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In this paper, I suggest that the narrative of 2 Sam. 18:1–19:9 is read in the Korean context of being “united yet divided” through which K.P. Hong illuminates the duality between the ideal and the real in Judah’s relationship with Israel. The opposition between David and Joab represents the dual circumstance of a community seeking union and simultaneously confronting division. Such duality is also observed in the distinction drawn between Ahimaaz and the Cushite. The violence in the narrative functions significantly to otherize Absalom and establish who We are. Also, the violence is intimately associated with Deut. 21:22–23 and the divine will. Therefore, a reading of this narrative through the Korean context can offer a means of resolving the difficulties of 2 Sam. 18:1–19:9 and generate the possibility of a new interpretation of the text in its present form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The narrator in 2 Sam. 17.14b does not clarify Absalom's sin. To demonstrate Absalom's sin, this paper surveys the episode regarding Absalom's rebellion (2 Sam. 15.1–12) through related texts in the book of Samuel. Then it considers the stories about the two counselors, Hushai and Ahithophel (16.15–17.14). This examination reveals that Ahithophel's two counsels aim to promote the unity Absalom pursues in 15.1–12 and that this will of Absalom is frustrated by Hushai and actually by YHWH. YHWH defeats Absalom's will, just as Absalom's rebellion opposes YHWH's will; YHWH punishes Absalom measure for measure. Therefore, 2 Sam. 17.14b proves that YHWH upholds the measure for measure theological principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modular cryogenic cross-disperser MOBIUS for the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) is being developed to produce a simultaneous zJHK spectrum with a single LUCI, the LBT Utility Cameras in the Infrared. Its compact and exchangeable optical design fit within the existing focal plane mask frame of the LUCI spectrograph without any other hardware modifications. This unique deployable system enables a rapid acquisition of data over a wide wavelength range to better understand the unknown objects in the universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local governments are leading sustainability efforts through a range of initiatives, often voluntarily. While a spate of research exists to explain what drives these voluntary decisions, we are still limited in understanding how localities follow through with the resources to implement their adopted plans. This is particularly the case for environment and climate protection programs that are transboundary in nature and thus require more innovative and longer-term approaches than those that are relatively low-cost and easier to implement with future savings. This research examines local investment in promoting three of these program areas: air quality, biodiversity preservation, and ecological restoration. It investigates how local governments vary according to resource commitment and what factors explain those variations. We find several factors significant, including community capacity, political ideology, and institutional arrangements for service production and delivery. Variations are, however, found across different types of resource commitment, suggesting a more complex picture of local resource availability for advancing sustainability efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dry sorbent post-combustion CO 2 capture process using a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) was developed to a 10 MWe scale. Particle attrition is a major challenge for many CFBs owing to the loss of particles and increased operating costs. Furthermore, predicting and alleviating the rate of particle attrition in an entire CFB is difficult owing to limited information on attrition in the riser and cyclone. This study experimentally investigated particle attrition in risers and cyclones and the effect of system scale-up using CO 2 adsorbent particles used in a 10 MWe scale CFB. Experiments were conducted in two types of CFBs to measure the attrition rate in the riser and cyclone for 22 and 12 h for each experimental condition. To verify the scaled-up effect, internals were added to the riser to measure the effect of the surface-area-to-volume ratio. Correlations for the attrition rate of CO 2 adsorbent particles in riser and cyclone were proposed, and a model for the scale-up effect was suggested. In the 10 MWe scale system, particle attrition mainly occurred in the cyclone (58.0 %) and riser (37.3 %) according to the calculation, and the calculated overall attrition rate reasonably matched the operational data. Figure: (a) Calculated attrition rate of CO 2 adsorbent particles in the circulating fluidized bed of 10 MWe scale CO 2 capturing process, and (b) effect of cyclone inlet gas velocity on the particle attrition rate in cyclone. [Display omitted] • Particle attrition mainly occur in the cyclone and riser of a CFB. • Attrition rate in cyclone was proportional to the square of the gas velocity. • The top size of fines formed by attrition in riser increased with gas velocity. • Attrition rate in the riser increases by increasing surface area. • Correlation for particle attrition rate in the riser and cyclone are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Serum lipid levels have been associated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior. • Lower serum total cholesterol among female suicide attempters predicted suicide. • Serum lipid levels did not increase risk of suicide in male suicide attempters. Serum lipid levels have been associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviors. This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the association between serum lipid levels and death by suicide among suicide attempters according to sex. Suicide attempters visiting emergency departments between 2007 and 2011 were followed up until the date of all-cause death or December 31, 2012. Sex-stratified Cox proportional hazards regression and competing risk models were constructed to obtain the hazard ratios (HR) of serum lipid measures and suicide. For each significant lipid variable in the final models, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and cumulative incidence function (CIF) were employed to compare the time to suicide between the high- and low-lipid groups based on the best cutoff point from the receiver operating characteristic curve. In 408 female attempters (65.8 %), the HR in the Cox regression model and subdistribution HR in the competing risk model for increased total cholesterol (TC) were 0.968 and 0.970, respectively. In the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and CIF, increased death by suicide was demonstrated in the low-TC group (< 165 mg/dL). Lower serum TC levels among female suicide attempters may predict suicide. More careful monitoring is warranted in women with lower TC levels who recently attempted suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attrition rate R a,j versus new stirring factor α new. • The new stirring factor α new was a key factor for jet attrition. • The α new fit well the effect of bed height on jet attrition. • The top size of fines formed by attrition increased with α new. • The attrition rate increased linearly with α new. Particle attrition is a major challenge when handling bulk solid materials with fluidized beds due to its ability to cause particle loss. Herein, the particle attrition induced by the gas jets on a perforated plate distributor in a bubbling fluidized bed was investigated for CO 2 adsorbent particles. An attrition tube, which used air as the fluidizing gas, was used as the fluidized bed. At a constant fluidizing velocity, the initial static bed height and orifice gas velocity were considered as variables. It was confirmed that abrasion dominated the particle attrition. The trend indicating the change in the maximum size of the particles (d pm,a) formed by attrition followed that of the attrition rate (i.e., the formation rate of fine particles via attrition). A new stirring factor that combined the model developed by Werther and Xi with the original stirring factor adequately explained the effect of the static bed height on both the attrition rate and d pm,a when the initial static bed height was greater than the length of the orifice gas jet that penetrated the bed. The attrition rate increased linearly with the new stirring factor. However, d pm,a increased exponentially with the new stirring factor. Relationships were successfully proposed to enable the estimation of the attrition rate and d pm,a for the CO 2 adsorbent particles. This study provided the evidence indicating the significance of the effect of bed height on particle attrition induced by the gas jet on the distributor. Moreover, proper models for correlating the attrition rate and the maximum size of the fine particles formed by attrition in the bubbling fluidized bed were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression נפשות in Ezekiel 13 refers to two different meanings: (living) human beings and the spirits of the dead. The words כסתות and מספחות seem to refer to the paraphernalia involved in the women's practice of necromancy and in the fall of the people, respectively. The expression נפשות is employed as antanaclasis to establish a conceptual connection between necromancy and ruin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of solid feed rate and level of overflow solid outlet on pressure drop of bubbling fluidized-bed. • Pressure drop of fluidized-bed over level of solid outlet (L) grows with L. • Power of bubble (POB) lifting solid per L decreased with increasing L. • POB is invariant for fixed flow rates of bubble and solid and fixed L. The effect of level of the overflow outlet for continuous flow of solid particles on the pressure drop of a bubbling fluidized-bed that employed an in-bed inlet for solid feed was investigated with changing solid properties, solid feed rate, gas velocity, and level of the overflow outlet. The pressure drop of fluidized-bed (Δp bed,f) decreased with increasing gas velocity, but increased with either solid feed rate or level of the overflow solid outlet (L). The Δp bed,f /L increased with L. Irrespective of particle size and density, bed height converted for minimum fluidization condition (pressure head by bed weight, H mf,f) decreased with increasing the volume flow rate of bubble but increased with either the solid feed rate or the level of the overflow solid outlet. The nominal vertical height, height between the H mf,f and the level of the overflow outlet, that bubbles transported particles while drawing the solid particles out of the fluidized-bed increased as either the volume flow rate of bubble or level of the overflow outlet increased. However, it decreased as the solid feed rate increased. It appeared that the power of bubble for lifting solid to be discharged through the overflow outlet was same at the fixed volume flow rate of bubble, solid feed rate, and level of the overflow solid exit. The power of bubble increased with the level of the overflow outlet but not linearly. The correlation proposed for the pressure drop across the bubbling fluidized-bed was useful to predict the pressure drop across the recycle chamber of the loop seal and the external solid circulation rate in the circulating fluidized-bed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport velocity with variation of pressure and particle density. • Transport velocity decreased as the pressure increased. • Correlation of Perales et al. was reasonable for estimating transport velocity. • Correlation of Kim et al. using entrainment rate was best for transport velocity. The effect of pressure (100–700 kPa in absolute pressure) on the transport velocity in gas fluidized-beds was investigated with changing particle properties in diameter (0.067–0.637 mm) and apparent density (1647–4175 kg/m3) at atmospheric temperature. The emptying time method was used to determine the transport velocity. The transport velocity decreased as the pressure increased. The correlation of Kim et al. that incorporated the correlation of the particle entrainment rate with the absolute value of local slope as the criterion for locating the transport velocity in the relationship between dimensionless velocity (U/U t) and the reciprocal of the entrainment rate (1/K i *+) agreed best to measured transport velocities. The correlation of Perales et al. was useful in reasonable accuracy for estimation of transport velocity among the simple relationships between Re tr and Ar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to determine the author(s)'s rhetorical purpose in 1 Kgs 12:25-13:34 by exploring the similarities and differences between the characters, and examining related passages. After this examination, the following conclusions are arrived at: first, because of the old prophet's deceit and the disobedience of the man of God, the true and false prophets are not clearly distinguished in the narrative; second, the comparison between Jeroboam and the old prophet reveals that disobedience, which is equated with idolatry, is more evil than false prophecy; and third, YHWH's prohibitions, which are associated with Jeroboam and the man of God, serve the rhetorical purpose of denunciating Jeroboam's innovations and stressing obedience to YHWH, that is, an adherence to Mosaic law. Consequently, the Mosaic law, which condemns idolatry, is seen to be more important than prophecy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are similarities between the stories of Ahab in the Book of Kings and those of Saul in the Book of Samuel which appear when examining the repetition of phrases, similar motifs, and parallel plots. The linguistic links between 1 Kings 20, 21, and 22.1-38 indicate that the stories of Ahab are juxtaposed. These similarities and juxtaposition have an effect on the interpretation of 1 Kgs 22.1-38; it is suggested that Ahab's death in 1 Kgs 22.1-38 represents YHWH's judgment on Ahab's two sins illustrated in 1 Kings 20 and 21, which constitutes a considerable parallel to Saul's two sins. Furthermore, the parallelism between Ahab's inquiry in 1 Kgs 22.1-38 and Saul's necromancy in 1 Sam. 28.3-25 reveals that Ahab's inquiry is condemned as syncretistic Yahwism, whereas the importance of YHWH's words is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Archimedes number versus absolute slope at transport velocity. Highlights • This model determined the transport velocity from the correlation of entrainment rate. • The criterion for locating the transport velocity was proposed. • The criterion increased with Archimedes number. • A correlation for the criterion was successful in predicting the transport velocity. Abstract This study improved the model that used the correlation of the particle entrainment rate to determine the transport velocity. It proposed the new absolute value of the local slope as the criterion of the model for locating the transport velocity in the relationship between dimensionless velocity (U/U t) and the reciprocal of the entrainment rate (1/K i ∗+). It indicated that the criterion depended on properties of fluidized particles and increased with Archemedes number. The Archemedes number was modified by substituting the critical diameter, the maximum particle diameter at which the sum of the interparticle adhesion forces gave a dominant influence to the particle entrainment rate, for the diameter of particles in case that the mean diameter of particles was smaller than the critical diameter. A correlation was suggested to calculate the absolute value of the local slope at the transport velocity. The new model was successful covering the effect of particle properties in predicting the transport velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correlations for solids flow rate through recycle chamber G s , r : G s , r = G s , b b g , r when. G s , b b g , r ≤ G s , r t r G s , r = G s , b b g , r - G s , b b g , r r A r i s A r when G s , b b g , r > G s , r t r and. G s , r ≥ G s , r t r G s , r = G s , r t r when G s , b b g , r > G s , r t r and. G s , r < G s , r t r [Display omitted] • Correlations for solids flow rate (SFR) through recycle chamber (RC) were proposed. • SFR through RC increased with gauge pressure (GP) at base of RC. • SFR through RC decreased with increasing GP at base of riser of fast bed. This study investigated the flow rate of solids through the recycle chamber of a loop seal in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) at atmospheric pressure and temperature. Flow characteristics of alumina particles were measured in the downcomer, horizontal passage, recycle chamber, and riser (0.05 m i.d., 2.7 m high). As the gas velocity in the riser increased, the pressure drop in the downcomer decreased, and thus, the aeration rate required at the bottom of the supply chamber to attain the minimum fluidization state for the bed of the downcomer increased. Based on experimental data, relationships that could predict the flow rate of solids through the recycle chamber G s , r were derived by extending the correlation for the solids flow rate through the bubbling fluidized bed that discharged solids via overflow exit. G s , r increased in proportion to the gauge pressure at the base of the recycle chamber. When the riser was under the fast bed condition, the back pressure against the flow of solids coming from the recycle chamber to the riser appeared significantly, and G s , r was inversely proportional to the gauge pressure at the base of the riser. The derived relationships for G s , r were in good agreement with measured data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to provide a design and operational approach for a loop-seal, which is the heart of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB). Thousands of CFB systems use this non-mechanical valve to optimize performance by controlling the solids circulation rate while preventing gas mixing between reactors. Nevertheless, its design and operating guidance remains unclear because of its intricate flow characteristics, causing confusion in design and operation of the entire CFB. This study experimentally investigated the three most important elements while designing and operating loop-seal: conditions for initiating solids flow, the maximum obtainable solids flow rate, and quantitative control of solids flow rate. Experiments were conducted in a CFB, which simulated 3 MWth chemical looping combustion (CLC) system that is currently being developed. The onset of solids flow occurs when the gas drag force in horizontal passage overcomes the resistance force generated by the bed of particles. The maximum solids circulation rate was determined by solids height in the supply chamber and pressure around CFB loop. A correlation for quantitative control of solids flow in loop-seal was proposed by the relationship between the gas drag force and particle velocity. Finally, operational conditions for the loop-seal in 3 MWth CLC were proposed. Operating conditions of the loop-seal in 3 MWth chemical looping combustion system derived in this study. [Display omitted] • Flow characteristics in loop-seal was analyzed and design factors were confirmed. • Solid flow started after overcoming resistance force by solid in horizontal path. • Particle velocity in horizontal path increased linearly by drag force of gas. • Solid height in standpipe determined the maximum solid circulation rate. • 3 Nm3/hr of Q sup,in was required for solid circulation of 15 kg/s in 3 MWth CLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we show the energy decay rate for a von Karman system with a boundary nonlinear delay term. This work is devoted to investigate the influence of kernel function g and the effect of the boundary nonlinear term μ 1 | u t ( t ) | m − 1 u t ( t ) , a boundary nonlinear time delay term μ 2 | u t ( t − τ ) | m − 1 u t ( t − τ ) and prove energy decay rates of solutions when g do not necessarily decay exponentially and the boundary condition has a time delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emojis are increasingly adopted in various platforms, such as text messages, social media, or blogs, as part of other digital communications. Recently, emojis have been used in brand-related user-generated content (UGC) as a strategic communication tool to promote positive outcomes. In spite of their increasing importance, little is known about the impact of incorporating emojis in brand-related UGC on consumer reactions. In particular, few research studies have investigated the joint effect of emojis with texts, which is the most important context where emojis function, and the contextual conditions that affect the influence of emojis on consumer reactions. To fill this research gap, we study brand-related UGC, focusing on the effect of emojis and the contextual conditions (e.g., texts). Using large-scale brand-related social media posts from Instagram, we find that, overall, the presence of emojis is positively associated with consumer engagement. Economically, the presence of emojis increases the average number of likes by 72% and the average number of comments by 70% in comparison to posts without any emojis. The interaction effects between emojis and texts reveal that emotional emojis have a positive and significant relationship with consumer engagement only when the texts in brand-related UGC are being skewed toward positive sentiments. However, informational emojis are negatively related with consumer engagement in the similar context. Additionally, the investigations regarding the contextual conditions show that using more emotional emojis has a positive influence on consumer engagement in commercial posts but a negative influence in general posts. • The study examines the effect of emojis and the contextual conditions in UGC. • Having emojis is likely to increase consumer engagement (CE) in brand-related UGC. • A greater use of emojis may not be beneficial in CE in brand-related UGC. • Emotional emojis increase CE in the posts where texts are being positively skewed. • Emotional emojis positively impact on CE in commercial posts, not in general posts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we are concerned with the general decay result of the quasi-linear wave equation for Kirchhoff type containing Balakrishnan-Taylor damping with a delay in the boundary feedback and acoustic boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3 MWth scale chemical looping combustion (CLC) system using circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is being developed as a liquidized natural gas power generation technology to reduce CO 2 emissions. Dipleg, considered a blood vessel of CFB, conveys solids captured by cyclone to the fluidized bed while preventing gas mixing. This vertical passage plays key role in solids circulation and cyclone performance in thousands of CFB systems, yet only a limited information is available on its design and operation. This study experimentally investigated the flow characteristics in dipleg to verify design and operating conditions for smooth solid flow while predicting the amount of gas mixing. When solid circulation rate increased, both upward and downward gas flowrates in dipleg increased. It was found that the sum of two flowrates were equal to the volumetric flowrate of solids in the dipleg. Unstable operation occurred when 1) the gas-solid relative velocity in the dipleg became higher than the minimum slugging velocity, and 2) bubble diameter in bubbling bed became larger than the dipleg diameter. Finally, models for operation range and the amount of gas mixing in dipleg were proposed, and the design and operation range of the dipleg in 3 MWth scale CLC was suggested. Gas flows and design range of a dipleg in 3 MWth chemical looping combustor derived in this study. [Display omitted] • Applicability of dipleg in CFB was investigated and design factors were confirmed. • The amount of up- and down-stream gas was measured within dipleg. • Almost same amount of gas was exchanged with the down-stream particles. • Slugging in dipleg interfered the solid flow. • Bubble, larger than dipleg diameter, prevents the solid flow within dipleg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, we consider a semi-linear wave equation with damping and source terms. Using a potential well method, we prove the existence and uniqueness of global solutions of the wave equation and investigate uniform decay rates of solutions. Moreover, an example is given to illustrate our results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, we investigate a pine wilt transmission model with nonlinear incidence rates. The stability of the system is analyzed for disease-free and endemic equilibria. It is proved that the global dynamics are completely by the basic reproduction number . If is less than one, the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, and in such a case, the endemic equilibrium does not exist. If is greater than one, the disease persists and the unique endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The first objective of this paper is to make the mathematical model for vibration suppression of an axially moving heterogeneous string. In order to describe the geometrical nonlinearity due to finite transverse deformation, the exact expression of the strain is used. The mathematical modeling is derived first by using Hamilton’s principle and variational lemma and the derived nonlinear PDE system is the Kirchhoff type equation with boundary feedback control. Next, we show the existence and uniqueness of strong solutions of the PDE system via techniques of functional analysis, mainly a theorem of compactness for the analysis of the approximation of the Faedo–Galerkin method and estimate a decay rate for the energy. The theoretical results are assured by numerical results of the solution’s shape and asymptotic behavior for the system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we consider the initial-boundary value problem for a nonlinear Kirchhoff type equation with the damping term and spring boundary conditions. We establish the global existence and uniqueness of solutions to this problem in time, and give an example and simulation to illustrate our results. For the proof, we use the Faedo–Galerkin approximate method. Finally, we study the asymptotic behavior of solutions and some of its simulation results. Results of this paper are able to apply industrial parts such as a typical model widely used to represent threads, wires, magnetic tapes, belts, band saws, and so on. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to derive a sharp energy decay estimate for a quasi-linear wave equation with localized strong dissipation of the type in a domain of , where is a nonnegative function supported only on a part of the boundary . We note that the index of algebraic decay depends on dimension and no geometrical condition is imposed on the boundary . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Autothermal reforming experiments are conducted using commercial diesel. • Reduced kinetic model candidates are established by the reactants and products. • Optimal reduced kinetic models are identified with varying number of reactions. • Cross-entropy method is used to find near-global solutions in parameter estimation. Fuel cell auxiliary power unit (FC-APU) system for heavy-duty trucks has been attracting much attention as an alternative to engine idling to reduce pollutant emissions. In this system, a reformer, which converts diesel, the main fuel of heavy-duty trucks, into syngas suitable for the fuel cell, is essential. A kinetic model of the reforming can be helpful in tasks such as the reactor design and system operation, but it is highly challenging to develop such a model due to the complexity of the reforming reaction network. Thus, in this study, we propose a systematic approach to build a reduced kinetic model of the diesel autothermal reformer. Specifically, microreactor experiments are conducted using a commercial diesel fuel, where the temperature, oxygen-to-carbon ratio (OCR), and steam-to-carbon ratio (SCR) are varied. Then, based on the composition measurements of the exit gas, optimal kinetic models are constructed by iteratively solving a parameter estimation problem for the candidate kinetic models with varying number of reactions. To reduce the number of candidates significantly, lumping techniques are used to generate reduced kinetic models. A stochastic optimization method is employed for the parameter estimation in which the concept of cross-entropy is used. The optimal reduced kinetic models with 3 and 4 reactions showed a consistency with the literature in terms of the reactions included. The accuracy of optimal reduced kinetic models increased, showing 21% improvement as the number of reactions increased from 3 to 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Most simple, stable, robust lateral shearing interferometer using a polarization grating compared to other interferometers. • Based on the balanced achromatic scheme between two shearing wavefronts, any kinds of optical source, even broadband light sources such as white light can be available. • Thoroughly new concept to estimate the surface roughness. • Snapshot roughness capability opposed to other optical techniques and valuable measurement results. A compact optical roughness measurement sensor based on lateral shearing interferometry is theoretically described and experimentally verified. By adopting the advanced surface roughness parameter extraction methods based on statistical machine learning technique and the partial integration approach, the sensor using a polarization grating and a polarization camera can instantaneously obtain a surface gradient map and provide reliable surface roughness parameters. To verify the operation and the performance of the sensor, a flat mirror and roughness standard specimens were measured, and the results were compared with those of a white light scanning interferometer as the reference values. As a result, the roughness parameters were very close to the reference values with <5 nm accuracy and <0.1 nm repeatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Large Fiber Array Spectroscopic Telescope (LFAST) concept involves the utilization of 2640 individual, 0.76 m "unit telescopes" to collect light from a target object. Through optical fibers, the lights from all telescope foci are directed to a high-resolution spectrograph, with fibers subtending a 1.47 arcsec diameter on the sky. The total light-collecting area of all telescopes combined is 1200 m2. Given the telescope's application for spectroscopy of seeing-limited images, the need for coherence is eliminated. The primary goal of the LFAST prototype is to demonstrate a telescope design that can be rapidly and cost-effectively replicated to achieve a 1200 m2 collecting area and match the capabilities of extremely large telescopes (ELTs) presently under construction. Engineering, manufacturing, and design challenges unique to LFAST differ significantly from those encountered in traditional ELTs. Considering that the unit telescope is to be replicated thousands of times, reducing the manufacturing cost per telescope is essential. The aim of the described design is to achieve this goal, with strong considerations for manufacturability, alignment, few moving parts, and high yield. Experience from the first prototype unit telescope built in 2022 will be leveraged to build the first 20-unit tracking module in 2024, with a collecting area of a 3.4-m-diameter mirror. The design is minimalistic and features commercial tolerances, thereby ensuring cost-effectiveness in manufacturing, assembly, and alignment processes. Moreover, the telescope is designed to operate at angles as low as 70° from the zenith by laterally translating a single lens to correct for atmospheric dispersion. We present a combined average of over 80% encircled energy across 2640 Monte Carlo trials. Simulations were conducted using commercially specified tolerances and capabilities to model the overall performance of the array. Highlights: LFAST is an "array telescope" designed to combine light from multiple telescopes. We design a telescope that is highly performing, even at elevations as low as 70° from the zenith. Monte Carlo trials show that 80% average encircled energy can be achieved with standard tolerances for 2640 telescopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss the approximate controllability for a class of retarded semilinear neutral control systems of fractional order by investigating the relations between the reachable set of the semilinear retarded neutral system of fractional order and that of its corresponding linear system. The research direction used here is to find the conditions for nonlinear terms so that controllability is maintained even in perturbations. Finally, we will show a simple example to which the main result can be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essential goal for physics and optical science instructors is to encourage students to find excitement and beauty in physical and optical phenomena while helping them learn the theoretical concepts and conducting experiments that can test the validity of the concepts. Such motivation largely relies on realistic hands-on lab opportunities where students can interact with physics-based phenomena as well as their corresponding laws and principles. Virtual simulation and modeling tools provide a great alternative to deliver interactive experiences when participating in physical lab environments is limited or unavailable (i.e., during distance learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic). The use of computer-based simulations can improve students' ability to make predictions and explain the phenomena practiced in the experiments. The educational value of virtual labs has been extensively investigated and reported, showing that students who use simulated equipment outperformed their peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To estimate age-specific natural mortality, we proposed an age-structured biomass model with an impulsive dynamical system. In the estimation of natural mortality, we considered growth rate and also reproduction rate, growth, and catch of sandfish, Arctoscopus japonicus. Assuming a linear relationship between observed values of the catch per unit effort (CPUE) and total biomass estimated by the age-structured biomass model, we estimated the age-specific natural mortality using the CPUE and catch data, from 1994 to 2009, for varying values of the assumed initial total biomass in 1994, by selecting the largest coefficient of determination ( R 2 ). We suggested the following empirical formula: M i = q K L ∞ ln ( e K (i + 1 − t 0)   −   1 e K (i − t 0)   −   1 ) , which estimated natural mortality of sandfish, and the derived age-specific natural mortality was significantly related to fecundity and growth. The parameters of von Bertalanffy growth equation and a logistic equation of maturity with total length were derived from the data of otolith and gonad analysis of female sandfish collected from 2005 to 2008 and from 2005 to 2006, respectively. We also conducted sensitivity analysis by varying the exponent in the inverse function of total length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sufficient conditions for approximate controllability of semilinear retarded functional control equations are obtained under general conditions on nonlinear terms. To get the main result, we transform the controllability problem into surjectivity results similar to Fredholm alternative for nonlinear operators under restrictive assumptions. Finally, a simple example to which our main result can be applied is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) released the first-ever image of a black hole event horizon. Astronomers are now aiming for higher angular resolutions of distant targets, like black holes, to understand more about the fundamental laws of gravity that govern our universe. To achieve this higher resolution and increased sensitivity, larger radio telescopes are needed to operate at higher frequencies and in larger quantities. Projects like the next-generation Very Large Array (ngVLA) and the Square-Kilometer Array (SKA) require building hundreds of telescopes with diameters greater than 10 ms over the next decade. This has a twofold effect. Radio telescope surfaces need to be more accurate to operate at higher frequencies, and the logistics involved in maintaining a radio telescope need to be simplified to support them properly in large quantities. Both of these problems can be solved with improved methods for surface metrology that are faster and more accurate with a higher resolution. This leads to faster and more accurate panel alignment and, therefore, a more productive observatory. In this paper, we present the use of binocular fringe projection profilometry as a solution to this problem and demonstrate it by aligning two panels on a 3-m radio telescope dish. The measurement takes only 10 min and directly delivers feedback on the tip, tilt, and piston of each panel to create the ideal reflector shape. Highlights: Current methods for measuring and aligning radio telescope dishes are insufficient for future astronomy requirements. We've developed a 3D scanning method for measuring full aperture dishes outdoors that is faster, easier, and more reliable than current methods. We demonstrated the method by aligning two panels on a 3-m dish to a high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ta3N5 nanostructured films have been explored as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Despite a number of efforts, it is still difficult to control the facet of single-crystalline Ta3N5, which directly affects the properties, due to its harsh growth conditions. In addition, the fabrication methods of Ta3N5 films involve complex multi-step procedures and/or require complicated equipment. In this study, we report on facile fabrication of plate-like Ta3N5 crystals with predominant {010} crystallographic planes covering the Ta substrate surface by flux growth under an ammonia gas flow. Among alkali halide fluxes (KF, KCl, and KI), KF emerged as an effective flux for the growth of Ta3N5 crystals. Combining KF and KI promoted further crystal growth, producing larger Ta3N5 crystals. The crystals were confirmed as single-crystalline by TEM. The crystal growth process and shape evolution in the flux were investigated and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of perceived efficacy, perceived risk, communication quality, and trust on social acceptance of nuclear power plants (NPPs) in South Korea. The results of this study indicated that perceived efficacy was most strongly related to social acceptance of NPPs. In addition, communication quality and trust mediated relationships among perceived efficacy, perceived risk, and social acceptance of NPPs. These results also provided practical implications for managing risk communication in South Korea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Effect of mass flux of solid on pressure drop across the bubbling fluidized-bed represented as the ratio of pressure head by bed weight in minimum fluidizing state to the level of the exit discharging solid (H mf,f /L). • Pressure drop across a bubbling bed increased with solid flow rate. • Bed height converted for minimum fluidizing condition increased with solid flow rate. • The bed height decreased with increasing volume flow rate of bubble. • Power of bubble lifting solid appeared constant at a flow rate of bubble. The pressure drop of a bubbling fluidized-bed that employed an in-bed inlet and an overflow outlet for continuous flow of solid particles was investigated with variation in the particle size and density, the solid flow rate and the gas velocity. The bed pressure drop decreased with increasing the gas velocity, but increased with the solid flow rate. The characteristics in lifting the solid particles vertically to the level of the overflow outlet by bubbles appeared different from the ones of particle entrainment and bed expansion. Regardless of size and density of particles, bed height in minimum fluidizing condition (pressure head by solid bed weight, H mf,f) decreased with increasing the volume flow rate of bubble but increased with the mass flow rate of solid particles. The nominal vertical height from H mf,f to the level of the overflow outlet that the particles should overcome in the course of discharging out of the fluidized-bed with the aid of bubbles increased as either the volume flow rate of bubble increased or the mass flow rate of solid particles decreased. The power consumed while bubbles lifted particles to be discharged appeared to be same at the fixed volume flow rate of bubble. A correlation was proposed successful even for predicting the bed pressure drop of the recycle chamber of the loop seal and the external solid circulation rate in the circulating fluidized-bed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most profound and philosophically captivating foci of modern astronomy is the study of Earth-like exoplanets in the search for life in the Universe. The paradigm-shifting investigation described here calls for a new type of scalable space telescope that redefines the available light-collecting area in space. The Nautilus Space Observatory, enabled by multiple-order diffractive optics (the MODE lens), is ushering in the advent of large space telescope lenses designed to search for biosignatures on a thousand exo-earths. The Kinematically Engaged Yoke System (KEYS) was developed to align a segmented version of the MODE lens. A technology demonstration prototype of KEYS was built and tested using scanning white light interferometry and deflectometry. A deflectometry system was also developed to monitor the closed-loop alignment of the segmented MODE lens during its UV (i.e., Ultraviolet) curing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grazing-incidence reflective optics are commonly used in synchrotron radiation and free-electron laser facilities to transport and focus the emitted X-ray beams. To preserve the imaging capability at the diffraction limit, the fabrication of these optics requires precise control of both the residual height and slope errors. However, all the surface figuring methods are height based, lacking the explicit control of surface slopes. Although our preliminary work demonstrated a onedimensional (1D) slope-based figuring model, its 2D extension is not straightforward. In this study, a novel 2D slope-based figuring method is proposed, which employs an alternating objective optimization on the slopes in the x- and y-directions directly. An analytical simulation revealed that the slopebased method achieved smaller residual slope errors than the height-based method, while the height-based method achieved smaller residual height errors than the slope-based method. Therefore, a hybrid height and slope figuring method was proposed to further enable explicit control of both the height and slopes according to the final mirror specifications. An experiment to finish an elliptical-cylindrical mirror using the hybrid method with ion beam figuring was then performed. Both the residual height and slope errors converged below the specified threshold values, which verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Solids flow rate in riser exit F s depended on riser solids amount M s. • F s depended on elutriation rate constant. • F s for circulating fluidized bed is similar with that for batch riser. • F s decreased with increasing riser diameter D. • M s increased with D. This study was conducted to provide improved relationships on the external solids circulation rate and solids inventory in the riser of the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) through increasing the basic understanding on how the solids flow rate in the riser exit establishes. The relation between the solids inventory in the riser and the solids flow rate in the riser exit was investigated in batch elutriation and CFBs, using air as fluidizing gas at atmospheric pressure and temperature. A batchwise riser (0.1 m-i.d., 2.75 m-height) and the riser of a CFB system (0.1 m-i.d., 2.5 m-height) were used to measure the relation for different gas velocities (1.5–2.4 m/s) and groups of solids (0.064–0.201 mm in diameter, 2045–4080 kg/m3 in apparent density). The batch elutriation indicated that the amount of solids inventory in the riser determined the solids flow rate in the riser exit, increasing with the amount of the solids inventory in the riser. The solids flow rate in the exit of the riser strongly depended on the elutriation rate constant combined with the amount of the solids inventory in the riser. When the riser was same in size, the relationship on the solids flow rate in the riser exit, derived in the batch elutriation, was valid in the CFB. Relationships on the external solids circulation rate and solids inventory in the riser of the CFB were proposed based on the data from this study and the literature. It was found that the external solids circulation rate per cross-sectional area of the riser decreased with increasing the riser diameter, however, the static bed height of solids in the riser (h st,c) increased with the riser diameter. The dependency of h st,c on riser diameter was greater in the fast bed than in the bed of pneumatic conveying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the harmfulness of absorbent fouling, its fundamental understanding is limited. The fouling behaviors in fluidized beds charged by CO2 absorbent particles were therefore examined under various physical conditions to identify key parameters that can assist in the direct detection of absorbent fouling. The results demonstrate that the absorbent fouling conditions cooperatively rely on multiple parameters: the cooling water temperature, the riser temperature, and the air velocity, with a minimal impact of the particle type. The physical parameters were found to be vitally correlated with another crucial factor: the relative humidity, implying that modulation of the relative humidity would be essential to prevent absorbent fouling in fluidized beds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Silica alumina (Kaolin) catalyst enhances pyrolysis oil yield by 4.4% instead of gas yield reduction. • The optimum temp. for LDPE catalytic(Kaolin) pyrolysis is 520 °C lower than 560 °C at sand pyrolysis. • Light oil fractions increased to 11.9% (2.58 time more) over kaolin LDPE pyrolysis in FB reactor. • Kaolin has the potential to serve as a reliable substitute for sand. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is the second most prevalent waste plastic globally, followed by polypropylene. The pyrolytic conditions required to obtain light oil(≤C12) from LDPE are more stringent than those for polypropylene, water plastics, acrylonitrile, butadiene, styrene, and other materials. Consequently, numerous researchers have underscored the necessity of employing catalysts in LDPE pyrolysis. This study explored the pyrolysis characteristics of LDPE at various temperatures in a non-catalytic fluidized bed reactor. The experiments employed a mixture of sand + kaolin, one of the Si-Al catalysts, to investigate the pyrolysis of LDPE in a fluidized bed reactor at different temperatures. The findings demonstrated that using sand + kaolin as a fluidized bed material significantly enhances the yield of pyrolysis oil while concurrently reducing the gas yield compared to using sand alone. Moreover, a higher light oil fraction was obtained using kaolin (16.67 wt%) at 560 °C compared with 8.6 wt%. In addition, the study revealed that elevated temperatures (520 °C, 560 °C, and 600 °C) led to a reduction in olefins and paraffin, coupled with an increase in the formation of naphthenes, aromatics, and ketones in the pyrolysis oil. Overall, the findings underscore the promising potential of kaolin as an alternative to sand, facilitating the enhanced production of valuable light oil fractions. The insights garnered from this study are invaluable for devising effective waste management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a sustainable strategy for converting plastic waste into energy over pyrolysis to address the dual crises of environment and energy. A fluidized-bed reactor was designed for processing three different plastic waste (PP, LDPE and ABS). A product yield and properties from a fluidized bed system were comprehensively analyzed and compared with those from a fixed-bed system. The fluidized-bed reactor well converted ABS and PP wastes into pyrolysis fuel, exhibiting higher medium and low fraction (C 5 ∼ C 22 of 89.17 % for ABS) as compared to the amount from a fixed bed reactor (84.7 %) whereas LDPE and PP resulted in the similar product yields in the range of C 5 ∼ C 22 from both reactors. In case of LDPE, the given pyrolysis temperature (520 °C) was not feasible to properly process them into fuels so that dominant heavy oil (∼67.4 %) were produced regardless of the reactor type. GCMS analysis indicated that ABS pyrolysis oil is mainly composed of aromatics, aromatic-N and olefins whereas PP pyrolysis oil mainly includes olefins, paraffins and oxygenated compounds. From the current study, a potential use of a fluidized-bed reactor for pyrolysis was evaluated to overcome the major limitations of conventional pyrolysis process. [Display omitted] • Pyrolysis with fluidized bed and fixed bed reactors were carried out for plastic waste. • Fluidized-bed reactor produces 26–38 % more light chemicals (C5–C10) than fixed-bed. • LDPE requires severer pyrolysis conditions (>520 °C) for a complete pyrolysis reaction. • ABS oil is mainly composed of aromatics (72 %) whereas PP includes paraffins and olefins. • Fluidized-bed reactor enhances C1–C2 gas yield (8.6–38.1 % more) over fixed-bed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase measuring deflectometry has been applied for free-form specular surface metrology, but its measured slope results are sensitive to the depth of sample positioning, which is also called the height-slope ambiguity. The objective of this work is to tackle this height-slope ambiguity problem. The main idea is to introduce collimated camera rays using a telecentric imaging lens and collimated structured-light illumination with a Fourier lens. This setup makes the fringe phases become only sensitive to the surface slopes and insensitive to the depth of the sample positioning. In this way, the slope calculation is theoretically independent of the sample depth. We call this new deflectometry technique Collimated Phase Measuring Deflectometry (CPMD). With our developed CPMD experimental setup, the measurement is insensitive to the depth of sample positioning, e.g. , the measured height dispersion is less than 30 nm RMS within a 10 mm depth range when measuring a 50-mm-diameter spherical mirror with a 200 mm radius of curvature. The merits and limitations of the proposed CPMD technique are discussed, revealing its prospects in practical metrology applications and potential future investigations. • We proposed Collimated Phase Measuring Deflectometry (CPMD) for optical metrology. • The CPMD theoretically eliminates the height-slope ambiguity in deflectometry. • Collimated camera rays and illuminations relax the tolerance for sample positioning. • This feature opens new potential metrology applications by using CPMD. • It allows for more practical measurements, such as the inspection of freeform optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The epidemiology of pharmaceutically treated depression (PTD) and treatment resistant depression (TRD) is largely unknown in South Korea. The aim of this study was to develop a greater understanding of the characteristics of PTD and TRD in nearly the entire adult population in South Korea using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA). Method: Diagnostic codes and prescription data for South Korean adults were extracted from the HIRA. Subjects were included in the PTD cohort if they received at least one prescription for antidepressants and were diagnosed with depression. TRD was defined as PTD having two or more regimen failures of antidepressants or antipsychotics. Results: In 2012, there were 41,256,396 adults in South Korea with 834,694 meeting the criteria for PTD (2.0%). Among subjects with PTD, 57% stopped treatment in less than 28 days of antidepressant supply. Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants were the most frequently used antidepressants as a first-line regimen for PTD (44.3% of PTD) followed by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (32.1% of PTD). Results also indicated that 34,812 subjects developed TRD (4.2% of PTD). Median PTD and TRD durations were 28 and 623 days respectively. Proportions of psychiatric and non-psychiatric comorbidities were higher in TRD cases than in PTD cases that were not treatment resistant. Conclusions: Despite a small proportion of patients with TRD, the prolonged duration of illness and higher comorbidity implies the need for better treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drag reduction of commercial vehicles is the principal challenge to improving fuel saving and decreasing air pollution. Accordingly, several flow control devices, including gap fairing, cab roof fairing, boat tail, and side skirt were introduced to reduce the aerodynamic drag exerted on heavy vehicles. Although such devices have exhibited good drag reduction performance, their aerodynamic performance can be improved further. Moreover, a comprehensive and systematic research is required, including drag force measurement, flow field analysis and real-scale proving ground test, to evaluate the fuel consumption of heavy vehicles. In this study, the drag reduction effect of the aero full package (AFP) of a tractor–trailer, which integrated gap fairing, flap-type side skirt and lower inclined air deflector boat tail, was investigated through wind tunnel experiments and proving ground test. On the basis of the results of drag and PIV measurement, the integrated AFP was found to significantly modify the flow structure around the vehicle, thereby leading to a 26.5% reduction in drag coefficient compared with the reference tractor-trailer model (C D = 0.693). Furthermore, the proving ground test using real tractor–trailer verified that the integrated AFP provides 13.4% fuel saving. The present results will provide practical information for improving the aerodynamic performance and fuel efficiency of heavy vehicles. • The aero full package for tractor-trailer consist of gap fairing, flap-type side skirt and LIAD boat tail was newly proposed. • The aero full package reduces drag coefficient up to 26.5% compared with reference tractor-trailer. • The flow structures around tractor-trailer model is revealed through PIV experiments. • Real-scale proving ground test confirmed 13.4% fuel saving with the aero full package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying predictors of planned suicide attempts (PSA) is critical because these are associated with grave consequences. Using data of suicide attempters visiting emergency departments, we investigated whether the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) subscales, by retrospectively evaluating ideation before an attempt, could predict the occurrence of PSA versus unplanned suicide attempts using logistic regression analyses. The severity subscale was used as a continuous (model A) and a categorical (model B) variable. In model A, higher scores on each subscale were associated with increased risk of PSA. In model B, the highest score on the severity subscale and a higher intensity subscale score predicted PSA. The severity and intensity subscales had areas under receiver operating curves of 0.712 and 0.688 with optimum cutoff points of 4/5 and 15/16, respectively. In addition, being aged 30 to 49 and 50 to 69 years, being male, interpersonal stress, and depressive and adjustment disorders increased PSA risk. The C-SSRS subscales, along with sociodemographic and clinical risk factors, can predict PSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider a quasilinear viscoelastic wave equation with acoustic boundary conditions. Under some appropriate assumption on the relaxation function g, the function Φ, p>max{ρ+2,m,q,2}, and the initial data, we prove a global nonexistence of solutions for a quasilinear viscoelastic wave equation with positive initial energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A functionalized magnetic nanocomposites-based nanoabrasive has been prepared via a simple and modified hydrothermal route. • The polishing performance of the nanoabrasive is investigated at different pH of the slurry and at different polishing time. • BK-7 and Fused silica glasses have been explored for the polishing using the developed nanoabrasive-based slurry. • The reduced surface roughness (Ra) are noted as 2 Å and 1 Å for BK-7 and Fused silica glasses, respectively. • The superparamagnetic nature of the nanocomposites made the prepared nanoabrasives recyclable and reusable for polishing. Optical instruments such as X-ray optics, high-power laser systems, synchrotron beamlines, lithography, and laser-based sensors, require a superfine optical surface to meet their tight optical performance tolerances. This study describes the development of a nanocomposite-based nanoabrasive that can provide a superfinish optical surface via optical polishing. The Malic acid as an organic surface modifier is functionalized with the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION). Strong chemical attachment between SPION nanoparticles and the Malic acid is verified through fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A significant enhancement in the surface area and zeta potential value of SPION nanoparticles is observed when it is functionalized with the Malic Acid. The particle size distribution of the functionalized nanoabrasive is also narrowed down to 8–26 nm. The polishing performance of the functionalized SPION nanoabrasive has been investigated on the BK7 and Fused Silica glasses for precision optical polishing. The polishing results showed superfine surface finishing of the BK7 glass and the Fused silica glass down to the Ra value of 0.23 nm and 0.1 nm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a high precision deflectometry system (DS) controlled deformable mirror (DM) solution for optical system. Different from wavefront and non-wavefront system, the DS and the DM are set to be an individual integrated DCDM unit and can be installed in one base plate. In the DCDM unit, the DS can directly provide the influence functions and surface shape of the DM to the industrial computer in any adaptive optics system. As an integrated adaptive unit, the DCDM unit could be put into various optical systems to realize aberration compensation. In this paper, the configuration and principle of the DCDM unit is introduced first. Theoretical simulation on the close-loop performance of the DCDM unit is carried out. Finally, a verification experiment is proposed to verify the compensation capability of the DCDM unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]