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This paper explores the participation and engagement of ethnic groups and minorities in Kosovo’s political and institutional life during the post-war period (after 1999) and the post-independence phase (after 2008). The involvement of minorities in Kosovo’s institutional framework is grounded in the concept of a multiethnic state, with constitutional and legal provisions ensuring their rights. These provisions enable minorities to participate in all areas of state activity within the Republic of Kosovo. The paper addresses how circumstances and opportunities for participation have evolved, the challenges, threats, and risks faced, and what legislative measures have been enacted to ensure the political and institutional representation of ethnic groups and minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text is a personal essay written by Dana Lloyd, reflecting on her experiences and struggles as an academic writer. She explores the concept of positionality and the challenges of finding her own voice in her academic work. Lloyd also discusses the controversial figure of anthropologist Alfred Kroeber and his treatment of Indigenous peoples. She contemplates the importance of imagination and the need to transcend boundaries in academic writing. Ultimately, Lloyd reflects on her own journey to find her voice and the impact of her father's absence on her identity. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the author's personal journey from studying the TMT dispute on Mauna Kea to becoming an advocate for the Native Hawaiian community. It highlights the value of engaged scholarship, which involves building relationships with communities and participating in advocacy efforts. The author emphasizes the importance of community-led decision-making and the need for scholars to navigate the complexities of advocacy while maintaining scholarly integrity. The text also discusses the author's involvement in a project to create toolkits based on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples for Indigenous communities, and reflects on the lessons learned from their experiences. [Extracted from the article]

The surge in visibility of human rights abuses within the seafood supply chain has propelled scrutiny into the sustainability of global fisheries, leading to heightened interest in the social performance of seafood companies and questioning the obligations of States in upholding human rights under international law. This review aims to bring clarity on where responsibility for ensuring compliance with human rights law lies within the context of the fishing industry. It provides a comprehensive analysis of international legal provisions related to the human rights of fishers, derived from both treaty law and State practice. To effectively address human rights and labor abuses, a transformative approach that prioritizes the wellbeing of workers over profit is needed, involving the implementation of participatory strategies, empowering workers and the cultivation of shared responsibility. Despite the proactive role played by the private sector in developing global standards, the review uncovers inherent limitations in relying solely on certifications for comprehensive human rights protection. The study concludes that international human right law unequivocally applies to fishers, with States primarily responsible for enforcement. As enforcement remains a challenge in the maritime context, particularly on the high seas, the burden for solutions should rest on a collaborative effort within the international arena to ensure a sustainable and ethical future for global seafood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion In Japan, amidst insufficient legal provisions and governmental support, in 2010, the first rape crisis center, the Sexual Assault Crisis Healing Intervention Center Osaka (SACHICO) was established. We compared SACHICO visitor data from 2010 to 2021 with National Police Agency statistics to clarify the current situation of sexual assault victims in Japan and considered future issues for Japan to address.This study was a cross‐sectional study that analyzed the data described below. All visitations to SACHICO between April 2010 and December 2021 were considered targets for data totaling. Data on crime statistics were gathered from the official governmental statistics portal site.A total of 12 036 visitations occurred, of which 3189 were first‐time consultations; 3100 initial medical examinations were conducted, and no medical examination was conducted in the remaining 89 cases (2.7%). The number of initial medical examinations increased 3.7 times from 2010 to 2021. Victims under the age of 19 comprised 60% of the total number of initial medical examinations (1863/3100). The reporting rate for all 3100 initial medical examinations was only 31.3% (969/3100) of the cases. The proportion of forcible sexual intercourse versus forcible indecency were the converse of those observed among acknowledged cases nationwide and in Osaka Prefecture. For several years, the number of initial medical consultations at SACHICO has exceeded that of acknowledged cases in Osaka Prefecture.Support for victims of sexual assault in Japan is still insufficient. It is necessary to strengthen the system of rape crisis centers system to realize an unbroken chain of support for victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the legal challenges of Cambodia's intellectual property rights in the context of Southeast Asia. Despite significant progress in adopting legal frameworks in line with international standards, Cambodia's IP system still needs to develop compared to that of other ASEAN countries. This study focuses on Cambodia's commitment to the implementation of the WTO and ASEAN obligations and details the legal provisions for trademarks, copyrights and patents. This section highlights issues such as the complexity of trademark registration procedures, restrictions on the application of IP rights and the absence of comprehensive legislation in emerging IP categories. Furthermore, it examines the effectiveness of dispute settlement mechanisms and the role of national institutions such as the National Commercial Arbitration Center (NCAC). The findings highlight the need for continuous legal reforms to promote a strong intellectual property environment, attract foreign investment and support Cambodia's economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to speed up the purchases of essential products and services required by the public administration to tackle the sanitary crisis caused by COVID-19, the Brazilian federal government enacted laws No. 13,979 and No. 14,035 in 2020, exempting such items from the procurement process. This research aimed to investigate the impact of the flexibility in Brazilian law on government bids. For this purpose, a database composed of items acquired between January 2019 and December 2020 was built, and the empirical strategy was based on Difference-in-Differences models. The results indicate that the effect of this legal provision on the price of potentially affected items was an increase of approximately 5%. Some explanations for this price increase are due to the pressure of demand, changes in the strategic planning of companies and in the way they allocate their workers, which affect the costs of these companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article applies the method of historical research, using a temporal perspective dating back to 1985, to trace the evolution of market valuation principles for real estate in Poland. These principles evolved similarly to those in many other post-socialist countries, influenced by political and socio-economic transformations and the resulting list of objectives for which these values became essential. The changing legal regulations allowing for the emergence and development of a free real estate market played a decisive role in this process. It was also a period of preparing real estate valuation professionals to meet these requirements. Today, the methodology of valuation, under increasing pressure from various real estate market entities and the rapid advancement of intelligent data collection and processing technologies, is undergoing further evolution. In many countries, including Poland, lively discussions and disputes are ongoing regarding the legal authorization of statistical tools and automated valuation models in valuation practice. These possibilities are being considered particularly in the context of mass property valuations for tax purposes. The methodology involves the analysis of Polish legal provisions, foreign literature, and documents proving the gradual marketization of valuation principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the extrajudicial use of legal norms by activists. It aims to show how law serves as a useful symbolic resource for activists to strengthen their strategies for political pressure outside the courts. It does this through a qualitative investigation of six citizen debt audit groups from three European countries (France, Belgium, and Spain). Based on an analysis of legal provisions mobilised by activists in public documents, when addressing decision-makers, and in interviews, we identify several common uses of the law: the 'legal call to order'; the 'contradiction game between norms of the same legal order'; the 'call to derogation of certain norms'; and, the 'call to produce new norms'. This work is a valuable contribution to legal consciousness studies. We assert that activists have a complex legal consciousness, being neither completely enchanted ('before the law'), nor completely withdrawn ('against the law'). In their political interventions, the citizen audit groups under study rely on certain legal norms that they consider legitimate to make claims, while they seek to disqualify others of the same legal order. One can thus contest positive law without being against the law per se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the seventeenth century, missionaries in China translated a vast array of Chinese works, including classics, official histories, and legal documents. Their translations have been analysed through several perspectives, yet their use of Chinese dictionaries has been largely overlooked. In the context of the Rites Controversy, between the Jesuits on one side and the Dominican and Franciscan friars on the other, precise references to authoritative Chinese dictionaries were made to corroborate their interpretation of Chinese rituals as either religious or secular. This article first describes why and how missionaries started from the early beginning of the mission in the 1580s to write their own bilingual dictionaries based on existing Western and Chinese dictionaries. Then, it considers how the same dictionaries became an important reference when the Rites Controversy erupted in the 1630s. Based on manuscript and printed documents written until 1670, three Chinese characters which became the focus of competing interpretations are discussed: miao as temple versus hall, ji as sacrifice versus offering, and sheng as prophet versus wise man. Besides the problem of biased translations on both sides, we shall show that there was a more fundamental reason which prevented the missionaries from settling their controversy using dictionaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas principles of communicative efficiency and legal doctrine dictate that laws be comprehensible to the common world, empirical evidence suggests legal documents are largely incomprehensible to lawyers and laypeople alike. Here, a corpus analysis (n = 59 million words) first replicated and extended prior work revealing laws to contain strikingly higher rates of complex syntactic structures relative to six baseline genres of English. Next, two preregistered text generation experiments (n = 286) tested two leading hypotheses regarding how these complex structures enter into legal documents in the first place. In line with the magic spell hypothesis, we found people tasked with writing official laws wrote in a more convoluted manner than when tasked with writing unofficial legal texts of equivalent conceptual complexity. Contrary to the copy-and-edit hypothesis, we did not find evidence that people editing a legal document wrote in a more convoluted manner than when writing the same document from scratch. From a cognitive perspective, these results suggest law to be a rare exception to the general tendency in human language toward communicative efficiency. In particular, these findings indicate law's complexity to be derived from its performativity, whereby low-frequency structures may be inserted to signal law's authoritative, world-state-altering nature, at the cost of increased processing demands on readers. From a law and policy perspective, these results suggest that the tension between the ubiquity and impenetrability of the law is not an inherent one, and that laws can be simplified without a loss or distortion of communicative content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous scholarship on Josh 15:16–19 and Judg 1:12–15 has drawn on ancient Near Eastern and Jewish laws pertaining to dowries as an aid for interpreting Achsah’s acquisition of property from her father. This article further elucidates the Achsah narrative by bringing it into conversation with legal documents pertaining to dowries from Mesopotamia that highlight their strategic use for purposes such as economic and social advancement. Drawing on insights from law and literature scholarship that highlight how narrative may offer a perspective on law, this article interrogates the ways that Achsah operates within the framework of legal norms pertaining to daughters, while also challenging them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased usage of generative artificial intelligence (AI) within the legal profession has prompted responses from the judiciary, resulting in the issuance of various practice directives. The spectrum of these directives ranges from conservative recommendations to more radical measures demanding lawyers to disclose their use of generative AI in the preparation of legal documents or certify the absence of such software in their creation. This article explores the development of a comprehensive framework for judicial guidance on generative AI use in legal proceedings in Canada, highlighting key elements of such guidance. The author contemplates a ‘training’ approach to regulating generative AI use in legal proceedings, focusing more on the user than the technology itself. This approach emphasises the need for judicial guidance to balance constructive engagement with generative AI with lawyers’ ethical responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose self‐retrieval learning, a self‐supervised learning method that does not require an annotated dataset. In self‐retrieval learning, keywords extracted from documents are used as queries to construct training data that imitate the relationship between query and corpus, such that the documents themselves are retrieved. In the usual supervised learning for information retrieval, a pair of query and corpus document is required as training data, but self‐retrieval learning does not require such data. In addition, it does not use information such as reference lists or other documents connected to the query, but only the text of the documents in the target domain. In our experiments, self‐retrieval learning was performed on the EU and UK legal document retrieval task using a retrieval model called DRMM. We found that self‐retrieval learning not only does not require supervised datasets, but also outperforms supervised learning with the same model in terms of retrieval accuracy. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the recent disability legislation in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Maldives after signing the CRPD in 2006. Through a systematic comparative approach, this study identifies and examines the commonalities and differences in the provisions, participation of persons with disabilities (PWD), educational considerations, and rights of women with disabilities within their disability Acts. Qualitative content analysis has been used for thematic analysis of the content of these legal documents. The analysis revealed that a shared philosophical assumption existed across the Acts influenced by the social model of disability, while variations exist in the definition of disabilities across these Acts. It was found that due emphasis was placed on the involvement of PWD in regulatory committees in all Acts taken in the study. However, the level and extent of participation in these committees vary among countries. The nature of the educational provision is more inclined towards inclusive education across these Acts. However, not all of these four practices fully include PWD. Less emphasis has been put on including the rights of women with disabilities in the Acts. This article accentuates the importance of comparative studies for cross-country learning and the potential for adapting ideas to suit respective countries' national contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past studies mainly focused on the effects of the lack of a pastoral land tenure security system. There is scarcity of evidence regarding the effects of pastoral land tenure insecurity in the context of cross-border environmental resource governance and sustainability that the present study attempted to contribute. The main objective of this study is therefore to assess how far the state land tenure system has impacted environmental resource governance and sustainability along the Ethiopia–Kenya border. The study employed a qualitative method in which key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions were utilized as the primary data collection methods; moreover, the legal documents of the two states, journal articles, official reports of governmental, and nongovernmental organizations report and other relevant secondary sources were assessed in the review of the literature. Data were collected from various respondents from the pastoralists, nongovernmental organizations, and government bodies from local, national, regional, and international organization representatives. The findings of the study showed that in both states, the government laws and policies adopted have not taken into account the pastoral way of life. In addition, the lack of tenure security for the pastoralists has endangered cross-border environmental resource governance and sustainability. The pastoral landholding system is communally influenced mainly by states' interests and human encroachments. It is vital that pastoral policies should accommodate pastoral felt needs and interests in which the voices of pastoralists are heard in the policy-making process; hence, there should be a special representation for the pastoral people in the regional and federal legislature (in Ethiopia) and central government parliament (in Kenya), and there should be a cross-border pastoralists forum to ensure better environmental resource governance in the borderland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence is absent in the legal, policy and programmatic landscape of online child sexual exploitation in countries in the Global South. Our work begins to contribute to filling this literature gap, drawing evidence from Tunisia, one of the least studied countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). We reviewed legal and policy documents directly or indirectly connected to online child sexual exploitation, complemented with interviews from diverse actors in the child protection space at the national and sub‐national levels. We note that Tunisia is a signatory to several international and regional treaties and conventions that can be leveraged to tackle online sexual exploitation of children. Still, these have yet to be fully exploited for the benefit of children. Furthermore, we observed several disparate laws at the country level. These laws are scattered in many legal documents, and some aspects could be more specific, but currently not, which poses significant legal challenges to protecting children. Finally, many institutions implementing programmes in this space create less coordination and sometimes confusion. At best, interventions seem ad hoc without any clear mandate of specificity in institutional leadership. The implications of the findings for policies and programmes are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the 1970s the Nordic countries liberalized their abortion laws. Objective: We assessed epidemiological trends for induced abortion on all Nordic countries, considered legal similarities and diversities, effects of new medical innovations and changes in practical and legal provisions during the subsequent years. Methods: New legislation strengthened surveillance of induced abortion in all countries and mandated hospitals that performed abortions to report to national abortion registers. Published data from the Nordic abortion registers were considered and new comparative analyses done. The data cover complete national populations. Results and conclusions: After an increase in abortion rates during the first years following liberalization, the general abortion rates stabilized and even decreased in all Nordic countries, especially for women under 25 years. From the mid-1980s higher awareness about pregnancy termination led women to present at an earlier gestational age, which was accelerated by the introduction of medical abortion some years later. Most terminations (80–86%) are now done before the 9th gestational week in all countries, primarily by medical rather than surgical means. Introduction of routine ultrasound screening in pregnancy during the late 1980s, increased the number of 2nd trimester abortions on fetal anomaly indications without an overall increase in the proportion of 2nd relative to 1st trimester abortions. Further refinement of ultrasound screening and non-invasive prenatal diagnostic methods led to a slight increase in the proportion of early 2nd trimester abortions after the year 2000. Country-specific differences in abortion rates have remained stable over the 50 years of liberalized abortion laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Forensic medicine deals with the identification of individuals, but it also involves legal documents, financial transactions, and civil affairs. One of the most established and trustworthy biometric techniques is the fingerprint, which is accepted as valid identification documentation for individuals. Methods: This cross‑sectional research involved 420 Saudi students, including 300 males and 120 females, aged between 18 and 27. On a white A4‑sized Performa, rolled imprints of each participant’s ten fingers were obtained, and these were categorized into loops, whorls, arches, and composites. The relationship between the ABO and Rh blood groups and fingerprint patterns were compared using the Chi‑square test to see for any correlation. Results: The study included 420 participants in total. Of these 420, there were males 300 (71.4%), and females 112 (28.6%) participants, respectively. Of the 420 participants, blood groups, such as A, B, AB, and O, were represented by 112 (26.7%), 75 (17.8%), 20 (4.8%), and 213 (50.7%) of the participants, respectively. Out of the 4200 fingerprints, 127 (3.0%) were composite, 1547 (36.8%) were whorl, 197 (4.7%) were arch, and 2329 (55.5%) were loop. An analysis of the fingerprint patterns of the ABO blood group revealed a statistically significant variance (P = 0.0002). Conclusion: According to this study, the most common fingerprints were loop (55.5%) and whorl (36.8%). ABO blood group differences in fingerprint patterns were found to be statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to study the degree of deviation from the level of investment in China's sports industry. Subjects of this paper are 39 companies engaged in the sports industry of China and listed in Shanghai or Shenzhen stock market, and a two-tier Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) model was built to study their panel data from 2007 to 2021 and figure out the influence of financing constraints and agency costs on the deviation of investment level of these subjects. The results suggest that: Both financing constraints and agency costs have a significant impact on the investment level of subjects, and the influence degree of financing constraints is slightly higher; on average, under the combined effect of financing constraints and agency costs, the investment level of subjects is 1.72% lower than the optimal investment level; the influence of financing constraints and agency costs on the deviation of investment level of subjects varies with the year, overall speaking, the influence of financing constraints is larger; for subjects of different property ownership types, there are differences in the degree of deviation of their investment level from the optimal investment level; compared with non-state-owned companies, the state-owned companies are more likely to have insufficient investment. The policy and practical recommendation of this paper is: Government should reduce financing constraints by means of optimizing relevant legal provisions and regulating the tax rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review is devoted to the analysis of the monograph by A.S. Zhanbosinova “Please remove the undeserved stigma of Article 58 from me”: ego-documents in the history of political terror in Kazakhstan.” Interest in this kind of publications using a large number of new documents extracted from Kazakh archives is in great demand both in the scientific community and in society as a whole. The unique materials selected in the work will allow to get acquainted directly with the tragic pages of our history and form one’s own opinion on a number of complex episodes. The main advantage of this monograph is that it allows you to look at the course of history through the eyes of an ordinary person. The review contains recommendations for the author to continue this work and explore new topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the management audit benefits the organizational management of entities in many aspects to be able to obtain an efficient and effective administration, guiding innovation and progress in the processes of good decision making, executing processes based on current legal regulations. Since for organizational development it is important to know the degree of efficiency, effectiveness and economics of the activities carried out in the organization, therefore it is necessary to carry out a management audit whose purpose is to evaluate the performance of the activities carried out and compare them with the goals and objectives set, so that they can generate good results for the organization, as long as it effectively involves planning, organization, direction and control, providing services and public goods to satisfy the needs of the population, always seeking the local common good of exempt manner subject to the legal provision of the Ecuadorian state, that is, it has autonomy to govern and administer, through a consensus with society the budget is distributed to make the best decisions for an optimal organization, thus guaranteeing the rights of the population, Given this background, the work presented shows the results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old Uyghur language emerged as a result of translating religious texts. Additionally, there are also written works and fragments that are categorized as non-religious. The collection of texts and fragments includes letters, legal documents, celebration records, calendars, and medical texts. Medical texts are based on ancient medical traditions from different cultures, such as folk medicine, Assyrian, Indian, and Chinese. These texts include the names of plants, animals, minerals, drugs, diseases, treatments, and medical interventions. The earliest research on Old Uyghur medical texts involved the editing of texts. Subsequent to this, there were studies focused on lexicon, encompassing plant names, drug compositions, and related subjects. Furthermore, studies in the field of medical history were conducted to examine the development of these texts in Central Asian Turkish medicine. It is worth noting that Old Uyghur medical texts have largely been published and analyzed for lexical and medical history up to this day. This article presents four previously unpublished fragments on Old Uyghur medicine. The fragments, known as Mainz 353 (T II D 177-1), U 116 (T II K x 12), U 238 (T II D 177; Glas: T II D 177 g), and U 239 (T II D 177; Glas: T II D 177 X), are now part of the Berlin Turfan Collection. This paper presents the transcription, transliteration, Turkish translation, explanations, and dictionary of the aforementioned fragments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of end-of-life planning and the benefits it provides for both the living and the dying. It emphasizes that end-of-life planning is a comprehensive process that involves legal documents, financial planning, funeral arrangements, healthcare decisions, and personal wishes. The article highlights the importance of having conversations with loved ones about these plans and the relief it provides for those left behind. It also suggests considering aspects such as legal documents, financial questions, medical decisions, personal wishes, and compiling a list of online accounts and assets. The article concludes by stating that end-of-life planning is a personal and ongoing process that requires time and can provide peace of mind for both individuals and their loved ones. [Extracted from the article]

Human-induced breaches in the dikes of the major river systems were a common phenomenon in late imperial China. The article examines cases mainly related to the Yellow River and how these cases were dealt with on the basis of the legal code. While the extensive coverage of such cases in legal documents is an important reminder of the high degree of attention that the state paid to hydraulic installations, the phenomenon also needs to be understood as an manifestation of societal conflicts resulting from the pressures of the demographic and environmental developments of China in the late imperial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the translation of syntactic features in legal documents from Arabic into English. It aims to identify the syntactic features and to describe translatability of the syntactic features of Arabic and English Sharia divorce documents, accordingly, will help in assessing translators’ choices ad decisions. Being a qualitative descriptive study, samples of translated divorce contracts have been collected from Palestinian sworn translators and translation certified offices. Data is collected manually, and analysed using purposeful sampling, open-ended data collection, and personal interpretation. Analysis of the differences of syntactic features between Arabic and English divorce sharia court documents revealed that differences lie in the following aspects: the form of complex sentence structure, use of passive, use of nominal forms, binominals and triplets, modal verbs, conditional sentences, and the form of pronouns. The study concluded that the differences between Arabic and English syntactic features resulted in some problems of mother tongue influence, and using redundant synonyms and the literal translation of the successive dependent and parenthetical phrases which make the sentence long and complex, accordingly, not easy to be comprehended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surge in the utilization of generative artificial intelligence within the legal profession, particularly in preparing legal documents, has prompted a flurry of responses from the judiciary, including practice directives and standing orders. These varied responses have either directly or implicitly referred to litigants using "hallucinated" cases generated by large language models (LLMs) as a major concern. This article briefly evaluates these responses, making conclusions on their propriety and relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: The Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) oversight role in the pharmaceutical market is critical to the health of patients and the health care system. This study characterized the FTC's policy on the pharmaceutical market in recent decades, identifying the types of actions it has favored, barriers it has faced, and authorities that remain untested. Objective: To review FTC legal actions in the pharmaceutical market from 2000-2022. Evidence Review: Legal actions were determined through manual review of search results from the FTC's online Legal Library as well as a 2023 FTC report on pharmaceutical actions. The alleged misconduct, type of legal action taken, timing, and outcome were collected from press releases, complaints, orders, and other legal documents. Findings: From 2000-2022, the FTC challenged 62 mergers, brought 22 enforcement actions against allegedly unlawful business practices, and made 1 rule related to pharmaceuticals. Alleged misconduct in enforcement actions involved anticompetitive settlements in patent litigation (n = 11), unilateral actions by brand manufacturers to delay generic competition (n = 6), noncompete agreements (n = 4), and monopolization (n = 3), with 10 outcomes involving monetary payment, totaling $1.6 billion. Of the 62 mergers the FTC challenged, 61 were allowed to continue, 58 after divesting certain drugs to third-party competitors. The FTC's reliance on drug divestitures decreased from 18 drugs per year from 2000-2017 to 4.3 per year from 2017-2023. Conclusions and Relevance: The FTC brought about 1 enforcement action and 3 merger actions per year against pharmaceutical manufacturers from 2000-2022, pursuing a small fraction of the estimated misconduct and consolidation in the pharmaceutical marketplace. Although the FTC faces substantial legal and practical limitations, important tools remain untested, including a rule defining "unfair methods of competition," that may allow it to more effectively prevent repetitive patterns of anticompetitive behavior. This Special Communication examines the Federal Trade Commission's policy and legal actions related to alleged misconduct, consolidation, and anticompetitive behavior in the pharmaceutical market between 2000 and 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the diphthongization ý > ej in The Book of Testimonies of Buchlov Castle from the period of 1562–1654. The scope of the court comprised the area now dialectologically described as the western periphery of the East Moravian dialect group lying at the borderline with the Central Moravian dialect group. As books of testimonies were legal documents and had to be written with a minimum time lag and as faithfully as possible, they represent a specific source for understanding the lower-style language, although the scribes’ influence has to always be considered. The article presents a detailed analysis of the penetration of the new diphthong into the spoken and legal language. The distribution of diphthongization is described pursuant to selected linguistic and non-linguistic variables. The analysis thus presents diphthongization in nouns proper in comparison with the rest of the vocabulary, the word-stem and word-ending cases and also semantic classes. In addition to chronology, the roles of the individual scribes and the differences between the testimonies proper, the scribes’ notes and correspondence are explored. Finally, the findings are compared with the results of previous research, and the place of the books of testimonies within the period manuscript and printed production is specified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's era of technological advancement and the emergence of communication tools connecting individuals and communities online, this research aims to shed light on the potential employment of modern communication means in defining and announcing lost items. Consequently, facilitate the return of lost items to their owners smoothly and easily by presenting the legal provisions regulating the definition and announcement of lost items and assessing their compatibility with the utilization of these means. After thorough research and analysis, it is evident that the use of contemporary means in defining and searching for lost items plays a significant role for both the finder and the owner, as well as for media and advertisement platforms dealing with lost and found items. Any social system, such as the communication and media system, is employed for specific purposes, and communication and media, as social activities, serve various functions and roles for the community, including announcing lost items. The purpose of media is to advertise through modern media channels to clarify the intended message. Advertising is the demonstration, and the intention here is to describe the various aspects of advertising that lead to the dissemination and broadcast of visual and auditory lost item news. The study finds that defining lost items through modern means is permissible according to Islamic law, including print media, radio, television, and the internet network. The legal obligation to use modern communication means is obligatory, and ancient scholars would have considered it a fundamental basis for deliberating on legal rulings, including the announcement of lost items. Visual and auditory media, such as television and radio, play an active role in presenting lost items and found objects. The research relied on the descriptive and analytical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the legal approach to abortion in Indonesia, focusing on the significant conflict between the Indonesian Criminal Code's provisions on abortion and the stance of the Reproductive Health Law. The study aims to understand the implications of this legal contradiction on women's reproductive health and rights, and propose potential solutions to harmonize the legal framework. It employs a comparative legal analysis method, investigating the origins, interpretations, and effects of the respective laws, with data collected from legal documents, scholarly articles, and databases. The findings reveal that the existing legal contradiction potentially contributes to unsafe abortion practices, leading to adverse health consequences and undermining women's rights. The study proposes amendments to align the Criminal Code with the Reproductive Health Law, policy reforms, and cultural initiatives based on international best practices and scholarly recommendations. The research emphasizes the need for comprehensive reproductive health services that respect women's rights and protect their health, thereby advocating for a safer and more inclusive environment in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on case files from a Canadian provincial review board tasked with determining the disposition of persons found 'not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder', we explore the role of the forensic hospital report in the production of medico-legal risk knowledges. Through a detailed case study, we show how the report's content and particular material form allow the Board to produce the 'significantly threatening individual' – the very thing the Board (and report) are meant to presuppose. We therefore call on scholars to document their documents, and, in the spirit of actor-network theory (ANT), to analytically treat socio-legal objects as active participants in knowledge's creation. By accounting for the 'knowledge moves' the hospital report might allow, encourage, or prohibit human actors to make, we hope even ANT sceptics can use these tools to better understand various legal decision-making processes and their effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the legal challenges of Cambodia's intellectual property rights in the context of Southeast Asia. Despite significant progress in adopting legal frameworks in line with international standards, Cambodia's IP system still needs to develop compared to that of other ASEAN countries. This study focuses on Cambodia's commitment to the implementation of the WTO and ASEAN obligations and details the legal provisions for trademarks, copyrights and patents. This section highlights issues such as the complexity of trademark registration procedures, restrictions on the application of IP rights and the absence of comprehensive legislation in emerging IP categories. Furthermore, it examines the effectiveness of dispute settlement mechanisms and the role of national institutions such as the National Commercial Arbitration Center (NCAC). The findings highlight the need for continuous legal reforms to promote a strong intellectual property environment, attract foreign investment and support Cambodia's economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the author is to investigate a slightly obscure topic: the practice of interwar military justice in Hungary and its related questions, with an emphasis on matters concerning the peculiarities on how to implement them. The bill - which came into effect in 1930 - was born amidst uncommon historical conditions, since the Trianon Peace Treaty basically degraded Hungary into a quasi-numb entity. It is without a doubt that the decade-long consolidation - and its achievements - that came after can be regarded as one of the most prominently successful periods of the era's political history. The historical pressure, the necessity of being able to defend ourselves along with the importance of national security demanded that our army remained intact, despite the prohibitions that surrounded its existence. This called for ensuring that the legal environment was modernized enough to be capable of supporting this goal. The system of regulations inherited from the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was subjected to scrutiny and as a result ended up as a state-of-the art framework that even surpassed the European standards it aimed to match. This paper, putting emphasis on the most important dogmatic junctions, will further review these regulations - substantive or procedural contents alike -. After a brief diversion towards taking a glimpse into the historical situation, we will introduce the system of sanctions and punishments pertaining to military personnel, and proceed with the regulations related to their implementation, which in turn will offer a glimpse into the contemporary philosophy that surrounded military justice and procedure. In accordance, further regulations containing provisions regarding infrastructure, personnel, accommodation, and institution security in general would emerge. The author of the article provides a summary of the most important current relevant legal provisions. It touches upon the military justice system and its subsystems, introduces the more substantive procedural rules, and concludes with an argument on practical implementation. It will also raise the theoretical question on a future independent regulation which would take place in accordance with the reforms of the Hungarian military and the national strategy on defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources (RES) will play a key role in the transition to clean energy. Financial and socio-economic benefits determine the investment management in these energy sources. This article aims to indicate current energy policy goals, present socio-economic benefits resulting from renewable energy investments, and review further development directions in Poland. The research was carried out using desk research, case studies, and literature review methods to provide a broader economic context for RES investments. The scope of the research included both the Polish and the European Union contexts. The authors examined the Polish objectives of investment in renewable energy contained in strategic, planning, and other legal documents compared to EU targets, reviewed possible investments in renewable energy, and indicated wind farms and photovoltaic investments as the most effective ones from the point of view of further development which aims to meet the EU's goals by 2030. The authors also demonstrated a wide range of socio-economic benefits based on literature reviews, analysis of policy documents, and regulations regarding the energy sector, and examined a specific example of investment implementation and identified the ecosystem of beneficiaries and their benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the controversy created by the public reconfiguration of medical Cannabis in Brazil. The play character Antigone is borrowed to make sense of this transformation, reconstructed based on activist manifestations, especially of patients and their families. Public insurgent declarations emerge against prohibitionist legal provisions, referred to by the activists themselves as "peaceful civil disobedience,' under a moral key that breaks with the language of individual freedom, articulating notions of duty and necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, legal entities can be subject to criminal sanctions for violations of the law which are regulated in various laws and regulations. The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of implementing criminal sanctions against legal entities in law enforcement in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research. Data will be collected through literature studies, analysis of legal documents, and case studies related to the application of criminal sanctions against legal entities in Indonesia. The collected data will be analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive approach and content analysis. The research results show that the effectiveness of implementing criminal sanctions against legal entities in Indonesia is still low. This is caused by several factors, such as unclear laws and regulations, weaknesses in law enforcement, limited resources. This condition results in injustice for society, especially for victims of criminal acts committed by legal entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overwhelming need to curb syariah criminal activities in the society can never be denied. For this purpose, Malaysian syariah criminal legislation is legislated by the State Legislative Assembly. Its enforcement process should adhere to the stipulated principles of justice. However, the given legislative authority is subjected to the doctrine of separation of powers between the Federal and state governments. Despite the outlined divisional powers, the parameter of the jurisdiction of the state legislative assembly in enacting provisions on syariah criminal offences remains vague. Therefore, this writing analyzes several legal provisions in Malaysia relating to the enactment jurisdiction of syariah criminal offences by the State Legislative Assembly. Emphasis is simultaneously given on relevant syariah principles in this context. This writing also identifies implications arising from the ambiguity of the jurisdictional limits of the state legislative assembly in enacting provisions on syariah criminal offences. Proposals for legal amendments are also made in the effort of clarifying jurisdictional limits of the state legislative assembly. By utilizing doctrinal method, all data related to the jurisdictional limits of the state legislative assembly in enacting syariah criminal offences is analyzed qualitatively and critically. The finding of this study indicates that there is a need to amend and harmonize certain legal provisions empowering the state legislative body to enact provisions related to syariah criminal offences. Ultimately, there is a need to clarify the ambiguity of the jurisdictional limits of the State Legislative Assembly in safeguarding syariah criminal provisions from being constantly challenged in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal evidentiary approach to "solving" statelessness can sometimes lead to the issue being framed in terms of certain groups of people not meeting objective citizenship criteria or lacking required legal documents. Building on critical interdisciplinary scholarship in anthropology, history and legal studies, this article demonstrates the "constructedness" of citizenship and statelessness through the lens of the politics of recognition and documentation. Using Thailand as a case study, I highlight how global economic, political and social contexts play a significant and dynamic role in delineating the legal line of membership. By tracing how Thai nationality has been instrumentalised by the state throughout the twentieth century, this article contextualises statelessness as a legal and social by-product of statemaking. As such, it challenges the framing of nationality as a non-discriminatory mode of recognition founded in legal objectivity and reiterates the politics of statelessness. In emphasising the fragility of citizenship when granted without genuine social, political and moral recognition, I argue that the objective of statelessness advocacy should not simply be about turning stateless persons into citizens, but rather about creating a more equitable society wherein one's rights are upheld regardless of legal status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]