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Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in females, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized as one of the main subtypes of breast cancer, with poor prognosis and limited treatments. Investigating the molecular basis or discovering relevant oncogenes will greatly help in developing effective targeted therapies. In this study, we ascertained that RAB5A depletion in TNBC cells suppresses the secretion of exosomes and blocks the polarization of macrophages toward an M2 phenotype. By scanning miRNAs associated with macrophage polarization, we identified that miR-21 was the pivotal component in tumor cell-derived exosomes and played a key role in RAB5A-mediated macrophage polarization. The enhanced expression of miR-21 in macrophages is able to potentiate the M2 polarization of macrophages in the presence of tumor cells. Pellino-1 (PELI1) was subsequently identified as the target of miR-21, and forced PELI1 expression partially abrogated the M2 polarization of macrophages induced by miR-21 overexpression. Macrophages stimulated with RAB5A-depleted TNBC cells (coculture, conditioned medium or exosomes) impaired their capability to promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. In vivo xenograft experiments further confirmed that RAB5A knockdown TNBC cells exhibited reduced tumor formation and impaired tumor-associated macrophage recruitment. These studies shed light on the potential underlying mechanism of RAB5A-mediated macrophage polarization in an exosomal miR-21-dependent manner and provide an experimental basis for the development of RAB5A-or exosome-based tumor therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer and current therapeutic strategies are limited in their effectiveness. The expressions of Rab5 and the M2 tumor-associated macrophage marker CD163 in tissues were detected by Western blot. The migration and invasion of cells were determined using a Transwell assay. The expressions of the exosome markers were evaluated by Western blot. The polarization of human macrophages (THP-1) was determined by incubation of THP-1 cells with conditioned medium or exosomes collected from MDA-MB-231 cells with indicated transfections or by a coculture system of THP-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The M1 and M2 macrophage markers were evaluated by qRT-PCR. The expression of Rab5 in TNBC was significantly higher than that in normal breast tissue. Rab5 expressions in triple-negative and luminal A breast cancer were higher than those in other molecular subtypes. Higher CD163 expression was observed in triple-negative breast cancer and in triple-negative and luminal B subtypes. Rab5 knockdown suppressed but Rab5 overexpression promoted the migration and invasion capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells. The levels of CD63 and CD9 in the medium of Rab5 knockdown cells were lower than those in control cells, whereas higher levels of CD63 and CD9 were observed in Rab5 overexpression cells. Rab5 knockdown decreased the excretion but did not alter the diameter of the exosomes. Knockdown of Rab5 facilitated the anti-tumor polarization of macrophages, which was partially reversed by Rab5 overexpression. Therefore, Rab5 is expected to be a potential therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy is currently an irreplaceable strategy for cancer treatment. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) is a clinical first-line drug for cancer chemotherapy. While its efficacy for cancer treatment is greatly compromised due to invalid enrichment or serious side effects. To increase the content of intracellular targets and boost the antitumor effect of DOX, a novel biotinylated hyaluronic acidguided dual-functionalized CaCO3-based drug delivery system (DOX@BHNP) with target specificity and acid-triggered drug-releasing capability was synthesized. The ability of the drug delivery system on enriching DOX in mitochondria and nucleus, which further cause significant tumor inhibition, were investigated to provide a more comprehensive understanding of this CaCO3-based drug delivery system. After targeted endocytosis by tumor cells, DOX could release faster in the weakly acidic lysosome, and further enrich in mitochondria and nucleus, which cause mitochondrial destruction and nuclear DNA leakage, and result in cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. Virtually, an effective tumor inhibition was observed in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, the batch-to-batch variation of DOX loading level in the DOX@BHNP system is negligible, and no obvious histological changes in the main organs were observed, indicating the promising application of this functionalized drug delivery system in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite microecological agents have received widespread attention due to their advantageous properties, including safety, multiple effects, and low cost. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of selenium (Se) nanoparticle (SeNP)-enriched Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 (L. lactis NZ9000-SeNPs) against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-induced intestinal barrier damage in C57BL/6 mice. The oral administration of L. lactis NZ9000-SeNPs significantly increased the villus height and the number of goblet cells in the ileum; reduced the levels of serum and ileal interleukin-1b (IL-1b), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), and interferon gamma (IFN-g); and increased the activities of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) compared with the ETEC K88-infected group not treated with L. lactis NZ9000-SeNPs. In addition, L. lactis NZ9000-SeNPs significantly attenuated the reduction of the expression levels of occludin and claudin-1, dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, and activation of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-k B)-mediated signaling pathway induced by ETEC K88. These findings suggested that L. lactis NZ9000-SeNPs may be a promising and safe Se supplement for food or feed additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cyanogen ion (CN−) plays important role in industry which also bring acute environmental pollution. More serious, trace CN− enters the human body can cause serious consequences and even death. Therefore, it is of great significance to detect trace CN− with high sensitivity. Herein, a novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe C-BH was synthesized based on coumarin matrix. Probe C-BH showed high selectivity and sensitivity toward CN− by dual channel response due to the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). The low detection limit was calculated to be 0.05 µM. Moreover, probe C-BH was successfully used for imaging CN− in living cells and zebrafish due to its low toxicity and excellent optical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poly (butylene adipate- co -terephthalate)/thermoplastic starch (PBAT/TPS) active packaging films containing cinnamon essential oil (CEO) were fabricated by melting blending and extrusion casting method. The effects of TPS content (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 %) on the properties of the films and their application in largemouth bass preservation were studied. As TPS content increased from 0 % to 50 %, the water vapor permeability increased from 7.923 × 10−13 (g•cm/(cm2•s•Pa)) to 23.967 × 10−13 (g•cm/(cm2•s•Pa)), the oxygen permeability decreased from 8.642 × 10−11 (cm3•m/(m2•s•Pa)) to 3.644 × 10−11 (cm3•m/(m2•s•Pa)), the retention of CEO in the films increased. The release rate of CEO from the films into food simulant (10 % ethanol) accelerated with increasing TPS. The films exhibited different antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus , and S. putrefaciens. It was closely related with the release behavior of the CEO. The films containing CEO could efficiently inhibit the decomposition of protein and the growth of microorganisms in largemouth bass. It showed that the higher TPS in the films, the better inhibitory effect. This study provided a new idea for developing PBAT/TPS active films with different release behavior of active agents and different antibacterial activity for food packaging. • The PBAT/TPS films with higher TPS showed higher retention of CEO in the films. • The release behavior of CEO can be regulated by TPS content in the films. • The PBAT/TPS films with higher TPS showed faster release rate of CEO. • The PBAT/TPS films with higher TPS exhibited better antibacterial activity. • The PBAT/TPS films with higher TPS showed longer shelf life for largemouth bass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) compatible and fully local transition closure model is proposed for three-dimensional hypersonic boundary layers considering crossflow effects. The transition model is constructed with transport equations for laminar fluctuation viscosity and intermittency factor and coupled with Menter's shear stress transport turbulence model. Based on the parameter analyses of the compressible Falkner-Skan-Cooke similarity solutions, the key factors for crossflow transition modeling, namely, the maximum crossflow velocity and the crossflow Reynolds number, are evaluated through new formulations based on local variables only. The new transition model is first tested against two axisymmetric cones to verify that the first and second modes are well modeled and not influenced by the newly established formulations for crossflow instability. Then, the HIFiRE-5 cases in quiet and noisy conditions and a circular cone at an angle of attack of 3 deg are selected to assess the performance of the present model for crossflow-induced transition. The numerical results show that the transition onset locations predicted by the present transition model are quite consistent with the experimental results, which indicates that the present transition model is capable of predicting crossflow-induced transition with a reasonable degree of accuracy and good compatibility with modern parallel CFD codes using local variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wuhan MST radar is a 53.8 MHz monostatic Doppler radar, located in Chongyang, Hubei Province, China, which has the capability to observe the dynamics of the mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere region in the subtropical latitudes. The system is composed of 576 Yagi antennas with square distribution, and the maximum peak power is 192 kW. The Wuhan MST radar is efficient and cheap, which applies simplifier and more flexible architecture. It includes 24 big TR modules, and the row/column data port of each big TR module connects 24 small TR modules via the corresponding row/column feeding network. Each antenna is driven by a small TR module with peak output power of 300 W. The arrangement of the antenna field, the functions of the timing signals, the structure of the TR modules, and the clutter suppression procedure are described in detail in this manuscript. We compared the MST radar observation results with other instruments and related models in the whole MST region for validation. Firstly, we made a comparison of the Wuhan MST radar observed horizontal winds in the troposphere and low stratosphere with the radiosonde in the short term, as well as the ERA-interim data sets (2016 and 2017) in the long term. Then, we made a comparison of the observed horizontal winds in the mesosphere with the meteor radar and the HWM-07 model in the same way. In general, good agreements can be obtained, and it indicates that the Wuhan MST is an effective tool to measure the three-dimensional wind fields of the MST region in the short-term and long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we initially propose a stochastic SIRI epidemic model. The existence, uniqueness, and boundedness of the positive solution of the stochastic system are derived. By using some novel Lyapunov functions and stochastic analysis tools, we mainly investigate asymptotical behaviors of the SIRI model under stochastic perturbations according to the basic reproduction number. That is, when(or) and some conditions on white noise are satisfied, the solution of stochastic model will oscillate around the disease-free equilibrium (or endemic equilibrium) of the deterministic model and the estimate for the oscillation amplitude is obtained. Furthermore, the existence of a stationary distribution and the ergodicity of solutions are studied for the stochastic system. Finally, some numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Continuous infusion of doxorubicin has been a strategy to reduce cardiotoxicity. Epirubicin is another anthracycline in common clinical use. However, evidence is lacking regarding whether this strategy can reduce cardiotoxicity of epirubicin without compromising antineoplastic efficacy. Design and methods: Healthy rats were randomized into groups: epirubicin (8 mg/kg) delivered intraperitoneally via micro osmotic pumps (MOP), epirubicin (8 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal (IP) bolus injection, and placebo control. Blood samples were collected for analyzing biomarkers of myocardial injury and pharmacokinetics. At chosen times, sub-groups of animals were sacrificed for histopathology. A mouse breast cancer cell line (4T1), stably transfected with luciferase, was orthotopically allografted in female mice, and treated in three groups as described above for the rats. Tumor growth was monitored by measuring tumor size as well as bioluminescence. Results: Delivery by IP bolus and by MOP achieved essentially the same area under the curve of epirubicin plasma concentration time profile. Blood biomarkers showed that the degree of myocardial injury in MOP group was lower than that of IP group. Histopathology showed that there was less eosinophilic enhancement, interstitial hemorrhage and necrotizing muscle atrophy in MOP group than IP group. In the orthotopic breast cancer allograft mouse model, the antineoplastic effect of epirubicin by MOP was not different from that by IP as measured by tumor weights or by in vivo bioluminescence. Conclusion: Slow delivery of epirubicin by MOP reduced cardiotoxicity without compromising the antineoplastic effect compared to IP bolus delivery. These in vivo data support our previous clinical data that continuous intravenous infusion of epirubicin using micro infusion pumps over 48–96 hours had less cardiotoxicity than intravenous bolus injections. However, whether multiple doses of epirubicin given by MOP result in a lower magnitude of long term cardiomyopathy remains to be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive flexibility forms the core of the extraordinary ability of humans to adapt, but the precise neural mechanisms underlying our ability to nimbly shift between task sets remain poorly understood. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies employing multivoxel pattern analysis (MVP A) have shown that a currently relevant task set can be decoded from activity patterns in the frontoparietal cortex, but whether these regions support the dynamic transformation of task sets from trial to trial is not clear. Here, we combined a cued task-switching protocol with human (both sexes) fMRI, and harnessed representational similarity analysis (RSA) to facilitate a novel assessment of trial-by-trial changes in neural task-set representations. We first used MVPA to define task-sensitive frontoparietal and visual regions and found that neural task-set representations on switch trials are less stably encoded than on repeat trials. We then exploited RSA to show that the neural representational pattern dissimilarity across consecutive trials is greater for switch trials than for repeat trials, and that the degree of this pattern dissimilarity predicts behavior. Moreover, the overall neural pattern of representational dissimilarities followed from the assumption that repeating sets, compared with switching sets, results in stronger neural task representations. Finally, when moving from cue to target phase within a trial, pattern dissimilarities tracked the transformation from previous-trial task representations to the currently relevant set. These results provide neural evidence for the longstanding assumptions of an effortful task-set reconfiguration process hampered by task-set inertia, and they demonstrate that frontoparietal and stimulus processing regions support "dynamic adaptive coding," flexibly representing changing task sets in a trial-by-trial fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes an adaptive non-singular integral terminal sliding mode control (ANITSMC) scheme for trajectory tracking of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) with dynamic uncertainties and time-varying external disturbances. The ANITSMC is first proposed for a first-order uncertain non-linear dynamic system to eliminate the singularity problem in conventional terminal sliding mode control (TSMC) and avoid the requirement of the bound information of the lumped system uncertainty. The time taken to reach the equilibrium point from any initial error is guaranteed to be finite. The proposed ANITSMC is then applied to trajectory tracking control of AUVs. It guarantees that the velocity tracking errors locally converge to zero in finite time and after that the position tracking errors locally converge to zero exponentially. The designed ANITSMC of AUVs avoids the requirement of the prior knowledge of the lumped system uncertainty bounds as opposite to the existing globally finite-time stable tracking control (GFTSTC), provides higher tracking accuracy than the existing GFTSTC and adaptive non-singular TSMC (ANTSMC) and offers faster convergence rate and better robustness against dynamic uncertainties and time-varying external disturbances than the adaptive proportional-integral sliding mode control (APISMC). Comparative simulation results are presented to validate the superiority of the ANITSMC over the APISMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The prognostic significance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in esophageal carcinoma (EC) is controversial. We aim to assess its association with clinicopathological and prognostic relevance in EC by using a meta-analysis. Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Database, Embase databases, and the references in relevant studies that assessed the clinicopathological or prognostic relevance of CTCs in peripheral blood of patients with EC. Statistical analyses were conducted by using Stata software to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR), hazard ratio (HR), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using fixed or random-effects models according to the heterogeneity of included studies. The subgroup analyses were performed according to ethnicity, histological type, and detection method. Results: Sixteen trials containing 1,260 patients were included for analysis. Pooled results showed that presence of CTCs was significantly associated with poor overall survival (HR =1.71, 95% CI [1.30, 2.12], P<0.001) and progression-free survival (HR =1.67, 95% CI [1.19, 2.15], P<0.001) in EC patients. Subgroup analysis indicated that presence of CTCs was closely associated with worse overall survival (Asian: HR =1.66, 95% CI [1.24, 2.08], P<0.001; squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]: HR =1.66, 95% CI [1.24, 2.08], P<0.001; no polymerase chain reaction [PCR]: HR =2.08, 95% CI [1.40, 2.76], P<0.001) and progression-free survival (Asian: HR =1.63, 95% CI [1.15, 2.12], P<0.001; SCC: HR =1.63, 95% CI [1.15, 2.12], P<0.001; PCR: HR =1.63, 95% CI [1.15, 2.12], P<0.001). Additionally, ORs showed that presence of CTCs was significantly correlated with tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging (overall: OR = 1.96, 95% CI [1.34, 2.87], P=0.001; Asian: OR =2.09, 95% CI [1.37, 3.19], P=0.001; SCC: OR =1.97, 95% CI [1.21, 3.07], P=0.003; PCR: OR =2.23, 95% CI [1.43, 3.47], P<0.001), venous invasion (overall: OR =2.23, 95% CI [1.46, 3.40], P<0.001; Asian: OR =2.23, 95% CI [1.46, 3.40], P<0.001; SCC: OR =2.23, 95% CI [1.46, 3.40], P<0.001; PCR: OR =2.23, 95% CI [1.46, 3.40], P<0.001), lymph node metastasis (overall: OR =2.41, 95% CI [1.50, 3.86], P<0.001; Asian: OR =2.89, 95% CI [1.80, 4.65], P<0.001; SCC: OR =2.44, 95% CI [1.47, 4.07], P=0.001; PCR: OR =2.89, 95% CI [1.80, 4.65], P<0.001) and distant metastasis (Asian: OR =2.68, 95% CI [1.01, 7.08], P=0.047) in patients with EC. Conclusion: The presence of CTCs indicates a poor prognosis in EC patients, especially in Asian and SCC patients. Further well-designed prospective studies are recommended to explore the clinical applications of CTCs in patients with EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear-stability-theory-based eN method plays an important role in boundary-layer transition prediction of aeronautical flows. Based on the simplification of linear stability theory (Drela and Giles, AIAA J, 1987), the amplification factor transport (AFT) equation for Tollmien-Schlichting waves using local variables was first proposed in 2013 (Coder and Maughmer, AIAA J, 2014). However, in transonic high-Reynolds-number flows, the AFT model seriously overestimates the value of NTS. To fix this problem, we have conducted many linear stability analyses to rebuild the formulations of AFT model. Compressibility effect, which has a significant impact on the prediction of NTS value, has been considered in the improved version. Coupled with the NCF model for crossflow instabilities (Xu et al., CJA, 2020), the improved AFT model is established for transonic boundary layers. Several classic test cases are successfully employed to validate present AFT model, including a flat plate, an airfoil, an infinite swept wing, a sickled-shape wing, a 6:1 inclined prolate spheroid, the NASA Common Research Model, and ARA Transonic Swept Wing. Our prediction results show that both Tollmien-Schlichting instabilities and stationary crossflow instabilities can be captured and predicted well by the improved NTS-NCF model in subsonic and transonic boundary layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The management of childhood constipation is challenging. Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is one of the most common causes of childhood constipation. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) with pelvic floor exercises (PFE) has achieved a satisfactory outcome in the elderly individuals and women with PFD. The efficacy of PTNS with PFE in childhood constipation has not been established. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with 84 childrenwho met the inclusion criteriawas conducted. All participantswere randomly assigned toPTNSwithPFEorshamPTNSwithPFEgroups and received their individual interventionfor4weekswitha 12-week follow-up evaluation. The spontaneousbowelmovements (SBM) -3 per week were themain outcomes, and the risk ratio (RR) with 95%confidence interval (CI) were calculated. High-resolution anorectal manometry and surface electromyography were used for the assessment of pelvic floor function, and the adverse effects were assessed based on symptoms. RESULTS: At the end of the follow-up period, 26 patients (61.9%) in the PTNS with PFE group and 15 patients (35.7%) in the sham group had -3 SBM per week compared with baseline (net difference 26.2%, 95% CI 5.6%-46.8%; RR 2.750, 95% CI 1.384-5.466; P < 0.05). PFD remission occurred in 49 children, 33 (78.6%) in the PTNS with PFE group and 16 (38.1%) in the sham group (RR 2.063, 95% CI 1.360-3.128, P < 0.05). No adverse effects occurred. DISCUSSION: PTNS with PFE is a safe and effective method in the treatment of childhood constipation, particularly in children with PFD or dyssynergic defecation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the strong nonlinearity and coupling problems in robot manipulator control, two novel robust adaptive PID control schemes are proposed in this paper with known or unknown upper bound of the external disturbances. Invoking the two proposed controllers, the unknown bounded external disturbances can be compensated and the global asymptotical stability with respect to the manipulator positions and velocities is able to be guaranteed. As compared with the existing adaptive PD control methods, the designed control laws can enlarge the tolerable external disturbances, enhance the accuracy in finite-time trajectory tracking control, and improve the dynamic performance of the manipulator systems. The stability and convergence properties of the closedloop system are analytically proved using Lyapunov stability theory and Barbalat's lemma. Simulations are performed for a planner manipulator with two rotary degrees of freedom to illustrate the viability and the advantages of the proposed controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we prove that if the positive part u+(x) of a harmonic function u(x) in the upper half space satisfies a fast growing condition, then its negative part u-(x) can also be dominated by a similar growing condition. Meanwhile, u(x) can be represented in terms of the modified Poisson integral and a harmonic function vanishing on the boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim in this paper is to deal with non-tangential limits for modified Poisson integrals of boundary functions in a cone, which generalized results obtained by Brundin and Mizuta-Shimomura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the behavior at infinity of modified Poisson integral and Green potential on a half-space of the n-dimensional Euclidean space, which generalizes the growth properties of analytic functions, harmonic functions and superharmonic functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solution of the Dirichlet problem on the upper half-space is constructed by the generalized Dirichlet integral with a fast-growing continuous boundary function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A class of α-potentials represented as the sum of modified Green potential and modified Poisson integral are proved to have the growth estimates Rα,l,l (x) = o(xß n ∣x∣l-2ß+2h ∣x∣ -1) at infinity in the upper-half space of the n-dimensional Euclidean space, where the function h (∣x∣) is a positive nondecreasing function on the interval 0,∞ satisfying certain conditions. This result generalizes the growth properties of analytic functions, harmonic functions, and superharmonic functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  The condensation heat transfer of the ethanol–water mixtures on the vertical tube over a wide range of ethanol concentrations was investigated. The condensation curves of the heat flux and the heat transfer coefficients revealed nonlinear characteristics and had peak values, with respect to the change of the vapor-to-surface temperature difference. This characteristic applies to all ethanol concentrations under all experimental conditions. With the decrease of the ethanol concentrations, the condensation heat transfer coefficient increased notably, especially when the ethanol concentration was very low. The maximum heat transfer coefficient of the vapor mixtures increased to 9 times as compared with that of pure steam at ethanol vapor mass concentration of 1%. With the increase of the ethanol concentrations, the condensation heat transfer coefficient decreased accordingly. When the ethanol concentration reached 50%, the heat transfer coefficient was smaller than that of the pure steam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research reports that lactate affects Treg metabolism, although the precise mechanism has only been partially elucidated. In this study, we presented evidence demonstrating that elevated lactate levels enhanced cell proliferation, suppressive capabilities, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in human Tregs. The expression levels of Monocarboxylate Transporters 1/2/4 (MCT1/2/4) regulate intracellular lactate concentration, thereby influencing the varying responses observed in naive Tregs and memory Tregs. Through mitochondrial isolation, sequencing, and analysis of human Tregs, we determined that α-1,3-Mannosyl-Glycoprotein 2-β-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase (MGAT1) served as the pivotal driver initiating downstream N-glycosylation events involving progranulin (GRN) and hypoxia-upregulated 1 (HYOU1), consequently enhancing Treg OXPHOS. The mechanism by which MGAT1 was upregulated in mitochondria depended on elevated intracellular lactate that promoted the activation of XBP1s. This, in turn, supported MGAT1 transcription as well as the interaction of lactate with the translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane 70 (TOM70) import receptor, facilitating MGAT1 translocation into mitochondria. Pretreatment of Tregs with lactate reduced mortality in a xenogeneic graft-versushost disease (GvHD) model. Together, these findings underscored the active regulatory role of lactate in human Treg metabolism through the upregulation of MGAT1 transcription and its facilitated translocation into the mitochondria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root system architecture is influenced by gravity. How the root senses gravity and directs its orientation, so-called gravitropism, is not only a fundamental question in plant biology but also theoretically important for genetic improvement of crop root architecture. However, the mechanism has not been elucidated in most crops. We characterized a rice agravitropism allele, wavy root 1 (war1), a loss-of-function allele in OsPIN2, which encodes an auxin efflux transporter. With loss of OsPIN2 function, war1 leads to altered root system architecture including wavy root, larger root distribution angle, and shallower root system due to the loss of gravitropic perception in root tips. In the war1 mutant, polar auxin transport was disrupted in the root tip, leading to abnormal auxin levels and disturbed auxin transport and distribution in columella cells. Amyloplast sedimentation, an important process in gravitropic sensing, was also decreased in root tip columella cells. The results indicated that OsPIN2 controls gravitropism by finely regulating auxin transport, distribution and levels, and amyloplast sedimentation in root tips. We identified a novel role of OsPIN2 in regulating ABA biosynthesis and response pathways. Loss of OsPIN2 function in the war1 resulted in increased sensitivity to ABA in seed germination, increased ABA level, changes in ABA-associated genes in roots, and decreased drought tolerance in the seedlings. These results suggest that the auxin transporter OsPIN2 not only modulates auxin transport to control root gravitropism, but also functions in ABA signaling to affect seed germination and root development, probably by mediating crosstalk between auxin and ABA pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a group of rapidly growing technology-based entrepreneurial enterprises have emerged in China, playing an increasingly important role in the national economy. However, small and mediumsized technology startups have low profitability and high risk, making it difficult to obtain sufficient funds from traditional financing channels. At present, research on venture capital evaluation mainly focuses on the evaluation of projects before venture capital, and empirical methods are mostly used to study the promoting effect of venture capital on performance after investment, ignoring the issue of continuous evaluation after investment. The performance evaluation of risk investment in small and medium-sized high-technology venture enterprises is MADM. In such study, the generalized weighted geometric Bonferroni mean (GWGBM) technique is illustrated for MADM under single-valued neutrosophic sets (SVNSs). We begin by constructing the single-valued neutrosophic number GWGBM (SVNNGWGBM) operator, followed by the introduction of the MADM based on this technique. Subsequently, we provide an illustrative example that evaluates the performance of risk investment in small and medium-sized high-technology venture enterprises, supplemented by some comparative analyses to demonstrate the SVNNGWGBM technique. The principal contributions of this research are highlighted: (1) The maximizing deviation method is employed to derive the weight; (2)The GSVNNWBM technique is developed, setting the stage for the introduction of MADM methods based on GSVNNWBM technique; (3) Numerical example is presented that focuses on the performance evaluation of risk investment in small and medium-sized high-technology venture enterprises, along with a comparative decision analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single-image passive ranging and three-dimensional (3D) imaging system with chiral phase encoding was proposed in 2011 [Opt. Lett.36, 115 (2011)]. A new theoretical analysis of the system in space domain is presented in this paper. We deduce the analytic relationships between the object distance and the point spread function, and between the object distance and the encoded image, respectively. Both the point spread function and the processed spectrum of the encoded image have two spots, which will rotate with the variation of the object distance. Then the depth map is extracted from the encoded image and it can be used to set up 3D images. The theoretical analysis is verified by a wavefront coding system with a chiral phase which is generated by a phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulator. The phase generated by the liquid-crystal spatial light modulator is more flexible than the fixed phase mask and can be adjusted in real time. It is especially suitable for observing the object with a large depth of field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the properties of superfluid in a two-dimensional (2D) polarized Fermi gas with spin–orbit coupling and adiabatic rotation which are trapped in a harmonic potential. Due to the competition between polarization, spin–orbit coupling, and adiabatic rotation, the Fermi gas exhibits many intriguing phenomena. By using the Bardeen–Cooper– Schrieffer (BCS) mean-field method with local density approximation, we investigate the dependence of order parameter solution on the spin–orbit coupling strength and the rotation velocity. The energy spectra with different rotation velocities are studied in detail. Besides, the conditions for the zero-energy Majorana fermions in topological superfluid phase to be observed are obtained. By investigating distributions of number density, we find that the rotation has opposite effect on the distribution of number density with different spins, which leads to the enhancement of the polarization of Fermi gas. Here, we focus on the region of BCS pairing and ignore the Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory of thermal fluctuations in two-band superconductors under an essentially homogeneous magnetic field is developed within the framework of the two-band Ginzburg–Landau theory. The fluctuating specific heat is calculated by using the optimized self-consistent perturbation approach and the results are applied to analyze the thermodynamic data of the iron-based superconductors Ba1−xKxFe2As2 with x ∼ 0.4, which have been suggested to have a two-band structure by recent experiments. We estimate the fluctuation strength in this material and find that the specific heat is described well with the Ginzburg number Gi = 4·10−4. The influence of interband coupling strength is investigated and the result of the two-band Gaussian approximation approach is compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional linear stability analysis for transition prediction includes the following steps: solving velocity profiles using boundary-layer equations or a computational fluid dynamics solver, guessing and searching operations for the eigenvalues, computing the linear perturbation equations, and integrating the amplification factor N. It is difficult to implement into modern computational fluid dynamics solvers with parallel computations because it requires many nonlocal variables and coordinate system transformations. In this Paper, an amplification factor transport equation, which can be coupled with a modern computational fluid dynamics parallel solver, is established based on the analysis results through linear stability theory for stationary crossflow instabilities. According to the analysis results of Falkner-Skan-Cooke similarity velocity profiles using linear stability theory analysis, the source term of the present transport equation is formulated locally to describe the growth of stationary crossflow waves in the laminar boundary layer. This new equation is added to the NTS equation proposed by Coder and Maughmer for Tollmien-Schlichting instabilities. Finally, coupling of these two amplification factor transport equations and Menter's shear stress transport turbulence model completes an effective transition turbulence model. Comparisons between the present predictions, wind tunnel experiments and the standard linear stability theory analysis on an NLF(2)-0415 infinite swept wing, Petzold's sickle-shaped wing and 6:1 inclined prolate spheroid validate the reasonable establishment of the present amplification factor transport equation for stationary crossflow instabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing evidence that serum adipokine levels are associated with higher risks of cardiovascular diseases. As an important adipokine, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been demonstrated to be associated with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, circulating level of FGF21 in patients with angina pectoris has not yet been investigated. Circulating FGF21 level was examined in 197 patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP, n=66), unstable angina pectoris (UAP, n=76), and control subjects (n=55) along with clinical variables of cardiovascular risk factors. Serum FGF21 concentrations on admission were significantly increased more in patients with UAP than those with SAP (Ln-FGF21: 5.26 ± 0.87 compared with 4.85 ± 0.77, P<0.05) and control subjects (natural logarithm (Ln)-FGF21: 5.26 ± 0.87 compared with 4.54 ± 0.72, P<0.01). The correlation analysis revealed that serum FGF21 concentration was positively correlated with the levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) (r2  =  0.026, P=0.027) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) (r2  =  0.023, P= 0.04). Furthermore, FGF21 level was identified as an independent factor associated with the risks of UAP (odds ratio (OR): 2.781; 95% CI: 1.476-5.239; P=0.002), after adjusting for gender, age, and body mass index (BMI). However, there were no correlations between serum FGF21 levels and the presence of SAP (OR: 1.248; 95% CI: 0.703-2.215; P=0.448). The present study indicates that FGF21 has a strong correlation and precise predictability for increased risks of UAP, that is independent of traditional risk factors of angina pectoris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to investigate the mechanical performance of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) reinforced by silver nanoparticles. The Ag/UHMWPE nanocomposites were prepared by a plate vulcanizing machine and tested with a contact angle micrometer, UMT friction tester, electronic universal testing machine and MicroXAM three-dimensional profilometer to characterise the wettability, ball indentation hardness, creep resistance, compression properties, and friction and wear performance. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to describe the morphology of the Ag/UHMWPE nanocomposites surfaces following the friction and wear tests. These results demonstrate that the compressive yield strength, ball indentation hardness and creep resistance increased with an increase in the content of silver nanoparticles. The contact angle of the Ag/UHMWPE nanocomposites with bovine calf serum decreases with an increase in the content of silver nanoparticles and this change increases the wettability of the Ag/UHMWPE nanocomposites. Therefore, the friction coefficient decreases, but the wear mechanism changes from scratch and furrow to fatigue flakes when the mass fraction of silver nanoparticles exceeds 0.3%. The composite with a silver nanoparticles mass fraction of 0.3% exhibits a low friction coefficient and good wear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hostile sexism is a blatant and explicit form of sexism consisting of antagonistic attitudes toward women. We hypothesized that men's personal relative deprivation, a subjectively perceived disadvantage, would predict their hostile sexism toward women. In addition, we expected that, if this effect occurs, a sense of control would act as a mediator. Five studies (N = 1352) confirmed these hypotheses. Study 1 showed that personal relative deprivation predicted hostile sexism only for men, but not for women among Chinese college students. In addition, we observed the effect of personal relative deprivation only on hostile sexism, but not on benevolent sexism. Study 2, which employed participants from the United States, directly replicated the findings of Study 1. Studies 3 and 4 further showed that a sense of control acted as a mediator in this process. As such, increased hostile sexism attitude (Study 3) and hostile sexism behavior (Study 4) predicted by personal relative deprivation could result from a reduced sense of control. Study 5 further provided causal evidence that a temporarily induced state of personal relative deprivation resulted in a higher level of hostile sexism via a reduced sense of control. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for relative deprivation, gender inequality, and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new computational fluid dynamics compatible transition model for the natural transition and laminar separation bubble induced transition is established using two transport equations with consideration of analysis results through linear stability theory linear stability theory. One transport equation is introduced to describe the growth of the laminar kinetic energy in the boundary layer. In addition, another transport equation of intermittency factor is built to trigger the transition by controlling the source term of turbulent kinetic energy equation. Finally, applying the two transport equations to a shear stress transport turbulence model completes a four-equation transition turbulence model. Comparisons of predictions using the new model with wind-tunnel experiments of the Schubauer and Klebanoff flat plate, S809 airfoil, Aerospatiale-A airfoil, and DLR-F5 wing validate the predictive qualities of the new transition turbulence model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typhoons have a significant effect on the marine depositional environment and depositional process. In this paper, we used the high-resolution Chirp sonar sub-bottom profiler and radioisotope detection techniques to examine the storm-deposited layer formed in the seawater near the path of Typhoon Saola along the coast of Fujian, China. The thickness of the typhoon-deposited layer acquired using these two methods was 10-25 cm. The thickness, sediment grain size, and δ13C values of the deposited sedimentary layer indicated that it was mainly matter from the re-suspension and redistribution of seafloor sediments. The particle sizes of the sediments in the storm-deposited layer became coarser, indicating that the fine-grade compositions spread over a wider range out of the coastal zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The excessive production of lactic acid by L. bulgaricus during yogurt storage is a phenomenon we are always tried to prevent. The methods used in industry either control the post-acidification inefficiently or kill the probiotics in yogurt. Genetic methods of changing the activity of one enzyme related to lactic acid metabolism make the bacteria short of energy to growth, although they are efficient ways in controlling lactic acid production. Results: A model of pH-induced promoter regulation on the production of lactic acid by L. bulgaricus was built. The modelled lactic acid metabolism without pH-induced promoter regulation fitted well with wild type L. bulgaricus (R2LAC = 0.943, R2LA = 0.942). Both the local sensitivity analysis and Sobol sensitivity analysis indicated parameters Tmax, GR, KLR, S, V0, V1 and dLR were sensitive. In order to guide the future biology experiments, three adjustable parameters, KLR, V0 and V1, were chosen for further simulations. V0 had little effect on lactic acid production if the pH-induced promoter could be well induced when pH decreased to its threshold. KLR and V1 both exhibited great influence on the producing of lactic acid. Conclusions: The proposed method of introducing a pH-induced promoter to regulate a repressor gene could restrain the synthesis of lactic acid if an appropriate strength of promoter and/or an appropriate strength of ribosome binding sequence (RBS) in lacR gene has been designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of the dynamics and regulation of virus-triggered innate immune signaling pathways at a system level will enable comprehensive analysis of the complex interactions that maintain the delicate balance between resistance to infection and viral disease. In this study, we developed a delayed mathematical model to describe the virus-induced interferon (IFN) signaling process by considering several key players in the innate immune response. Using dynamic analysis and numerical simulation, we evaluated the following predictions regarding the antiviral responses: (1) When the replication ratio of virus is less than 1, the infectious virus will be eliminated by the immune system's defenses regardless of how the time delays are changed. (2) The IFN positive feedback regulation enhances the stability of the innate immune response and causes the immune system to present the bistability phenomenon. (3) The appropriate duration of viral replication and IFN feedback processes stabilizes the innate immune response. The predictions from the model were confirmed by monitoring the virus titer and IFN expression in infected cells. The results suggest that the balance between viral replication and IFN- induced feedback regulation coordinates the dynamical behavior of virus-triggered signaling and antiviral responses. This work will help clarify the mechanisms of the virus-induced innate immune response at a system level and provide instruction for further biological experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

floating solid object may have a spontaneous motion on a water surface when a liquid, which has a surface tension lower than water, exits the solid object and has contact with water. This motion may be induced due to the difference between surface tensions of water and the liquid. In order to interpret this motion, it is important to know how the liquid exits the solid object. In this article, we reported in situ observation of exchange processes of water and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) inside both close and open reservoirs of cm-scaled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) boats. Based on this observation and force analysis, we interpreted driving mechanisms of these boats. We found that the exchange processes may be different in the PDMS boats of respective close and open reservoirs. The PDMS boat of a close reservoir might have a bubble trapped in its reservoir during the motion. This bubble slowed down the exiting process of the IPA from the reservoir, made the motion last longer, and enabled the boat to have a longer travel distance. Also, such a boat had gurgling-like motions (i.e., approximately periodic motions of deceleration and acceleration) after the majority of the IPA had exited the reservoir. The speeds of this boat had an order of 1 cm/s. On the other hand, neither bubbles nor gurgling-like phenomena were found in the motions of the PDMS boat of an open reservoir. The speeds of this boat were in the order of 1 cm/s as well. In addition, based on observed exiting processes of the IPA and experimentally determined speed-time relationships, we also set up a simple model to find force-time relationships. Furthermore, we investigated the exiting process when the open reservoir of the cm-scaled PDMS boat was shallow. We found that, depending on the values of the height difference, h, between the bottom of the reservoir and the water surface outside the reservoir, three different phenomena might appear: (1) if h ≤ 1.33 mm, then the reservoir was empty at the end of the test and no water flowed into the reservoir during the test; (2) if 1.3 mm < h ≤ 2.3 mm, then the reservoir was empty at the end of the test while water flowed into the reservoir during the test; and (3) if 2.3 mm < h ≤ 3.0 mm, then the reservoir was filled by water at the end of the test. The difference in the filling results was induced by the interplay among Marangoni effect, free convection, and recovery of a hollow spot by surrounding water. The corresponding findings interpreted the exiting process of the IPA observed in the open reservoir of a mm-scaled SU-8 boat that we have previously developed, and also explained the filling result in the open reservoir of a PDMS boat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel frequency splitter is proposed based on the spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) coplanar waveguide (CPW). The proposed frequency splitter uses the semi-circular holes etched on the both sides of the middle line of the CPW to realize mode conversion and frequency splitting. The operating principles of the proposed frequency splitter have been analyzed by the dispersion curves, electric field distributions, and equivalent circuit. Moreover, the splitting frequency of the splitter can be easily controlled by changing the corresponding parameters. Furthermore, full-wave simulation along with the measured results are given to describe the performance of the proposed frequency splitter. The highly consistent between simulated and measured results validates the design conception, which means that the proposed design is of importance to develop surface-wave integrated circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The overall prevalence of C. burnetii in sheep and goats was found to be 6.8 %. • C. burnetii strains identified herein closely related to those identified in humans worldwide. • High risk of C. burnetii infection among slaughterhouse workers. • It's important to investigate samples from humans and animals within the "One Health" framework. Q fever is a significant zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii , an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium. Although C. burnetii infection has been identified in various animal species, domestic ruminants serve as the primary reservoirs and main sources of human infection. Understanding of the epidemiology of C. burnetii in domestic ruminants is crucial for preventing and controlling of C. burnetii infection in humans. In this study, spleen tissues from sheep and goats were collected in Hennan province, China. Through PCR screening, C. burnetii was detected in sheep and goats in Henan province with an overall infection rate of 6.8 %. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis revealed that all newly identified C. burnetii strains shared a close genetic relationship with those found in humans worldwide. These findings highlight the high risk of C. burnetii infection among slaughterhouse workers and emphasize the importance of epidemiological studies that investigate samples from both humans and animals within the "One Health" framework. Such surveillance will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemic situation and aid in the development of effective prevention and control strategies for C. burnetii infections in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults, and it carries a high risk of metastasis and mortality. Various proinflammatory cytokines have been found to be significantly increased in the aqueous humor or vitreous fluid of UM patients; however, the role of these cytokines in UM metastasis remains elusive. In the present study, we found that long-term interleukin (IL)-6 exposure promoted the migration and invasion of UM cells, diminished cell--cell adhesion, and enhanced focal adhesion. Moreover, IL-6 treatment decreased the membranous epithelial marker TJP1 and increased the cytoplasmic mesenchymal marker Vimentin. Further investigation demonstrated that JunB played a critical role in IL-6-induced UM epithelial--mesenchymal transition (EMT). In UM cells, the expression of JunB was significantly up-regulated during the IL-6-driven EMT process. Additionally, JunB induction occurred at the transcriptional level in a manner dependent on phosphorylated STAT3, during which activated STAT3 directly bound to the JunB promoter. Importantly, the knockdown of STAT3 prevented the IL-6-induced EMT phenotype as well as cell migration and invasion, whereas JunB overexpression recovered the attenuated aggressiveness of UM cells. Similarly, with IL-6 stimulation, the stable overexpression of JunB strengthened the migratory and invasive capabilities of UM cells and induced the EMT-promoting factors (Snail, Twist1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-14, and MMP-19). Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database indicated that JunB was positively correlated with IL-6 and STAT3 in UM tissues. The present study proposes an IL-6/STAT3/JunB axis leading to UM aggressiveness by EMT, which illustrates the negative side of inflammatory response in UM metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass chars (bio-chars) prepared under two pyrolysis modes and with four particle size ranges were investigated. The pyrolysis modes included isothermal pyrolysis and non-isothermal pyrolysis with three heating rates (5 °C/min, 10 °C/min, and 15 °C/min). The particle size ranges were 58- 75 μm, 75-106 μm, 106-150 μm, and 150-270 μm. The pyrolysis characteristics, pore structures, surface morphologies, and functional groups of the bio-chars were characterized by TGA, specific surface area and porosity analyses, SEM, and FTIR. The mercury adsorption was further explored by the adsorption kinetics. The results established the optimum pyrolysis conditions for mercury adsorption: pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, heating rate of 10 °C/min, and particle size of 58- 75 μm. In addition, the mercury adsorption processes were affected by both physical adsorption and chemical adsorption. Furthermore, the rate constants of the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models gradually increased with decreasing particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single-point transition closure model that incorporates analytical results by stability theory in a reasonably wide range of Mach numbers has been formulated for supersonic/hypersonic boundary-layer flows, which includes two transport equations to specify the transition onset locations: one for the eddy-viscosity coefficient of laminar fluctuations and another for intermittency factor. The effects of compressibility are modeled through solutions of laminar self-similar boundary layer at subsonic and supersonic conditions with a totally local closure. Then, to form a complete transition turbulence model, the proposed transition model is coupled with the compressible k-ω shear-stress transport turbulence model. In the end, several sets of well-documented flow cases are chosen to validate the present transition model, and the results are in satisfactory accord with experimental data. Proven by the numerical tests, the present model is capable of predicting well the supersonic/hypersonic transition onset that is dominated by the first and second Mack instability modes and laminar separation mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aims of this work were to evaluate the effects of home-based telesupervising rehabilitation on physical function for stroke survivors with hemiplegia and to determine if the rehabilitation therapy can relieve the burden on caregivers. Design: This study is a randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded trial. Stroke survivors were randomly assigned to either home-based telesupervising rehabilitation group or conventional rehabilitation group to receive physical exercise and electromyography-triggered neuro-muscular stimulation. Modified Barthel Index, Berg Balance Scale, modified Rankin Scale, Caregiver Strain Index, root mean square of extensor carpi radialis longus and tibialis anterior muscle were measured at 3 time points: baseline, postintervention (12 weeks), and 12-week follow-up (24 weeks). Results: Both the home-based telerehabilitation and conventional rehabilitation groups demonstrated significant effects within groups over the 3 time points in increasing Modified Barthel Index, Berg Balance Scale, and root mean square value of extensor carpi radialis longus and tibialis anterior, as well as decreasing Caregiver Strain Index (P < 0.001), but none of the between-group differences was significant. For modified Rankin Scale, the percentage of participants of grades 0 and 1 in 2 groups increased over time without significant difference between the groups. Conclusions: Home-based telesupervising rehabilitation is most likely as effective as the conventional outpatient rehabilitation for improving functional recovery in stroke survivors and could ease the burden of caregivers as conventional rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which is associated with serious physical deficits that affect daily living and quality of life and produces immense public health and economic burdens. Both clinical and experimental data suggest that early physical training after ischemic brain injury may reduce the extent of motor dysfunction. However, the exact mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on neuroprotection and understand the underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods: Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was conducted to establish a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury to mimic ischemic stroke. Experimental animals were divided into the following three groups: sham (n=34), MCAO (n=39), and MCAO plus treadmill exercise (n=28). The effects of aerobic exercise intervention on ischemic brain injury were evaluated using functional scoring, histological analysis, and Bio-Plex Protein Assays. Results: Early aerobic exercise intervention was found to improve motor function, prevent death of neuronal cells, and suppress the activation of microglial cells and astrocytes. Furthermore, it was observed that aerobic exercise downregulated the expression of the cytokine interleukin-1β and the chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 after transient MCAO in experimental rats. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that treadmill exercise rehabilitation promotes neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via the downregulation of proinflammatory mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age hardening response and microstructure characterization of Mg–8Sn–4Al alloys with 0.8 wt% Sc and its combination with 1.0 wt% Ag addition was investigated by Vickers hardness, optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Mg–8Sn–4Al–1Ag-0.8Sc alloy obtains a noticeable age hardening response that the hardness value reaches to 80.7 HV (increased by 24.3%) after ageing treatment at 200 °C for 120 h. Microstructural studies reveal that as-cast Mg–8Sn–4Al alloy mainly composed of ɑ-Mg matrix and Mg 2 Sn phase distributed along grains boundaries. With Ag and Sc addition, the average grain size decreased to 70.1 μm from 142.7 μm. The addition of Ag and Sc contributes to the grains refinement. Meanwhile, the block-shaped Al 3 Sc phase with an excellent heat resistance is newly observed in the as-cast, solution treated and peak-aged alloys containing Sc element. After solution treatment, the Mg 2 Sn phase is dissolved into ɑ-Mg matrix. The Mg 2 Sn precipitates are observed in the peak-aged alloys. The orientation relationship of Mg 2 Sn precipitates with ɑ-Mg matrix is mainly detected as (01-1) β ∥(0002) ɑ , (−111) β ∥(11–20) ɑ in the TEM results of peak-aged alloys. It is obviously found that Ag and Sc addition increases the number density of Mg 2 Sn precipitates and decreases the size of Mg 2 Sn precipitates. The strength enhancement of peak-aged Mg–8Sn–4Al–1Ag-0.8Sc alloy is attributed to the grains refinement, second phase strengthening (Al 3 Sc phase), solution strengthening (Al, Ag and Sc) and a noticeable aging precipitation (Mg 2 Sn). The corresponding mechanism is discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although researchers generally concur that creativity involves the production of novel and useful products, the neural basis of creativity remains elusive due to the complexity of the cognitive processes involved. Recent studies have shown that highly creative individuals displayed more cognitive flexibility. However, direct evidence supporting the relationship between creativity and cognitive flexibility has rarely been investigated using both structural and functional neuroimaging techniques. We used a combined voxel-based morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) analysis to investigate the relationship between individual creativity ability assessed by the creative achievement questionnaire (CAQ), and regional gray matter volume (GMV), as well as intrinsic functional connectivity. Results showed that CAQ scores negatively correlated with GMV in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the bilateral dorsal ACC (dACC) extending to supplementary motor area, but positively correlated with GMV in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus and ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Further functional connectivity analysis revealed that higher creative achievement was inversely associated with the strength of rsFC between the dACC and medial superior frontal gyrus (mSFG), right middle frontal gyrus, and left orbito-frontal insula. Moreover, the association between the dACC–mSFG connectivity and CAQ scores was mediated by cognitive flexibility, assessed by a task-switching paradigm. These findings indicate that individual differences in creative achievement are associated with both brain structure and corresponding intrinsic functional connectivity involved in cognitive flexibility and deliberate creative processing. Furthermore, dACC–mSFG connectivity may affect creative achievement through its impact on cognitive flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]