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Aim: To explore Remote Area Nurses' experiences of the implementation of workplace health and safety policies and risk mitigation strategies in Australian very remote primary health clinics. Design: This qualitative study used online semi‐structured interviews, with participants purposively sampled to maximize variation in work location and service type. Data were analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis approach. Coding was carried out inductively, with NVivo 12 aiding data management. Setting: The interviews were conducted from 24 Februrary 2021 to 06 March 2021 with Remote Area Nurses from very remote primary health clinics in Australia. Participants: Fifteen Remote Area Nurses participated in the study. Results: Thematic analysis revealed varied approaches to workplace safety among the different health services and regions. While the spread of 'never alone' policies in many clinics addressed one of the significant risks faced by Remote Area Nurses, gaps remained even for hazards specifically highlighted in existing work health and safety legislation. Meaningful collaboration with staff and the community, local orientation, preparation for the role and providing quality care were protective factors for staff safety. Understaffing, unsafe infrastructure and inadequate equipment were common concerns among Remote Area Nurses. Conclusion: Health services need to prioritize workplace safety and take a continuous quality improvement approach to its implementation. This will include ensuring safety strategies are appropriate for the local context, improving infrastructure maintenance, and establishing sustainable second responder systems such as a pool of drivers with local knowledge. Implications for the Profession: Poor personal safety contributes to burnout and high turnover of staff. Nurses' insights into the barriers and enablers of current workplace safety strategies will aid policymakers and employers in future improvements. Reporting Method: COREQ reporting guidelines were followed. PIPE Statement: A panel of six Remote Area Nurses collaborated in the development of this project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This two‐phase study aimed to explore the influence of a university rural curriculum and clinical placements on pharmacists' choice to practise in a rural or remote area. Design: A sequential mixed‐methods approach involved the design of both a questionnaire and semistructured in‐depth interviews to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Setting: Regional, rural and remote practice areas according to the Pharmacy Access/Remoteness Index of Australia classifications. Participants: Ninety‐two pharmacists from varied areas of practice, working in rural and remote locations across Australia, participated in the study. Main outcome measures: University curriculum and clinical placements during the degree and their influence on the current rural workforce. Results: In the survey sample, two‐thirds of the current rural pharmacy workforce's choice of practice location was significantly influenced by positive rural placement experiences. Rural practice was, however, not included in the curriculum for 50% of the rural workforce in the sample, although graduates from regional universities experienced up to 80% more exposure to rural curricula. In this sample, rural origin was also not found to be a significant determinant of rural practice, while rural lifestyle, family commitments, remuneration, career opportunities and other contractual agreements have had a greater influence than university education. Conclusion: Although the positive influence of rural placements has been identified, there is still a way to go in terms of the development of a meaningful rural curriculum. This highlights that universities have a role to play in addressing this issue to produce graduates who are better prepared for the opportunities and challenges of rural pharmacy practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • This paper reviews biology of Cystoisospora infections in dogs, including taxonomy, diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment. • Endogenous stages of C. canis, C. ohioensis, and C. ohioensis -like coccidia are compared. • Drugs containing toltrazuril were found most efficacious for treating canine coccidiosis. Abstract Until 1970, coccidian parasites of dogs were considered to have a direct fecal-oral life cycle like Eimeria in poultry. They were thought to be non-host specific and infect both dogs and cats. Studies conducted in the 1970s revealed that dog coccidia were host-specific and had transport or paratenic hosts that were infected with an encysted stage containing a single organism, the monozoic tissue cyst. There are still considerable confusion and uncertainties concerning the life cycles and pathogenicity of coccidian parasites of dogs. The present paper reviews the history, taxonomy, life cycles, pathogenicity, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of conventional coccidian parasites previously called Isospora spp., currently designated Cystoisospora spp. that infect canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to identify the Sarcocystis species that infect the opossum Didelphis aurita in order to determine which sporocysts they are excreating in to the environment and help determine the role of D. aurita in the epidemiology of Sarcocystis. Sporocysts were obtained from intestinal tracts of 8 of 13 D. aurita trapped in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, and were orally inoculated into Melopsittacus undulatus and Balb/c nude Mus musculus. Portions of organs and muscles were processed for histology, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and PCR using primers JNB 33/54, and ITS. Amplification products were subjected to RFLP using DraI and HinfI. Some birds were euthanized 6, 7, 13, 16, and 24 days after inoculation (DAI). All other birds and all mice were euthanized 60 DAI. Schizonts were observed in the lungs using histology and immunostaining in birds examined prior to 60 DAI. Sarcocysts with a ~ 1.5-μm-thick wall were found in the breast, thigh, and tongue of some birds. Sarcocystis asexual stages were isolated in cell cultures inoculated with sporozoites. Parasite DNA isolated from bird tissues and cell cultures demonstrated that S. falcatula-like parasites were present in all samples derived from positive opossums. Asexual stages molecularly characterized as S. lindsayi-like were isolated in cell culture from one opossum with an apparent multiple infection. This study demonstrated that D. aurita is a definitive host for S. falcatula-like parasites and indicates that S. lindsayi-like parasites can be found in coinfections of this opossum species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines intermediary liability law in Australia that provides the jurisdiction to award injunctions against intermediaries to block internet access in order to prevent online copyright infringements. Topics discussed include limits on the new statutory jurisdiction to grant no-fault injunctions; techniques used to block access to websites; and ways to block Uniform Resource Locator (URL) sites.

Raptors serve as the definitive host for several Sarcocystis species. The complete life cycles of only a few of these Sarcocystis species that use birds of prey as definitive hosts have been described. In the present study, Sarcocystis species sporocysts were obtained from the intestine of a Cooper's hawk ( Accipiter cooperii ) and were used to infect cell cultures of African green monkey kidney cells to isolate a continuous culture and describe asexual stages of the parasite. Two clones of the parasite were obtained by limiting dilution. Asexual stages were used to obtain DNA for molecular classification and identification. PCR amplification and sequencing were done at three nuclear ribosomal DNA loci; 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and ITS-1 , and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox1 ) locus. Examination of clonal isolates of the parasite indicated a single species related to S. columbae (termed Sarcocystis sp. ex Accipiter cooperii ) was present in the Cooper's hawk. Our results document for the first time Sarcocystis sp. ex A. cooperii occurs naturally in an unknown intermediate host in North America and that Cooper's hawks ( A. cooperii ) are a natural definitive host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although nurses generally constitute the largest component of the health workforce there is no systematic collection of data about their health status. Similarly, little is known about how nurses manage any long-term condition they may have, which could contribute to their reducing hours of employment or leaving the workforce completely. Such information will become more important against the backdrop of a global shortage of nurses, and ageing of the nursing population. Objectives This study aimed to identify the types and impacts of reported long-term conditions, and strategies employed by nurses to manage their conditions. Design A cross-sectional survey design was used. Settings The setting was a large regional health service in North Queensland, Australia, comprising a tertiary referral hospital, two residential aged care facilities and several rural and remote hospitals and community health services. Participants All full-time, part-time and casual nurses and midwives employed within the health service were invited to participate; 665 (30.9%) completed surveys were returned. Methods A paper-based questionnaire, comprising six sections, was individually addressed to all potential participants, together with reply-paid envelopes for returning completed questionnaires. The anonymous questionnaire took approximately 15 to 25 min to complete, less time if the nurse reported no long-term conditions. Results Three-fifths of respondents had at least one long-term condition. Respondents older than 50 years were statistically more likely to report having at least one long-term condition ( χ 2 = 5.64, p = 0.018). Back pain, migraine and asthma were the most frequently reported individual conditions; more than one-quarter of respondents reported a condition relating to mental health and wellbeing. Respondents who reported more than one long-term condition compared to a single long-term condition were statistically more likely to have had more years of nursing experience ( t = 02.2, p = 0.03). Nurses used a combination of varied personal and workplace strategies for many conditions; however personal strategies were most frequently used for all conditions. Conclusions This survey elicited information about reported long-term conditions, and strategies that nurses used to manage the condition they considered most important to them. We recommend that further investigation into how the full range of workplace strategies could be implemented to assist nurses to manage long-term conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an emerging concern that snakes are definitive hosts of certain species of Sarcocystis that cause muscular sarcocystosis in human and non-human primates. Other species of Sarcocystis are known to cycle among snakes and rodents, but have been poorly characterized in the USA and elsewhere. Although neurological sequalae are known for certain species of Sarcocystis, no such neurological symptoms are known to typify parasites that naturally cycle in rodents. Here, sporocysts of a species of Sarcocystis were found in the intestinal contents of a rat snake ( Pantherophis alleghaniensis) from Maryland, USA. The sporocysts were orally infective for interferon gamma gene knockout (KO) mice, but not to Swiss Webster outbred mice. The KO mice developed neurological signs, and were necropsied between 33 and 52 days post-inoculation. Only schizonts/merozoites were found, and they were confined to the brain. The predominant lesion was meningoencephalitis characterized by perivascular cuffs, granulomas, and necrosis of the neuropil. The schizonts and merozoites were located in neuropil, and apparently extravascular. Brain homogenates from infected KO mice were infective to KO mice and CV-1 cell line. DNA extracted from the infected mouse brain, and infected cell cultures revealed the highest identity with Sarcocystis species that employ snakes as definitive hosts. This is the first report of Sarcocystis infection in the endangered rat snake ( P. alleghaniensis) and the first report of neurological sarcocystosis in mice induced by feeding sporocysts from a snake. These data underscore the likelihood that parasites in this genus that employ snakes as their definitive hosts constitute an ancient, globally distributed monophyletic group. These data also raise the possibility that neurological sequalae may be more common in intermediate hosts of Sarcocystis spp. than has previously been appreciated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first examples of selective ortho-directed C–H activation with unprotected 2-aryltetrazoles are described. A new base-assisted protocol for iridium(i) hydrogen isotope exchange catalysis allows access to ortho-deuterated and tritiated tetrazoles, including the tetrazole-containing pharmaceutical, Valsartan. Preliminary mechanistic studies are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the ethics of provider risk factor modification in total joint arthroplasty. Topics include the studies which showed improved outcomes in terms of mortality and reoperations following surgical procedure to treat intertrochanteric hip fracture and spinal fusion to treat scoliosis, ethical consideration for and against regionalization in total joint arthroplasty, and the benefit of implant restriction.

The article offers information regarding the existence of a right to be forgotten under the 1995 Data Protection Directive (DPD), the current European data privacy law. It highlights the ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Google Spain SL, Google Inc v. Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD), Mario Costeja González. Information related to the protection of privacy and autonomy online is provided.

Abstract: Sporozoites of Cystoisospora canis penetrated and developed to monozoic tissue cysts in 4 human, 1 monkey, 1 bovine and 2 canine cell lines. No asexual division was documented although multiple infection of a single cell was observed. Examination of cultures using transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that they were monozoic tissue cysts and contained a single sporozoite. The appearance of monozoic tissue cysts in all cell lines was similar but the parasitophorous vacuole surrounding some sporozoites in DH82 dog macrophages was swollen. Monozoic tissue cysts were observed for up to 127 days in human pigmented retinal epithelial cells. Treatment of cell cultures containing monozoic tissue cysts with 0.75 sodium taurocholic acid and 0.25% trypsin stimulated egress of zoites (former sporozoites) from tissue cysts. Zoites collected from monozoic tissue cysts were able to penetrate and develop to monozoic tissue cysts in new host cells. Monozoic tissue cysts survived exposure to acid pepsin solution indicating that they would be orally infectious. The tissue cyst wall surrounding zoites did not autofluoresce as did oocyst and sporocyst walls exposed to UV light. We believe that C. canis can be used as a model system to study extra-intestinal monozoic tissue cysts stages of Cystoisospora belli of humans. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In IceTV Pty Ltd v Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd, the High Court transformed Australian copyright law, by placing a new emphasis on the role of an author or authors in producing original works. The centrality now required to be given to authorship has focused attention on important subsidiary questions, which have yet to be satisfactorily resolved in the case law. These questions include: What is needed to establish that a work originates from an author? When will the use of computers in producing a work result in a denial of copyright on the basis that there is insufficient human authorship? And what conditions must be satisfied for multiple human contributors to qualify as joint authors? Resolving these issues is especially important in determining the extent to which the new Australian copyright law protects informational works, such as directories. In examining these issues, this article critically analyses the reasoning in IceTV and its progeny, concluding that a failure to sufficiently engage with Anglo-Australian precedent has created avoidable uncertainties and ambiguities in central legal doctrines of Australian copyright law. The article also identifies internal contradictions in the reasoning in the judgments in IceTV, which have further compromised the coherency of the law. The article concludes that greater consistency and coherency in Australian copyright law can only be achieved by frankly acknowledging both the extent to which IceTV departed from precedent and the flaws in the reasoning of the plurality judgments in that landmark case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcocystis neurona are apicomplexan parasites that can cause mortality in domestic and wild animals. Twelve antigen types are described for S. neurona, however just two phenotypes (SnSAG 1 and SnSAG 5) represent the majority of those that are associated with disease. A novel S. falcatula gene, antigenically indistinct from SnSAG 6, was cloned into an expression vector and the recombinant protein was used to determine the presence of antibodies SAG 6 phenotype infections in equine sarcocystosis. Additionally, antibodies to disease-associated SAG phenotypes of Sarcocystis neurona were assayed by indirect ELISA using sera from horses with a presumptive diagnosis of sarcocystosis. The lateral flow Sarcocystis neurona multiplex antibody detection kit (Immy, Norman, OK) was evaluated for the rapid identification of Sarcocystis antibodies. One hundred forty-one horses (141) with a presumptive diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis were treated with decoquinate (0.5mG/kG) and levamisole (1 mG/kG) in an oral paste for 10 days and monitored for a treatment response. Successful treatment of equine sarcocystosis was determined by a reduction in clinical signs by clinical neurological exam (93.6%) and a reduction in antibodies 4-6 weeks post treatment (89.3%). The detection of antibody against SAG's 1 5, 6 and a response to decoquinate/ levamisole identified horses with clinical EPM. The rapid detection of SAG phenotype facilitated treatment and evaluation of clinical response [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being a recognized clinical entity for over 140 years, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) remains a difficult-to-treat condition. While there have been multiple therapies explored in the treatment of CRPS, NMDA antagonists such as ketamine continue to hold significant interest because of their potential ability to alter the central sensitization noted in chronic pain states. The objective of this review is to identify published liti erature for evidence of the efficacy and safety of ketamine in the treatment of CRPS. PubMed and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched (final search 26 May 2011) using the MeSH terms 'ketamine', 'complex regional I pain syndrome', 'analgesia' and 'pain' in the English literature. The manuscript bibliographies were then reviewed to identify additional relevant papers. Observational trials were evaluated using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality criteria; randomized trials were evaluated using the methodological assessment of randomized clinical trials. The search methodology yielded three randomized, placebo-controlled trials, seven observational studies and nine case studies/reports. In aggregate, the data available reveal ketamine as a promising treatment for CRPS. The optimum dose, route and timing of administration remain to be determined. Randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of ketamine and to determine its long-term benefit in CRPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the case of a 44 year old male presented with abdominal pain, low back pain and weight loss with a genetically proven diagnosis of Marfan's syndrome since age 8. A duodenal biopsy showed a focal increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes with focal epithelial cell disarray suggesting non-specific chronic inflammation. His therapy included oral prednisolone 40 mg daily and methotrexate that was later switched to mycophenolate 1 g twice daily due to intolerance.

Researchers have used various modalities to attempt to bridge the divide between spirituality and materialistic science. The out-of-body experience (OBE) surpasses other modalities, offering a direct, safe, and repeatable means of conducting research. A new field, projectiology, has been proposed for studying the OBE. Based on investigations using OBEs, a further new field, conscientiology, has been proposed for studying consciousness (soul, spirit). Primary postulates of conscientiology are: consciousness uses subtle non-physical bodies; reality includes non-physical dimensions; consciousness reincarnates; consciousness is engaged in an evolutionary process (spiritual growth). Conscientiology endorses subjective experimentation, primarily because this requires researchers to develop and thus avoid limiting their research capability. Some deceased individuals in non-physical locations lack awareness, while others are extremely aware. Some individuals prepare and plan for their next existence during the afterlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Horses are considered accidental hosts for Sarcocystis neurona and they often develop severe neurological disease when infected with this parasite. Schizont stages develop in the central nervous system (CNS) and cause the neurological lesions associated with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. The present study was done to examine the ability of S. neurona merozoites to penetrate and develop in equine peripheral blood leukocytes. These infected host cells might serve as a possible transport mechanism into the CNS. S. neurona merozoites penetrated equine leukocytes within 5min of co-culture. Infected leukocytes were usually monocytes. Infected leukocytes were present up to the final day of examination at 3 days. Up to three merozoites were present in an infected monocyte. No development to schizont stages was observed. All stages observed were in the host cell cytoplasm. We postulate that S. neurona merozoites may cross the blood brain barrier hidden inside leukocytes. Once inside the CNS these merozoites can egress and invade additional cells and cause encephalitis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recent years have seen significant developments in the protection of privacy at general law in common law jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Although the general law protection of privacy in Australia is uncertain, there has been a proliferation of information privacy laws at both federal and state levels. This article contends that the future development of privacy law in Australia should be based upon a rigorous analysis of the campier concept of privacy. As a first step in this analysis, the article reviews the main approaches that have been taken to the concept of privacy, distinguishing deontological from consequentialist approaches. The article claims that these two approaches are related, in general terms, to the two main Western legal approaches to privacy protection: the European 'rights-based' and the American 'market-based' approaches. Drawing upon Foucauldian analysis, the article claims that privacy law can be understood within the context of ongoing social processes of normalisation and rationalisation. As such, our understanding of privacy law can be assisted by relating it to an important Western political tradition -- including thinkers such as Weber, Heidegger, Foucault and Habermas -- that is ambivalent about market-based and bureaucratic rationalisation. Assuming this to be the case, both 'rights-based' and 'market-based' approaches can be seen as reinforcing social rationalisation. Within an overwhelmingly consequentialist society such as Australia, however, a 'rights-based' approach to privacy law may be preferred as a way of resisting global pressures for social rationalisation, and as a form of protection for pluralistic social identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates end points associated with immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity in mice exposed to methylmercury during a chronic toxoplasma gondii infection. Impact of neurotoxicants on the immune system of the mice; Rationale behind the use of CBA/J mice; Procedure used to detect cell surface markers; Observations with regard to body and lymphoid organ weight, cellularity and pathology.

In the current study, the effect of exposure to the environmental pollutant, 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-di-benzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), on mice having chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii was investigated. For this purpose, four groups of mice were used-mice treated with vehicle, mice treated with TCDD alone, mice infected with T. gondii alone, and mice receiving a combination of TCDD treatment and T. gondii infection. Histological examination and tissue cyst enumeration were performed to indicate the level of infection of the brain. The immune status was studied by enumerating the cellularity as well as the percentages and absolute numbers of the lymphocyte subsets based on the expression of CD4 and CD8 markers in the thymus and spleen. Our studies demonstrated that there was a significant decrease in the total number of thymocytes in TCDD-treated mice that were either uninfected or infected with T. gondii when compared to vehicle controls. However, there was no significant difference observed in thymic cellularity in mice that were infected with T. gondii alone when compared to the uninfected vehicle controls. In addition, the ratio and the total numbers of CD4+, CD8+, CD4- CD8 (double negative, DN) and CD4+ CD8+ (double positive, DP) T cell subsets in the thymus from various groups were determined. There was no change in the percentages of T cell subsets in TCDD-treated mice or T. gondii-infected mice when compared to the vehicle controls. However, there was a decrease in the percentage of DP T cells and an increase in the DN and CD8+ T cells in mice that received a combination of TCDD-treatment and T. gondii infection when compared to mice receiving the vehicle or TCDD-treatment alone or infection with T. gondii alone. There was also a decrease in the absolute numbers of the DP and CD4+ T cells and an increase in the CD8+ T cells in the thymus of mice receiving the combination of TCDD-treatment and T. gondii infection when compared to vehicle controls. The splenic cellularity as well as the percentage and absolute numbers of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets and the non-T cells were not altered in all the groups tested. The natural history of T. gondii infection was not altered following TCDD treatment as demonstrated by no significant differences in brain lesion scores and the number of tissue cysts in the brains of these mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) via C−H activation constitutes an efficient method for the synthesis of isotopically‐enriched compounds, which are crucial components of the drug discovery process and are extensively employed in mechanistic studies. A series of iridium(I) complexes, bearing a chelating phosphine‐N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand, was designed and synthesized for application in the catalytic HIE of challenging N‐ and O‐aryl carbamates. A broad range of substrates were labeled efficiently, and applicability to biologically‐relevant systems was demonstrated by labeling an ʟ‐tyrosine‐derived carbamate with excellent levels of deuterium incorporation. Combined theoretical and experimental studies unveiled intriguing mechanistic features within this process, in comparison to C−H activation and hydrogen isotope exchange catalyzed by monodentate Ir(I) NHC/phosphine complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the mercury intake by fish consumers living in coastal areas in Great Britain. Concentration of total mercury in the blood; Levels of methylmercury intake from the diet; Effects of the presence of methylmercury on the fish consumers.

The treatment of insulin in aqueous solution at pH 6.9 and 8.5, with the hydroxysuccinimide ester of 2,2-dimethyl-3-formyl -L-thiazolidine-4- carboxylic acid leads to the incorporation of thiazolidine residues into the protein. Examination by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography of the products formed shows the preence of three products. The relative amount of products formed depends upon the reaction conditions. Characterisation of these products by end-group analysis, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, amino acid analysis of the performic acid-oxidised chains and treatment with TPCK- treated trypsin suggests that they are monosubstituted derivatives formed by reaction at each of the free amino groups of insulin. The effect of modification on the biological activity and crystallisation properties of the hormone is discussed as well as the application of the reaction to the preparation of covalent heavy atom derivatives of proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Decoquinate is a quinolone anticoccidial approved for use in the prevention of intestinal coccidiosis in farm animals. This compound has good activity against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in cell cultures. The drug acts on the parasites’ mitochondria. The activity of decoquinate against developing merozoites of 2 isolates of Sarcocystis neurona was examined in cell culture. Merozoite production at 10 days was completely inhibited when decoquinate was used at 20 or 240nM. The IC50 of decoquinate was 0.5±0.09nM for the Sn6 isolate of S. neurona from a horse and 1.1±0.6nM for the SnOP15 isolate of S. neurona from an opossum. Levamisole was toxic at 5μg/ml and no synergism was observed when decoquinate was combined with levamisole and tested against the Sn3YFP isolate of S. neurona. Decoquinate was cidal for developing schizonts of S. neurona at 240nM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including intellectual property law, copyright harmonisation and human rights law.

Pharmaceutical‐aligned research endeavors continue to diversify, including via the installation of new chemical functionality and non‐classical bioisosteres within drug design. With this, an equally high demand emerges for the direct installation of isotopic substituents into these scaffolds within drug discovery programmes, as isotopologues are essential for the elucidation of the biological efficacy and metabolic fate of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The sulfoximine functional group has recently become established as a high‐value unit in this context; however, general and effective methods for the synthesis of deuterium (2H, D) and tritium (3H, T) labelled analogues have remained elusive. Herein, we disclose the design and development of the first iridium‐catalyzed sulfoximine‐directed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) systems that permit the site‐selective integration of a distinguishing atomic label at aromatic C(sp2)−H and more challenging C(sp3)−H moieties. Moreover, we exemplify the broad applicability of these methods within a spectrum of molecular settings, as well as in the late‐stage generation of isotopically‐enriched complex bioactive architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing interest in improved structural diversity within the pharmaceutical industry has led to a focus on more sp3‐rich drug frameworks. Meanwhile, spiralling pharmaceutical research and development costs continue to require expedited adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity studies, which are heavily reliant on the use of molecules incorporating deuterium and tritium. Herein, we report an iridium catalyzed C(sp3)−H activation and hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) methodology capable of utilizing pharmaceutically ubiquitous nitrogen‐based carbonyl directing groups. High levels of deuterium incorporation (>80% in 37 of the examples) are demonstrated across a range of substrates (5‐, 6‐, and 7‐membered lactams, cyclic carbamates and ureas, acyclic amides), with tolerance of a range of common functional groups (aryl, alkoxy, halogen, ester, alcohol, sulfonamide) and predictable regioselectivity. The applicability of this methodology was demonstrated with up to 98% deuterium incorporation observed in a range of challenging bioactive molecules such as Nefiracetam, Praziquantel, and Unifiram. Density functional theory has provided mechanistic insight into the C−H activation and HIE at both the expected site of incorporation and an unexpected aryl labelling via a 7‐membered metallocyclic intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Described herein is a green, continuous flow process for the synthesis of various aminoimidazoheterocycles, through the Gröebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction (GBBR). This multicomponent procedure combines aminoazines, aldehydes and isocyanides to generate a wide variety of medicinally privileged, aminated imidazoheterocycle architectures. This method is performed in ethanol, using only mineral acid rather than the standard metal-based catalysts typical to the field. These sustainability benefits have been demonstrated even on multigram scale, exemplifying the facile scalability of the procedure. The process also boasts shorter reaction times, wider scope robustness, and improved yields compared to the currently available methods, with no requirement for an aqueous work-up procedure, affording resulting scaffolds of notable relevance, to a range of medicinal targets of academic and industrial interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploration of novel, three‐dimensional chemical space is of growing interest in the drug discovery community and with this comes the challenge for synthetic chemists to devise new stereoselective methods to introduce chirality in a rapid and efficient manner. This Minireview provides a timely summary of the development of palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric redox‐relay Heck‐type processes. These reactions represent an important class of transformation for the selective introduction of remote stereocenters, and have risen to prominence over the past decade. Within this Minireview, the vast scope of these transformations will be showcased, alongside applications to pharmaceutically relevant chiral building blocks and drug substances. To complement this overview, a mechanistic summary and discussion of the current limitations of the transformation are presented, followed by an outlook on future areas of investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study sought to explore how bullying in the nursing profession in Australia has changed over four decades, and why it continues to persist. Background: Bullying in nursing is recognized as a pervasive problem. While much attention has been given to demonstrating the existence and impact of bullying in the nursing profession, little is understood about the evolution of this phenomenon and factors that contribute to its persistence. Methods: This study employed an historical methodology using the testimony method of data collection. Testimonies were collected online and via interview from seventy registered nurses across Australia. Data were analysed using a three‐dimensional analysis to produce a chronological historiography. Results: This study found that the antecedents, manifestations, responses to and impacts of bullying in the nursing profession changed according to context and over time. The findings shed light on the role of nurse managers in the prevention and appropriate management of bullying in the workplace. Conclusion: Prevention and intervention approaches must be developed to combat the complex and changing factors that allow bullying to persist. Implications for Nursing Management: This study shows the role that management plays in tackling the problem of bullying in nursing. It can no longer be acceptable for culture to be used as an excuse for unacceptable behaviour, nor for power to be abused to protect perpetrators of workplace bullying. The findings discussed in this paper reveal that inexperienced nurse managers are often ill‐equipped to identify and manage bullying. Nurses in management positions must recognize and acknowledge this deficit if the problem of bullying is to be effectively tackled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many accounting departments in the United States list good writing ability as a learning goal for accreditation purposes. However, the question of how writing ability relates to accounting academic performance remains largely unexplored. The authors analyzed transcript data to shed light on the relationship between accounting students' writing ability and their academic performance in their undergraduate accounting courses. They found that writing ability does affect accounting academic performance, even after controlling for prior grade point average, gender, and nontransfer versus transfer status. Our finding adds to the understanding of the specific relationship between writing ability and academic performance, and to the general body of research on writing ability in accounting education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nursing profession is presented with numerous definitions of workplace bullying. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the concept of bullying in the nursing profession in Australia through a scoping review of definitions presented in literature published up until 2018. The research questions used to guide the search were as follows: How has the definition of bullying in nursing in Australia been conceptualized in the literature? How do these definitions of bullying differ? How has the definition of bullying, as used in the literature, evolved over time? The review was informed by the approach of Arksey and O'Malley, containing explicit definitions of bullying in nursing literature. The findings reveal that the literature does not reflect a shared and integrated vision of the exact nature of bullying in the nursing profession. The conceptualization of bullying in the nursing profession has become more dynamic over time. The myriad ways in which bullying in nursing is defined in Australia has important implications for research, practice, education, and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many phenolics found naturally in food have the capacity to show beneficial effects at low doses and toxicity at high doses in in vitro systems. Resveratrol is no exception. Nonetheless, in the nutritional context, the evidence that resveratrol shows hormetic effects is very limited and is of questionable relevance given its rapid metabolism in the stomach. Hormesis can only be confirmed if evidence for a J- or U-shaped dose-response relationship is found in in vivo doses that are relevant to human intakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine abortions due to Neospora caninum infection are a major cattle-production problem worldwide. The parasite is readily maintained in cattle populations by vertical transmission. The domestic dog excretes oocysts in its feces and, after sporulation, these oocysts are infectious to cattle. Current control measures are aimed at culling infected cows and limiting the access of cattle to infective oocysts. The recent revelations that coyotes (Canis latrans) can excrete N. caninum oocysts in their feces and that white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are natural intermediate hosts of the parasite demonstrate the existence of a sylvatic cycle of neosporosis in North America. This complicates parasite-prevention programs but opens many new and exciting avenues of research. Similar canid–ruminant sylvatic cycles might exist in other countries and, if so, need to be investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presents a letter to the editor analyzing the role of dogs in the fecal transmission of Toxoplasma.

Investigates the sporulation and survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in seawater. Demonstration of Toxoplasma gondiii in sea otters; Detection of oocysts in cat feces; Sporulation of T. gondii oocysts.

Focuses on the achievements of the Association for Australian Rural Nurses (AARN) Inc. since its inauguration in 1992. Launching of the 'Australian Journal of Rural Health'; National projects undertaken; Concern of the AARN about the impact of the global shortage of nurses on rural and remote Australia.