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Recent advances in neural engineering have opened new ways to investigate the impact of topology on neural network function. Leveraging microfluidic technologies, it is possible to establish modular circuit motifs that promote both segregation and integration of information processing in the engineered neural networks, similar to those observed in vivo. However, the impact of the underlying topologies on network dynamics and response to pathological perturbation remains largely unresolved. In this work, we demonstrate the utilization of microfluidic platforms with 12 interconnected nodes to structure modular, cortical engineered neural networks. By implementing geometrical constraints inspired by a Tesla valve within the connecting microtunnels, we additionally exert control over the direction of axonal outgrowth between the nodes. Interfacing these platforms with nanoporous microelectrode arrays reveals that the resulting laminar cortical networks exhibit pronounced segregated and integrated functional dynamics across layers, mirroring key elements of the feedforward, hierarchical information processing observed in the neocortex. The multi-nodal configuration also facilitates selective perturbation of individual nodes within the networks. To illustrate this, we induced hypoxia, a key factor in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, in well-connected nodes within the networks. Our findings demonstrate that such perturbations induce ablation of information flow across the hypoxic node, while enabling the study of plasticity and information processing adaptations in neighboring nodes and neural communication pathways. In summary, our presented model system recapitulates fundamental attributes of the microcircuit organization of neocortical neural networks, rendering it highly pertinent for preclinical neuroscience research. This model system holds promise for yielding new insights into the development, topological organization, and neuroplasticity mechanisms of the neocortex across the micro- and mesoscale level, in both healthy and pathological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multimorbidity is increasingly acknowledged as a significant health concern, particularly among older individuals. It is associated with a decline in quality of life and psychosocial well-being as well as an increased risk of being referred to multiple healthcare providers, including more frequent admissions to emergency departments. Person-centered care interventions tailored to individuals with multimorbidity have shown promising results in improving patient outcomes. Research is needed to explore how work practices within integrated care models are experienced from Registered Nurse Case Managers' (RNCMs) perspective to identify areas of improvement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe RNCMs' work experience with a person-centered collaborative healthcare model (PCCHCM). Methods: This study used an inductive design. The data were collected through individual interviews with 11 RNCMs and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Data analysis resulted in four generic categories: 'Being a detective, 'Being a mediator', 'Being a partner', and 'Being a facilitator of development' which formed the basis of the main category 'Tailoring healthcare, and social services to safeguard the patient's best.' The findings showed that RNCMs strive to investigate, identify, and assess older persons' needs for coordinated care. They worked closely with patients and their relatives to engage them in informed decision-making and to implement those decisions in a personalized agreement that served as the foundation for the care and social services provided. Additionally, the RNCMs acted as facilitators of the development of the PCCHCM, improving collaboration with other healthcare professionals and enhancing the possibility of securing the best care for the patient. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that RNCMs tailor healthcare and social services to provide care in various situations, adhering to person-centered care principles and continuity of care. The findings underline the importance of implementing integrated care models that consider the unique characteristics of each care context and adapt different case managers' roles based on the patient's individual needs as well as on the specific needs of the local setting. More research is needed from the patients' and their relatives' perspectives to deepen the understanding of the PCCHCM concerning its ability to provide involvement, security, and coordination of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth in the US experience high rates of sexual violence. Historically, adults design and deliver preventive initiatives, with youth limited to participants and recipients. The use of community-based participatory research and other participatory approaches can expand the reach and impact of adolescent sexual violence prevention initiatives by positioning youth as leaders and co-researchers. This systematic review explores both adolescent violence prevention programs and research projects that take a participatory, youth-engaged, or youth-led approach. This review aims to understand what activities youth are involved in and how they are equipped for their roles. Following PRISMA guidelines, the review located eight eligible articles that involved high school youth or younger as more than data, focused on adolescent sexual or dating violence prevention, and whose programs or studies were conducted in the United States. I reviewed each article for programmatic and study specifics, with special attention to which stages youth participated in and how capacity-building was incorporated. The results revealed that youth can participate in a variety of activities, though they are involved in certain stages more than others, and that capacity-building ranged in breadth and frequency. I call researchers to detail youth activities and training, and explain clearly their participatory approach and decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe who seeks care and for what reasons at a nurse‐led primary healthcare walk‐in center in an immigrant‐dense area. Studies evaluating the use of nurse‐led walk‐in centers in primary healthcare, emphasizing migrants, are limited. Due to language difficulties and a healthcare system based on telephone consultations, access to care is limited/problematic for the care seeker and the healthcare provider. The center aims to provide migrants and Swedish‐born persons equal access to primary healthcare. Care was integrated into a healthcare center with a multi‐professional environment, offering Arabic and Somali interpreters. Design: Cross‐sectional descriptive registry study. Sample: All consecutive patients visiting during 1‐month. Results: Most individuals (70%) seeking care at the nurse‐led walk‐in center were non‐European migrants from Syria, Iraq and Somalia, but Swedish‐born persons (30%) also consulted the clinic. Women, middle‐aged, and lower‐educated patients dominated. Reasons for seeking care included different kinds of pain, ear/nose/throat issues, and skin problems. Migrants prioritized non‐specific pain and dizziness/headaches, while Swedes sought help primarily for upper respiratory tract infections. About 25% of the migrants needed interpreters, mostly females. Conclusion: The nurse‐led walk‐in center provides accessible care in a multi‐professional team, if needed, serving migrants and Swedish‐born persons, promoting equal healthcare for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hylastes species are known to cause damage to conifers in plantations in northern Sweden, and in recent years an increase in seedling damage has been observed in southern Sweden. However, there are few studies on Hylastes spp and the damage it can cause, so there is a lack of knowledge regarding pest management. In order to investigate an eventual interaction between damage by Hylastes spp and the more well-known Hylobius abietis (L) we registered damage by these species. Unprotected spruce seedlings were compared with seedlings protected from Hylobius abietis by a mechanical coating or with an insecticide. The effect of mechanical site preparation (MSP) was studied, with half of the seedlings being planted in unprepared soil and the other half after MSP. Both seedling protection and MSP significantly reduced the level of damage caused by Hylastes spp. MSP reduced the proportion of affected and killed seedlings and reduced the level of damage at the root collar. Protecting the seedlings reduced the level of damage, and no difference was found between seedlings treated with an insecticide and those provided with a coating. Similar responses were observed with both containerized and plug plus seedlings. In conclusion, measures against Hylobius abietis seem to also prevent damage by Hylastes spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of blasphemy has been the subject of considerable legal debate and normative analysis. However, we know much less about the lived realities of people living under regimes that not only criminalise blasphemy but also actively monitor and enforce blasphemy laws. This article analyses metal music as a form of religious deviance in Iran, where the production and consumption of most types of metal music have been banned. We examine how Iranian metal musicians negotiate the tension between free artistic expression and religious control and argue that the effect of control is opposite to its intention: The religiously deviant label is carried as a marker of authenticity in the scene instead. In this way, the control itself works to inspire ‘blasphemous’ acts, just as the theory of secondary deviation suggests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abortion is a highly contested issue and one where the fault lines are often drawn along religious lines. In the United States, the most famous and timely example, anti-abortion attitudes and activism are strongly identified with conservative Christian values. But what is the role of religion in abortion debates in a more secularised context? Does religion 'work' as a justification for opposing abortion rights in such contexts? We analyse debates in the Finnish parliament regarding two Citizen's Initiatives concerning abortion. Using discourse analysis and descriptive statistics of speech patterns and voting behaviour, we draw three conclusions from the parliamentary material: (1) religious discourse is rarely used; (2) it is not effective, and its use is considered inappropriate; and (3) voting patterns in abortion cases are better explained by instrumental than religious concerns. Although the Finnish political system is not particularly secularist, the secularisation of political culture means that religion is marginalised as a source for justifying politics. In other words, religion is a troublesome resource for political legitimation in the Finnish context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We report our center's longitudinal mental health screening data from 2016 to 2021. • Increased mental health symptom scores were associated with CFRD and mental health visits. • Decreased mental health symptom scores were associated with improved lung function. • Mental health symptom scores were stable during COVID-19. Mental health screening in accordance with consensus guidelines became routine clinical practice in our cystic fibrosis (CF) Center in 2015. We hypothesized improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms over time and associations between elevated screening scores and disease severity. We aimed to observe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and modulator use on mental health symptoms. Retrospective chart reviews were conducted for people 12 years and older with at least one Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) or Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) screening for six years. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic variables and logistic regression and linear mixed models were used to evaluate the relationship between screening scores and clinical variables. Analyses included 150 participants (ages 12–22 years). The percentage of minimal to no symptom scores increased over time for anxiety and depression. Increased mental health visits and CFRD were associated with higher PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores. Higher FEV1pp was associated with lower GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores. More effective modulator use was associated with lower PHQ-9 scores. Mean PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores were not significantly different when comparing pre-pandemic and pandemic scores. Disruptions in screening during the pandemic were minimal and symptom scores remained stable. Individuals with higher mental health screening scores were more likely to have CFRD and utilization of mental health services. Consistent mental health monitoring and support is needed so individuals with CF can endure anticipated and unanticipated stressors including changes in physical health, healthcare, and societal stressors such as COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) limits the uptake of central nervous system (CNS)-targeting drugs into the brain. Engineering molecular shuttles for active transportation across the barrier has thus potential for improving the efficacy of such drugs. In vitro assessment of potential transcytosis capability for engineered shuttle proteins facilitates ranking and the selection of promising candidates during development. Herein, the development of an assay based on brain endothelial cells cultured on permeable recombinant silk nanomembranes for screening of transcytosis capability of biomolecules is described. The silk nanomembranes supported growth of brain endothelial cells to form confluent monolayers with relevant cell morphology, and induced expression of tight-junction proteins. Evaluation of the assay using an established BBB shuttle antibody showed transcytosis over the membranes with an apparent permeability that significantly differed from the isotype control antibody. • Recombinant spider silk nanomembranes support the growth of brain endothelial cells. • Silk membranes are only 1 μm thick with ECM like structure and good protein permeability. • Brain endothelial cells cultivated on silk nanomembranes can be used as a simple BBB model. • The in vitro blood–brain barrier model showed higher transcytosis for an antibody brain shuttle compared to control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of experiencing oneself as seeing and seen is essential to the experience of humanity. This applies not least to patients who find themselves in difficult and complicated life situations in a hospital. In this study, a Human Related Conversation (HRC) was conducted at a diaconal epilepsy hospital in Denmark. The article explores what characterizes the interaction between the parties in such a conversation. Data consists of 15 semi-structured conversations between nurses and patients, as well as the patients’ feedback on the conversations. Data is analyzed based on reflexive thematic analysis and the emerging findings perspective from the understanding of diakonia in conviviality and Hartmut Rosa’s resonance theory. It is concluded that in HRC there is a shift from hospital-rooms to everyday-spaces, which in this case means that the interaction between the participants in HRC is characterized by a respectful attitude, a human meeting and an equal reciprocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of biologics for diseases affecting the central nervous system has been less successful compared to other disease areas, in part due to the challenge of delivering drugs to the brain. The most well-investigated and successful strategy for increasing brain uptake of biological drugs is using receptor-mediated transcytosis over the blood–brain barrier and, in particular, targeting the transferrin receptor-1 (TfR). Here, affibody molecules are selected for TfR using phage display technology. The two most interesting candidates demonstrated binding to human TfR, cross-reactivity to the murine orthologue, non-competitive binding with human transferrin, and binding to TfR-expressing brain endothelial cell lines. Single amino acid mutagenesis of the affibody molecules revealed the binding contribution of individual residues and was used to develop second-generation variants with improved properties. The second-generation variants were further analyzed and showed an ability for transcytosis in an in vitro transwell assay. The new TfR-specific affibody molecules have the potential for the development of small brain shuttles for increasing the uptake of various compounds to the central nervous system and thus warrant further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers critical and complementary commentary on the new book Urban Secularism: Negotiating Religious Diversity in Europe by Julia Martínez-Ariño. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To describe migrant family caregivers' experiences and perceptions of caring for a family member with dementia. Background: There are demographic trends of aging populations and increased migration between countries. Age‐associated diseases, such as dementia, are expected to increase, with migrants being at significantly increased risk. Knowledge of how dementia care is provided within migrant families is scarce. Design: Systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative research were performed to inform the development of interventions that can acknowledge and respond to the needs, concerns and preferences of migrant family caregivers. Methods: Searches were performed in PubMed, PsycINFO and CINAHL and reference lists in published articles were reviewed for the period 2000–October 2020. The CASP checklist for qualitative research was used to assess evidence quality, and the ENTREQ framework was used as a guide for study reporting. Results: Twenty‐six articles from 10 Western countries, including 360 informal migrant caregivers from more than 30 countries of origin, were eligible. Within four areas of construct—perceptions of dementia and initial help‐seeking; barriers to accessing and using formal dementia care; caregiver burden and coping and resilience—12 descriptive themes were identified. Several concepts cut across the themes, such as language difficulties; the role of the family in relation to care and support; cultural perceptions of dementia and care; stigma, pride and shame; the importance of religion and the importance of trust. Conclusions: The review revealed commonalities among migrant family caregivers that resulted in reduced understanding of dementia and the importance of diagnosis and treatment. Relevance to clinical practice: To prevent a negative trajectory in caregiving, with perceived demands causing high levels of stress and strain, several barriers to migrants accessing and using formal care need to be assessed and addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-clinical studies place tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as a central player in the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury (SCI), and blocking its production and/or activity has been proposed as a possible treatment option after SCI. This systematic review provides an overview of the literature on the temporal and cellular expression of TNF after SCI and clarifies the potential for its therapeutic manipulation in SCI. A systematic search was performed in EMBASE (Ovid), MEDLINE (Ovid), and Web of Science (Core Collection). The search terms were the MeSH forms of tumor necrosis factor and spinal cord injury in the different databases, and the last search was performed on February 3, 2021. We found twenty-four articles examining the expression of TNF, with most using a thoracic contusive SCI model in rodents. Two articles described the expression of TNF receptors in the acute phase after SCI. Twenty-one articles described the manipulation of TNF signaling using genetic knock-out, pharmaceutical inhibition, or gain-of-function approaches. Overall, TNF expression increased rapidly after SCI, within the first hours, in resident cells (neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and again in macrophages in the chronic phase after injury. The review underscores the complexity of TNF's role after SCI and indicates that TNF inhibition is a promising therapeutic option. This review concludes that TNF plays a significant role in the inflammatory response after SCI and suggests that targeting TNF signaling is a feasible therapeutic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affibody molecules are small affinity proteins that have excellent properties for many different applications, ranging from biotechnology to diagnostics and therapy. The relatively flat binding surface is typically resulting in high affinity and specificity when developing binding reagents for globular target proteins. For smaller unstructured peptides, the paratope of affibody molecules makes it more challenging to achieve a sufficiently large binding surface for high-affinity interactions. Here, we describe the development of a new type of protein scaffold based on a dimeric form of affibodies with a secondary structure content and mode of binding that is distinct from conventional affibody molecules. The interaction is characterized by encapsulation of the target peptide in a tunnel-like cavity upon binding. The new scaffold was used for construction of a high-complexity phage-displayed library and selections from the library against the amyloid beta peptide resulted in identification of high-affinity binders that effectively inhibited amyloid aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Based on previous qualitative studies, it was hypothesised that dissimilarities in beliefs about illness, which influence healthcare-seeking behaviour, exist between foreign- and native-born persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes living in Sweden (in the following termed 'Swedish-born'). Background: Beliefs about illness are individual, culturally related, based on knowledge, and guide health-related behaviour, and thus have an impact on health. The question is whether beliefs differ between foreign- and native-born persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. No previous comparative studies have been found on this. Based on previous qualitative studies, it was hypothesised that dissimilarities in beliefs about illness, which influence healthcare-seeking behaviour, exist between foreign- and native-born (Swedish) persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes living in Sweden. Methods: Cross-sectional survey, 138 participants, comprising 69 foreign- and 69 Swedish-born persons aged 33–90 vs 48–91 years. Data were analysed with descriptive and analytic statistics. Findings: Beliefs about illness differed between foreign- and Swedish-born persons concerning causes of diabetes and healthcare-seeking behaviour. Foreign-born persons more often than Swedish-born persons reported uncertainty or lack of knowledge about whether heredity (67% vs 90%, P = 0.002) and pancreatic disease (40% vs 62%, P = 0.037) could cause diabetes. To a higher extent than Swedish-born persons, they reported that emotional stress and anxiety could cause the disease. Furthermore, they claimed they had sought care due to diabetes during the last 6 months to a higher extent than Swedish-born persons (30% vs 4%, P = 0.000). The findings confirmed that dissimilarities in beliefs about illness, including the causes of diabetes and healthcare-seeking behaviour, exist between foreign- and Swedish-born persons with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant part of non-exhaust particle emissions in cities comes from the wear of vehicle components. Several studies on airborne particles from the wear of disc brakes and tires have been completed. However, few publications can be found in the scientific literature regarding airborne emissions from dry clutches used in road vehicles. With this in mind, this preliminary study designs a clutch tribometer for the generation of airborne wear particles in a controlled environment. The number concentration and the size distribution of airborne wear particles generated from a typical dry clutch used in passenger cars are investigated. The tests are run at a constant rotational speed, and normal load. The results show that the particle number concentration from dry clutches exhibits a running-in period and a steady state, similar to the particle emissions from disc brake contact. A significant number of nanoparticles (aerodynamic diameter < 100 nm) are emitted from the dry clutch contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores new ways of looking at qualitative data in the study of religion. I call them the interstitial, inverted, and dialogical approaches. The interstitial approach provides an alternative to traditional triangulation by treating discrepancies between, say, self-reporting and observation of religious attendance not as a problem, but as an interstice where new information can be found. The inverted approach examines how discourses about "the other" – the other's religion, in this case – enable researchers to analyze positive self-identifications, even when those are left unarticulated. Finally, the dialogical approach responds to a recurrent problem in qualitative religion research: researchers often assume that they ways in which people talk about religion have particular consequences. The dialogical approach enables researchers to demonstrate whether and how this is indeed so. The three approaches show how epistemological reframing – all three are, in different ways, constructionist approaches – enables novel thinking about "religion." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the temporal development of beliefs about health, illness and health care in migrant women with gestational diabetes (GD) born in Asia residing in Sweden, and the influence on health-related behaviour in terms of self-care and seeking care. Background: Migrant Asian women are a high-risk group for developing GD. Adapting to the culture in the new society and the healthcare system, being diagnosed with GD and becoming a mother is demanding. The question is whether Asian migrants' patterns of beliefs and behaviour change over time, as no previous study has been revealed on this topic. Method: Qualitative prospective exploratory study. Semi-structured interviews were held on three occasions: during pregnancy and three and fourteen months after delivery, with women born in Asia, diagnosed with GD. Data were analysed with qualitative content analysis. Findings: There was a temporal change of beliefs influencing health-related behaviour, showing a rising curve in risk awareness. An increasing number of persons described developing a healthy diet/lifestyle based on initial advice and shifted focus from the child to worries about the woman's health and risk of developing type 2 diabetes and being unable to care for the child/family. Also, the number of women perceiving GD as a transient condition decreased and more believed it would last forever. Beliefs about health care were unchanged, the healthcare model was perceived working well but information about GD and follow-ups was requested even after delivery, and competent staff was expected. Health professionals' beliefs about the seriousness of GD influence patients' beliefs and need to be considered. Migrant women need support with adequate information, based on their individual beliefs, to continue develop a sustainable healthy lifestyle even after giving birth, to promote health and prevent type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volume flow estimation in the common carotid artery (CCA) can assess the absolute hemodynamic effect of a carotid stenosis. The aim of this study was to compare a commercial vector flow imaging (VFI) setup against the reference method magnetic resonance phase contrast angiography (MRA) for volume flow estimation in the CCA. Ten healthy volunteers were scanned with VFI and MRA over the CCA. VFI had an improved precision of 19.2% compared to MRA of 31.9% (p = 0.061). VFI estimated significantly lower volume flow than MRA (mean difference: 63.2 mL/min, p = 0.017), whilst the correlation between VFI and MRA was strong (R² = 0.81, p < 0.0001). A Bland-Altman plot indicated a systematic bias. After bias correction, the percentage error was reduced from 41.0% to 25.2%. This study indicated that a VFI setup for volume flow estimation is precise and strongly correlated to MRA volume flow estimation, and after correcting for the systematic bias, VFI and MRA become interchangeable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Migrants face structural, socio-political barriers in their resettlement processes that negatively affect their health. Migration also adversely impacts resources such as social capital and health literacy that are of importance for health and integration into society. Hence, there is a need for health promotion in the early post-migration phase. In Sweden, newly settled refugee migrants who have received a residence permit are offered an Introduction programme including a civic orientation course. The program is intended to facilitate access to the labour market and promote integration. The aim of the study was to explore participants' perceptions and experiences of a civic orientation course with added health communication.Methods: We performed six focus group discussions: two in Arabic, two in Farsi and two in Somali. The discussions were facilitated by native speaking moderators. Participants were 32 men and women recruited from civic orientation classes in the county of Stockholm. We used an interview guide with semi-structured questions. The data were analysed using a method for content analysis for focus group discussions.Results: Three main categories were identified: (1) 'The course gives valuable information but needs adjustments', which includes that the civic and health orientation is needed earlier, during the asylum phase, and that planning and course content need adjustments. (2) 'The health communication inspired participants to focus on their health', which includes that the health communication was useful and inspired uptake of healthier habits. (3) 'Participation in the course promoted independence and self-confidence', which includes that the course gave insights into society and values in Sweden, and promoted independence and new social contacts.Conclusion: This study adds knowledge about the users' perspectives on the potential of civic orientation to promote the health and integration of newly settled migrants, describing ways in which civic orientation with added health communication promoted health and empowerment. However, the content and delivery of the course need adjustment to better fit the migrants' life situations and varying pre-existing knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two recent clinical trials showed mechanical thrombectomy (MT) of basilar-artery occlusions (BAO) in stroke to be safe and effective: Endovascular Treatment for Acute BAO (ATTENTION) and BAO Chinese Endovascular (BAOCHE). The trials restricted patient inclusion on both age and pre-stroke mRS, and with both trials conducted in China, population differences may affect generalisability of the trial results. Consecutive patients with BAO undergoing MT were registered from 2017 to 2021 with retrospective data collection at a single centre with a predominantly Caucasian catchment population of 2.7 million. Age and pre-stroke modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were not absolute contraindications for MT. We present functional outcome as mRS at 90 days, patient characteristics and procedural safety compared to the trial intervention groups. Of the 108 included patients, 50 % achieved mRS 0–3 at 90 days and mortality was 32 %, which was no different from ATTENTION (46 %, p = 0.40, 37 %, p = 0.31, respectively) and BAOCHE (46 %, p = 0.50, 31 %, p = 0.93). Pre-stroke mRS 0 was seen in 62 %, 89 %, and 77 % of the study patients, ATTENTION, and BAOCHE, respectively. Proximal segment BAO was less common (22 % vs. 31 %, p = 0.04, and 65 %, p < 0.01) and intracranial stenting less frequently used (9 % vs. 40 % and 55 %, p < 0.01) in study patients compared to ATTENTION and BAOCHE, respectively. Outcome of MT in BAO stroke in a clinical patient cohort was similar to recent trials, despite broader patient inclusion and differences in both occluded BAO segment and use of stenting. Our study suggest that MT is safe and effective in a Caucasian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides tools for mapping the increasingly diverse approach which examines the ontological assumptions of discursive approaches. It mentions Critical Discursive Study of Religion (CDSR) as an example of the mapping process and Analytical–Critical axis, which situates discursive approaches based on their engagement with issues of power. It also mentions how late religious studies has been to recognize the centrality of discourse in the study of religion.

Purpose: People with cystic fibrosis (CF) are predisposed to chronic conditions, such as CF-related diabetes (CFRD). Recent attention has been focused on the addition of screening for anxiety and depression in the CF population. Independently, CFRD and mental health conditions are associated with worse clinical outcomes; however, research assessing the impact of both conditions together is limited. We aimed to characterize the association between CFRD and selected diagnoses of anxiety or depressive disorders on clinical outcomes in adults with CF. Methods: A single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study in adult patients with CF was performed. Group comparisons included selected diagnoses of depression, anxiety, and CFRD using two-sample t-tests or rank-sum tests for continuous variables, and Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables. Results: A total of 209 adults were enrolled (mean age of 31.4 ± 11.4 years). Those with a selected diagnoses of depression had a significantly higher proportion of CFRD than those without depression (48% vs. 28%, respectively, p = 0.005), and CFRD was associated with increased odds of depression [OR (CI) = 2.33 (1.28, 4.26), p = 0.006]. We did not see a higher proportion of adults with CFRD and selected diagnoses of anxiety than those without anxiety (41% vs. 31% respectively, p = 0.12), nor an increased odds of anxiety in those with CFRD [OR (CI) = 1.58 (0.88, 2.84), p = 0.12]. Conclusion: We show a significant association between CFRD and selected diagnoses of depression in a cohort of adult patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distraction osteogenesis is well documented in the literature as a viable treatment option for large bony defects and brachymetatarsia. Few studies have examined the use of this technique after failed arthrodesis or arthroplasty of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ). Acute correction with autograft is typically the procedure of choice for treatment of defects of the 1st MPJ. However, the amount of length that can be achieved is limited in acute correction and distraction osteogenesis should be considered for larger defects. This case study presents our treatment of a failed first MPJ arthroplasty that resulted in a defect at the 1 st MPJ of greater than 2 centimeters and our technique of using external fixation followed by internal fixation to regain desired length and minimize time in the external fixator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on historicization of the concept of "folk church" in Finland and examines how the use of "folk church" contributes to particular ways of understanding the relationship between religious communities and the state. It mentions potential consequences for the organization of church-state relations and religious equality in Finland. It also mentions how discourse suppresses alternative understandings of social issues and reproducing religious inequality in Finland.

Background: Nasal closure, also known as the modified Young's procedure was introduced in Denmark in 2008, as a surgical solution to severe epistaxis in patients with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). The objective of this study was to report the overall satisfaction of the procedure from a patient's point of view as well as the occurrence of complications. Methods: All the HHT patients who underwent nasal closure from 2008 to 2018 were included in the study. The patients were evaluated for postoperative complications and subjective outcome using Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI). Results: Ten patients were included in the study and were observed for a mean of 64 months. None of the patients was completely free of complications, and reversal was requested in a single case. Haemoglobin levels rose with an average of 2.8 g/dl. The average GBI score after surgery was 38.05. Nine of ten patients would recommend nasal closure to fellow HHT patients. Conclusion: Nasal closure is highly recommended among patients, but due to the rate of postoperative complications, the procedure should be reserved for a carefully selected group of HHT patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) have different site preferences, but silvicultural recommendations for their regeneration at planting (including site preparation) are often the same. Thus, there is a clear need for greater understanding of species-specific interactions between site preparation and site properties. To meet this need, the species' growth and survival have been monitored at both fertile and poor sites in northern and southern Sweden. At each of these sites, effects of three types of site preparation – removed humus (RH), deep soil cultivation (DSC) and control (C, no site preparation) – were compared. Results show that Scots pine grew more rapidly initially than Norway spruce, and DSC site preparation promoted growth of both species. However, on poor sites there was a delay in growth responses. In addition, removal of organic material in the RH treatment caused a sustained growth check of Norway spruce, but not for Scots pine. This study confirms that it is beneficial to use site preparation as it increases the survival of both species and may increase growth. However, site preparation methods that reduce the amount of organic material in the planting spots should be avoided for Norway spruce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Thyroid function tests are common biochemical analyses, and agreement between the routinely used immunoassays is important for diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Efforts are continuously made to align the biochemical assays, and we aimed to evaluate the agreement between immunoassays used in a clinical laboratory setting among non‐pregnant and pregnant adults. Design: Cross‐sectional study. Participants: Serum samples were obtained from 192 blood donors (non‐pregnant adults) and from 86 pregnant women in the North Denmark Region with no known thyroid disease. Measurements: Each sample was used for measurement of thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) with the routinely used automatic immunoassays in the regional Departments of Clinical Biochemistry (Alinity, Abbott Laboratories, Cobas, Roche Diagnostics, and Atellica, Siemens Healthineers) and reported as the median with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: In nonpregnant adults, the level of TSH was higher with Cobas and Atellica than with Alinity as reflected by median (Alinity: 1.39 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.30–1.51 mIU/L); Cobas: 1.57 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.48–1.75 mIU/L); Atellica: 1.74 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.61–1.83 mIU/L)). Similarly, a trend was seen towards higher median TSH with Cobas than with Alinity among pregnant women (Alinity: 1.90 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.37–2.82 mIU/L); Cobas: 2.33 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.69–3.62 mIU/L)). Conclusion: Results of thyroid function tests obtained with different immunoassays were not interchangeable when evaluated among pregnant and non‐pregnant adults. The distinct differences are relevant for clinical decision making and emphasize the necessity of clinical laboratory information when different assays are used for diagnosis and monitoring of patients with thyroid disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier studies have shown that healthcare personnel in specialized palliative care see patients with migrant backgrounds as others and that they, as providers, are unable to provide culturally competent care. Thus, these studies indicate a taken for granted perception, instead of knowledge based on experiences or scientific knowledge. The objectives of this study were to explore preferences, expectations on and experiences of specialist palliative care from next-of-kin of migrants of different origin. This study used a qualitative methodology, and the data were analyzed with systematic text condensation. The interviews were based on semi-structured interviews with seven next-of-kin. Four code groups represented the next-of kin’s experiences: The wishes and needs of the foreign-born person in a palliative phase form the care; The families’ prerequisites for, and the impact of, palliative informal caregiving; The staff working in accordance with a palliative care approach; Palliative care in a seamless care chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A full-band ensemble Monte Carlo simulation has been used to study the high-field carrier transport properties of 4H-SiC. The complicated band structure of 4H-SiC requires the consideration of band-to-band tunneling at high electric fields. We have used two models for the band-to-band tunneling; one is based on the overlap test and the other on the solution of the multiband Schrödinger equations. The latter simulations have only been performed for holes in the c-axis direction, since the computer capacity requirement are exceedingly high. Impact-ionization transition rates and phonon scattering rates have been calculated numerically directly from the full band structure. Coupling constants for the phonon interaction have been deduced by fitting of the simulated low-field mobility as a function of lattice temperature to experimental data. Secondary hot electrons generated as a consequence of hole-initiated impact ionization are considered in the study for both models of band-to-band tunneling. When the multiband Schrödinger equation model is used for holes in the c-axis direction, a significant change in the electron energy distribution is found, since the hole impact-ionization rate is very much increased with this model. The secondary electrons increase the average energy of the electron distribution leading to a significant increase in the electron-initiated impact-ionization coefficients. Our simulation results clearly show that both electrons and holes have to be considered in order to understand electron-initiated impact ionization in 4H-SiC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which presented a Monte Carlo simulation of the electron transport in dihydrogen (2H)-silicon carbide (SiC). Description of the band model which has been extracted from the full potential band structure calculation; Description of the Monte Carlo model; Presentation of the simulation results.

Studies the electron transport in silicon carbide using full band Monte Carlo simulation model. Application of silicon carbide as a semiconductor material; Important parts of a Monte Carlo model; Results of the study.

Mechanical site preparation is commonly used to increase survival and early growth of newly planted seedlings. Ideally, any early positive effects of site preparation should persist for a long time, but concerns have been raised as to whether intensive site preparation might have a negative effect on the long-term productivity of a stand. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the long-term effects of different site-preparation methods on productivity and determine any possible interactions with tree species and site fertility. In the 1980s, a randomized block experiment was established at sites throughout Sweden. Four site-preparation methods of various intensities were performed on different sites: (i) an untreated control, (ii) disc trenching, (iii) mounding, and (iv) ploughing. As a complementary treatment, slash was either retained or removed from some plots. Depending on soil moisture class, geographical position, and site index, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), or lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) were planted in pure stands. Growth variables such as height and diameter were measured during the first years after establishment. After about 30 years, these variables were remeasured at the level of individual trees. Overall, an increased production of the planted trees after site preparation was found. Neither intensive site preparation (such as ploughing) nor slash removal had any negative effect on the long-term productivity of these experimental stands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adventure sport participants have been extensively studied regarding personality traits, risk tolerance, and motivation. The present study extends the research by examining the ways in which adventure sport participants respond to traumatic incidents within adventure sports, including accidents and deaths. The utilization of mental health services and attitudes towards mental health care are examined. Findings show low utilization of mental health care following incidents despite positive attitudes towards mental health services and professionals. Contributing factors, such as trauma-related symptoms and incident types, are examined, and implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Considerable funding and efforts are invested in breast cancer research and healthcare, but only a fraction of this reaches women and healthcare systems in low income countries. Surgical treatment is an essential part of breast cancer care, but access to surgery is in general very limited in low income countries such as Uganda. In this study, the previously unknown nationwide rate of breast cancer surgery was investigated. Methods and findings: This was a multicenter, retrospective study, investigating breast cancer surgery in the public healthcare system in Uganda. Data were collected from operating theater registries at primary, secondary and tertiary level healthcare centres throught the country, including 14 general hospitals, the 14 regional referral hospitals and the national referral hospital. Patients who underwent major surgery for breast cancer at these hospitals during 2013 and 2014 were included. The number of breast cancer procedures performed, geographical variation, level of healthcare staff performing surgery and patient characteristics were investigated. After correction for missing data, a total of 137 breast cancer procedures were performed each year within the public healthcare system, corresponding to 5.7% of the breast cancer incidence in the country at that time. Most procedures (n = 161, 59.0%) were performed at the national referral hospital by qualified surgeons. Many of the patients were young; 30.1% being less than 40 years old. The proportion of male breast cancers in the study was large (6.2%). Conclusions: The rate of breast cancer surgery in Uganda is minimal and in several parts of the country breast cancer surgery is not performed at all. More resources must be directed towards breast cancer in low income countries such as Uganda. The fact that the patients were young calls for further research, prevention and treatment specifically targeting young women in the study setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A discussion of overhead measurements with different tool configurations across four SPEC MPI 2007 application benchmarks (121.pop2, 126.lammps, 132.zeusmp2, 137.lu). • A discussion of overhead measurements with different tool configurations across three configurations of the RMA-MT communication benchmark. • An discussion of measurement data obtained with the MEL tool across multiple benchmark applications. Understanding the behavior of parallel applications that use the Message Passing Interface (MPI) is critical for optimizing communication performance. Performance tools for MPI currently rely on the PMPI Profiling Interface or the MPI Tool Information Interface, MPI_T, for portably collecting information for performance measurement and analysis. While tools using these interfaces have proven to be extremely valuable for performance tuning, these interfaces only provide synchronous information, i.e., when an MPI or an MPI_T function is called. There is currently no option for collecting information about asynchronous events from within the MPI library. In this work we propose a callback-driven interface for event notification from MPI implementations. Our approach is integrated in the existing MPI_T interface and provides a portable API for tools to discover and register for events of interest. We implement our MPI_T Events interface in Open MPI and demonstrate its functionality and usability with a small logging tool (MEL) as well as an early integration into the comprehensive measurement infrastructure Score-P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning a second language can be considered a primary example of what Berger and Luckmann call 'secondary socialisation'. Through careful decisions concerning what to include and what to omit, textbooks have the power to direct what a beginner can and should say in their target language. Additionally, textbooks have the responsibility of representing the cultures that speak the language. Much of a language learner's initial understanding of a national culture in its own language is dependent on the constructions of that culture in their learning resources. This article examines how two widely used series of Finnish language textbooks for adult learners construct 'typical' Finnishness and the implications of these constructions for contemporary debates about national identity. Through an application of a version of critical discourse analysis, we show that the hegemonic image of Finnishness conforms to the stereotype of a modern, advanced and nature-loving people. But the image is also middle-class, White and conventional (even conservative) in terms of gender equality and sexuality. We argue that the textbooks have a key role in creating an inclusive sense of the host culture and that this inclusiveness is an asset for language acquisition, although at the moment they fall short of this aim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Experimental studies show developmental toxicity of boron and we recently found impaired weight and length in newborns of mothers exposed to boron through drinking water during pregnancy. Objectives To evaluate potential impact of pre- and postnatal boron exposure on infant anthropometry. Methods In our mother-child cohort (n = 177) in Argentinean Andes, where drinking water concentrations of boron, lithium and arsenic have been found to vary considerably, we collected maternal blood and urine during and after pregnancy, placenta, breast milk, as well as infant urine and blood during the first 6 months of life. In all samples, boron and other potentially toxic elements were measured by ICP-MS. Infant weight (g), length (cm) and head circumference (cm) were measured at birth, 0–3 (n = 120) and/or 3–6 months (n = 120; 79 overlap) of age. Results Boron concentrations in breast milk (range: 46–786 µg/L) correlated strongly with those in maternal serum (range: 47–624 µg/L; rs = 0.94) 0–3 months post-partum. In multivariable-adjusted linear regression, urinary boron (log 2 -transformed; range 60–9200 µg/L) in the youngest infants, but not maternal serum boron during pregnancy, was inversely associated with body weight at both 0–3 months (B: −141, 95% CI: −240; −42, p = 0.006) and 3–6 months (B: −200, 95% CI: −377; −23, p = 0.027). Infant urinary boron was also inversely associated with head circumference at 0–3 months (B: −0.39, 95% CI: −0.74; −0.04, p = 0.028), as well as length (B: −0.57, 95% CI: −1.1; −0.03, p = 0.040) and head circumference (B: −0.30, 95% CI: −0.64; 0.04, p = 0.083) at 3–6 months. Conclusions The observed first evidence that elevated environmental boron exposure in early infancy may adversely affect growth supports previous findings of boron-related impaired fetal growth. More research is needed to verify the findings at older age and in other populations. Highlights • Elevated boron levels in drinking water caused marked maternal and infant exposure. • Boron in maternal serum and breast milk correlated strongly. • Still, breast-feeding caused lower exposure that formula based on drinking water. • Boron exposure in early infancy was inversely associated with body measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigated the effects of rye bran and collagen addition to a Frankfurter-like sausage as partial fat replacement. Sensory descriptive analysis revealed that sausages where 6 g/100 g rye bran was added alone was associated with an undesired stored flavour in both cooked (P < 0.05) and fried (P < 0.01) sausages. Combining rye bran addition (3–5 g/100 g) with collagen addition (1–3 g/100 g) had significant effects on the textural attributes firmness (P < 0.01) and hardness (P < 0.05) of both cooked and fried sausages. Texture profiling analysis corroborated these findings as collagen inclusion had significant effects on texture attributes measured instrumentally. Flavour attributes described as spiciness (P < 0.05) and fried sausage (P < 0.05) were also enhanced in the fried sausages manufactured with collagen. NMR T 2 relaxation measurements revealed that addition of collagen to the recipe resulted in an additional and distinct T 2 water population and thus different intrinsic water-protein interactions in the protein network when collagen protein was added, whereas the collagen addition did not impact the intrinsic microstructure of the sausages when examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Industrial relevance Collagen inclusion modified technological and sensory attributes and appears as a promising ingredient for development of fat replacement strategies in the manufacturing of processed meat. Highlights • Partial substitution of fat with rye bran and collagen was investigated in Frankfurter sausages. • Collagen inclusion impacted texture and sensory attributes. • Collagen can assist as a functional ingredient during fat replacement in processed meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Patients are increasingly seeking nonsurgical treatment for the aging face. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and outcomes of a thermistor‐controlled subdermal skin tightening device (ThermiTight) as a treatment modality for the aging face. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 12 patients was completed on patients having undergone ThermiTight for midface and neck skin tightening. Only five patients had a greater than 1 year follow‐up and were included in the study. Two blinded reviewers assessed photographs taken pre‐procedure and 1 year post‐procedure using a standardized skin laxity scale. Patient charts were reviewed to assess for complications up to 12 months post‐treatment. Results: The mean age of included patients was 57 years, and all five patients were female. One (20%) patient treated with ThermiTight was also treated with injectables (Botox, Juvéderm) simultaneously. One (20%) patient developed a wound complication. One (20%) patient complained of incisional site pain at her first postoperative visit that subsequently self‐resolved. On a five‐point scale to assess facial skin laxity, there was an average improved score of 0.85 per patient (P <.001) at one year post‐procedure. Two blinded reviewers correctly categorized photographs as either being "baseline" or "post‐procedure" 100% of the time. There was no significant difference between the skin laxity scores by the blinded reviewers (P =.05). Conclusion: ThermiTight is a new technology used for nonsurgical treatment of the aging face. Long‐term outcomes demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the procedure. Complications are rare, but possible, in the use of ThermiTight. Level of Evidence: 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Eco-innovation is an approach to environmental sustainability. However, the process of eco-innovation can be challenging especially for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Thus, SMEs might seek external support to tackle some of their challenges in eco-innovation. In this article, we focus on one type of organization providing and also assisting SMEs to access support, intermediaries, i.e. an organization or body that acts as an agent or broker in the innovation process. Intermediaries support firms in the innovation process through various generic and customised activities. To identify such activities and describe the roles intermediaries take in eco-innovation, we conducted interviews and documentation analysis on selected intermediaries in two regions – Scania, Sweden and North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. The identified roles among our cases include: (i) forecasting and road mapping, (ii) information gathering and dissemination, (iii) fostering networking and partnerships, (iv) prototyping and piloting, (v) technical consulting, (vi) resource mobilisation, (vii) commercialisation, and (viii) branding and legitimation. In relation to the specific characteristics of eco-innovations, the intermediary roles such as prototyping and piloting, information gathering and dissemination, and branding were directly targeted at validating the environmental benefits of eco-innovations to tackle their "double externality" challenge. However, we found little intermediation activities from our cases directed explicitly at policy change for eco-innovation. For policy makers, our results suggest a complementary use of different types of intermediaries to support eco-innovation. Highlights • Roles of intermediaries in eco-innovation are identified and synthesized. • Intermediary roles in "conventional" innovations are also relevant for eco-innovation. • Validating the environmental benefits of eco-innovations is a key target. • Complementarity, learning and aggregation is needed among intermediaries. • We distinguish between intermediation in eco-innovation and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultrasonic bone aspirator (UBA) allows for precision and provides ease of use in multiple steps of cosmetic and functional rhinoplasties. Its use has previously been described; however, since the publication of many studies the UBA has been improved and its applications for rhinoplasty have been modified and expanded. Both bony and cartilaginous modifications to the nose can be aided with the use of the UBA. From our experience, patient results have subjectively been found to be more acceptable, if not better, than with the use of other rhinoplasty instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the construction of the Estonian–Russian border incident of 2014, where an Estonian security officer ended captured by Russian authorities, in Finnish, Estonian and British press. It asks (a) How did the press construct the event and the actors in the reporting of the Kohver case in Finnish, Estonian and British press? What happened? Who did what? Who was responsible? What is the outcome of these constructions? Are there differences in national reporting? (b) Can ‘Finlandisation’ explain the discursive choices in the press constructions? By Finlandisation we refer to a hypothesis about the effects that the proximity of a major power in the context of international tension has on media discourse and culture more broadly. We argue that although the discourse of the Kohver case in Finnish, Estonian and British press could be subsumed under the term ‘Finlandisation’ in the case of the first two countries, a more fruitful approach would be to consider the discursive differences in the framework of the ‘domestication’ of news. This implies that explaining the tone of the news discourse is as much a matter of media logic as it is of underlying and/or implicit ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peter L. Berger (1929–2017) was one of the most influential sociologists of the last century. In the sociology of religion, his classic status is uncontested. This article examines Berger’s original application of a constructionist sociology of knowledge perspective to the sociology of religion and its application to the theory of secularisation. The article assesses the influence of this work – The Sacred Canopy in particular – through an analysis of publication data and a typification of types of reference. Although the metaphor of the ‘sacred canopy’ and Berger’s ideas regarding secularisation have been undoubtedly influential, his work never engendered a genuinely constructionist sociology of religion. The reason for this, the article argues, is Berger’s inconsistent application of his own constructionist ideas to his work on religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic resonance phase contrast angiography (MRA) is the gold standard for blood flow evaluation. Spectral Doppler ultrasound (SDU) is the first clinical choice, although the method is angle dependent. Vector flow imaging (VFI) is an angle-independent ultrasound method. The aim of the study was to compare VFI- and SDU-estimated peak systolic velocities (PSV) of the common carotid artery (CCA) with PSV obtained by MRA. Furthermore, intra- and inter-observer agreement was determined. MRA estimates were significantly different from SDU estimates (left CCA: p < 0.001, right CCA: p < 0.001), but not from VFI estimates (left CCA: p = 0.28, right CCA: p = 0.18). VFI measured lower PSV in both CCAs compared with SDU (p < 0.001) with improved precision (VFI: left: 24%, right: 18%; SDU: left 38%, right: 23%). Intra- and inter-observer agreement was almost perfect for VFI and SDU (inter-observer correlation coefficient: VFI 0.88, SDU 0.91; intra-observer correlation coefficient: VFI 0.96, SDU 0.97). VFI is more accurate than SDU in evaluating PSV compared with MRA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finland’s Right to Return policy for Ingrian Finns (1990-2010) presented Russian and Estonian citizens who qualified as having Finnish ancestry the legal means to resettle in Finland. The policy was initially driven by Finnish President Mauno Koivisto, who spoke publicly of his belief that the Ingrian Finnish minority in Russia was Finnish because it was Lutheran rather than Orthodox. However, Finnish politicians increasingly abandoned the view of a common Lutheran identity between Ingrian Finns and Finland, and shifted the discussion to language, ancestry and historical memory, which were used to both endorse and disendorse Ingrian Finns’ Finnishness. We argue that the disappearance of religion from the Right to Return discourse was a strategic - if not necessarily conscious - choice that emphasized the more primordial aspects of Finnish identity (and the Ingrian Finns’ lack of those), which in turn enabled stricter restrictions and, ultimately, the discontinuation of the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study compared the definitions of abnormal growth that are taught across Europe to explain previously reported variations in growth-monitoring practices.Methods: We developed two online surveys in 2016 to obtain the definitions of abnormal growth in European countries and approached the national chairs of the European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians in 18 countries and the International Federation of Medical Students' Associations in 33 countries.Results: We obtained definitions from 10 of 18 paediatricians and 18 of 33 students, covering 23 of the 33 European countries surveyed. Abnormal faltering growth was always defined, either by a single parameter (24%) or combined parameters (76%). Four static parameters were used: standardised height (100%), standardised weight (60%), standardised body mass index (12%) and distance to target height (20%). Two dynamic parameters were used: growth deflection (28%) and growth velocity (32%). The thresholds used to define abnormal faltering growth varied slightly in some cases and widely in others. Abnormal accelerated growth appeared in 52% of the definitions, with important variations in parameters and thresholds.Conclusion: There were important between-country discrepancies in the definitions of paediatric abnormal growth that were taught in 23 European countries. Standardisation is vital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]