limiting resources. In the present study, we questioned whether transferrin levels could be associated with the anomalies seen previously in lymphocyte subset numbers in HH patients. Transferrin levels, total and subset T lymphocyte counts were done in 426 apparently healthy subjects genotyped for HFE. All HFE C282Y carriers presented significantly lower serum transferrin levels than the wild type group, a difference that could not be explained solely by the degree of iron overload. Significant differences were also seen in transferrin levels between males and females, with females presenting higher average serum Transferrin levels. In the population of subjects with Transferrin levels lower than 248 mg/dl, a positive correlation was seen between the peripheral CD8+ lymphocyte numbers and serum transferrin levels (R 2 = 2.41; r = 0.16; P = 0.018). To test the possible limiting resource effect of transferrin, the correlation between transferrin levels and CD8+ lymphocyte numbers was scrutinized in 34 HH patients, homozygous for the C282Y mutation. In the homozygous males, where the lowest average transferrin levels were seen, another highly significant correlation was observed between Transferrin levels and CD8+ numbers. This correlation points to a possible role of transferrin as a limiting resource for MHC class I dependent lymphocyte proliferation, an effect that was not observed in C282Y homozygous female patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Transferrin, the major plasma iron carrier, mediates iron entry into cells through interaction with its receptor. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated that transferrin plays an essential role in lymphocyte division, a role attributed to its iron transport function. In the present study we used hypotransferrinaemic (Trfhpx/hpx) mice to investigate the possible involvement of transferrin in T lymphocyte differentiation in vivo. The absolute number of thymocytes was substantially reduced in Trfhpx/hpx mice, a result that could not be attributed to increased apoptosis. Moreover, the proportions of the four major thymic subpopulations were maintained and the percentage of dividing cells was not reduced. A leaky block in the differentiation of CD4− CD8− CD3− CD44− CD25+ (TN3) into CD4− CD8− CD3− CD44− CD25− (TN4) cells was observed. In addition, a similar impairment of early thymocyte differentiation was observed in mice with reduced levels of transferrin receptor. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that transferrin itself or a pathway triggered by the interaction of transferrin with its receptor is essential for normal early T-cell differentiation in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium is a second messenger in virtually all cells and tissues[SUP1]. Calcium signals in the nucleus have effects on gene transcription and cell growth that are distinct from those of cytosolic calcium signals; however, it is unknown how nuclear calcium signals are regulated. Here we identify a reticular network of nuclear calcium stores that is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope. This network expresses inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP[SUB3]) receptors, and the nuclear component of InsP[SUB3]-mediated calcium signals begins in its locality. Stimulation of these receptors with a little InsP[SUB3] results in small calcium signals that are initiated in this region of the nucleus. Localized release of calcium in the nucleus causes nuclear protein kinase C (PKC) to translocate to the region of the nuclear envelope, whereas release of calcium in the cytosol induces translocation of cytosolic PKC to the plasma membrane. Our findings show that the nucleus contains a nucleoplasmic reticulum with the capacity to regulate calcium signals in localized subnuclear regions. The presence of such machinery provides a potential mechanism by which calcium can simultaneously regulate many independent processes in the nucleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the synthesis of azametallacycles from silver(I)- or copper(II)-promoted coupling reactions of dialkylcyanamides with oximes at platinum(II). Formation of dialkylcyanamide complexes; Coupling of organocyanamides with oximes; Mixed oxime-organocyanamide species; Activation of the ligating organocyanamide by Lewis acid.

Investigates the bisphenolic components eluted from composites and sealant before and after polymerization and how pH modifications affect the leaching of these components. Composition of composites and sealants used in dentistry; Detection of free polymers; Concerns on the estrogenicity of bisphenol A; Leaching of estrogenic monomers into the environment.

Examines endothelin-1 (ET-1) binding and ET-1-regulated atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion in primary cultures of adult rat atrial myocytes. Secretory response; ET receptor subtype-selective antagonists.

Studies the migrational effects on second waves of EE mechanisms under steady state or quasi steady state regimes. Formulation of the problem for infinite values of k; Formulation of local electrical field; Experimental verification; Reductions.

Presents evidence for a Michaelis-Menten type of mechanism in the electrocatalytic oxidation of mercaptopropionic acid by an amavadine model. Electrochemical behavior of the amavadine complex and its model; Electrochemical behavior in the presence of mercaptopropionic acid; Possible biological role for amavadine, a natural vanadium complex.

Presents information on a study which compared the conformations of cobalt, nickel, and copper complexes containing six-membered rings. Methodology used in study; Common conformations adopted by six-membered chelate rings; Demonstration that cluster is a very robust method; Findings of the conformational analysis.

Schizophrenia is a serious and long-term mental illness. In the recent decades mental health care system across the world is moving towards community based care and the family caregivers have increased responsibility in managing their ill relatives. Hence caregivers are to be integrated within the mental health treatment plan. Caregivers often face difficulties in fulfilling their roles due to lack of knowledge about illness. This influences the process of caregiving in the form of their expressed emotions which is an important factor during the recovery process of persons with schizophrenia. One of the main contributors to relapse is expressed emotions. Hence, it is inevitable that they need to have knowledge about illness, treatment and available support for effective caring and management. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of psycho-educationon knowledge and expressed emotions of caregivers in the pre and post psycho-educational intervention along with routine out patient treatment. Atotal of 120 caregivers were samples. The study employed a pre and post without control research design where 120 caregivers of persons with Schizophrenia were recruited using purposive sampling technique. They were assessed using Knowledge about Schizophrenia Interview (KASI) and Family Attitude Questionnaire (FAQ) before and after the group intervention which focused on dissemination of information regarding schizophrenia and other psychosocial inputs. The knowledge about diagnosis, symptoms, etiology, medication, course, prognosis and management were found to be improved significantly (t=56.33, p<.000) after psycho-education. The caregivers were found to have a significant decrease in the way they expressed their critical comments, hostility, dissatisfaction and emotional over involvement. They were able to show a higher level of warmth (t-62.96, p<.000) after psychoeducation. Caring for a person with schizophrenia exacts an emotional toll and it might result in a negative emotional atmosphere in the patient's family if they lack knowledge about the illness. This could reduce the caregivers capacity to support their ill relatives. The results prove that a periodic group psycho-education along with routine out patient treatment would be beneficial in providing better care for persons with schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder affecting 3-5 / 1000 of the general population at any given time in any society. In India, caregivers in the family play a vital role in providing care by attending to the physical and emotional needs of their ill relatives. It tends to affect young people during their most productive years and, if left untreated, the illness can continue till their end. The management of schizophrenia can be challenging. Hence, it is inevitable that the caregivers need to have knowledge about illness, treatment and available support for effective management. The aim of the study was to examine the level of knowledge about illness and expressed emotions among the caregivers of persons with schizophrenia. The total 120 caregivers who involved in providing care of persons with schizophrenia were samples. The caregivers of persons with schizophrenia diagnosed falling under International Classification of Disease 10 diagnostic criteria were selected using purposive sampling technique. Knowledge about Schizophrenia Interview (KASI) and Family Attitude Questionnaire (FAQ) were used for assessment. The findings revealed that male caregivers have better knowledge in diagnosis (t=2.05*, p<.05) while females have higher knowledge in course and prognosis (t=2.65**, p<.01). They have inadequate knowledge in other dimensions of KASI such as in symptomatology, etiology, medication and management of schizophrenia. They also had higher scores in their expressed emotions like critical comments, hostility, dissatisfaction and emotional over involvement and less score in warmth. The finding suggests need for psycho -educational intervention to enhance knowledge about schizophrenia and to improve positive emotional atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for nutraceuticals in the circular economy era has driven the research toward studying bioactive compounds from renewable underexploited resources. In this regard, the exploration of brown algae has shown significant growth and maintains a great promise for the future. One possible explanation could be that brown algae are rich sources of nutritional compounds (polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, proteins, minerals, and vitamins) and unique metabolic compounds (phlorotannins, fucoxanthin, fucoidan) with promising biological activities that make them good candidates for nutraceutical applications with increased value-added. In this review, a deep description of bioactive compounds from brown algae is presented. In addition, recent advances in biological activities ascribed to these compounds through in vitro and in vivo assays are pointed out. Delivery strategies to overcome some drawbacks related to the direct application of algae-derived compounds (low solubility, thermal instability, bioavailability, unpleasant organoleptic properties) are also reviewed. Finally, current commercial and legal statuses of ingredients from brown algae are presented, considering future therapeutical and market perspectives as nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The development of responsive magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents opens the door to a highly sensitive and specific diagnosis of altered physiological conditions. In this field, manganese dioxide (MnO2) is starting to be a leading contributor due to its susceptibility to conditions relevant to human diseased states, such as cancer. So far, the preclinical application of MnO2 has mainly been in the form of nanosheets, with enhancements of magnetic resonance imaging signals up to 50‐fold upon activation. Herein, we thoroughly investigate, through a simple reaction, a series of MnxOy samples and correlate their phase composition and structure/morphology to the performance as classic/responsive MRI contrast agents in response to redox changes. Signal enhancements as high as 140‐fold were obtained from MnO2 nano‐urchins, and their capability as responsive magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents was demonstrated in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are inherited metabolic disorders characterized by the accumulation of different types of substrates in the lysosome. With a multisystemic involvement, LSDs often present a very broad clinical spectrum. In many LSDs, alterations of the immune system were described. Special emphasis was given to Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, a population of lipid-specific T cells that is activated by lipid antigens bound to CD1d (cluster of differentiation 1 d) molecules at the surface of antigen-presenting cells. These cells have important functions in cancer, infection, and autoimmunity and were altered in a variety of LSDs' mouse models. In some cases, the observed decrease was attributed to defects in either lipid antigen availability, trafficking, processing, or loading in CD1d. Here, we review the current knowledge about NKT cells in the context of LSDs, including the alterations detected, the proposed mechanisms to explain these defects, and the relevance of these findings for disease pathology. Furthermore, the effect of enzyme replacement therapy on NKT cells is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set S ⊆ V(G) is an independent set if no two vertices of S are adjacent. An independent set S such that 〈V - S〉 is connected is called an outer-connected independent set (oci-set). An oci-set is maximal if it is not a proper subset of any oci-set. The minimum and maximum cardinality of a maximal oci-set are called respectively the outer-connected independence number and the upper outer-connected independence number. This paper initiates a study of these parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[2 + 3] cycloaddition of the pyrrolin N-oxide -O+N=CHCH22CH2CMe2 2 with 2-cyanopyridine NC5H4(2-CN) 1a in the presence of PdCl2 at room temperature in acetone gives the ketoimine palladium(II) complex cis-[PdCl2{N(=CCH2CH2C(Me)2NH)C(=O)C5H4N}] 3a containing the (E)-N-(5,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-2-ylidene)picolinamide ligand, in good yield (85%). The reaction of 2 with 3-cyanopyridine NC5H4(3-CN) 1b or 4-cyanopyridine NC5H4(4-CN) 1c under the same experimental conditions gives the simple adducts of cyanopyridines trans-[PdCl2{NC5H4(3-CN)}2] 4b or trans-[PdCl2{NC5H4(4-CN)}2] 4c, respectively. When the cyanopyridines NC5H3R1R2 1 (R1 = 2-CN, R2 = H 1a; R1 = 3-CN, R2 = H 1b; R1 = 4-CN, R2 = H 1c; R1 = 4-CN, R2 = 2-Cl 1d; R1 = 3-CN, R2 = 5-Me 1e) are heated at 100 °C for 12 h with 2-butanone oxime (used as a reagent and solvent) in the presence of PdCl2, the 2,4-dipyridyl-1,3,5-triazapentadienate (or bis-imidoylamidinate) palladium(II) complexes [Pd{HN=C(NC5H3R2)NC(NC5H3R2)=NH}2] 5 (2-NC5H3, R2 = H 5a; 3-NC5H3, R2 = H 5b; 4-NC5H3, R2 = H 5c; 4-NC5H3, R2 = 2-Cl 5d; 3-NC5H3, R2 = 5-Me 5e) are synthesized by one-pot template transformations followed by deprotonation by a base (n-PrNH2). The compounds were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, FAB+-MS, elemental analyses and, in the cases of 3a, 5a, 5b and 5d, also by X-ray diffraction analyses. The catalytic activity of complexes 3 and 5 was studied under microwave irradiation for C-C coupling reactions, in the solid phase on a silica gel support, and it was found that complex 3a is the most active one with the maximum TON of 2.0.105 and TOF of 1..104 min-1 for Suzuki-Miyaura, and TON of 800 and TOF of 27 min-1for Heck reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The [2 + 3] cycloaddition reactions (which are greatly accelerated by microwave irradiation) of the di(azido)platinum(ll) compounds cis-[Pt(N3)2(PPh3)2] (1) with cyanopyridines NCR (2) (R = 4-, 3-, and 2-NC5H4) give the corresponding bis(pyridyltetrazolato) complexes trans-[Pt(N4CR)2(PPh3)2] (3) [R = 4-NC5H4 (3a), 3-NC5H4 (3b), and 2-NC5H4 (3c)]. Compound 3c has been characterized as the N1N2-bonded isomer in the solid state by X-ray crystallography and represents the first bis(tetrazolato) complex of this kind. Complexes 3a and 3b have been used as metallaligands to generate heteronuclear coordination polymers in the presence of copper nitrate. A one-dimensional supramolecular architecture was obtained as the exclusive product, {trans-[Pt2(N4CR)4(PPh3)4Cu]n(NO3)2n ∙ nH2O (4 ∙ nH2O) (R = 4-NC5H4), when 3a was employed, whereas with 3b the heteronuclear square complex trans-[Pt(N4CR)2(PPH3)2Cu(NO3)2(H2O)]2 (5) (R = 3-NC5H4), composed of Pt/Cu ions, was obtained. All the isolated complexes were characterized by IR, elemental, and (for 3b, 3c, 4, and 5) X-ray structural analyses. Complexes 3 were additionally characterized by 1H, 13C, and 31P {1H} NMR spectroscopies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is important for cell proliferation, differentiation, and related activities. HGF acts through its receptor c-Met, which activates downstream signaling pathways. HGF binds to c-Met at the plasma membrane, where it is generally believed that c-Met signaling is initiated. Here we report that c-Met rapidly translocates to the nucleus upon stimulation with HGF. Ca2+ signals that are induced by HGF result from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis and mositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation within the nucleus rather than within the cytoplasm. Translocation of c-Met to the nucleus depends upon the adaptor protein Gab1 and importin β1, and formation of Ca2+ signals in turn depends upon this translocation. HGF may exert its particular effects on cells because it bypasses signaling pathways in the cytoplasm to directly activate signaling pathways in the nucleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ca2+ signals regulate cell proliferation, but the spatial and temporal specificity of these signals is unknown. Here we use selective buffers of nucleoplasmic or cytoplasmic Ca2+ to determine that cell proliferation depends upon Ca2+ signals within the nucleus rather than in the cytoplasm. Nuclear Ca2+ signals stimulate cell growth rather than inhibit apoptosis and specifically permit cells to advance through early prophase. Selective buffering of nuclear but not cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals also impairs growth of tumors in vivo. These findings reveal a major physiological and potential pathophysiological role for nucleoplasmic Ca2+ signals and suggest that this information can be used to design novel therapeutic strategies to regulate conditions of abnormal cell growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The hybrid sol–gel-based films are promising pre-treatments for metallic substrates. Unfortunately, those films cannot obtain the effective self-healing effect when coating is partially destroyed. Present work demonstrates the possibility to use the zirconia nanoparticles as a reservoir for the storage and prolonged release of the corrosion inhibitor. The nanoparticles not only reinforce the hybrid matrix but also absorb inhibitors ions releasing them during contact with moisture offering the effective self-healing properties. The prolonged release of inhibitor provides long term corrosion protection of the aluminium alloy 2024 compared to the case when the inhibitor is added to the sol–gel matrix. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Gap junctions are thought to be necessary for proper tissue function. However, no clear hepatic phenotype has been described in patients lacking connexin 32 (Cx32), the principal gap junction in liver. To determine the physiological role of Cx32 in liver, we compared the response of wild type and Cx32-deficient mice to endotoxin, since this stress increases serum levels of hormones that bind to receptors that are asymmetrically distributed across the hepatic lobule. In hepatocyte couplets isolated from wild type mice, most hepatocytes could transfer microinjected dye to their neighbor even after treatment with endotoxin. Dye transfer was not observed in Cx32-deficient couplets. Treatment of hepatocyte couplets from wild type mice with vasopressin induced calcium (Ca2+) waves that crossed the couplets in a concentration-dependent fashion, but the delay in transmission was markedly prolonged at all concentrations in Cx32-deficient couplets. Expression of the vasopressin receptor and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor was not decreased by endotoxin or in Cx32-deficient couplets. Finally, endotoxin caused transient hypoglycemia and cholestasis in wild type animals, but hypoglycemia was slightly prolonged and cholestasis was much worse in Cx32-deficient mice treated with endotoxin. The hepatic response to endotoxin is markedly impaired in the absence of Cx32. Thus, an important role of gap junctions in the liver is to assure integrated and uniform tissue response in times of stress. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Vertically aligned Nb 2 O 5 nanochannel layers are grown on Nb metal substrates by self-organizing electrochemical anodization in a pure molten o- H 3 PO 4 electrolyte. The capacitive behavior of these structures when used as negative electrodes is investigated in aqueous 1 M Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte, in a potential range from −0.2 to −1.25 V vs. SCE. Surface chemistry, morphology and crystallographic features of the Nb 2 O 5 nanochannel electrodes are tailored by adjusting the synthesis parameters, namely anodization time and crystallization temperature, which have a significant effect on the electrode performance. 8 μm thick Nb 2 O 5 nanochannel layers that are converted into orthorhombic phase by crystallization at 450 °C, display a maximized areal capacitance of ∼100 mF cm -2  at a current density of 1 mA cm −2 . These electrodes retain 63% of the initial capacitance at 10 mA cm −2 and 81% after 1500 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 1.3 mA cm −2 . Kinetic analysis of the electrochemical results reveals the occurrence of pseudocapacitive and diffusion-controlled processes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy evidences for these structures a low resistance across the electrode and at the electrode/substrate interface. These results are associated with the nanochannel morphology (high active area) of the Nb 2 O 5 layers, and are ascribed to their crystalline nature, which provides an “oriented porosity” for ion diffusion and directional pathways for charge transport and collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder often associated with disability and poor quality of life. In India, almost the persons with schizophrenia are living in their families, the family caregivers play a vital role and hence they are to be integrated within the treatment plan. So, it is inevitable that they need to have knowledge about illness, treatment and available support for effective caring and management. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of socio-demographic factors on the level of knowledge about schizophrenia and expressed emotions among caregivers of persons with schizophrenia. The family caregivers who were involved in taking care of persons with schizophrenia diagnosed falling under ICD - 10 criteria. There were 120 samples, in all. The study employed a expost-facto research design, where 120 caregivers of persons with schizophrenia were selected using purposive sampling technique. Knowledge about Schizophrenia Interview (KASI) and Family Attitude Questionnaire (FAQ) were used for assessment. Findings indicate, except age and gender, other socio-demographic factors did not play much significant role in any of the dimensions of KASI such as in diagnosis, symptomatology, etiology, medication, course, prognosis and management of schizophrenia and found to have a higher scores in their critical comments, hostility, dissatisfaction and emotional over involvement and less score in warmth. Caring for a person with schizophrenia is highly challenging and it might result in a negative emotional atmosphere in the patient's family if they lack knowledge about schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Manuel Bañobre‐López and Juan Gallo at the INL‐International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory in Braga (Portugal). Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201704861. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MoO x films composed of agglomerated nanoparticles were synthesized by potentiostatic electrodeposition on stainless steel collectors for charge storage electrodes working in aqueous electrolyte (1 M H 2 SO 4 ) and negative potential window. The agglomerated nanoparticles were amorphous in nature and possess mixed valance state. By optimizing the charge density applied during electrodeposition, the electrodes delivered maximum specific capacity of 228 C g −1 (507 F g −1 ) at 1 A g −1 for the sample electrodeposited at −0.3 C cm −2 . This film showed very good rate capability and retained around 48% of specific capacity at 10 A g −1 . The galvanostatic charge discharge cycling stability test showed 87% of initial capacity retained after 900 cycles, suggesting good stability behaviour. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements evidenced lower equivalent series resistance for the sample electrodeposited at −0.3 C cm −2 among the tested samples, revealing its better electrochemical performance. Aging of the electrode with higher specific capacity was also investigated by performing EIS after different cycles; the results revealed an increment on the overall resistance, thus clarifying the capacity degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single and binary mixtures of corrosion inhibitors were studied by localized scanning electrochemical techniques on a model Al-Cu-Mg sample simulating the S-phase in AA2024-T3 in the presence of NaCl. Synergistic inhibition effects were observed for the mixtures of salicylaldoxime + Ce(III), salicylaldoxime + 8-hydroxyquinoline and the highest synergy was revealed for the mixture of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazolate + 8-hydroxyquinoline. The measurements detailed the anodic and cathodic activity over each metal composing the sample. A fiber-optic micro-optode was used for oxygen concentration monitoring and revealed depletion of oxygen. The combination of different techniques provided new highlights to understand the corrosion inhibition roles of single/mixed inhibitors on the simulated S-phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phenylcarbohydrazone-based Schiff base type ligand (E)-N′-(2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzylidene)benzohydrazide ( HL ) and its monocopper(II) complex [CuL(NO 3 )(H 2 O)]·(H 2 O) ( CuL ) are synthesized and structurally characterized including single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The DNA interacting efficacy of the synthesized CuL with CT (calf thymus) DNA has been investigated using different spectral and viscosity measurements. The DNA binding constant (K b = 2.1 (±1.11) × 10 5 M −1 ) and binding site size (s = 0.31), viscosity data together with circular dichroism studies, revealed that the CuL could interact with DNA via intercalation. The protein binding ability of CuL with BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) was investigated by absorption, fluorescence and synchronous fluorescence methods and a static quenching mechanism was observed for their interaction with BSA. CuL acts as an efficient catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of catechols (4-methylcatechol, 3,5-ditertiarybutylcatechol, 3-methoxycatechol and 3-nitrocatechol) to the corresponding quinones, in methanol/0.02 M HEPES medium at pH = 8.0 and at 25 °C. The highest activity is observed for the substituted catechol with the electron donor tert -butyl group, resulting in a turnover frequency (TOF) value of 1.45 × 10 4 h −1 . CuL also mimics the action of other copper enzymes, being capable of catalyzing the peroxidative oxidation of cyclohexane, under in mild conditions and in several media. The best results were obtained in an ionic liquid, with a TOF of 1220 h −1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel oxides because of their excellent electrochemical performance have been considered attractive materials for electrochemical energy storage. However, their application as active material for redox supercapacitor electrodes has been limited by poor electrical conductivity. In order to improve this property, herein we synthesized a nanonet of Ni Zn-mixed oxide, by facile hydrothermal route, directly on the substrate. The Zn-modified oxide material showed good electrochemical performance, displaying specific capacitance of 770 F g −1 at 1 A g −1 and almost 120% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles of charge discharge at 2 A g −1 in 2 M KOH. Electrochemical impedance results revealed that the Ni 0.7 Zn 0.3 O mixed oxide displayed increased conductivity compared to the single NiO material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since it was discovered, the citric acid cycle has been known to be central to cell metabolism and energy homeostasis. Mainly found in the mitochondrial matrix, some of the intermediates of the Krebs cycle are also present in the blood stream. Currently, there are several reports that indicate functional roles for Krebs intermediates out of its cycle. Succinate, for instance, acts as an extracellular ligand by binding to a G-protein coupled receptor, known as GPR91, expressed in kidney, liver, heart, retinal cells and possibly many other tissues, leading to a wide array of physiological and pathological effects. Through GPR91, succinate is involved in functions such as regulation of blood pressure, inhibition of lipolysis in white adipose tissue, development of retinal vascularization, cardiac hypertrophy and activation of stellate hepatic cells by ischemic hepatocytes. Along the current review, these new effects of succinate through GPR91 will be explored and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Liver regeneration is a multistage process that unfolds gradually, with different mediators acting at different stages of regeneration. Calcium (Ca2+) signalling is essential for liver regeneration. In hepatocytes, Ca2+ signalling results from the activation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3R) of which two of the three known isoforms are expressed (InsP3R-I and InsP3R- II). Here, we investigated the role of the InsP3R-I-dependent Ca2+ signals in hepatic proliferation during liver regeneration. Methods Partial hepatectomy ( HX) in combination with knockdown of InsP3R-I (Adsi RNA-I) was used to evaluate the role of InsP3R-I on liver regeneration and hepatocyte proliferation, as assessed by liver to body mass ratio, PCNA expression, immunoblots and measurements of intracellular Ca2+ signalling. Results Adsi RNA-I efficiently infected the liver as demonstrated by the expression of β-galactosidase throughout the liver lobules. Moreover, this construct selectively and efficiently reduced the expression of InsP3R-I, as evaluated by immunoblots. Expression of Adsi RNA-I in liver decreased peak Ca2+ amplitude induced by vasopressin in isolated hepatocytes 2 days after HX. Reduced InsP3R-I expression prior to HX also delayed liver regeneration, as measured by liver to body weight ratio, and reduced hepatocyte proliferation, as evaluated by PCNA staining, at the same time point. At later stages of regeneration, control hepatocytes showed a decreased expression of InsP3R, as well as reduced InsP3R-mediated Ca2+ signalling, events that did not affect liver growth. Conclusion Together, these results show that InsP3R-I-dependent Ca2+ signalling is an early triggering pathway required for liver regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Succinate is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle as well as an extracellular circulating molecule, whose receptor, G protein-coupled receptor-91 (GPR91), was recently identified and characterized in several tissues, including heart. Because some pathological conditions such as ischemia increase succinate blood levels, we investigated the role of this metabolite during a heart ischemic event, using human and rodent models. Results: We found that succinate causes cardiac hypertrophy in a GPR91 dependent manner. GPR91 activation triggers the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), the expression of calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase IId (CaMKIId) and the translocation of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) into the cytoplasm, which are hypertrophicsignaling events. Furthermore, we found that serum levels of succinate are increased in patients with cardiac hypertrophy associated with acute and chronic ischemic diseases. Conclusions: These results show for the first time that succinate plays an important role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through GPR91 activation, and extend our understanding of how ischemia can induce hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium (Ca2+) is an important multifaceted second messenger that regulates a wide range of cellular events. A Ca2+-signaling toolkit has been shown to exist in the nucleus and to be capable of generating and modulating nucleoplasmic Ca2+ transients. Within the nucleus, Ca2+ controls cellular events that are different from those modulated by cytosolic Ca2+. This review focuses on nuclear Ca2+ signals and their role in regulating physiological and pathological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disease belonging to the group of sphingolipidoses. In Fabry disease there is accumulation of mainly globotriaosylceramide due to deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A. The lysosome is an important compartment for the activity of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. iNKT cells are lipid-specific T cells that were shown to be important in infection, autoimmunity and tumor surveillance. In several mouse models of lysosomal storage disorders there is a decrease in iNKT cell numbers. Furthermore, alterations on iNKT cell subsets have been recently described in the Fabry disease mouse model. Herein, we analyzed iNKT cells and their subsets in Fabry disease patients. Although there were no differences in the percentage of iNKT cells between Fabry disease patients and control subjects, Fabry disease patients presented a reduction in the iNKT CD4+ cells accompanied by an increase in the iNKT DN cells. Since iNKT cell subsets produce different quantities of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, we analyzed IFN-γ and IL-4 production by iNKT cells of Fabry disease patients and mice. We found a significant reduction in the production of IL-4 by mice splenic iNKT cells and human iNKT cell subsets, but no significant alterations in the production of IFN-γ. Altogether, our results suggest a bias towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype in Fabry disease iNKT cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: New hybrid epoxy–silane coatings, with added functionalities for improved performance and durability, were designed to increase the corrosion protection of magnesium alloys. The corrosion behavior of the coated AZ31 was studied through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.05M NaCl. The morphology and surface chemistry of the samples were also investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) before and after immersion in the electrolyte. The new hybrid silane coatings showed a high resistance to corrosion that persisted throughout one-month immersion in a pH-neutral NaCl solution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It is well established that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) dependent Ca2+ signaling plays a crucial role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. However, it is not yet known whether nuclear IP3 represents a Ca2+ mobilizing pathway involved in this process. The goal of the current work was to investigate the specific role of nuclear IP3 in cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response. In this work, we used an adenovirus construct that selectively buffers IP3 in the nuclear region of neonatal cardiomyocytes. We showed for the first time that nuclear IP3 mediates endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced hypertrophy. We also found that both calcineurin (Cn)/nuclear factor of activated T Cells (NFAT) and histone deacetylase-5 (HDAC5) pathways require nuclear IP3 to mediate pathological cardiomyocyte growth. Additionally, we found that nuclear IP3 buffering inhibited insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) induced hypertrophy and prevented reexpression of fetal gene program. Together, these results demonstrated that nuclear IP3 is an essential and a conserved signal for both pathological and physiological forms of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Calcium (Ca2+) is an essential signal transduction element involved in the regulation of several cellular activities and it is required at various key stages of the cell cycle. Intracellular Ca2+ is crucial for the orderly cell cycle progression and plays a vital role in the regulation of cell proliferation. Recently, it was demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies that nucleoplasmic Ca2+ regulates cell growth. Even though the mechanism by which nuclear Ca2+ regulates cell proliferation is not completely understood, there are reports demonstrating that activation of tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) leads to translocation of RTKs to the nucleus to generate localized nuclear Ca2+ signaling which are believed to modulate cell proliferation. Moreover, nuclear Ca2+ regulates the expression of genes involved in cell growth. This review will describe the nuclear Ca2+ signaling machinery and its role in cell proliferation. Additionally, the potential role of nuclear Ca2+ as a target in cancer therapy will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction between copper(II) chloride dihydrate and excess tris(1-pyrazolyl)methane results in the formation of the title complex, [Cu(C10H10N6)2]Cl2·2CH3OH. The centrosymmetric complex cation is mononuclear with octahedral coordination for Cu and two tridentate ligands. Two short and one long Cu—N distances [2.002 (3), 2.011 (2) and 2.413 (2) Å] are found, as expected for Jahn–Teller distortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We describe two geographically differentiated venom phenotypes across the wide distribution range of Bothrops atrox, from the Colombian Magdalena Medio Valley through Puerto Ayacucho and El Paují, in the Venezuelan States of Amazonas and Orinoquia, respectively, and São Bento in the Brazilian State of Maranhão. Colombian and Venezuelan venoms show an ontogenetic toxin profile phenotype whereas Brazilian venoms exhibit paedomorphic phenotypes. Venoms from each of the 16 localities sampled contain both population-specific toxins and proteins shared by neighboring B. atrox populations. Mapping the molecular similarity between conspecific populations onto a physical map of B. atrox range provides clues for tracing dispersal routes that account for the current biogeographic distribution of the species. The proteomic pattern is consistent with a model of southeast and southwest dispersal and allopatric fragmentation northern of the Amazon Basin, and trans-Amazonian expansion through the Andean Corridor and across the Amazon river between Monte Alegre and Santarém. An antivenomic approach applied to assess the efficacy towards B. atrox venoms of two antivenoms raised in Costa Rica and Brazil using Bothrops venoms different than B. atrox in the immunization mixtures showed that both antivenoms immunodepleted very efficiently the major toxins (PIII-SVMPs, serine proteinases, CRISP, LAO) of paedomorphic venoms from Puerto Ayacucho (Venezuelan Amazonia) through São Bento, but had impaired reactivity towards PLA2 and P-I SVMP molecules abundantly present in ontogenetic venoms. The degree of immunodepletion achieved suggests that each of these antivenoms may be effective against envenomations by paedomorphic, and some ontogenetic, B. atrox venoms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Cathepsin V is a papain-like cysteine protease. It is involved in the control of human T cells (responsible for cell immunity), and presents the largest elastolytic activity among the proteolytic enzymes. Therefore, cathepsin V is a potential molecular target for the treatment of atherosclerosis. In the present work, natural flavonoids were screened against cathepsin V, and two flavones were identified as potent inhibitors of cathepsin V. On the basis of this result, a combinatorial library of chalcones and flavones was prepared, in solution phase employing a scavenger reagent, and fully evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]