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The progression of monoclonal gammopathies is affected by a range of factors, including the microenvironment surrounding plasma cells. It is recognized that TGF‐β1 plays a distinct role in stimulating IgA production. Hence, this study aims to investigate whether individuals with serum IgA monoclonal immunoglobulins (paraproteins) exhibit elevated total TGF‐β1 levels compared to those with IgG or IgM paraproteins. To achieve this goal, individuals with a positive laboratory finding of monoclonal gammopathy were segregated according to the paraprotein class as well as according to the type of the light chain. Total TGF‐β1 levels were assessed in blood serum samples containing IgG (n = 50), IgA (n = 46), and IgM (n = 31) paraproteins. Elevated level of TGF‐β1 was confirmed in sera with IgA paraproteins (median 25.8 ng/mL; interquartile range IQR: 19.0–33.7) compared to those having IgG (median: 18.2 ng/mL; IQR: 14.3–22.1; p < 0.001) or IgM paraproteins (21.5 ng/mL; IQR: 15.0–27.4; p = 0.043). Also, a higher TGF‐β1 level was detected in sera with IgMλ than those with IgMκ paraproteins (p = 0.043). This research affirms the role of TGF‐β1 in the pathophysiology of IgA monoclonal gammopathies and the potential switch towards the IgA isotype, known for a less favourable prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flat head syndrome (FHS) sometimes occurs when a baby maintains the same head position during the first several months of life, causing a skull deformity. FHS usually improves with time and natural growth, although some show aggravation against conservative treatment. We reviewed pathologically proved early closure of skull suture that may be seen secondary to FHS. The clinical and radiologic findings of the patients who showed progressive skull deformity resembling FHS were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients underwent surgical treatment and pathologic specimens were obtained. The detected patients included two 5-month-old infants and one 1-year-old child. The former were conservatively treated without any obvious premature suture closure on computed tomography (CT), and later developed progressive tower-like skull deformities. The infants were diagnosed with possible premature fusion of lambda site and underwent removal around lambda depression (LD). The latter showed evident sagittal suture closure on CT with digital markings, and was diagnosed with increased intracranial pressure and underwent cranioplasty of posterior expansion. Histopathologic specimens obtained from the patients' resected sutures showed irregularly narrowed suture structure with ossification and fibrous tissue proliferation within them, supporting the diagnosis of premature closure of the sagittal sutures. Their postoperative courses were uneventful, and their skull deformities subsequently improved. Conservative therapy-resistant progressive occipital skull deformity with LD may be a sign of early suture closure, even if CT does not show obvious suture closure. The findings are helpful for early diagnosis and might lead to minimal invasive surgery if needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is recognized for its role in modulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in vitro , which may have significant implications for the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. However, evidence in vivo is contrasting. This study explores the impact of APOE genotypes on BBB integrity among 230 participants experiencing cognitive impairment, encompassing cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as various non-AD neurodegenerative conditions. To assess BBB integrity, we utilized cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum albumin ratios and CSF/serum kappa and lambda free light chains (FLCs) as indirect markers. Our findings show a dose-dependent increase in BBB permeability in individuals carrying the APOE ε4 allele, marked by elevated CSF/serum albumin and FLCs ratios, with this trend being especially pronounced in AD patients. These results highlight the association of APOE ε4 with BBB permeability, providing valuable insights into the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. • CSF/serum albumin ratio increased in heterozygous and homozygous APOE ε4 carriers. • Kappa and lambda CSF/serum FLCs ratios increased in homozygous APOE ε4 carriers. • APOE ε4 associated with increased BBB permeability in AD and non-AD participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the synthesis of optically pure cyclometalated iridium(III) complex‐peptide hybrids as amphiphilic peptide conjugates (IPH‐ACs) and the effect of the stereochemistry with respect to their Ir(tpy)3 (tpy: 2‐(4′‐tolyl)pyridine) core on their cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Stereochemically pure IPH‐ACs were synthesized from Δ‐ and Λ‐Ir(tpyCO2H)3 by optical resolution via the diastereomeric intermediates that are conjugated with the chiral alcohol, (1R,2R)‐2‐aminocyclohexanol ((R,R)‐11), followed by the hydrolysis of the ester moieties, as we reported very recently, and their spectroscopic spectra are reported. It was found that both optically pure Δ‐ and Λ‐forms of IPH‐ACs induce paraptotic cell death in Jurkat cells and the EC50 values were evaluated by MTT assays. We also performed TEM (transmission electron microscope) analyses of Jurkat cells treated with Λ‐13 to observe morphological changes in paraptosis processes. The intracellular uptake of Λ‐forms of IPH‐ACs in the cells measured by ICP‐MS (inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry) was higher than those of Δ‐forms and the EC50 values of the Λ‐forms were smaller than those of the Δ‐IPH‐ACs. The analysis of these results suggests that the intrinsic cytotoxicity is almost equal for the Δ‐ and Λ‐forms and that the difference in cytotoxicity against Jurkat cells is due to the selectivity in the intracellular uptake of each stereoisomer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental goal of ecology is to understand how the physical environment influences intraspecific variability in life history and, consequently, fitness. In streams, discharge and associated habitat conditions change along a continuum from intermittency to permanence: Headwater streams typically have smaller watersheds and are thus more prone to drying than higher‐order streams with larger watersheds and more consistent discharge. However, few empirical studies have assessed life history and associated population responses to this continuum in aquatic organisms. We tested the prediction that individual growth, rate of development, and population growth increase with watershed area in the long‐lived stream salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, where we use watershed area as a proxy for hydrologic intermittence. To address this hypothesis, we used 8 years of mark–recapture data from 53 reaches across 10 headwater streams in New Hampshire, USA. Individual growth rates and mean size at metamorphosis increased with watershed area for watersheds from 0.12 to 1.66 km2. Population growth rates increased with watershed area; however, this result was not statistically significant at our sample size. Mean age of metamorphosis did not vary across watershed areas. Lower individual growth rates and smaller sizes at metamorphosis likely contributed to reduced lifetime fecundity and population growth in reaches with the smallest watershed areas and highest vulnerability to drought. These responses suggest that as droughts increase due to climate change, headwater specialists in hydrologically intermittent environments will experience a reduction in fitness due to smaller body sizes or other growth‐related mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Amyloid light chain (AL)-κ and AL-λ share common histopathologic changes; however, the potential difference in clinical manifestations, histologic findings, and clinical significance between the 2 subtypes remain unclear. Methods In a retrospective study, 94 kidney biopsies for AL amyloidosis were evaluated using the composite scarring injury score (CSIS) and amyloid score (AS). Results were then compared between AL-κ and AL-λ. Results Comparing AS and CSIS between AL-κ and AL-λ, the AS was significantly higher in AL-κ than in AL-λ, with 2 components of AS (capillary wall and vascular amyloid) scoring higher in AL-κ than in AL-λ, while mesangial and interstitial ASs were similar in the 2 cohorts. In addition, the proportion of periodic acid–Schiff strong-staining amyloid in AL-κ was markedly higher than in AL-λ. There was no significant difference in CSIS and its components between the 2 subtypes of AL amyloidosis. Conclusions Overall, AL-κ presents with higher serum creatinine and a higher AS score than AL-λ at biopsy, which may indicate a worse prognosis and be an important reference for clinical management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second wave of COVID-19 occurred in South America in early 2021 and was mainly driven by Gamma and Lambda variants. In this study, we aimed to describe the emergence and local genomic diversity of the SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant in Argentina, from its initial entry into the country until its detection ceased. Molecular surveillance was conducted on 9356 samples from Argentina between October 2020 and April 2022, and sequencing, phylogenetic, and phylogeographic analyses were performed. Our findings revealed that the Lambda variant was first detected in Argentina in January 2021 and steadily increased in frequency until it peaked in April 2021, with continued detection throughout the year. Phylodynamic analyses showed that at least 18 introductions of the Lambda variant into the country occurred, with nine of them having evidence of onward local transmission. The spatial–-temporal reconstruction showed that Argentine clades were associated with Lambda sequences from Latin America and suggested an initial diversification in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires before spreading to other regions in Argentina. Genetic analyses of genome sequences allowed us to describe the mutational patterns of the Argentine Lambda sequences and detect the emergence of rare mutations in an immunocompromised patient. Our study highlights the importance of genomic surveillance in identifying the introduction and geographical distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant, as well as in monitoring the emergence of mutations that could be involved in the evolutionary leaps that characterize variants of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to assess the clinical usefulness of serum kappa (κ) and lambda (λ) free light chains (FLCs) in patients with bladder cancer (BC). One hundred samples were collected and analysed from healthy volunteers (C) and bladder cancer patients. Cancer patients were divided into two subgroups: low-grade (LG) and high-grade cancer (HG). Concentrations of FLCs, CEA, CA19-9, creatinine and urea were measured per manufacturers' guidelines. The concentrations of κ and λ FLCs and CEA were significantly higher in BC patients in comparison to the control group. Moreover, the concentrations of κ and λ FLCs and CEA were significantly higher in both low-grade as well as high-grade cancer in comparison to the controls. The levels of κ and λ FLCs differed between tumour grades, with patients presenting higher concentrations in high-grade compared to low-grade cancer. In the total study group, κFLC correlated with λFLC, the κ:λ ratio, CRP, CEA, CA19-9, creatinine and urea. There was also a correlation between λFLC and κFLC, CRP, CEA, creatinine and urea. The λFLC showed a higher ability (sensitivity and PPV) to detect bladder cancer in comparison to κFLC and CEA. In addition, λFLC had a higher ability to exclude BC (specificity and NPV) than κFLC and CEA. λFLC also showed the highest accuracy in the detection of bladder cancer. In conclusion, the revealed differences in the concentrations of both κ and λ FLCs suggest their potential participation in bladder cancer development. Increased concentrations of free light chains in bladder cancer patients and the association with the tumour grade suggest that κ and λ FLC measurements may be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer. This is the first research that evaluates the concentration of FLCs in bladder cancer, so further studies are necessary to confirm their usefulness as tumour markers of this malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Data obtained from different FLC methods used in quality assurance were compared. • Kappa (κ) FLC measurements deviated significantly over time. • No clear association between instruments/reagents and lambda (λ) FLC measurements. • Imprecision in λFLC affects κFLC/λFLC ratio, importance for clinical assessments. Free light chain (FLC) measurements are important in diagnosing monoclonal gammopathies. As FLC are heterogeneous, different reagents and instruments for measuring FLC concentrations may give diverging results that affect assessment of patients with monoclonal gammopathies. Here we investigated agreement between different FLC methods using data from the Swedish external quality assurance (EQA) programme. The two main FLC assays, N Latex FLC (Siemens) and Serum Freelite (The Binding Site), using four nephelometric or turbidimetric instrument platforms, were compared. Results from 27 EQA rounds distributed to 11–16 Swedish hospital laboratories during 2015–2020 were investigated. The kappa (κ) FLC measurements deviated significantly over time, but when only nephelometry was used, deviation from the mean was lower (median ranges: −5% to 13 %). The CV was significantly higher for the Freelite assay (mean CV = 8.7) than for the N latex assay (mean CV = 5.7) (p < 0.0001). The coefficient of determination between all combinations of reagents and instrument platforms used was generally good (r2 = 0.76–0.87), and the correlation slope acceptable (0.81–1.2). For lambda (λ) FLC measurements, no concordance between combinations of instruments and reagents is apparent, deviating between −40 % to + 48 % from the mean. The CV was significantly higher for the combination with nephelometry and the Freelite assay (CV mean = 13.9 %) than nephelometry and the N latex assay (CV mean = 9.9 %) (p <0.001). The coefficient of determination varied between combinations of reagents and instrument platforms (r2 = 0.59–0.89) and the slope ranged between 0.48 and 1.5. Significant differences between the two reagents used were sometimes noted. Imprecision in λFLC affects the κFLC/λFLC ratio. This may be important in clinical assessment of patients, especially differentiating between monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of lambda and premixed ratio (PR) parameters on the response parameters of an engine operating in LTC (low temperature combusiton) mode is investigated and optimized using a hybrid method. RSM (response surface method), which is a combination of experimental and statistical method, is used as hybrid method. Depending on the variable parameters of lambda and PR, an experimental set was created with CCD (central composite design) and experiments were performed. The effects of the variable parameters on the response parameters were investigated and evaluated in detail on the generated counter graphs, optimization of the variable parameters was carried out. As lambda increased, a decrease in engine torque and thermal efficiency values, and improvements in CO 2 and NO x emissions were observed. As PR increased, thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption values worsened. The optimum premixed ratio was determined as 33.619 % and lambda value as 2.576. At these conditions, the values of response parameter were obtained as torque 12.115 Nm, BSFC 346.764 g/kWh, ITE 21.447 %, CA10 3.503, CA50 8.005, CO 0.169 %, HC 191.467 ppm, CO 2 5.301 %, NO x 404.564 ppm and soot 12.687 %. The optimization desirability value was determined as 0.665 and strengthened the goodness of the optimization. • Optimization of mixture fuel concentration and lambda with RSM. • As Lambda increases, engine torque increases, BSFC decreases, while ITE increases. • Performance, efficiency and emission parameters improve with decreasing isopropanol ratio. • The optimum isopropanol premixed ratio was determined as 33.619 % and lambda ratio as 2.576. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 10‐year‐old, entire male, English Springer Spaniel was referred for evaluation of weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia and gastrointestinal tract signs including melena/haematochezia for the previous six months. Results of serum protein electrophoresis, urine analysis, computed tomography of the thorax/abdomen, bone marrow aspiration and core biopsy, and splenic and mesenteric lymph node cytology were consistent with multiple myeloma. Endoscopically obtained gastrointestinal tract biopsies identified marked plasma cell infiltration within the duodenum, ileum and colon; immunohistochemistry showed positive labelling to MUM1 and Lambda confirming clonal plasma cell involvement. The dog entered complete clinical remission seven weeks after starting a melphalan/prednisolone protocol. The dog was euthanised 475 days after starting treatment due to cervical pain and collapse. At the time of euthanasia, blood work was not supportive of a relapse of multiple myeloma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of multiple myeloma involving the gastrointestinal tract in a dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to assess the synthesis of kappa (κ) and lambda (λ) free light chains (FLCs) in the serum of patients with COVID-19. All the 120 serum samples were collected from patients with COVID-19 and from healthy controls (vaccinated and non-vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2). FLCs, IgG total, IgG4, IgG anti-Nucleocapsid (N), anti-spike S1 receptor binding domain (S-RBD) antibodies and IL-6 were measured according to the manufacturers' instructions. The concentrations of anti-N IgG, IgG total, IgG4 and IL-6 were elevated in the COVID-19 group in comparison to the vaccinated and non-vaccinated controls. The levels of anti-S-RBD IgG and κFLC were increased in COVID-19 and healthy vaccinated patients when compared to non-vaccinated controls. λFLC concentration was higher in the COVID-19 group than in the non-vaccinated group. The κ:λ ratio was lower in both COVID-19 and non-vaccinated groups in comparison to vaccinated controls. κFLC correlated with all tested parameters (anti-S-RBD IgG, anti-N IgG, λFLC, κ:λ ratio, IgG total, IgG4 and IL-6) except CRP, whereas λFLC correlated with all examined parameters except IgG4. Elevated levels of FLCs in COVID-19 and healthy vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 patients, as well as the correlation between free light chains with specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and IL-6, reflect hyperactivation of the immune system after contact with coronavirus. Furthermore, it seems that serum levels of FLCs might be used as predictive markers of COVID-19. Our findings suggest that free light chains are involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, understanding the exact mechanism requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developmental choice made by temperate phages, between cell death (lysis) and viral dormancy (lysogeny), is influenced by the relative abundance of viruses and hosts in the environment. The paradigm for this abundance-driven decision is phage lambda of E. coli , whose propensity to lysogenize increases with the number of viruses coinfecting the same bacterium. It is believed that lambda uses this number to infer whether phages or bacteria outnumber each other. However, this interpretation is premised on an accurate mapping between the extracellular phage-to-bacteria ratio and the intracellular multiplicity of infection (MOI). Here, we show this premise to be faulty. By simultaneously labeling phage capsids and genomes, we find that, while the number of phages landing on each cell reliably samples the population ratio, the number of phages entering the cell does not. Single-cell infections, performed in a microfluidic device and interpreted using a stochastic model, reveal that the probability and rate of phage entry decrease with the number of adsorbed phages. This decrease reflects an MOI-dependent perturbation to host physiology caused by phage attachment, as evidenced by compromised membrane integrity and loss of membrane potential. The dependence of entry dynamics on the surrounding medium results in a strong impact on the infection outcome, while the protracted entry of coinfecting phages increases the heterogeneity in infection outcome at a given MOI. Our findings in lambda, and similar results we obtained for phages T5 and P1, demonstrate the previously unappreciated role played by entry dynamics in determining the outcome of bacteriophage infection. [Display omitted] • Adsorption and genome entry of individual phages were followed in real time • The efficiency of phage entry decreases at higher multiplicity of infection (MOI) • Phage entry is impeded at high MOI by adsorption-induced perturbation to the cell • MOI-dependent phage entry impacts the choice between lysis and lysogeny Nguyen et al. find that when multiple lambda phages infect the same E. coli cell, they slow or even prevent each other from entering the cell. Similar behavior is observed in other phages. The impeded entry at high multiplicities, caused by phage-induced perturbation to the host cell, impacts the choice between viral reproduction and dormancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The treatment challenges of condylar fractures necessitated the production of several plate designs. Among the relatively new plate designs is the lambda plate, for which biomechanical and clinical data are lacking. The purpose of this study is to examine the rigidity of fixation achieved when the lambda plate is applied to different fractures of the condylar neck and base.Methods: Five fractures of the condylar area were designed on a virtual model of a healthy mandible obtained from a CT scan. The fractures were reduced using the lambda plate. For the same fractures, alternative placements of the plate were simulated. The generated models were analysed using the finite element analysis for a 500 N bite load. The displacement of the two condylar fragments along the fracture line was calculated as an indicator of the rigidity of the fixation.Results: The displacement along the fracture was less than 0.144 mm for the neck fractures and greater than 0.165 mm for the fractures of the condylar base. A more cranial placement of the plate for the neck fractures further reduced the displacement, while a more anterior placement of the plate for the base fractures resulted in displacements greater than 0.330 mm.Conclusion: According to our study, the lambda plate offers better rigidity when applied as cranially as possible for condylar neck fractures. The lambda plate did not provide adequate fixation for base fractures. A second plate at the sigmoid notch should be considered to achieve better stabilization along the fracture if the lambda plate is eventually used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Appropriate use criteria (AUC) provide patient-centered physician guidance in test selection. An initial set of AUC was reported by the American Society of Dermatopathology (ASDP) in 2018. AUC reflect evidence collected at single timepoints and may be affected by evolving evidence and experience. The objective of this study was to update and expand AUC for selected tests. Methods: RAND/UCLA (RAND Corporation [Santa Monica, CA]/University of California Los Angeles) methodology used includes the following: (a) literature review; (b) review of previously rated tests and previously employed clinical scenarios; (c) selection of previously rated tests for new ratings; (d) development of new clinical scenarios; (e) selection of additional tests; (f) three rating rounds with feedback and group discussion after rounds 1 and 2. Results: For 220 clinical scenarios comprising lymphoproliferative (light chain clonality), melanocytic (comparative genomic hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter), vascular disorders (MYC), and inflammatory dermatoses (periodic acid-Schiff, Gömöri methenamine silver), consensus by panel raters was reached in 172 of 220 (78%) scenarios, with 103 of 148 (70%) rated "usually appropriate" or "rarely appropriate" and 45 of 148 (30%), "appropriateness uncertain." Limitations: The study design only measures appropriateness. Cost, availability, test comparison, and additional clinical considerations are not measured. The possibility that the findings of this study may be influenced by the inherent biases of the dermatopathologists involved in the study cannot be excluded. Conclusions: AUC are reported for selected diagnostic tests in clinical scenarios that occur in dermatopathology practice. Adhering to AUC may reduce inappropriate test utilization and improve healthcare delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxicity and biology studies were conducted on certain insecticides that belong to different chemical groups, namely malathion (organophosphate group), lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid group), and spinosad (Benzophenyl urea group), and on lemon-grass and sesame oils as natural oils against adult male and female Bactrocera zonata (Saunders, 1841). They were carried out under laboratory conditions, and results were taken after 24h post treatment. Lambda-cyhalothrin was the most toxic on males and females of B. zonata at LC25 of 0.017 and 0.04, followed by spinosad with LC25 of 1.15 and 1.29, respectively. However, malathion was the least toxic to males and females, showing LC25 of 18.53 and 12.24, respectively. The same results were obtained at LC50, as lambda-cyhalothrin was the superior toxicant with LC50 of 0.65 and 1.008, followed by spinosad of 2.56 and 3.53, respectively. Furthermore, the natural sesame oil, Sesamum indicum (Linnaeus, 1753), was more toxic than lemon-grass oil to the males of B. zonata with LC25 of 0.06 and 0.08, respectively. Lemon-grass oil, Cymbopogon citratus (Stapf, 1906), was more toxic to females than sesame oil with LC25 of 0.05 and 0.07, respectively. At LC50, lemon-grass was more toxic than sesame on both males and females. In addition to the biological effects, results showed a significant reduction in the oviposition and post-oviposition periods of adults treated with different tested compounds, compared to the control group. Moreover, all tested compounds significantly decreased fecundity, hatchability, longevity, pupation, and the emergence of B. zonata adults, when compared to the untreated groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Ryser design D on v points is a collection of v proper subsets (called blocks) of a point-set with v points satisfying (i) every two blocks intersect each other in λ points for a fixed λ < v (ii) there are at least two block sizes. A design D is called a symmetric design, if all the blocks of D have the same size (or equivalently, every point has the same replication number) and every two blocks intersect each other in λ points. The only known construction of a Ryser design is via block complementation of a symmetric design. Such a Ryser design is called a Ryser design of Type-1. The main results of the present article are the following. An expression for the inverse of the incidence matrix A of a Ryser design is obtained. A necessary condition for the design to be of Type-1 is obtained. A well known conjecture states that, for a Ryser design on v points 4 λ − 1 ≤ v ≤ λ 2 + λ + 1. Partial support for this conjecture is obtained. Finally, a special case of Ryser designs with two block sizes is shown to be of Type-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper suggests a new generalized variance concept for measuring multidimensional inequality of a stratified society, based on multivariate statistical methods, where the members of society form a cloud in the oblique space of dimensions of inequality, such as income, expenditure and property. The cloud presents the multidimensional inequality capsulized in the cloud. The goal is to condense all the inequality information embodied by the cloud into a composite compact metric characterizing both the shape and the inner structure of the cloud. Contrary to the conventional literature that considers multidimensionality as a unidimensional weighted combination of the dimensions, our new composite index measures the inequality of the configuration of the points in the cloud. Our aim is twofold. First, we introduce the Inequality Covariance Matrix (ICM) assigned to the cloud, with elements measuring the correlations among dimensions. Having ICM, we propose the Generalized Variance (GV) of ICM to measure the composite Generalized Variance Inequality (GVI) level. Second, to evaluate the stratum-specific structure of the overall inequality, we suggest a new two-stage procedure. In the first stage, we divide the total GVI into between-groups and within-groups effects. Then, in the second stage the contributions of the strata to the within-groups inequality and, the contributions of the dimensions to the between-groups inequality are calculated. This GVI approach is sensitive to the correlation system, decomposable into stratum effects and, the number of dimensions is not limited. Moreover, including the log-dimensions in the analysis, GVI yields an Entropy Covariance Matrix giving a new Generalized Variance Entropy index. Finally, the GVI of censored poverty indicators means multidimensional poverty measurement. This special complex task is not yet solved in the traditional literature so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper suggests a new generalized variance concept for measuring multidimensional inequality of a stratified society, based on multivariate statistical methods, where the members of society form a cloud in the oblique space of dimensions of inequality, such as income, expenditure and property. The cloud presents the multidimensional inequality capsulized in the cloud. The goal is to condense all the inequality information embodied by the cloud into a composite compact metric characterizing both the shape and the inner structure of the cloud. Contrary to the conventional literature that considers multidimensionality as a unidimensional weighted combination of the dimensions, our new composite index measures the inequality of the configuration of the points in the cloud. Our aim is twofold. First, we introduce the Inequality Covariance Matrix (ICM) assigned to the cloud, with elements measuring the correlations among dimensions. Having ICM, we propose the Generalized Variance (GV) of ICM to measure the composite Generalized Variance Inequality (GVI) level. Second, to evaluate the stratum-specific structure of the overall inequality, we suggest a new two-stage procedure. In the first stage, we divide the total GVI into between-groups and within-groups effects. Then, in the second stage the contributions of the strata to the within-groups inequality and, the contributions of the dimensions to the between-groups inequality are calculated. This GVI approach is sensitive to the correlation system, decomposable into stratum effects and, the number of dimensions is not limited. Moreover, including the log-dimensions in the analysis, GVI yields an Entropy Covariance Matrix giving a new Generalized Variance Entropy index. Finally, the GVI of censored poverty indicators means multidimensional poverty measurement. This special complex task is not yet solved in the traditional literature so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free Piston linear Generator (FPLG) engine fueled by compressed natural gas (CNG) has recently gained increased research attention. However, due to the low-velocity burning and poor lean limit of CNG fuel, the FPLG engine combustion stability, performance, and efficiency are still low. Hydrogen has a greater burning velocity with wider flame limits that could extend the lean burn limits and combustion characteristics of CNG. This paper compares pure CNG and 10% hydrogen-enriched CNG at various ignition speeds (0.6 ms, 0.8 m/s, and 1 m/s), injection positions (0 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm), and lambda ratios (0.9, 1.4 and 1.7) on the combustion characteristics, performance, and conversion efficiency are duly discussed. The findings show that the FPLG combustion stability limits increase with the hydrogen addition into the CNG. The CNG in-cylinder pressure increases significantly when the injection position is advanced, whereas the hydrogen addition reduces the influence of the injection position. The heat release rate increases by 15.62% and 23.72% with hydrogen addition, corresponding to the advanced and retarded injection positions. Consequently, the hydrogen addition increases the power RMS to 209.21 W and 232.64 W with an increment of 3.46% and 3.13%, respectively. Conclusively, the hydrogen addition into the CNG evidently shortens the combustion duration while improving the heat release rate, combustion stability, power RMS, Cycle-to-Cycle variation, and conversion efficiency. • The ignition and injection positions of free piston linear generator are varied and analysed. • The combustion and performance of CNG and hydrogen-enriched CNG are duely discussed. • The hydrogen-enriched CNG increased the FPLG combustion stability limits. • The highest power RMS and operating frequency are recorded for hydrogen-enriched CNG when λ = 1.4. • The FPLG Cycle-to-Cycle variation, mechanical efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structured demographic models are among the most common and useful tools in population biology. However, the introduction of integral projection models (IPMs) has caused a profound shift in the way many demographic models are conceptualized. Some researchers have argued that IPMs, by explicitly representing demographic processes as continuous functions of state variables such as size, are more statistically efficient, biologically realistic, and accurate than classic matrix projection models, calling into question the usefulness of the many studies based on matrix models. Here, we evaluate how IPMs and matrix models differ, as well as the extent to which these differences matter for estimation of key model outputs, including population growth rates, sensitivity patterns, and life spans. First, we detail the steps in constructing and using each type of model. Second, we present a review of published demographic models, concentrating on size‐based studies, which shows significant overlap in the way IPMs and matrix models are constructed and analyzed. Third, to assess the impact of various modeling decisions on demographic predictions, we ran a series of simulations based on size‐based demographic data sets for five biologically diverse species. We found little evidence that discrete vital rate estimation is less accurate than continuous functions across a wide range of sample sizes or size classes (equivalently bin numbers or mesh points). Most model outputs quickly converged with modest class numbers (≥10), regardless of most other modeling decisions. Another surprising result was that the most commonly used method to discretize growth rates for IPM analyses can introduce substantial error into model outputs. Finally, we show that empirical sample sizes generally matter more than modeling approach for the accuracy of demographic outputs. Based on these results, we provide specific recommendations to those constructing and evaluating structured population models. Both our literature review and simulations question the treatment of IPMs as a clearly distinct modeling approach or one that is inherently more accurate than classic matrix models. Importantly, this suggests that matrix models, representing the vast majority of past demographic analyses available for comparative and conservation work, continue to be useful and important sources of demographic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cycle slip detection and repair are crucial steps in the preprocessing of GNSS carrier phase observation. Currently, however, there are few cycle slip detection and repair methods that can meet the data processing needs for diverse situations. To solve this problem, a highly adaptable cycle slip detection and repair method is proposed. First, a cycle slip detection equation is established using the pseudo-range and carrier double-differenced (DD) observations; the state equation is developed based on the satellite-ground distance. Then, a Kalman filter estimation model is established by joining the two equations. Subsequently, the cycle slip can be detected and repaired. Finally, the state parameters are refined in accordance with the conditional distribution. According to the results of the example, all the simulated cycle slips are detected and repaired by the method proposed. It shows that the method can meet the data processing needs for multiple situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, great importance has been given to the study of external morphology, especially in fish, when it is used as a means of identifying hybrids. This paper considers a LASSO model based on the truss protocol to compare morphological covarion patterns between specimens of C. macropomum and the hybrid P. orinoquensis (♂) × C. macropomum (♀). In this study, 25 specimens of C. macropomum and 20 specimens of the hybrid P. orinoquensis (♂) × C. macropomum (♀), were analyzed, respectively. The method "Truss protocol" or "trusses" was used. LASSO model achieved to reduce the mean squared error. The final model obtained contains only seven covariates. LASSO model fitted on the morphological covariation patterns between specimens of C. macropomum and the hybrid P. orinoquensis (♂) × C. macropomum (♀) showed a good fit and allowed to correctly classify most of the specimens. Differences were observed in the area of the head and the anterior part of the fish evidenced in covariates associated with hydrodynamic abilities and with foraging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The six Brazilian genomes, as analysed by the Nexclade algorithm (https://clades.nextstrain.org/), exhibited almost all the lineage's 30 synapomorphies.1 The N gene T366I substitution was not present in three SP sequences (EPI ISL 2674368, EPI ISL 1966094 and EPI ISL 1445272). Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Lambda; South America; Brazil; C.37 EN SARS-CoV-2 Lambda South America Brazil C.37 1 3 3 01/05/22 20211201 NES 211201 The SARS-CoV-2 variant assigned to PangoLineage C.37 was first reported in late December 2020 in Peru and by April 2021 was responsible for 97% of new infections in that country.1 It is currently expanding in Chile and Argentina, and there is evidence of onward transmission in Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, the USA, Germany and Israel.2 C.37 presents 30 molecular signatures, seven nonsynonymous substitutions (G75V, T76I, R246N, L452Q, F490S, D614G, T859N) and a deleted region ( 247-253) in the Spike protein.1 Another deleted region is found in the ORF1a gene ( 3675-3677) also present in variants of concern Alpha, Beta and Gamma.1 Due to genomic characteristics and epidemiological relevance, on 15 June 2021, WHO designated C.37 as Variant of Interest (VOI) Lambda.2 SP , sp SP . sp 3 Until 26 July 2021, six cases of C.37 were notified in Brazil, two in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and four in the southeastern state of São Paulo (SP). SARS-CoV-2, Lambda, South America, Brazil, C.37. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Atypical cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates are challenging lesions in dermatopathology. We present a summary of the literature regarding kappa and lambda immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) in the evaluation of atypical cutaneous or mucosal lymphoid infiltrates. Methods: Relevant articles from 1967 to 2018 in the English language were identified and summarized. In the absence of larger studies, case series of n ≥ 3 were included. Results: Sixty‐three articles assessing kappa and lambda IHC and/or ISH were identified. Most focused on marginal zone lymphomas. Other lymphomas included follicle center lymphoma, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein, skin changes (POEMS). Non‐neoplastic lesions included reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, cutaneous plasmacytosis, connective tissue disease, IgG4‐related disease, acrodermatitis chronic atrophicans, Zoon balanitis, dermatitides, and infiltrates around epithelial dysplasias/neoplasias. Conclusion: Kappa and lambda IHC and ISH are useful tools in the evaluation of cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas and plasma cell neoplasms. The literature supports that the detection of light‐chain restriction by IHC and ISH is one of the most useful findings in the differential diagnosis of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia vs B‐cell lymphoma with plasmacytic differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) can live in extremely harsh environments and subsist on submaintenance diets for much of the year. Under these conditions, energy stored as body fat serves as an essential reserve for supplementing dietary intake to meet metabolic demands of survival and reproduction. We developed equations to predict ingesta-free body fat in bighorn sheep using ultrasonography and condition scores in vivo and carcass measurements postmortem. We then used in vivo equations to investigate the relationships between body fat, pregnancy, overwinter survival, and population growth in free-ranging bighorn sheep in California and Nevada. Among 11 subpopulations that included alpine winter residents and migrants, mean ingesta-free body fat of lactating adult females during autumn ranged between 8.8% and 15.0%; mean body fat for nonlactating females ranged from 16.4% to 20.9%. In adult females, ingesta-free body fat > 7.7% during January (early in the second trimester) corresponded with a > 90% probability of pregnancy and ingesta-free body fat > 13.5% during autumn yielded a probability of overwinter survival > 90%. Mean ingesta-free body fat of lactating females in autumn was positively associated with finite rate of population increase (λ) over the subsequent year in bighorn sheep subpopulations that wintered in alpine landscapes. Bighorn sheep with ingesta-free body fat of 26% in autumn and living in alpine environments possess energy reserves sufficient to meet resting metabolism for 83 days on fat reserves alone. We demonstrated that nutritional condition can be a pervasive mechanism underlying demography in bighorn sheep and characterizes the nutritional value of their occupied ranges. Mountain sheep are capital survivors in addition to being capital breeders, and because they inhabit landscapes with extreme seasonal forage scarcity, they also can be fat reserve obligates. Quantifying nutritional condition is essential for understanding the quality of habitats, how it underpins demography, and the proximity of a population to a nutritional threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative importance of predators and resources (i.e. food) for the dynamics of migratory bird populations is poorly known. Resource availability may be more likely in resource poor environments, but given that nest failure in most systems is due mainly to predation, predator effects may predominate. We document a rapid decline of an isolated eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus population breeding in the Great Basin Desert of eastern Oregon, USA, and evaluate whether it was driven by limited food resources (water availability ~ food), nest predation, or first-year or adult return rate (RRJ and RRA, respectively) that reflect nonbreeding season events. Most nests failed (~68% of nests) due mainly to nest predation (> 90% of failures); nestling starvation was rare. Bioyear precipitation (October-April), breeding season precipitation, and river flow all varied widely but none could account for annual variation in either nest success (NS) or fledging success of successful nest (FSSN). Neither RRJ nor RRA varied with year, any measure of water resources, or reproductive success. Annual population growth rate (ln[Nt+1/Nt]) was independent of year, all measures of water availability, RRJ and RRA, and NS of replacement nests, but was high following years of high NS of initial nests; FSSN was also higher in years of high NS. High rates of nest predation, due likely to the expansion of the local American crow Corvus brachyrhynchos population, appeared to drive the population decline. Empirical data and population simulations indicated that replacement nests contributed little to λ, while simulations revealed that, given site-specific vital rates, the decline would have been even greater without immigration (λ = 0.812) than the observed (λ = 0.914). Long distance dispersal may thus be critical for persistence of kingbirds in the naturally highly fragmented habitat that it occupies in the Great Basin Desert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Seabirds are among the most threatened groups of birds, and predation by invasive mammals is one of the most acute threats at their island breeding stations. Island restoration projects increasingly involve the eradication of invasive non‐native mammals, with benefits for seabirds and other island fauna. To date, demonstrated benefits of invasive mammal eradication include increased seabird nesting success and enhanced adult survival. However, the recovery dynamics of seabird populations have not been documented. Drawing on data from across the world, we assemble population growth rates (λ) of 181 seabird populations of 69 species following successful eradication projects. After successful eradication, the median growth rate was 1.119 and populations with positive growth (λ > 1; n = 151) greatly outnumbered those in decline (λ < 1; n = 23, and seven showed no population change). Population growth was faster (1) at newly established colonies compared to those already established, (2) in the first few years after eradication, (3) among gulls and terns compared to other seabird groups, and (4) when several invasive mammals were eradicated together in the course of the restoration project. The first two points suggest immigration is important for colony growth, the third point reflects the relative lack of philopatry among gulls and terns while the fourth reinforces current best practise, the removal of all invasive mammals where feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteriophage λ of Escherichia coli has two alternative life cycles after infection–host survival with lysogen formation, or host lysis and phage production. In a lysogen, CI represses the two lytic promoters, pR and pL , and activates its own transcription from the auto-regulated pRM promoter. During induction from the lysogenic to lytic state, CI is inactivated, and the two lytic promoters are de-repressed allowing for expression of Cro from pR. Cro is known to repress transcription of CI from pRM to prevent lysogeny. We show here that when Cro and CI are both present but at low levels, the low level of Cro initially stimulates the lytic promoters while CI repressor is still present, stimulating the level of Cro to a concentration required for pRM repression. Cro has no stimulatory effect without the presence of CI. We propose that this early auto-activating role of Cro at lower concentrations is essential in the developmental switch to lytic growth, whereas pRM repression by Cro at relatively higher concentrations avoids restoring lysogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas is receiving increasing awareness as fuel for passenger vehicles due to its very low specific CO 2 emissions. However, control of CH 4 emissions from natural gas combustion in stoichiometric engines requires a specific three-way catalyst (TWC). The understanding of the TWC chemistry of CH 4 under the periodic rich/lean reaction conditions is a key issue for targeted catalyst development. A commercial Pd-only TWC was tested under various reaction conditions to characterize the chemical processes and the mode of operation leading to efficient operation. It was demonstrated that periodic rich/lean operation obtained by variation of the mean O 2 concentration fed to the catalyst with various amplitudes is highly beneficial for CH 4 oxidation. Especially asymmetric oscillations into rich of stoichiometry produced higher CH 4 conversion. Compared to operation with gasoline fuel using propene as the model hydrocarbon, substantial differences were observed in static experiments that reflect the different chemistry at work with the two hydrocarbons. In particular, the stoichiometric point (λ = 1) did not coincide with maximum CH 4 oxidation, which was obtained rather under rich conditions. The shift of the optimum stoichiometric point was associated with the necessity to consume CO and O 2 before CH 4 can react. Spectroscopic characterization during reaction aimed at rationalizing the role of NO in isothermic experiments when varying stepwise the oxygen concentration from net oxidizing to net reducing reaction conditions. The overall results should provide recommendations for the design of TWC for natural gas operation and for control strategies to improve CH 4 emission levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen has been widely acknowledged as a potential fuel for internal combustion engines, owing to its unique chemical properties, environmental friendliness, and the ability to be produced from a variety of sources. The carbon-free nature of hydrogen is of particular significance as it is considered to be a key contributor to achieving stringent emissions regulations. However, one of the challenges associated with hydrogen as a fuel is the requirement for high air flow during combustion, which is necessary to meet the stoichiometry of the combustion process. The failure to achieve this high air flow can result in elevated emissions of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), a phenomenon that is of concern for engine manufacturers. Turbocharging increases the power and efficiency of internal combustion engines by forcing more air into the combustion chamber. This can be particularly beneficial for hydrogen-fuelled engines as hydrogen has a lower energy density compared to traditional fossil fuels. This study aims to establish the most efficient boosting strategy for hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines with the goal of achieving a combination of fuel economy, high power density, and low emissions of NOx. To achieve this objective, a model of a hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine, specifically tailored for heavy-duty vehicle applications and featuring a direct injection system, has been developed. The validity of the model has been evaluated through a comparison of the results obtained from the model with those obtained from dynamometer testing. The study employs a model-based approach to examine a variety of charging concepts. • Hydrogen engine has very low NOx emission above cylinder mass ratio of 2.4. • High air mass is required to satisfy low engine NOx emission. • Charging concepts for hydrogen engine can satisfy full load targets at sea level. • Variable geometry has highest efficiency, 2-stage has better high altitude margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article elaborates the Lambda V.24/V.28 line encryptor and secure digital communications lines used by the Cold War Polish intelligence agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LAMBDA algorithm has the disadvantages of large deviation and large searching range for float solution of ambiguity in the process of GPS integer ambiguity resolution. This paper improved LAMBDA algorithm by using Tikhonov regularization. The singular value decomposition of the coefficient matrix of unknown parameters is performed for wide lane double difference observation equation and L1 double difference observation equation. The covariance matrix is used to replace the covariance matrix of the classical LAMBDA algorithm for searching integer ambiguity. The algorithm improves the precision of the ambiguity of floating point solution, and reduces the searching range of the ambiguity. In order to verify the correctness of the algorithm, experimental analysis was carried out on the measured GPS baseline data. The results show that the improved LAMBDA algorithm can improve the precision of the floating point solution, the fixed success rate of the improved LAMBDA algorithm can reach 100%, and the integer solution of the ambiguity can be fixed without initialization time, which realizes the centimeter level positioning rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let ( Amnuv) be a sequence of bounded linear operators from a separable Banach metric space of (X, 0) into a Banach metric space ( Y, 0). Suppose that φ ∈ Φ is a countable fundamental set of X and the ideal I - of subsets ℕ x ℕ has property (AP). The sequence (Amnuv) is said to be b* I - convergent if it is pointwise I - convergent and there exists an index set K such that ℕ x ℕ / K ∈ I and ( Amnuv x)m,n∈K is bounded for any x ∈ X, the concept of lacunary vector valued of χ² and the concept of Δ11 - lacunary statistical convergent vector valued of χ² of difference sequences have been introduced. In addition, we introduce interval numbers of asymptotically ideal equivalent sequences of vector valued difference by Musielak fuzzy real numbers and established some relations related to this concept. Finally we introduce the notion of interval numbers of Cesáro Orlicz asymptotically equivalent sequences vector valued difference of Musielak Orlicz function and establish their relationship with other classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-GNSS combination is helpful to improve the accuracy and relikility of satellite navigation and positioning. However- in case of BDS/GPS combined carrier phase positioning systems* it is difficult to fix all the ambiguities due to the increasing number of ambiguities* high measurement noises or residual at­mosphere delays with the traditional Lambda method. But it is of greater probability to fix a subset of ambi­guities. In this paper, we divided current partial ambiguity fixing methods into three categories and analyzed the characteristics of every method. Finally- the effect of the three partial resolution methods were tested with the measured BDS/GPS data. Die results show that the success rate and ratio value is obviously improved when using partial ambiguity fixing, at the same time- the initialization time of RTK is shortened - the precision of kinematic positioning is also improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we introduce the backward operator is ∇ and study the notion of ∇ -- Cauchy sequence using by almost (λmµn) convergence in χ² -- Riesz space and also some inclusion theorems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the development of a diesel engine thermal overload monitoring system is presented with applications and test results. The designed diesel engine thermal overload monitoring system consists of two set of sensors, i.e., a lambda sensor to measure the oxygen concentration and a fast response thermocouple to measure the temperature of the gas leaving the cylinder. A medium speed Ruston diesel engine is instrumented to measure the required engine process parameters, measurements are taken at constant load and variable fuel delivery i.e., normal and excessive injection. It is indicated that with excessive injection, the test engine is of high risk to be operated at thermal overload condition. Further tests were carried out on a Sulzer 7RTA84T engine to explore the influence of engine operating at thermal overload condition on exhaust gas temperature and oxygen concentration in the blow down gas. It is established that a lower oxygen concentration in the blow down gas corresponds to a higher exhaust gas temperature. The piston crown wear rate will then be much higher due to the high rate of heat transfer from a voluminous flame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The Nearctic northern goshawk ( Accipiter gentilis atricapillis) is a resident of conifer, broadleaf, and mixed forests from the boreal to the southwestern montane regions of North America. We report on a 20-year mark-recapture investigation (1991-2010) of the distribution and density of breeders, temporal and spatial variability in breeding, nestling sex ratios, local versus immigrant recruitment of breeders, breeding age structure, age-specific survival rates, and rate of population change (λ) of this species on the Kaibab Plateau, a forested sky island in northern Arizona, USA. We used an information-theoretic approach to rank models representing alternative hypotheses about the influence of annual fluctuations in precipitation on the annual frequency of goshawk breeding and fledgling production. We studied 125 goshawk breeding territories, representing approximately 87% of an estimated 144 total territories based on a mean distance of 3.8 km between territory centers in a 1,728-km2 study area. The salient demographic feature of the population was extensive annual variation in breeding, which manifested as large inter-annual variation in proportions of pairs laying eggs, brood sizes, nest failure rates, and fledgling production. The percent of territories known in a prior year in which eggs were laid in a current year ranged from 8% to 86% ( [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel instantaneous GNSS ambiguity resolution approach which makes use of only single-frequency carrier phase measurements for ultra-short baseline attitude determination is proposed. The Monte Carlo sampling method is employed to obtain the probability density function of ambiguities from a quaternion-based GNSS-attitude model and the LAMBDA method strengthened with a screening mechanism is then utilized to fix the integer values. Experimental results show that 100% success rate could be achieved for ultra-short baselines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess serum type III or lambda (λ) interferons (IFN) levels and its clinical and laboratory associations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods: A cross-sectional study including 43 patients with RA (86% females; age 45.3 ± 10.3 years) and 43 healthy individuals was performed. Clinical data including disease activity, acute-phase reactants, rheumatoid factor and anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies were collected. Serum IFNλ1, IFNλ2, IFNλ3, CXCL8 and anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin (anti-MCV) antibody levels were measured.Results: Patients with RA had higher IFNλ1 (113.5 ± 118.6 pg/mL versus 55.9 ± 122.3 pg/mL;p < 0.0001) and IFNλ2 (245.4 ± 327.7 pg/mL versus 5.1 ± 11.0 pg/mL;p = 0.009) levels than controls, but not IFNλ3 levels. Notably, IFNλ1 levels were found to be higher in both patients with active disease (124.9 ± 135.9 pg/mL;p < 0.001) and quiescent disease (99.0 ± 93.7 pg/mL;p < 0.01), while IFNλ2 levels were higher only in patients with active disease (264.0 ± 356.1 pg/mL;p = 0.02). A noteworthy association between serum IFNλ1 levels and anti-MCV antibody titers (Spearman's rho coefficient 0.36, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.61;p = 0.02) was observed.Conclusion:Serum IFNλ1 and IFNλ2 levels are abnormally elevated in patients with RA and the former are linearly associated with circulating anti-MCV antibody levels. These results may place type-III IFN as an attractive new therapeutic target in RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we introduce and study the notions of almost (λmμn) convergence in χ2 -Riesz spaces; strongly p - convergence, Cesaro strongly p - convergence with respect to a Musielak-Orlicz functions and examine some properties of the resulting sequence spaces. We also introduce and study the statistical convergence of almost (λmμn) convergence in χ2 -Riesz spaces and also some inclusion theorems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In several articles, my colleagues and I have addressed concerns regarding methodological issues with the recent RIM research (see Cunliffe et al., 2012; Gacono, Loving, &Bodholdt, 2001; Smith et. al., 2018). In many studies, the impact of these issues is frequently hidden, masked in a description of statistical procedures and shrouded by the umbrella of a meta-analysis. Findings from these flawed studies influence conclusions that may appear "controversial" but are in actuality an artifact of the individual studies' inadequate design. Alarmingly, such method-related practices negatively impact the scholarly perception of the Rorschach and are frequently cited by editors for rejecting submitted Rorschach studies for publication, based largely on the presence of "controversy" which does not exist. In this brief commentary, the importance of Lambda to the generalizability of Rorschach findings is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quantification of serum free light chains (FLC) is important in the diagnosis of plasma cell diseases where an abnormal kappa:lambda ratio infers a population of monoclonal plasma cells. The Freelite™ and N Latex assays have been validated in populations without kidney disease but there is a paucity of data relating to the use of these assays in end stage kidney disease (ESKD). The aim of the study was to compare FLC assay performance in ESKD patients on haemodialysis. Methods: Cross-sectional multi-centre study comparing the performance of the two assays on 112 haemodialysis patients without known paraproteinaemia. We quantified FLC pre- and post-dialysis using both the N Latex and the Freelite assays. Results: FLC levels were elevated by both assays. Lambda FLC levels were considerably higher by the N Latex assay. Using the proposed renal reference range for Freelite (0.37-3.1) all but one patient had normal kappa:lambda FLC ratios. In contrast, there were no abnormal FLC ratios predialysis using the N Latex assay. This was due to lambda FLC reading significantly higher by the N Latex assay. Kappa and lambda FLC levels decreased with dialysis but remained elevated above the normal range. The excess of lambda FLC by N Latex persisted post-dialysis but was somewhat attenuated. Dialysis adequacy and dialysis modality predicted clearance of kappa and lambda FLC by both assays. Conclusions: The N Latex assay reported significantly higher pre-dialysis lambda FLC concentrations compared with the Freelite assays. Clinicians should be aware of the need for a separate renal reference range for interpreting FLC ratio using the Freelite assay but not for the N Latex assay in ESKD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to compare the CALPUFF and LAMBDA models and evaluate the regulatory model CALPUFF accuracy in situations of line instant source emissions. Line source emissions exist in a variety of situations in the environmental field. Paved and unpaved roads are the most common examples of line sources. For instance, in the mining sector these two types of sources play an important role of anthropogenic influences in the environment. The OLAD experiment is appropriate to evaluate these models and check the accuracy of both. The CALPUFF results show in the simulations for short and long distances a systematic tendency of sub-prediction for the concentration. The LAMBDA model presented better accuracy in the prediction of natural pollutant dispersion even disregarding the spatial variability of meteorological field and topography. When the LAMBDA model is used the flow of pollutants to greater distances is less pronounced, especially because of the time step of one second adopted in the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard interpretation of this passage sees Aristotle as claiming that if a thing is F eternally, its being F is not the exercise of any potentiality to be F, and as explicitly applying this claim to the heavenly bodies. This interpretation faces a number of difficulties: I shall offer a different reading which avoids these, and which brings out interesting connections between this passage and some arguments in Λ.6-7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose As the companion paper of Part I, this paper aims to get more insight into the essence of lambda and to reveal its nature and role in the transition of lubrication states. Mixed lubrication (ML) model with micro-asperities contacts has been discussed in details in Part I.Design/methodology/approach Mimetic algorithm is used to get numerical solutions. Relationships between film thickness ratios and lubrication states transition with different external loads, rotating speeds, radial clearances, elastic modulus, surface hardness and roughness parameters are obtained.Findings The characteristic parameters of transitions from boundary lubrication (BL) to ML and ML to hydrodynamic lubrication (HL) are studied to determine how these parameters change with above factors. Finally, the essence and major influencing factors of lambda are summarized for such bearings.Originality/value In Part II, the authors believe that the paper presents for the first time: further insight into the essence of the lambda ratio, and its role in the lubrication states transition are given; the determinations of the characteristic parameters of transition from BL to ML and ML to HL are investigated for the first time; the characteristic parameters of transitions from BL to ML and ML to HL are also studied to determine how parameters (external load, rotating speed, radial clearance, elastic modulus, surface hardness and roughness parameter) change with above factors; a summary of the essence and major influencing factors of lambda for such bearings is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Fishers ( Pekania pennanti) in the west coast states of Washington, Oregon, and California, USA have not recovered from population declines and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service has proposed options for listing them as threatened. Our objectives were to evaluate differences in survival and mortality risk from natural (e.g., predation, disease, injuries, starvation) and human-linked causes (e.g., rodenticide exposure [toxicants], vehicle strikes). We monitored survival of 232 radio-collared fishers at a northern and southern study site in the Sierra National Forest, California. We retrieved fisher carcasses, and used necropsy examinations to determine causes of death. We estimated survival and mortality rates using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and nonparametric cumulative incidence functions, respectively, and integrated risk-specific survival rates into a Leslie matrix to evaluate how population growth (λ) might improve if management can reduce mortality from any of the risks. We determined cause of death for 93 of 121 fishers, and annual survival was 0.69 for all fishers, and 0.72 for female fishers. Mortality rates were 19.5% for predation; 2.5% for disease, injury, and starvation; and 1.9% for toxicant exposure and vehicle strikes. Predation rates were similar between sexes, and relative risk was 51% lower in fall and winter compared to spring and summer. Combined mortality from disease, injuries, starvation, vehicle strikes, and toxicants was 4.4%, and 11 times higher for males than females. We estimated a base λ at the northern site of 0.96, which had the potential to increase to 1.03 or 1.11 if predation were reduced by 25% or 50%, respectively, whereas λ could increase to 0.97 in the absence of deaths from all other risks except predation. Predation was the dominant limiting factor in our study population, and was also the most common mortality risk for fishers in the 3 West Coast states (67%), followed by disease, injury, and starvation (12%) and vehicle strikes (8%). Direct mortality from toxicants appeared limited to fishers in California. Our results identified the need for continued and potential expanded restrictions on habitat disturbance in fisher denning habitats. Research is needed on contact rates between larger predators and fishers, including whether fishers are more vulnerable to attack in open forests or along roads used by coursing predators. © 2015 The Wildlife Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation is a term used in various senses in various applications, and its fundamental meaning is the putting together of components in an appropriate relationships or structures, according to a formula. Several prepared formulations for chlorpyrifos-ethyl and lambdacyhalothrin as Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) formulation were subjected to WHO chemical tests to find out which formulation is matching the requirements. The physicochemical properties of the standard commercial formulation versus the prepared formulation were determined. The emulsion stability test was determined according to WHO specification method. Besides, the determination of free acidity and alkalinity as well as, viscosity and surface tension. The results of emulsion stability test indicated that the ml separation in the prepared formulation of chlorpyrifos was 0.1 ml cream after 1 hr in the case of hard water and 0.9 ml in soft water for chlorpyrifos 48% + Calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (CaDBS) 2.6% + Triton X-100 2.4% (F1) compared to < 0.1 ml and < 0.3 ml in hard and soft water respectively in the second formulation which consists of chlorpyrifos 48% + dodecyl benzene sulfonate (CaDBS) 2.8% + Triton X-100 2.2% (F2).The most successful prepared formulation was (F3) which consists of chlorpyrifos 48% + Calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (CaDBS) 3% + Triton X-100 2% with < 0.05 ml in both hard and soft water. While the ml separation in the commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos was 0.1 ml in hard water and 0.2 ml in soft water. The cream separation in emulsion stability test of prepared formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin was not observed after 1 hr in both hard and soft water for lambda-cyhalothrin 5% + dodecyl benzene sulfonate (CaDBS) 1.8% + Triton X-100 3.2% (F1) so it was the most successful prepared formulation compared to 0.9 ml in hard water and 0 ml in soft water in the second formulation which consists of lambda-cyhalothrin 5% + dodecyl benzene sulfonate (CaDBS) 2% + Triton X-100 3% (F2). While the ml separation in the commercial formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin was 0.4 ml cream + 0.3 ml oil in hard water and 0.7 ml cream + 0.2 ml oil in soft water. The most successful formulations were tested against susceptible and field strains of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). The efficiency of the two prepared formulations were determined; in comparison with the standard (commercial) formulations of chlorpyrifos-ethyl and lambda-cyhalothrin respectively, against the susceptible and field strains of S. littoralis (Boisd.). Also, the effect of adding the synergist (Sylgard 309®) to each treatment was determined. In the susceptible strain after 48 hours bioassay; LC50 value for the prepared formulation of chlorpyrifos was10.12 ppm and after adding Sylgard 309® the result was found to be 7.14 ppm, while LC50 values for its commercial formulation alone and/or with Sylgard 309® were 13.74 and 9.61 ppm, respectively. LC50value for the prepared formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin was 85.70 ppm; after adding Sylgard 309® became 68.34 ppm, while LC50 for the commercial formulation of lambdacyhalothrin alone and/or with Sylgard 309® were 152.54 and 108.52 ppm, respectively. In the field strain after 48 hours bioassay; LC50 value for the prepared formulation of chlorpyrifos was 17.89 ppm, but with the addition of Sylgard 309®the result showed a magnificent effect as of 13.77 ppm. For its commercial formulation only and/or in addition to Sylgard 309® LC50 values were found to be 163.19 and 154.28 ppm respectively. LC50 value for the prepared formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin was 1212.62 ppm; with the addition of Sylgard 309® was slightly decreased to 1208.23 ppm, while LC50values for the commercial formulation only and/or in addition to Sylgard 309® were 1925.87 and 1914.77 ppm, respectively. The calculation of Resistance Factor (RF) after 48 hours bioassay revealed that the field strain compared to the susceptible one of S. littoralis showed a real case of resistance to both of the commercial formulations of chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin while the prepared formulations of each showed either the natural tolerance or the vigor tolerance case, in respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proliferative glomerulonephritis occurring as a consequence of monoclonal glomerular deposits of IgG is uncommon. It is a form of renal involvement in monoclonal gammopathy that mimics immune complex glomerulonephritis. Here, we report the first series of proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits (PGNMID) from the Indian subcontinent highlighting use of light chain immunofluorescence (IF) in routine renal biopsy interpretation. We retrieved 6 patients diagnosed as proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits (PGNMID) out of 160 biopsies (3.7%) with membranoproliferative patterns over 5 1/2 years (2009-2014), one of whom had recurrence 6 months post-renal transplant. Four (67%) patients presented with rapidly progressive renal failure and two (33%) with nephrotic syndrome. None of these patients had overt multiple myeloma. The predominant histologic pattern was membranoproliferative with all the biopsies showing IgG3 Kappa deposits on IF. The deposits were primarily subendothelial on electron microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

*Background and Aims Evaluation of population projection matrices (PPMs) that are focused on asymptotically based properties of populations is a commonly used approach to evaluate projected dynamics of managed populations. Recently, a set of tools for evaluating the properties of transient dynamics has been expanded to evaluate PPMs and to consider the dynamics of populations prior to attaining the stable-stage distribution, a state that may never be achieved in disturbed or otherwise ephemeral habitats or persistently small populations. This study re-evaluates data for a tropical orchid and examines the value of including such analyses in an integrative approach. *Methods Six small populations of Lepanthes rubripetala were used as a model system and the R software package popdemo was used to produce estimates of the indices for the asymptotic growth rate (lambda), sensitivities, reactivity, first-time step attenuation, maximum amplification, maximum attenuation, maximal inertia and maximal attenuation. The response in lambda to perturbations of demographic parameters using transfer functions and multiple perturbations on growth, stasis and fecundity were also determined. The results were compared with previously published asymptotic indices. *Key Results It was found that combining asymptotic and transient dynamics expands the understanding of possible population changes. Comparison of the predicted density from reactivity and first-time step attenuation with the observed change in population size in two orchid populations showed that the observed density was within the predicted range. However, transfer function analysis suggests that the traditional approach of measuring perturbation of growth rates and persistence (inertia) may be misleading and is likely to result in erroneous management decisions. *Conclusions Based on the results, an integrative approach is recommended using traditional PPMs (asymptotic processes) with an evaluation of the diversity of dynamics that may arise when populations are not at a stable-stage distribution (transient processes). This method is preferable for designing rapid and efficient interventions after disturbances, and for developing strategies to establish new populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]