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In Romania most Hungarian-speaking children study in their mother tongue, in Hungarian-language classes. Some of these are organised in 'mixed schools', where parallel Hungarian and Romanian classes coexist in the same institution. Although these institutions seem a good solution for inter-ethnic coexistence, no systematic research has been conducted on their internal language policy and language practices yet. The aim of the paper is to examine the language policy of these institutions, by focusing on the language of two top-down elements of the linguistic landscape, school inscriptions and internal signs of rooms. The study argues that three language strategies can be distinguished: asymmetry, symmetry and quasi-asymmetry, which are influenced by the institutional characteristics of the school. Furthermore, the paper offers possibilities for applying its findings in different contexts and situations. By drawing attention to the limits of formal language policy, it argues that depending on the structural context they find themselves in, actors can openly contest or reinterpret even seemingly clear legal regulations, negotiating their applicability according to the dominant language hierarchies and ideologies they adhere to. Additionally, the paper provides insights concerning two methodological dilemmas in linguistic landscape research, namely, representativity and lack of explanatory depth of quantitative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like a message in a bottle, How Is Critical Economic Theory Possible? originally written in the late 1960s in Hungarian, has recently arrived on the shores of critical theory in the form of an English translation. As a critique of Marx's economic determinism, the authors aim to set Marxist thinking on a more realistic path. This article looks first, at what the authors think are flawed premises in Marx's work. Second, I sketch the contemporary economic context of a global digital economy to point at issues a critical economic theory inevitably has to contend with today to prove its relevance. Finally, I argue that Maria Márkus's ideas of a politicisation of needs and civil/decent society make a significant contribution to a potential answer to How Is Critical Economic Theory Possible? and also advance the idea of a mixed economy with the goal to sustain an economic order that allows a maximum of economic and political freedom while simultaneously reducing economic and political inequalities to a minimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article documents the publications of Martin Luther's writings in the Hungarian language. Luther's publications first reached Hungary in 1521, but nothing was translated into Hungarian for another fifteen years. Six of Luther's hymns were his first works to appear in Hungarian in 1536, while the Small Catechism was translated in 1550. In 1562 a Hungarian Bible was printed that was greatly inspired by the Luther Bible. Six volumes of Luther's works in Hungarian were published in the early twentieth century. The text selected for translation were largely polemical works against Catholicism along with a few that attacked Luther's Protestant foes. After World War I, several of Luther's edifying and exegetical works began to be translated. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Hungary's Martin Luther Bund has created broad scholarly interest in Luther's works through a series of short translations, as well as conferences and reading retreats. This renewed interest has led to the twenty-first century's Luther válogatott művei (LVM), which is the first attempt to create a translation of Luther's Works in Hungarian with a robust and balanced choice of texts. This edition aims to uphold the highest scholarly standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the Hungarian diaspora in Sydney, Australia, this paper finds that the key to preserving the Hungarian identity of emigrants and their descendants is maintaining and cultivating Hungarian traditions. Some institutions and organizations, such as Hungarian schools and the Hungarian Scout Association in Exteris, can help in this regard. To examine this topic, I conducted a pilot study asking the following questions: (1) What are the main elements of Hungarian identity in the diaspora? and (2) What is the main role that Hungarian scouts and other organizations play in preserving Hungarian identity? In the first part of the research, the most prominent people of the Hungarian diaspora in Sydney, Australia were interviewed. The interviews showed that Hungarian scouting plays a crucial role in the survival of Hungarian culture and community, which was reflected linguistically too. Subsequently, I conducted a questionnaire survey, whose results also confirmed that scouting is both an element of and a tool for Hungarian identity construction. Some key elements of identity, according to the respondents--language, culture, holidays, and community--are clearly included in scouting. The results also suggest that support for Hungarian emigrant organizations can be an effective way to maintain national identity. constantinovits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selice Romani has developed phonemic vowel length due to long-term bilingualism of the speakers in Hungarian. The present paper aims to provide a basic descriptive account of both the synchronic (phonological, phonotactic, and morphophonological) aspects of vowel length and its development in this Romani variety. The major source of long vowels in the pre-Hungarian compartment was pretonic substitutive lengthening through contact-induced phonemicization of pre-existing allophonic variation. The subsequent contact-induced stress fixation licensed the hypoanalysis of vowel length as a lexical property of morphemes and analogical extension of long vowels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important NLP tasks for the industry today is to produce an extract from longer text documents. This task is one of the hottest topics for the researchers and they have created some solutions for English. There are two types of the text summarization called extractive and abstractive. The goal of the first task is to find the relevant sentences from the text, while the second one should generate the extraction based on the original text. In this research I have built the first solutions for Hungarian text summarization systems both for extractive and abstractive subtasks. Different kinds of neural transformer-based methods were used and evaluated. I present in this publication the first Hungarian abstractive summarization tool based on mBART and mT5 models, which gained state-ofthe-art results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the exponential growth in the number of documents on the Web, accessing the salient information relevant to a user need is gaining importance, which increases the popularity of text summarization. Recent progress in deep learning shifted the research in text summarization from extractive methods towards more abstractive approaches. The research and the available resources remain mostly limited to the English language, which prevents progress in other languages. There is need in low-resourced languages for gathering large-scale resources suitable for such tasks. In this study, we release two large-scale datasets (TR-News and HU-News) that can serve as benchmarks in the abstractive summarization task for Turkish and Hungarian. The datasets are primarily compiled for text summarization, but are also suitable for other tasks such as topic classification, title generation, and key phrase extraction. Morphology is important for these agglutinative languages since meaning is carried mostly within the morphemes of the words. We utilize these morphological properties for tokenization to retain the semantic information and reduce the vocabulary sparsity introduced by the agglutinative nature of these languages. Using the datasets compiled, we propose linguistically-oriented tokenization methods (SeparateSuffix and CombinedSuffix) and evaluate them on the state-of-the-art abstractive summarization models. The SeparateSuffix method achieves the highest ROUGE-1 score on the TR-News dataset and provides promising results on the HU-News dataset. In another experiment, we show that the multilingual cased BERT model outperforms monolingual BERT models for both languages and reaches the highest ROUGE-1 score on the HU-News dataset. Lastly, we provide qualitative analysis of the generated summaries on the TR-News dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Comprehensive Aphasia Test (CAT) has recently been adapted to a number of languages – including Hungarian – by an international network of multidisciplinary aphasia researchers, the Collaboration of Aphasia Trialists. In Hungarian, to date, there is no standardised test to assess people with aphasia (PWA). The aim of this paper was to evaluate psychometric properties of the Hungarian adaptation of the CAT (CAT-H) by assessing internal consistency, reliability, and validity of the test. In addition, we reiterate main challenges of the adaptation – so far only published in Hungarian – and present the main characteristics of the CAT-H. One hundred PWA, mostly with unilateral, left hemisphere stroke, and 34 healthy control participants completed the CAT-H which consists of two parts: A Cognitive Screening Test (CST) and a Language Battery (LB). Our analysis included (1) comparison of performance between PWA and control participants in all subtests; (2) assessment of inter-rater and test–retest reliability in a small group of PWA (N = 10 and N = 9, respectively) using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs); (3) assessment of construct validity by performing principal component analysis (PCA) on subtests of the CST and subtests of the LB in the aphasia group; (4) assessment of concurrent validity by calculating Spearman rank correlation coefficients between subtests of the CAT-H and subtests of the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB; N = 59) and the Test for the Reception of Grammar-Hungarian (TROG-H; N = 35). Our results show that the CAT-H has good-to-excellent psychometric properties. It is able to differentiate between aphasic and non-aphasic performance and it demonstrates strong internal consistency. Moderate to high ICCs suggest good-to-excellent inter-rater and test–retest reliability for most subtests of the LB. Consistent with the English CAT, the PCA identified one component in the CST and three components in the LB. High correlations between subtests of the CAT-H and subtests of the WAB and the TROG-H suggest satisfying concurrent validity for the CAT-H. Comparable psychometric properties of the CAT-H and the original version of the CAT suggest that the Hungarian language and cultural adaptation was successful. We believe that the CAT-H will be a unique resource for rehabilitation professionals and aphasia researchers in aphasia assessment in Hungary. In addition, together with adaptations in other languages, it may provide a unique tool for cross-linguistic aphasia assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our presentation we will examine the diversity of linguistic attitudes of Hungarian speakers in Romania. Although there are several definitions for this concept from psychology and linguistics, linguistic attitudes are generally understood as the value judgments and attitudes that individuals form on the basis of their language socialization, language use and learning experience, in relation to languages, language varieties and language expressions. In our present research, we wanted to find out the speakers' value judgments about the phenomenon of using Romanian and/or English loanwords in their everyday Hungarian communication. In our research paradigm we adopted a case-oriented, inductive, data-focused research towards which we applied a mixed approach: the data was collected through a questionnaire, then the focus group discussion highlighted the criteria respondents used in their value judgment, as well as their opinions about loanwords adopted from the two languages. The conversations also indirectly shed light on the way in which a minority community relates to the languages active in its linguistic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Audiovisual translation (AVT), albeit originated back in the early 20th century, only started gaining in popularity in the past decades, and poses unique challenges compared to traditional translation. Not only does the translator have to face the limitation placed by the time and length constraints and the lip movement of the characters, but beside verbal elements, also non-verbal ones (sounds, music, images, etc.) define the target-language text. This characteristic of movies makes the task of translating realia, or culture-specific notions, rather hard. The translator can - and has to - choose from a wide range of translation methods that can be placed somewhere on a spectrum between two main trends: domestication or foreignisation, opting for either bringing the target language (TL) text closer to the target culture (TC), or preserve it to some extent in the source culture (SC). The goals of the present paper are twofold. On the one hand, it intends to support the validity of a taxonomy adjusted specifically for the translation of realia in AVT in a previous study, which allows the measure of domestication or foreignisation to be expressed in numbers. On the other hand, it provides a case study of a Hungarian film trilogy and its English subtitles with the aim of discovering a shift in trends towards foreignisation over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines entanglements between aspects of linguistic Magyarization in four towns of the Banat under Dualist Hungary, two of which are today in Romania and two in Serbia. After outlining local power relations and the shifting relations to central and county authorities, the author assesses the spread of Hungarian language skills in the urban population and charts out the evolution of language policies. This reveals that local decision-makers had to walk a fine line between the expectations of a monolingual norm and their home-grown elites' limited competence in the state language. While the four towns continued to project a multilingual image to their citizenries and their elected bodies continued to rely on the local languages, government agencies had by the end of the era enforced the use of Hungarian in everyday bureaucratic routines. Special focus is placed on German-speaking Catholic elites, who often resonated with Hungarian state nationalism, but typically without full cognizance of its linguistic consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dependency parsing is a complex process in natural language text processing, text to semantic transformation. The efficiency improvement of dependency parsing is a current and an active research area in the NLP community. The paper presents four transitionbased dependency parser models with implementation using DL4J classifiers. The efficiency of the proposed models were tested with Hungarian language corpora. The parsing model uses a data representation form based on lightweight embedding and a novel morphological-description-vector format is proposed for the input layer. Based on the test experiments on parsing Hungarian text documents, the proposed list-based transitions parsers outperform the widespread stack-based variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyse the informative-type text, questions, and answers of the fourth-grade reading comprehension test according to cognitive processes. A total of 353 respondents participated in the survey. The examined target group was the fourth-grade pupils of Hungarian-language primary schools in bilingual regions in Eastern, Central, and Western Slovakia. The results obtained show that most of the pupils had sufficient background knowledge to interpret the short and simple text, and the new information was well integrated into their existing schema structure. In terms of processes of comprehension, most pupils had no problem with recognizing and retrieving explicitly stated information in the text, neither with making straightforward inferences. However, there were problems in interpreting and integrating information and summarizing them. The results show that half of the pupils had problems with multi-level interpretation of the information obtained and about one-fifth of the pupils gave incorrect answers even to the questions that required the use of the simplest cognitive processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the above title indicates, because of the publication schedule of Hungarian Cultural Studies this bibliography straddles 2019-2020, covering the period since the publication in Fall of 2019 of last year's bibliography in this journal. Each year's bibliography may also be supplemented by earlier items, which were retrieved onlyrecently. Although this bibliography series can only concentrate on English-language items, occasional items of particular interest in other languages may be included. For a more extensive bibliography of Hungarian Studies from about 2000 to 2010, for which this is a continuing update, see Louise O. Vasvári, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, and Carlo Salzani. "Bibliography for Work in Hungarian Studies as Comparative Central European Studies." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (Library) (2011): http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/hungarianstudiesbibliography [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I examine an early modern battle between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires, the Siege of Szigetvár, and its protagonists, Nikola Šubić Zrinski and Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, as sites of memory in Hungary, Croatia, and Turkey. In relation to recent commemorations of the Siege, I focus on how sanctioned memories of Szigetvár have been sanitized for national(ist) ends, evacuating fraught historical and political questions related to the enmity between the two empires. Concomitantly, I pursue the silences and erasures that hegemonic memories of the battle and its protagonists have produced, both in relation to specific landscapes of memory in Szigetvár and through an analysis of three narratives of the Siege: a Hungarian-language epic poem, a Croatian opera, and a Turkish television serial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Stress "deafness" is a difficulty in the detection of stress pattern changes of second language (L2) words. This study investigated the influence of cognitive factors and L2 proficiency on the processing of L2 stress. Methodology: Fifty-four native speakers of Hungarian, a language with non-contrastive stress, participated in the study; the participants were categorized as not speaking German or having a proficiency at the intermediate or advanced level. They had to recall sequences with increasing length consisting of German pseudowords that differed in either their phonemes (phoneme task) or stress patterns (stress task). Cognitive factors measured included working memory, phonological awareness and inhibitory control. Data and Analysis: The accuracy data obtained in the sequence recall task was analysed with generalized linear mixed modelling. Two separate analyses were performed to investigate the presence of stress "deafness" and the effect of cognitive factors. Findings: Results showed that the stress task led to lower performance than the phoneme task, irrespective of L2 proficiency. Furthermore, the analysis showed different cognitive factors contributing to the performance in the tasks: in the phoneme task, it was working memory, phonological awareness and inhibitory control, while in the stress task, it was only working memory and phonological awareness but not the inhibitory control. Originality: This is the first study to provide evidence about the cognitive background of the stress "deafness" effect, and to suggest the differential role of inhibitory control in phoneme and stress processing. Implications: These findings demonstrate the robustness of the stress "deafness" effect in a language with non-contrastive stress, provide evidence of the effect being independent of L2 proficiency and suggest that speakers of languages with non-contrastive stress do not have the necessary cognitive basis to form accurate L2 stress representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the above title indicates, because of the publication schedule of Hungarian Cultural Studies this bibliography straddles 2018-2019, covering the period since the publication in Fall of 2018 of last year's bibliography in this journal. Each year's bibliography may also be supplemented by earlier items, which were retrieved only recently. Although this bibliography series can only concentrate on English-language items, occasional items of particular interest in other languages may be included. For a more extensive bibliography of Hungarian Studies from about 2000 to 2010, for which this is a continuing update, see Louise O. Vasvári, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, and Carlo Salzani. "Bibliography for Work in Hungarian Studies as Comparative Central European Studies.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of our research is to provide an overview of what role language education plays in how Hungarians living in diaspora communities preserve their cultural identity. To this end we compared three Hungarian schools from three continents (North America, South America and Australia), selected by a sampling based on geographical location. We compared the similarities and differences between their educational methods according to factors predetermined by the research group. By reviewing the extant, but limited literature on this topic, the authors studied the present situation of Hungarians living abroad and the actual questions of identity preservation with special regard to language learning and preservation. These results present a detailed image of language education within the Hungarian diaspora. We also compared the educational methodology employed by the three schools based on different statistical data, such as the number of students, their cohort, student motivation as well as the role of partner institutions in the preservation of Hungarian identity. This study introduces the similarities and differences among institutions located far from one another. The main differences concerned the number of students and their motivation. We aim to give an overview of the current situation while discussing the challenges these communities face and possible opportunities for the continued preservation of their cultural identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that morpheme syncretism can arise as a result of structural and functional changes that display features of a grammaticalization process. Our claim is based on a case study analyzing the functional evolution of -jez, the third singular possessive agreement morpheme of Udmurt, which appears to function as a nominalizer, to mark contrast, to function as a kind of definite determiner, and to mark accusative case. We argue that these seemingly different roles are instantiations of three major functions: cross-referencing a possessor, encoding partitivity, and marking specific objects, which, in turn, represent subsequent stages of a grammaticalization path. Evidence for the hypothesized changes is provided by parallel developments in the sister languages, primarily Hungarian, the sister language with the longest-documented history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that judgment biases may diminish when a problem is presented in a foreign language. This foreign-language effect has primarily been examined with emotional materials such as risky-choice problems and moral dilemmas. In two experiments, we investigated the effect of foreign-language processing on an emotionally neutral judgment bias: the repetition-based truth effect , the phenomenon that statement repetition enhances the perceived truth of statements. In Experiment 1, we found no evidence for the truth effect to be moderated by the language in which the statements were processed (native language: Hungarian; foreign language: English). In Experiment 2, in turn, we not only manipulated language (native language: German; foreign language: English), but also the retention interval between statement repetitions. Replicating the findings of Experiment 1, language did not moderate the truth effect for statements that were repeated within the same experimental session. However, after a two-week interval, the truth effect was significantly smaller in the foreign-language condition than in the native-language condition. Overall, our findings suggest a faster decay of semantic memory for foreign-language as compared to native-language statements. Highlights • Repeating a statement typically enhances its perceived truth (aka truth effect). • We investigated whether language (native vs. foreign) moderates the truth effect. • When using a short statement repetition interval, no language effect occurred. • After a two-week interval, however, foreign language reduced the truth effect. • Apparently, foreign language reduces the longevity of the truth effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authenticity is a key concept of language revitalisation; any attempt to restore the language practices of the past aims at achieving the authentic language. Since, as much of recent sociolinguistic scholarship has argued, this goal can only be met through metapragmatic activities, the emically defined success of language revitalisation also depends on such processes. The introduction of new linguistic practices is therefore inevitably linked to a value‐centred and preferably consensual comparison with older practices. In our study, we argue that during the reanalysis of this comparison, linguistic practices subject to revitalisation are interpreted as independent semiotic registers, i.e. enregistered. These metapragmatic activities are illustrated with the example of the Moldavian Hungarian (Csángó) language spoken in North‐East Romania, by analysing a new literacy practice created during language revitalisation. This practice results in travelling texts, such as books and letters to the supporters of the revitalising programme from Hungary. These are designed to fulfil the expectations of the sponsors regarding the 'authentic' Csángó dialect, with a linguistic production that is enregistered both as a locally unique language and as a dialect of Hungarian. The analysis shows that the quest for authenticity can be discursively achieved even if the success of restoring former language practices is debatable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been widely accepted that the Finno-Ugric Hungarian language, originated from proto Uralic people, was brought into the Carpathian Basin by the conquering Hungarians. From the middle of the 19th century this view prevailed against the deep-rooted Hungarian Hun tradition, maintained in folk memory as well as in Hungarian and foreign written medieval sources, which claimed that Hungarians were kinsfolk of the Huns. In order to shed light on the genetic origin of the Conquerors we sequenced 102 mitogenomes from early Conqueror cemeteries and compared them to sequences of all available databases. We applied novel population genetic algorithms, named Shared Haplogroup Distance and MITOMIX, to reveal past admixture of maternal lineages. Our results show that the Conquerors assembled from various nomadic groups of the Eurasian steppe. Population genetic results indicate that they had closest connection to the Onogur-Bulgar ancestors of Volga Tatars. Phylogenetic results reveal that more than one third of the Conqueror maternal lineages were derived from Central-Inner Asia and their most probable ultimate sources were the Asian Scythians and Asian Huns, giving support to the Hungarian Hun tradition. The rest of the lineages most likely originated from the Bronze Age Potapovka-Poltavka-Srubnaya cultures of the Pontic-Caspian steppe. Available data imply that the Conquerors did not have a major contribution to the gene pool of the Carpathian Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationship between objective and subjective vitality, in-group language use, and life satisfaction among two groups of bilingual Hungarians adolescents living in Romania: a low objective vitality group from Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár, where Hungarians are the demographic minority, and a high objective vitality group from Sfântu Gheorghe/Sepsiszentgyörgy, where Hungarians are the demographic majority. Consistent with predictions, the high objective vitality group reported higher subjective Hungarian vitality, lower subjective Romanian vitality, more frequent use of the Hungarian language, and higher life satisfaction, compared with the low objective vitality group. The effects of objective vitality on language use were partially mediated by subjective Romanian (but not Hungarian) vitality. Conversely, the effects of objective vitality on life satisfaction were fully mediated by subjective Hungarian (but not Romanian) vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we evaluate, compare and benchmark the four most widely used and most advanced morphological analyzers for the Hungarian language, namely Hunmorph-Ocamorph, Hunmorph-Foma, Humor and Hunspell. The main goal of the current research is to define objective metrics while comparing these tools. The novelty of this paper is the fact that the analyzers are compared based on their annotation token systems instead of their lemmatization features. The proposed metrics for the comparison are the following: how different their annotation token systems are, how many words are recognized by the different analyzers and how many words are there whose morphological structure is equivalent using a well-defined mapping among the annotation token systems. For each of these metrics, we define the concept of similarity and distance. For the evaluation we use a unique Hungarian corpus that we generated in an automated way from Hungarian free texts, as well as a novel automated token mapping generation algorithm. According to our experimental results, Hunmorph-Ocamorph gives the best results. Hunmorph-Foma is very close to it, but sometimes returns an invalid lemma. Humor is the third best analyzer, while Hunspell is far worse than the other three tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logical scope interpretation and sentence prosody exhibit intricate, yet scarcely studied interrelations across a variety of languages and constructions. Despite these observable interrelations, it is not clear whether quantifier scope by itself is able to directly affect prosodic form. Information structure is a key potential confounding factor, as it appears to richly interact both with scope interpretation and with prosodic form. To address this complication, the current study investigates, based on data from Hungarian, whether quantifier scope is expressed prosodically if information structure is kept in check. A production experiment is presented that investigates grammatically scope ambiguous doubly quantified sentences with varied focus structures, while lacking a syntactically marked topic or focus. In contrast to the information structural manipulation, which is manifest in the analysis of the acoustic data, the results reveal no prosodic effect of quantifier scope, nor the interaction of scope with information structure. This finding casts doubt on the notion that logical scope can receive direct prosodic expression, and it indirectly corroborates the restrictive view instead that scope interpretation is encoded in prosody only in cases in which it is a free rider on information structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports on three experiments in which the exhaustive interpretation of sentences containing the focus particle csak 'only', structural focus constructions, and sentences with neutral intonation and word order were investigated. The results obtained not only reveal the developmental trajectory of the adult-like comprehension of each sentence type, but also contribute to the discussion concerning the semantic or pragmatic nature of their exhaustive meaning component. As the three construction types were judged in different ways on a three-point scale, the findings appear to support the hypothesis according to which exhaustivity is part of the asserted content of sentences with csak 'only', it is context-independently presupposed in the case of structural focus, and in certain contexts it can arise as an implicature in the case of neutral utterances, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the communist regime, the evidence related to education in Hungarian mother tongue was under restricted access, except for two statistical yearbooks in which only limited data was available. At present, 28 years after the fall of the Romanian communist regime, public access to archived records is considerably easier. However, for the period 1948-1989, a statistical report on education in the Hungarian language hasn't been done so far. Given the lack of descriptive data, our inquiry has sought to portray a history of Hungarian mother tongue school education in Romania in the communist era as it has been revealed following our enterprise of collecting, selecting, sorting and analyzing data from relevant statistical yearbooks, statistical reports on education and the other published or unpublished statistical records. After the reconstruction of a satisfactory set of documents containing data on the number of schools, number of enrolled pupils and number of teaching staff, our research was focused on a trend analysis. Finally, contrasting these findings with the legislative and political context, we tried to provide some answers on how and why the communist regime had limited the mother tongue education opportunities of the Hungarian population in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the above title indicates, because of the publication schedule of Hungarian Cultural Studies this bibliography straddles 2017-2018, covering the period since the publication in Fall of 2017 of last year's bibliography in this journal. Each year's bibliography may also be supplemented by earlier items, which were retrieved only recently. Although this bibliography series can only concentrate on English-language items, occasional items of particular interest in other languages may be included. For a more extensive bibliography of Hungarian Studies from about 2000 to 2010, for which this is a continuing update, see Louise O. Vasvári, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, and Carlo Salzani. "Bibliography for Work in Hungarian Studies as Comparative Central European Studies." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (Library) (2011): http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/hungarianstudiesbibliography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial hypothesis examined in this paper is that Hungarian preschoolers assign to sentences containing two numerical quantifiers and a distributivity marker the same isomorphic distributive interpretation as Hungarian adults do. This hypothesis is partially refuted by Experiment 1, a truth value judgement task, and Experiment 2, a forced choice task, which show that children can access distributive readings, however, they tend to accept both isomorphic and inverse scope. Experiment 3, an act-out task, demonstrates that if there are no strong pragmatic cues to enforce a distributive interpretation, children's primary interpretation is the collective reading. This leads us to the formulation of a new hypothesis: if the default reading of a doubly quantified sentence for preschoolers is the collective interpretation, in line with scope economy, then a distributive reading always represents the revision of the collective interpretation. This is confirmed by Experiment 4, showing that inverse answers have an increased reaction time. The new hypothesis can explain the lack of isomorphism in children's interpretation of distributive scope as follows: since the distributive reading is dissociated from the linear flow of speech, the linear order of the two quantifiers does not necessarily determine scope order; children can base relative scope on the hierarchy of grammatical functions, on pragmatic cues, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the analysis of free variation in phonology, we often encounter the effects of intersecting CONSTRAINT FAMILIES: there are two independent families of constraints, each of which has a quantifiable effect on the outcome. A challenge for theories is to account for the patterns that emerge from such intersection. We address three cases: Tagalog nasal substitution, French liaison/ elision, and Hungarian vowel harmony, using corpus data. We characterize the patterns we find as across-the-board effects in both dimensions, restrained by floor and ceiling limits. We analyze these patterns using several formal frameworks, and find that an accurate account is best based on HARMONIC GRAMMAR (in one of its two primary quantitative implementations). Our work also suggests that certain lexical distinctions treated as discrete by classical phonological theory (e.g. 'h-aspire' vs. ordinary vowel-initial words of French) are in fact gradient and require quantitative treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses two subtypes of a special kind of Hungarian deverbal nominalization, "HATNÉK-nominalization", whose derivational suffix -hAtnék coincides with a sequence of the following three verbal suffixes: (i) the permissive modal suffix -hAt 'can', (ii) the conditional suffix -né-, and (iii) a number-person suffix -k. Within the system of Hungarian deverbal nominalizations, a very high degree of verbalness is typical of both HATNÉK-noun subtypes, of which we attribute a Giusti-style split-DP structure to the basic type, while the other, special, subtype is argued to have an exceptional structure with an "unboundedly expandable" (Spec,NP) position, capable of hosting huge verbal "inclusions". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore the connections between a linguistic landscape and language ideologies in an elementary school in a village within the Hungarian region of Szeklerland in Romania. This ‘schoolscape’ is analysed as a display or materialization of the ‘hidden curriculum’ regarding the construction of linguistic and cultural identities. We draw on fieldwork carried out in 2012 and 2013 and examine two dimensions of change in progress: (1) changes in the use of Hungarian and Romanian as languages of teaching and learning and as languages of written administration; and (2) changes in the display of these languages in the schoolscape. Since 1990, there has been a tendency towards rehungarization of the schoolscape and a conscious replacing of Romanian signs from the dictatorship period with Hungarian signs. Cultural symbols have a local Szekler connotation. New traditions and emblems on display show how the rehungarization process has had new momentum recently. With regard to language, the schoolscape is characterized by clear dominance of standard Hungarian over Romanian, while the local Hungarian vernacular is hidden from the schoolscape. The scope of rehungarization in the schoolscape can be explained by the fact that the hegemony of the Hungarian language use was never challenged locally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper combines the assumptions of Langacker's Cognitive Grammar, Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar and Dependency Grammar, arguing for an analysis of clauses as multi-dimensional networks. The semantic pole of each dimension is a network of semantic relations, which stands in correspondence to formal aspects of clause structure such as case morphology, word order and prosody. The proposed approach is applied to the study of core phenomena of Hungarian. The D1 dimension of Hungarian finite clauses is concerned with frame semantic ('thematic') relations and their coding (primarily by morphology) on the formal side. The D2 and D3 dimensions pertain to speech function and contextualization, respectively, with the semantic relations marked by word order and prosody. It is hoped that the proposed account of Hungarian may inform both cross-linguistic comparisons and theory development in cognitive linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La seule édition complète de L'ouvrage pour le concours de Tübingen a vu le jour en 1916, il y donc un siècle. La plupart des spécialistes semblent admettre la reconstruction que l'éditeur a proposée des circonstances de la création du texte en question. Or, à force de revoir de près l'écho critique de l'édition, ainsi que la fortune des manuscrits de Kazinczy, quelques affirmations de Gusztáv Heinrich nous paraîtront bien incertaines et contestables. Il nous semble par conséquent indispensable de revoir un certain nombre de convictions transmises jusqu’à aujourd'hui par les générations successives de chercheurs. Dans notre étude, nous nous efforcerons de mettre en relief quelques faits et quelques intuitions qui sont dignes de faire leur retour dans le canon de la recherche kazinczyenne. Du vivant de son auteur, le texte complet de L'ouvrage pour le concours de Tübingen n'a jamais vu le jour, ni en allemand, ni en hongrois. Seule l'anthologie littéraire qui constitue la troisième partie fut imprimée en 1814. Ceci est bien étrange, vu que Kazinczy n'a nullement dissimulé sa volonté de voir publié cet ouvrage consacré á la cause de la langue hongroise. L'étude attentive de la réception - longue de deux siècles - de L'ouvrage pour le concours de Tübingen nous permet d'identifier des phases dans le processus. L'édition de 1916 fut suivie de quelques comptes-rendus importants, dont le plus important est sans doute celui d'Ödön Simai. Dans son texte, Simai évoque quelques aspects importants (négligés par Heinrich) de la question, comme par exemple le fait que l'auteur de la traduction allemande envoyée au concours n'est autre que Kazinczy lui-même, par contre, une partie du texte hongrois, publié en fragments, est selon toute probabilité l'oeuvre de Pál Szemere. Simai a identifié ainsi un élément central de la problématique des manuscrits et de l'édition critique de l'ouvrage en question. La recherche ne peut pas se permettre de négliger ses remarques et son argumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, dynamic role assignment and collision avoidance based on consensus tracking algorithm for multi-agent systems are investigated. First, based on the traditional consensus protocol, dynamic role assignment is introduced to minimize the total cost of the team of agents by solving an optimal problem using Hungarian algorithm. Secondly, considering the existence of local minimum position of traditional potential field function for collision avoidance, modified potential field function is proposed to guarantee the agent avoiding the obstacle. Finally, modified consensus algorithms containing corresponding gradient terms are presented for multi-agents systems. Simulations and experiments are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La seule édition complète de L'ouvrage pour le concours de Tübingen a vu le jour en 1916, il y donc un siècle. La plupart des spécialistes semblent admettre la reconstruction que l'éditeur a proposée des circonstances de la création du texte en question. Or, à force de revoir de près l'écho critique de l'édition, ainsi que la fortune des manuscrits de Kazinczy, quelques affirmations de Gusztáv Heinrich nous paraîtront bien incertaines et contestables. Il nous semble par conséquent indispensable de revoir un certain nombre de convictions transmises jusqu’à aujourd'hui par les générations successives de chercheurs. Dans notre étude, nous nous efforcerons de mettre en relief quelques faits et quelques intuitions qui sont dignes de faire leur retour dans le canon de la recherche kazinczyenne. Du vivant de son auteur, le texte complet de L'ouvrage pour le concours de Tübingen n'a jamais vu le jour, ni en allemand, ni en hongrois. Seule l'anthologie littéraire qui constitue la troisième partie fut imprimée en 1814. Ceci est bien étrange, vu que Kazinczy n'a nullement dissimulé sa volonté de voir publié cet ouvrage consacré á la cause de la langue hongroise. L'étude attentive de la réception - longue de deux siècles - de L'ouvrage pour le concours de Tübingen nous permet d'identifier des phases dans le processus. L'édition de 1916 fut suivie de quelques comptes-rendus importants, dont le plus important est sans doute celui d'Ödön Simai. Dans son texte, Simai évoque quelques aspects importants (négligés par Heinrich) de la question, comme par exemple le fait que l'auteur de la traduction allemande envoyée au concours n'est autre que Kazinczy lui-même, par contre, une partie du texte hongrois, publié en fragments, est selon toute probabilité l'oeuvre de Pál Szemere. Simai a identifié ainsi un élément central de la problématique des manuscrits et de l'édition critique de l'ouvrage en question. La recherche ne peut pas se permettre de négliger ses remarques et son argumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the last historical reconstitution published in 1997, and a quasi confirmation of it, in 2006, by the presidential condemnation of the communist regime, the research of Hungarian minority education in Romania, during the communist era, seemed to be arrived at a dead point. However, due to the various divergent historiographical approaches and to the political use of them, the topic tends to be a never-ending story of the local multiculturalism issue. After the downfall of the communist regime, mother-tongue-based education became a central element of the political struggle for minority rights. Due to a serious lack of data, most of descriptions were based on the effects of the educational regulations and political events on minority education. In this context, the educational evidence was interpreted mostly in a dialectical key: majorityminority, Romanian-Hungarian, official-samizdat, censored-uncensored, counted-estimated. This ended in divergent opinions reflected in the field literature, social policy debates and in the common sense fallacy of majority-minority representation. Collecting as much structural data as possible and avoiding the pitfalls of existing data sources, our study redraw the trend line of Hungarian language school education in Romania between 1948-1989 and seeks to depict its meaning trough the light of past educational policies, political events, the national trend line, and the demographical evolutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an analysis of NP ellipsis with adjectival remnants in Polish and Hungarian based on an investigation of the featural composition of heads contained within the extended nominal and adjectival projections, as well as configurations resulting from an application of Agree and the Principle of Chain Reduction. Elliptical NPs are analysed as headed by categorising n heads lacking a complement. Whereas in Polish NP-internal agreement results in such heads being defective goals, treated as lower copies at the SM interface, and hence being unpronounced, in Hungarian, where most NP-internal modifiers do not agree with the head nouns, the content of the n head (i. e. {[Num: β], [Case: γ]} on the current assumptions) is realised on the final NP-internal modifier inside elliptical NPs. The difference between Polish and Hungarian with respect to the (lack of the) effect of NP-internal agreement on the elliptical patterns follows from the differences in the features of functional categories and the timing of Spell-Out/Transfer. The discussion suggests that the distinction between NP and DP languages should be taken into consideration in analyses of ellipsis in the nominal domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses two options the Hungarian ethno-linguistic community in the Transylvanian region of Romania has in order to preserve its ethno-linguistic identity. Firstly, there is the option of unrestricted language use in the public domain. At present the Romanian legal framework assigns members of the Hungarian speaking community in Transylvania individual linguistic and cultural rights only. The Romanian language policy is further restricted by a threshold rule. The ratio of minority must number 20 per cent of the total inhabitants of a certain administrative-territorial unit in order to have their language recognised officially. The second possibility is that historical territories where Transylvanian Hungarians statistically form a dominant majority (i.e. Szeklerland) are granted territorial autonomy. The territoriality principle would secure linguistic minority rights. We will conclude that the prospects for Hungarian as a regional language in Romania are more realistic than the recognition of Szeklerland's territorial autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first Hungarian translation of Utopia by Ferenc Kelen was published rather belatedly in 1910, followed by an abridged translation in 1941, by László Geréb. Two years later a new, precise but modern translation was prepared by Tibor Kardos. A shorter selection of More's original was also published in the fifties in András Bodor's translation. Until the 1963 edition of Kardos's translation, Utopia was presented as an important text in social philosophy, with detailed introductions, afterwords, and notes to the text. Recent editions usually place the emphasis on the literary qualities of the text. All the translations are based on the Latin version, usually the 1518 Frobenius (Basel) edition or Michels and Ziegler's 1895 critical edition. The presence of the paratext varies in the different translations: More's letter to Giles is usually translated, yet most of the other parerga are ignored. Recent editions are usually illustrated, with the illustrations often (but not always) based on the 1518 Frobenius edition. The absence of a Hungarian translation in the first four centuries after the first publication of More's Utopia is counterweighted by not fewer than eleven editions in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian War was followed with great interest by Hungarians and an atmosphere in favor of Turks gained great strength. As a result of this, a work with its original name A Muszka Írtóháború Titkai (The Secrets of Muscovy Extermination War) was published to introduce 93 Battle and its background to Hungarians in Budapest in 1878. The work, which was published in Kálmán Rosza Publishing House was also translated into German. The work written by a person called Murad Bey thought to be the member of Austrian-Hungarian community starts with the preface of Alajos Buczánszky. The work was illustrated with the pictures of II. Abdülhamid and the famous Pashas of the War era. In the first section of the book entitled "Russian-Turkish War or heroic defense of Plevne and last days full of sorrow", information is given about heroic defense of Plevne by Osman Pasha, his victory and background events changing the destiny of the war. In the second section of the book, "conspiracies of İgnatyev or the outcomes of the triple alliance" are mentioned. In the third section of the book, the author, contrary to known, sees the conflicts between England and Russia about Middle Asia as the rivalry between two super power and explains the reasons for this. In the last section, the policies of Germany, Austria, Russia and England are discussed. The book was written while the war was on progress. This book which has not been translated to Turkish yet is an important source in terms of reflecting and evaluating the era of II. Abdülhamid and Ottoman-Hungarian relationships from the eyes of Hungarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My paper investigates the diachronic development of the Modern Hungarian finite declarative complementiser hogy ' COMP'. In Old Hungarian, hogy could be combined with other complementisers, e.g. mint 'than/as', giving configurations like hogymint and minthogy, that is, complementiser combinations in general are attested both in the hogy+X and the reverse X+ hogy orders, X standing for an unspecified complementiser. The rich variation of Old Hungarian complex complementisers is not fully reflected in Modern Hungarian: it is invariably only one of the orders that survived. I will show that it is always the one that fully grammaticalised into a single C head; this is ultimately tied to the original underlying order of hogy and X as separate C heads. I will also demonstrate that hogy came to be used as a general marker of finite subordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]