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Most car-following models have mainly focused on the effects of the lead vehicle on the target vehicle's behaviour or the driver's forward-looking effects, but not the effects of the vehicle behind the target vehicle (the following vehicle) or the driver's backward-looking effects. Therefore, this study proposes a data-driven car-following model that incorporates both backward- and forward-looking effects using a deep neural network (DNN). This model is called the "DNN with backward-looking effect (DNN-BE) model". The DNN-BE model produced higher prediction accuracy than the DNN model with forward-looking effects only and a conventional mathematical car-following model that considers both forward- and backward-looking effects. It was found that the target vehicle is more likely to accelerate when the spacing with the following vehicle is shorter and the spacing with the lead vehicle is longer. The result of permutation importance also shows that variables related to the following vehicle are more important when the spacing with the following vehicles is shorter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the effect of semi-supervised learning in combination with pretrained language models for data-to-text generation. It is not known whether semi-supervised learning is still helpful when a large-scale language model is also supplemented. This study aims to answer this question by comparing a data-to-text system only supplemented with a language model, to two data-to-text systems that are additionally enriched by a data augmentation or a pseudo-labeling semi-supervised learning approach. Results show that semi-supervised learning results in higher scores on diversity metrics. In terms of output quality, extending the training set of a data-to-text system with a language model using the pseudo-labeling approach did increase text quality scores, but the data augmentation approach yielded similar scores to the system without training set extension. These results indicate that semi-supervised learning approaches can bolster output quality and diversity, even when a language model is also present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Accumulator model was applied to predict driver reaction times in car-following condition. • The model can reflect the driver's intermittent reaction rather than continuous reaction. • The model can accurately predict reaction times for approaching and braking conditions. • Driver distraction and the size of lead vehicle affect reaction times in approaching condition. Introduction: The prediction of when the driver will react to a change in the lead vehicle motion is critical for assessing rear-end crash risk using car-following models. Past studies have assumed constant reaction time and driver's continuous reaction. However, these assumptions are not valid as the driver's reaction time can vary in different car-following situations and the driver does not continuously react to the lead vehicle motion. Thus, this study predicted the driver's reaction time using the Wiedemann car-following model and the Accumulator model. The Accumulator model assumes the driver's start of reaction based on the accumulation of looming and thereby reflects the driver's intermittent reaction. Method: Fifty drivers' behavior was observed using a driving simulator in two scenarios: (1) approach and follow a moving lead vehicle and (2) approach a stopped lead vehicle. The Accumulator model predicted the reaction times based on different looming variables (angular velocity and tau-inverse), lead vehicle type (car and truck), and lead vehicle brake lights (on or off). Results: The Accumulator model showed lower prediction errors of the reaction time than the Wiedemann model, which assumes reaction based on the fixed looming threshold. The Accumulator model predicted the reaction times more accurately when it was calibrated with the angular velocity due to width and height of lead vehicles. Moreover, the Accumulator model with tau-inverse produced the smallest prediction error of reaction times among different Accumulator models and the Wiedemann model when lead vehicle brake lights were on. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the Accumulator model is a promising method of predicting the driver's reaction time in car-following situations, which affects rear-end crash risk. Practical Applications: The Accumulator model can be incorporated into a car-following model for the prediction of reaction times and can estimate the rear-end collision risk of vehicles more accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impacts of cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) and cooperative lane changing (CLC) on the delay and the riding comfort in autonomous car–autonomous truck (AC–AT) mixed traffic at a freeway merging area. For this task, AC–AT mixed traffic on a 5.25 km section of freeway was analyzed using the Aimsun Next microscopic traffic simulation. The effects of different CACC parameters and CLC on the average speed and acceleration distributions as the measures of delay and riding comfort, respectively, were evaluated. It was found that (1) lower sensitivity to the lead vehicle reduced the merging time, (2) shorter time gaps between autonomous vehicles and between platoons decreased the delay, and (3) longer time gaps reduced the delay at higher percentage of ATs. These results demonstrate that the delay of AC–AT mixed traffic at a freeway merging area can be reduced and riding comfort can be increased by adjusting CACC parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We developed a new car-following model based on the observed driver behavior. • The model reflects drivers' intermittent reaction rather than continuous reaction. • The start time of reaction depends on the cumulative need for acceleration control. • The model considered the effect of brake lights of lead vehicle on driver reaction. • The model better predicted the timing and magnitude of reaction in car-following. This study develops a car-following model called the "Markkula Intelligent Driver Model (MIDM)" based on Markkula's Framework of Sensorimotor Control. The MIDM predicts the start time of driver's reaction based on the evidence accumulation within Markkula's framework unlike the existing car-following models that use a constant reaction time parameter. The MIDM also accurately represents the actual shape and duration of acceleration maneuvers. Fifty drivers' car-following behavior was observed in 2 different scenarios using a driving simulator – reaction to a decelerating lead vehicle and reaction to a stopped lead vehicle. Trajectory data from the NGSIM project were also used for the evaluation. Compared to the Gipps Model, the Wiedemann Model and the IDM, the MIDM realistically reproduced trajectories of speed, acceleration, jerk and spacing for both simulator and NGSIM data. The MIDM can also incorporate the effects of lead vehicle brake lights for more accurate estimation of the driver reaction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TMEM106B is an endolysosomal transmembrane protein not only associated with multiple neurological disorders including frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and hypomyelinating leukodystrophy but also potentially involved in COVID-19. Additionally, recent studies have identified amyloid fibrils of C-terminal TMEM106B in both aged healthy and neurodegenerative brains. However, so far little is known about physiological functions of TMEM106B in the endolysosome and how TMEM106B is involved in a wide range of human conditions at molecular levels. Here, we performed lipidomic analysis of the brain of TMEM106B-deficient mice. We found that TMEM106B deficiency significantly decreases levels of two major classes of myelin lipids, galactosylceramide and its sulfated derivative sulfatide. Subsequent co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that TMEM106B physically interacts with galactosylceramidase. We also found that galactosylceramidase activity was significantly increased in TMEM106B-deficient brains. Thus, our results suggest that TMEM106B interacts with galactosylceramidase to regulate myelin lipid metabolism and have implications for TMEM106B-associated diseases. Unbiased lipidomic and proteomic analyses reveal that TMEM106B, an endolysosomal protein associated with many neurological disorders including frontotemporal dementia, regulates myelin lipid metabolism by interacting with galactosylceramidase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chatbots have several features that may stimulate self-disclosure, such as accessibility, anonymity, convenience and their perceived non-judgmental nature. The aim of this study is to investigate if people disclose (more) intimate information to a chatbot, compared to a human, and to what extent this enhances their emotional well-being through feelings of relief. An experiment with a 2 (human vs. chatbot) by 2 (low empathetic vs. high empathetic) design was conducted (N  = 286). Results showed that there was no difference in the self-reported intimacy of self-disclosure between the human and chatbot conditions. Furthermore, people perceived less fear of judgment in the chatbot condition, but more trust in the human interactant compared to the chatbot interactant. Perceived anonymity was the only variable to directly impact self-disclosure intimacy. The finding that humans disclose equally intimate information to chatbots and humans is in line with the CASA paradigm, which states that people can react in a social manner to both computers and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bile acid metabolism is altered in neonates on parenteral nutrition (PN), predisposing them to parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the bile acid synthesis pathway, is repressed by fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and phytosterols (PS). We describe a case of a preterm infant who developed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and received exclusive PN for over 2 months. Our objective was to serially assess CYP7A1 activity and plasma FGF19 and PS concentrations in this infant case compared to five healthy preterm infants. We found that CYP7A1 activity increased during the first 2 weeks of life in control infants but was undetectable in the infant case. FGF19 concentrations were high at birth in all infants and subsequently declined and did not differ between the case and control infants. As expected, PS concentrations were elevated in the infant case and continued to increase despite lipid minimization. In conclusion, CYP7A1 activity was gradually upregulated in healthy preterm infants but remained suppressed in the infant requiring prolonged PN. Preterm infants also had elevated FGF19 concentrations at birth, which decreased with advancing postnatal age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Presence and time of driver's evasive action were determined using vehicle dynamics data. • Longer duration of evasive action decreased rear-end collision risk. • Driver characteristics were related to evasive action and collision risk. • Effect of evasive action on collision risk varied more when drivers followed trucks than cars. Introduction: Driver's evasive action is closely associated with collision risk in a critical traffic event. To quantify collision risk, surrogate safety measures (SSMs) have been estimated using vehicle trajectories. However, vehicle trajectories cannot clearly capture presence and time of driver's evasive action. Thus, this study determines the driver's evasive action based on his/her use of accelerator and brake pedals, and analyzes the effects of the driver's evasive action time (i.e., duration of evasive action) on rear-end collision risk. Method: Fifty drivers' car-following behavior on a freeway was observed using a driving simulator. An SSM called "Deceleration Rate to Avoid Crash (DRAC)" and the evasive action time were determined for each driver using the data from the driving simulator. Each driver tested two traffic scenarios – Cars and Trucks scenarios where conflicting vehicles were cars and trucks, respectively. The factors related to DRAC were identified and their effects on DRAC were analyzed using the Generalized Linear Models and random effects models. Results: DRAC decreased with the evasive action time and DRAC was closely related to drivers' gender and driving experience at the road sections where evasive action to avoid collision was required. DRAC was also significantly different between Cars and Trucks scenarios. The effect of the evasive action time on DRAC varied among different drivers, particularly in the Trucks scenario. Conclusions: Longer evasive action time can significantly reduce crash risk. Driver characteristics are more closely related to effective evasive action in complex driving conditions. Practical Applications: Based on the findings of this study, driver warning information can be developed to alert drivers to take specific evasive action that reduces collision risk in a critical traffic event. The information is likely to reduce the variability of the driver's evasive action and the speed variations among different drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new corpus of paired football match reports, the Multilingual Emotional Football Corpus, (MEmoFC), which has been manually collected from English, German, and Dutch websites of individual football clubs to investigate the way different emotional states (e.g. happiness for winning and disappointment for losing) are realized in written language. In addition to the reports, it also contains the statistics for the selected matches. MEmoFC is a corpus consisting of comparable subcorpora since the authors of the texts report on the same event from two different perspectives—the winner's and the loser's side, and from an arguably more neutral perspective in tied matches. We demonstrate how the corpus can be used to investigate the influence of affect on the reports through different approaches and illustrate how game outcome influences (1) references to the own team and the opponent, and (2) the use of positive and negative emotion terms in the different languages. The MEmoFC corpus, together with the analyzed aspects of emotional language will open up new approaches for targeted automatic generation of texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the potential to enhance learning in higher education, collaborative reflection in practical settings has received limited attention. This study investigated collaborative reflection within peer coaching assessments on a university-based coach education program. Data were collected through focus groups with undergraduate sports coaching students and individual interviews with module instructors. Thematic analysis revealed three main themes and six sub-themes as follows: reflective processes (evaluating peers' experiences, collaboration through shared knowledge); social support (practical support, emotional support); and engagement (task engagement, pressure of assessment). Evaluating peer coaching performance through observation, participation, and discussion enhanced students' awareness of their own coaching practice. Findings highlight a tendency for students to exchange knowledge informally and several barriers to collective reflection within formal practical settings. Students provided social support to help peers manage the demands of practical coaching assessments. Instructors' perspectives supported and challenged the student data, culminating in recommendations to enhance collaborative reflection within and beyond a module of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) have been discovered in the Coma cluster, and there is evidence that some, notably Dragonfly 44, have Milky Way-like dynamical masses despite dwarf-like stellar masses. We used X-ray, ultraviolet (UV), and optical data to investigate the star formation and nuclear activity in the Coma UDGs, and we obtained deep UV and X-ray data (Swift and XMM–Newton) for Dragonfly 44 to search for low-level star formation, hot circumgalactic gas, and the integrated emission from X-ray binaries. Among the Coma UDGs, we find UV luminosities consistent with quiescence but NUV − r colours indicating star formation in the past Gyr. This indicates that the UDGs were recently quenched. The r -band luminosity declines with projected distance from the Coma core. The Dragonfly 44 UV luminosity is also consistent with quiescence, with SFR |$\lt 6\times 10^{-4} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$|  yr−1, and no X-rays are detected down to a sensitivity of 1038 erg s−1. This rules out a hot corona with a |$M \gt 10^8 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$| within the virial radius, which would normally be expected for a dynamically massive galaxy. The absence of bright, low-mass X-ray binaries is consistent with the expectation from the Galaxy total stellar mass, but it is unlikely if most low-mass X-ray binaries form in globular clusters, as Dragonfly 44 has a very large population. Based on the UV and X-ray analysis, the Coma UDGs are consistent with quenched dwarf galaxies, although we cannot rule out a dynamically massive population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the tone-merging phenomenon in Hong Kong Cantonese. Both perception and production tasks were administered to 120 participants with ages ranging from 20 to 58 years. After considering the complicated interplay of perception and production confusion, the paper provides statistical evidence that three tonal contrasts have undergone merging in contemporary Hong Kong Cantonese. They are Full-merger T2 and T5, where contrast is collapsed in both perception and production; Partial-merger T3 and T6, where contrast is collapsed in production only; and Near-merger T4 and T6, where contrast is collapsed in perception but maintained in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kindergarten program, Tools of the Mind (Tools), has been shown to improve executive functions (as assessed by laboratory measures) and academic performance. The objective here was to see if Tools can improve executive functions in the real world (in the classroom), academic outcomes not previously investigated, reduce bullying and peer ostracism, and increase teachers’ and students’ joy in being in the classroom. This first randomized controlled trial of Tools in Canada included 351 kindergarten children (mean age 5.2 years at entry; 51% female) in 18 public schools. Stratified randomization resulted in teachers and students in both groups being closely matched. Teachers in both groups received the same number of training hours and same funds for new materials. Outcome measures were pre and post standardized academic skill assessments and teacher online survey responses. This study replicated that Tools improves reading and shows for the first time that it improves writing (far exceeding levels the school districts had seen before), self-control and attention-regulation in the real world (e.g., time on task without supervision), reduces teacher burnout and children being ostracized or excluded, and increases the joy students and teachers experience in school. By Spring, Tools teachers were still enthusiastic about teaching; control teachers were exhausted. These results were not only better than the control group but also better than Tools teachers experienced the year before Tools. Thus, children in a kindergarten curriculum that emphasized play, improving self-regulation, working together and helping one another, and hands-on learning performed better academically, showed less bullying and peer ostracism and more kindness and helping behavior than students in more traditional classes, and teacher enthusiasm for teaching soared. Tools reduced initial disparities separating children, schools, and teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hydrogels serve as a powerful tool for engineering neural tissue. • Such hydrogels can be adapted as bioinks for printing neural tissues. • 3D printing can potentially change how neural tissues are engineered. 3D bioprinting can potentially revolutionize the field of neural tissue engineering by increasing its throughput and reproducibility. However, many obstacles must be overcome to realize this immense potential. This review first discusses how 3D hydrogels can serve as powerful tools for engineering neural tissue, especially when combined with different types of cells. These tools enable us to gain a better understanding of neural tissue development and its associated disease states. Next, we define 3D bioprinting and detail the necessary tools for using this technique to produce neural tissue, along with reviewing relevant recent work in the area. We also compare with other approaches to generating 3D neural tissues while identifying key areas for future developments in the field of bioprinting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Observation and analysis of driver behaviour in 9 anger-provoking events. • Identification of psychology measures related to motivation for aggressive driving. • Development of driving performance measures using vehicle dynamics variables. • Identification of unique aggressive driving patterns in different driving events. • Recommendation of road safety policies to reduce aggressive driving. Whereas aggressive driving mainly causes speed-related crashes, aggressive driving may be reduced to improve road safety by identifying aggressive driving behaviour, aggressive drivers' characteristics, and their underlying motivational and psychological processes. Previous studies show that both driving performance and self-reported measures of aggressive driving are effective means to identify aggressive drivers. However, these studies assessed aggressive driving patterns across only a limited number of events, did not relate driver characteristics to aggressive driving in each event, and used chiefly vehicle kinematics variables (e.g., mean speed), but not vehicle dynamics variables (e.g., brake pedal force) which better capture driver reaction and decision-making. To address these limitations, this study assessed driver characteristics, self-reported psychological measures, and driving performance measures associated with aggressive driving among 55 drivers' behaviours in 9 driving events using a driving simulator and survey responses. The results of structural equation models showed that unique aggressive driving patterns and driver characteristics related to aggressive driving vary among different driving events. As such, we recommend road safety policies to reduce aggressive driving based on the findings in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cyst nematodes deliver effector proteins into host cells to manipulate cellular processes and establish a metabolically hyperactive feeding site. The novel 30D08 effector protein is produced in the dorsal gland of parasitic juveniles, but its function has remained unknown. • We demonstrate that expression of 30D08 contributes to nematode parasitism, the protein is packaged into secretory granules and it is targeted to the plant nucleus where it interacts with SMU2 (homolog of suppressor of mec-8 and unc-52 2), an auxiliary spliceosomal protein. • We show that SMU2 is expressed in feeding sites and an smu2 mutant is less susceptible to nematode infection. In Arabidopsis expressing 30D08 under the SMU2 promoter, several genes were found to be alternatively spliced and the most abundant functional classes represented among differentially expressed genes were involved in RNA processing, transcription and binding, as well as in development, and hormone and secondary metabolism, representing key cellular processes known to be important for feeding site formation. • In conclusion, we demonstrated that the 30D08 effector is secreted from the nematode and targeted to the plant nucleus where its interaction with a host auxiliary spliceosomal protein may alter the pre-mRNA splicing and expression of a subset of genes important for feeding site formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes rear-end collision risk of cars and heavy vehicles on freeways using a surrogate safety measure. The crash potential index (CPI) was modified to reflect driver’s reaction time and estimated by types of lead and following vehicles (car or heavy vehicle). CPIs were estimated using the individual vehicle trajectory data from a segment of the US-101 freeway in Los Angeles, U.S.A. It was found that the CPI was generally higher for the following heavy vehicle than the following car due to heavy vehicle’s lower braking capability. This study also validates the CPI using the simulated traffic data which replicate the observed traffic conditions a few minutes before the crash time upstream and downstream of the crash locations. The observed data were obtained from crash records and loop detectors on a section of the Gardiner Expressway in Toronto, Canada. The result shows that the values of CPI were consistently higher during the traffic conditions immediately before the crash time (crash case) than the normal traffic conditions (non-crash case). This demonstrates that the CPI can be used to capture rear-end collision risk during car-following maneuver on freeways. The result also shows that rear-end collision risk is lower for heavy vehicles than cars in the crash case due to their shorter reaction time and lower speed when spacing is shorter. Thus, it is important to reflect the differences in driver behavior and vehicle performance characteristics between cars and heavy vehicles in estimating surrogate safety measures. Lastly, it was found that the CPI-based crash prediction model can correctly identify the crash and non-crash cases at higher accuracy than the other crash prediction models based on detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article present a case study of a 79-year-old female with 1 day of nausea, vomiting, right-sided pleuritic chest pain and productive cough. Topics include diagnosing primary meningococcal pneumonia in a critically ill patient with pneumonia symptoms; discussing the clinical and microbiological features, differential diagnosis, treatment approach and learning points regarding Neisseria meningitidis identification; and treatment with antibiotics.

Haploinsufficiency of GRN, the gene encoding progranulin (PGRN), causes frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), the second most common cause of early-onset dementia. Receptor-mediated lysosomal targeting has been shown to regulate brain PGRN levels, and complete deficiency of PGRN is a direct cause of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disease. Here we show that the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin L (Cat L) can mediate the proteolytic cleavage of intracellular PGRN into poly-granulin and granulin fragments. Further, PGRN and Cat L co-localize in lysosomes of HEK293 cells, iPSC-derived neurons and human cortical neurons from human postmortem tissue. These data identify Cat L as a key intracellular lysosomal PGRN protease, and provides an intriguing new link between lysosomal dysfunction and FTLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal‐free biocompatible white‐light‐emitting diode material is enabled using graphite‐carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) silica gels that are conveniently fabricated from a one‐step solvothermal reaction. The novel g‐C3N4 silica gels can also be used as water‐resistant biocompatible fluorescent inks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents summaries of reviews of books related to library personnel and staff development that appeared in various periodicals. ''Communication Without Words',' by Pauline E. Henderson; ''Confront and Engage for Organizational Development,' by Robert Cunningham; 'High-Involvement Management: Participative Strategies for Improving Organizational Performance,' by Edward E. Lawler.

Microscopic traffic simulation models require the calibration of car-following (or vehicle-following) models. The parameters of vehicle-following models control individual driver’s spacing, time gap, speed variation and acceleration during different driving conditions. In recent studies, these parameters have been determined for different vehicle classes separately since heavy vehicles generally keep longer spacing and time gap than light vehicles. These parameters have been commonly estimated based on the observed macroscopic traffic flow data such as average volume and speed. However, these data cannot reflect actual vehicle-following behavior of individual vehicles. Also, the effect of the lead vehicle class on the following vehicle’s behavior has been neglected in the parameter estimation. Thus, this study estimates the driving behavior parameters for cars and heavy vehicles in the Wiedemann 99 vehicle-following model. For the estimation, 2169 vehicle trajectories were obtained from a 640-m segment of US-101 in Los Angeles, California during the morning peak hours. Separate parameters were estimated for three vehicle classes (cars, heavy vehicles, and motorcycles) and three vehicle-following cases (car following car, car following heavy vehicle, and heavy vehicle following car). From the comparison of the driving behavior parameters between cars and heavy vehicles, it was found that heavy vehicles keep longer spacing and time gap with the lead vehicle, are less sensitive to the lead car behavior, and apply smaller acceleration when they start from stationary position compared to cars. It was also found that the parameters significantly varied across different vehicle pairs even for the same vehicle class and the same vehicle-following case. The estimated parameters were also validated as the VISSIM simulation with the estimated parameters better reflected the observed cumulative average speed and acceleration distributions than the simulation with the default parameters. The results indicate that differences in the parameters among different vehicle-following cases and the variability of parameters for different vehicle pairs must be considered in the fixed parameters for each vehicle class currently used in the Wiedemann’s model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airport Authority Hong Kong (AAHK) aims to accelerate environmental footprint reductions at Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) by moving beyond its direct sphere of control to proactively engage with airport business partners and other stakeholders to address specific environmental issues. This paper details how AAHK has adopted this approach to reduce airport-wide carbon emissions, manage aircraft cabin waste and increase food waste recycling at HKIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effectiveness of changing lane width in reducing crashes on roadway segments. To consider nonlinear relationships between crash rate and lane width, the study develops generalized nonlinear models (GNMs) using 3-years crash records and road geometry data collected for all roadway segments in Florida. The study also estimates various crash modification factors (CMFs) for different ranges of lane width based on the results of the GNMs. It was found that the crash rate was highest for 12-ft lane and lower for the lane width less than or greater than 12 ft. GNMs can extrapolate this nonlinear continuous effect of lane width and estimate the CMFs for any lane width, not only selected lane widths, unlike generalized linear models (GLMs) with categorical variables. The CMFs estimated using GNMs reflect that crashes are less likely to occur for narrower lanes if the lane width is less than 12 ft whereas crashes are less likely to occur for wider lanes if the lane width is greater than 12 ft. However, these effects varied with the posted speed limits as the effect of interaction between lane width and speed limit was significant. The estimated CMFs show that crashes are less likely to occur for lane widths less than 12 ft than the lane widths greater than 12 ft if the speed limit is higher than or equal to 40 mph. It was also found from the CMFs that crashes at higher severity levels (KABC and KAB) are less likely to occur for lane widths greater or less than 12 ft compared to 12-ft lane. The study demonstrates that the CMFs estimated using GNMs clearly reflect variations in crashes with lane width, which cannot be captured by the CMFs estimated using GLMs. Thus, it is recommended that if the relationship between crash rate and lane width is nonlinear, the CMFs are estimated using GNMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse adulthood outcomes are well documented among youth who age out of foster care. However, not all youth who age out of care experience deleterious adult outcomes, despite struggling with similar challenges during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Childhood maltreatment, which places youth at greater risk for later maladaptive functioning and psychopathology, may partially explain poor adjustment outcomes in adulthood. Similarly, a history of unstable placements and residing in institutional congregate care settings may also contribute to hardship during this time. However, none of these factors help to explain how some young people aging out of care manage to achieve stability while transitioning into adulthood. This article reviews the literature through the lens of the identity capital framework, and discusses the applicability of this framework to the experiences of youth aging out of foster care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes driver's injury severity in single- and two-vehicle crashes and compares the effects of explanatory variables among various types of crashes. The study identified factors affecting injury severity and their effects on severity levels using 5-year crash records for provincial highways in Ontario, Canada. Considering heteroscedasticity in the effects of explanatory variables on injury severity, the heteroscedastic ordered logit (HOL) models were developed for single- and two-vehicle crashes separately. The results of the models show that there exists heteroscedasticity for young drivers (≤30), safety equipment and ejection in the single-vehicle crash model, and female drivers, safety equipment and head-on collision in the two-vehicle crash models. The results also show that young car drivers have opposite effects between single-car and car-car crashes, and sideswipe crashes have opposite effects between car-car and truck-truck crashes. The study demonstrates that separate HOL models for single-vehicle and different types of two-vehicle crashes can identify differential effects of factors on driver's injury severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Never before have public sector jobs been so threatened. Fear and anxiety have shifted their focus, from performance to survival. With reference to immediately contemporary works on the NHS in particular, such as Mandelstam (2011) and Leys and Player (2011), the paper establishes the factual validity of the crisis. The authors conducted a series of workshops for public sector staff to enable them to explore their reactions to the current situation. It is possible to identify increasing levels of denial and other forms of resistance to change similar to those first identified by Menzies' (1959). Drawing on the work of Bion (cited Obholzer & Roberts, 1994) the paper considers the dangers of a retreat to the paranoid schizoid position, and identifies a theoretical clue in Halton (2004) for turning the trauma of change into a creative opportunity. Art has access to emotional, spiritual and creative facets of the human mind that science cannot explore. Klein's (1975) consideration of the infantile and regressive aspect of art is acknowledged. The paper then considers what is revealed by a study of specific works of art which were presented in the workshops; including paintings by Bosch, Rousseau, Breughel and Goya. The work of Zagier-Roberts (1998) and Winnicott (1971) is called upon to endorse the usefulness of such a playful collage of responses. Art can be used to help people move through Kubler Ross' stages of bereavement (1997); not to acceptance but out of the paranoid schizoid position into the depressive position (Klein 1975). Revisiting the work of Halton (2004) and the concept of evolutionary creativity, a move on from the depressive position can begin. Collective validation can be affirmed through a rebooting of the essential public sector values while a radical turning away from organisational priorities, to face the service user, provides a more far reaching optimism than any envisaged by an essentially limited demand for modernisation. In conclusion the paper considers the recent contributions of Dienst (2011) and Dumenil and Levy (2011) to advocate tactical resistance to the denigration of the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This randomised trial showed that en bloc resection of the bladder tumour (ERBT) led to a significant reduction in the 1-yr recurrence rate in patients with non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer. With superiority in treatment efficacy, our study provided the best evidence to support ERBT as the first-line surgical treatment for patients with bladder tumours of ≤3 cm. The multicentre setting also showed that ERBT is generalisable with a comparable safety profile to standard resection. Conventionally, standard resection (SR) is performed by resecting the bladder tumour in a piecemeal manner. En bloc resection of the bladder tumour (ERBT) has been proposed as an alternative technique in treating non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The objective of this study is to investigate whether ERBT could improve the 1-yr recurrence rate of NMIBC, as compared with SR. A multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial was conducted in Hong Kong. Adults with bladder tumour(s) of ≤ 3cm were enrolled from April 2017 to December 2020, and followed up until 1 yr after surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either ERBT or SR in a 1:1 ratio. The primary outcome was 1-yr recurrence rate. A modified intention-to-treat analysis on patients with histologically confirmed NMIBC was performed. The main secondary outcomes included detrusor muscle sampling rate, operative time, hospital stay, 30-d complications, any residual or upstaging of disease upon second-look transurethral resection, and 1-yr progression rate. A total of 350 patients underwent randomisation, and 276 patients were histologically confirmed to have NMIBC. At 1 yr, 31 patients in the ERBT group and 46 in the SR group developed recurrence; the Kaplan-Meier estimate of 1- yr recurrence rates were 29% (95% confidence interval, 18–37) in the ERBT group and 38% (95% confidence interval, 28–46) in the SR group (p = 0.007). Upon a subgroup analysis, patients with 1–3 cm tumour, single tumour, Ta disease, or intermediate-risk NMIBC had a significant benefit from ERBT. None of the patients in the ERBT group and three patients in the SR group developed progression to muscle-invasive bladder cancer; the Kaplan-Meier estimates of 1-yr progression rates were 0% in the ERBT group and 2.6% (95% confidence interval, 0–5.5) in the SR group (p = 0.065). The median operative time was 28 min (interquartile range, 20–45) in the ERBT group and 22 min (interquartile range, 15–30) in the SR group (p < 0.001). All other secondary outcomes were similar in the two groups. In patients with NMIBC of ≤ 3cm, ERBT resulted in a significant reduction in the 1-yr recurrence rate when compared with SR. The study results support ERBT as the first-line surgical treatment for patients with bladder tumours of≤ 3cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]