Search

This paper discusses how integrating digital technologies such as cell phones and digital cameras with face-to-face participatory methodologies can help enhance community engagement and cultural preservation in ICT for Development (ICTD) initiatives in remote regions with limited connectivity and digital literacy. This view from practice presents participatory methods in the ‘Leadership, Communication, and Climate Change’ program in the context of environmental conservation and indigenous community development in the Vaupés region of the Colombian Amazon. The primary goal of the program is to contribute to the formulation of indigenous community development projects that enhance environmental protection and improve the quality of life for participating communities, while respecting and promoting the cultural identity of indigenous peoples. The ‘Leadership, Communication, and Climate Change’ program aims to foster an exchange of knowledge between academics, environmental practitioners, and indigenous leaders from the region of Vaupes, in the eastern boundaries of the Colombian Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the molecular drivers and pathogenesis of giant cell granulomas of the jaws (CGCGJ) and their implications for targeted therapy. The study found that CGCGJ shares histopathological similarities with other giant cell-rich lesions, but does not exhibit certain mutations found in those lesions. Recent advancements in molecular studies have identified somatic mutations in genes such as KRAS, TRPV4, and FGFR1 in CGCGJ. The article also explores the association between CGCGJ and certain syndromes, as well as the potential use of TRPV4 inhibitors as a therapeutic approach for more aggressive cases. [Extracted from the article]

Drying is one of the stages with the highest energy consumption in the manufacturing process of ceramic materials and aims to reduce the product's moisture to levels necessary for safe firing stage, reducing the chances of defect formation. For sanitary ware, there is an additional energy cost in the pre-drying stage, which takes place immediately after removing the parts from the molds, and is carried out in an environment with lower temperatures (ranging from 30 to 40 °C). This work aims to experimentally study the drying process of sanitary ware at low temperatures, with particular reference to sanitary toilets with industrial dimensions. Four drying experiments were carried out in an oven with different operating conditions (temperature and relative humidity). The results indicate that an increase in temperature and reduction in relative humidity provoke a faster drying rate. For some physical situations, it is more interesting to dedicate efforts to reducing the relative humidity of the drying air instead of seeking solutions to raise its temperature. Furthermore, a correlation between the linear retraction and moisture content was observed; the greater the moisture loss, the greater the sample shrinkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With significant cases of failures in information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D or ICTD), much attention has been paid to the importance of evaluation to improve project sustainability. Using the Capability Approach and human development notion as a theoretical lens, this study examines the foci of the ICT4D evaluation, its challenges and gaps, and possible approaches to address the challenges and gaps. The study conducted content analyses of 108 peer-reviewed journal articles and 114 aid/development agency reports, and interviews with 24 researchers in the academic and practitioner spheres. The study finds that the foci of the ICT4D evaluation can be described in terms of areas such as continental/regional focus, method and research design, notion of development, and evaluation focus. Moreover, the study finds that challenges exist surrounding impact assessment, which can be addressed by clarifying the development notion–impact connection in the evaluation process and focusing on the evaluation capacity building (ECB) of project participants. In addition, the study highlights the importance of the domain-based approach in the ICT4D evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Washington state sanctuary policies of 2017 prohibit collaboration between local law enforcement and federal immigration enforcement in noncriminal cases, compliance with sanctuary policies has not been systematically studied. We explore information practices and collaboration between local law enforcement and federal immigration enforcement in Grant County, Washington, based on records from November 2017 to May 2019 obtained by the University of Washington Center for Human Rights through Public Records Act (PRA) requests. Qualitative analysis of over 8,000 pages reveals a baseline of passive and active information sharing and collaboration between local law enforcement and federal immigration agencies before Washington sanctuary laws went into effect in May 2019, a practice that needs to stop if agencies are to comply with the laws. We employ a systematic methodology to obtain (through PRA and other Access to Information requests) and analyze official records through qualitative content analysis, to monitor and hold local law enforcement accountable in their compliance with sanctuary laws. This method can be used to examine law enforcement information behaviors in other counties in Washington, and in other states that offer sanctuary protections, as a way to monitor compliance with sanctuary laws and strengthen the protection of immigrants' rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study suggests ways to strengthen and clarify conceptual underpinnings of information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) evaluation by exploring its associations with other related evaluation fields – program evaluation, information system/information technology (IS/IT) evaluation, and aid/development evaluation. These fields have developed long and rich theoretical discourses, models, and approaches over the years, which are of interest to strengthen evaluation practices in ICT4D. Through detailed content analyses and expert interviews, we find that ICT4D evaluation shows significant parallels with the three fields in theory and practice. Also, we see that ICT4D evaluation has developed its own discourse – in particular, ICT4D researchers have valued capturing the situated development context of ICT. We argue that ICT4D evaluation can learn more from other evaluation traditions and disciplines, in order to help move the field to a more 'mature' stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia's duality between the relative strength of the central government and the broad process of decentralization towards subnational and local governments has shaped the country's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Substantial tensions have arisen between the national and subnational governments in the handling of the crisis. Thus, blurred policy boundaries challenge multi-level government coordination. Yet, intergovernmental relations and multi-level governance have worked at some extent. Meanwhile, leadership styles, the level of political support, the local governance environment and the level of local institutional capacity have affected the strategies of local government leaders and their success to tackle the pandemic. Moreover, uneven healthcare capacity across the Colombian territory posits further challenges for a national response to the pandemic that ensures both effectiveness and equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reduction in the synthesis of the neuromodulator histamine has been associated with Tourette's syndrome and obsessivecompulsive disorder. Symptoms of these disorders are thought to arise from a dysfunction or aberrant development of corticostriatal circuits. Here, we investigated how histamine affects developing corticostriatal circuits, both acutely and longer- term, during the first postnatal weeks, using patch-clamp and field recordings in mouse brain slices (C57B1/6, male and female). Immunohistochemistry for histamine-containing axons reveals striatal histaminergic innervation by the second postnatal week, and qRT-PCR shows transcripts for H1; H2, and H3 histamine receptors in striatum from the first postnatal week onwards, with pronounced developmental increases in H3 receptor expression. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of striatal spiny projection neurons and histamine superfusion demonstrates expression of functional histamine receptors from the first postnatal week onwards, with histamine having diverse effects on their electrical properties, including depolarization of the membrane potential while simultaneously decreasing action potential output. Striatal field recordings and electrical stimulation of corticostriatal afferents revealed that histamine, acting at H3 receptors, negatively modulates corticostriatal synaptic transmission from the first postnatal week onwards. Last, we investigated effects of histamine on longer-term changes at developing corticostriatal synapses and show that histamine facilitates NMDA receptor-dependent LTP via H3 receptors during the second postnatal week, but inhibits synaptic plasticity at later developmental stages. Together, these results show that histamine acutely modulates developing striatal neurons and synapses and controls longer-term changes in developing corticostriatal circuits, thus providing insight into the possible etiology underlying neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from histamine dysregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forced displacement and transnational migration of millions of people around the world is a growing phenomenon that has been met with increased surveillance and datafication by a variety of actors. Small humanitarian organizations that help irregular migrants in the United States frequently do not have the resources or expertise to fully address the implications of collecting, storing, and using data about the vulnerable populations they serve. As a result, there is a risk that their work could exacerbate the vulnerabilities of the very same migrants they are trying to help. In this study, we propose a conceptual framework for protecting privacy in the context of humanitarian information activities (HIA) with irregular migrants. We draw from a review of the academic literature as well as interviews with individuals affiliated with several US‐based humanitarian organizations, higher education institutions, and nonprofit organizations that provide support to undocumented migrants. We discuss 3 primary issues: (i) HIA present both technological and human risks; (ii) the expectation of privacy self‐management by vulnerable populations is problematic; and (iii) there is a need for robust, actionable, privacy‐related guidelines for HIA. We suggest 5 recommendations to strengthen the privacy protection offered to undocumented migrants and other vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores trajectories and experiences of Latinx faculty, students and staff at a large, public university in the US. Using interviews and photo elicitation, we document the origins and different paths followed by Latinx into higher education. We note challenges faced by undocumented students, and the role of mentors to encourage participation of Latinx. We reflect on notions of success experienced by Latinx in academia, frequently associated with altruistic values of service to others. This notion of service can be turned into effective mentorship of students and junior faculty to strengthen the success of Latinx in academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the thermal efficiency of drying and firing processes of ceramic products plays an important role for industries that want to remain competitive in the market. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the influence of the type and thickness of thermal insulations, applied on the external sidewalls of an intermittent ceramic kiln, on heat transfer, temperature distribution in the insulating material, maximum external surface temperature, and energy gain, compared to the kiln without thermal insulation. All proposed mathematical formulations are based on the energy conservation, and mathematical procedures are implemented in Microsoft Excel software. Here, it was tested four types of thermal isolators: fiberglass, rockwool, calcium silicate, and ceramic fiber. Results indicate that the greater the thickness of the thermal insulation, the lower the maximum external surface temperature and the greater the energy gain when compared to the kiln without thermal insulation. In addition, fiberglass is the insulating material, among the four types analyzed, which provides greater energy gain and greater reduction in maximum external surface temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Black patients have higher HbA1c than Whites even after adjustment for mean blood glucose (MBG). Decreased iron status has been associated with increased HbA1c independently of glucose. We hypothesized that decreased iron status might account for higher HbA1c in Black patients. Methods: Pediatric patients with T1D in the Diabetes Center at Children's Hospital of New Orleans who self‐identified as either Black or White were recruited for the study. At the time of their clinic visit labs were obtained for ferritin (Fer), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), HbA1c, and CBC. MBG was derived from patient's home glucose meter records over the last 30 days. Total body iron (TBI) and sTfr/log10Fer (R/lFer) were calculated. Results: A total of 80 (35 Blacks/45 Whites; 41 female/39 male) patients were recruited. Unadjusted levels of HbA1c, MBG, sTfR, Fer, RDW‐CV, and RDW‐SD were all higher in Blacks than Whites. TBI and R/lFer were not different between groups. Fer was correlated with Hb, MBG but not HbA1c. sTfR was correlated with HbA1c, MCV, MCH, and RDW‐SD. In multiple variable analysis with HbA1c as the dependent variable, race and MBG were statistically significant in the model. However, measures of iron status: Fer, sTfR, R/lFer and TBI were not statistically influential. Conclusion: After adjustment for race, MBG and RDW‐CV, iron indices were not statistically significant independent predictors of HbA1c levels. These observations indicate that factors besides iron status and CBC indices contribute to MBG‐independent racial disparity in HbA1c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the thermal efficiency of drying and firing processes of ceramic products plays an important role for industries that want to remain competitive in the market. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the influence of the type and thickness of thermal insulations, applied on the external sidewalls of an intermittent ceramic kiln, on heat transfer, temperature distribution in the insulating material, maximum external surface temperature, and energy gain, compared to the kiln without thermal insulation. All proposed mathematical formulations are based on the energy conservation, and mathematical procedures are implemented in Microsoft Excel software. Here, it was tested four types of thermal isolators: fiberglass, rockwool, calcium silicate, and ceramic fiber. Results indicate that the greater the thickness of the thermal insulation, the lower the maximum external surface temperature and the greater the energy gain when compared to the kiln without thermal insulation. In addition, fiberglass is the insulating material, among the four types analyzed, which provides greater energy gain and greater reduction in maximum external surface temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we discuss the use of Photostories, a participatory visual research method to explore information practices of marginalized and vulnerable communities. Photostories is a method at the intersection of participatory and non-participatory visual methods, drawing from both Photovoice and Photo Elicitation. Photovoice uses participatory photography to empower participants as part of a research process, and Photo Elicitation inserts images into the process of conducting interviews. Though sometimes used interchangeably, Photovoice and Photo Elicitation are different: Photovoice draws from the power of participatory methods to empower participants and their communities through participatory creation of images. Photo Elicitation draws from the power of using images to elicit conversation and meaning as part of the interview process. Our proposed method, Photostories, builds on the power of participatory photography with participant-generated images as part of the research process and the power of Photo Elicitation techniques that introduce images into the research interview for added insight, perspective and depth. By combining these methods, Photostories offers novel insight and meaning that is hard to obtain using only images or only interviews. We describe our uses of Photostories in Library and Information Science (LIS), where visual methods are not widely used, and invite other researchers to use Photostories and other visual research methods in LIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are higher in African‐American (AA) individuals compared to Caucasians (EA) even after adjustment for blood glucose levels. To better understand the mechanism of this disparity we examined the relationship of an unstable (labile) form of HbA1c (L‐HbA1c) with race and glucose. Methods: Samples for HbA1c were collected from pediatric patients self‐identified as either AA (15F, 12M, age 13.4 ± 3.5 years) or EA (22F, 30M, age 14.6 ± 3.4 years) with type 1 diabetes at the time of a clinic visit. Clinic HbA1c (HbA1c) was performed by immunoassay. L‐HbA1c equaled the difference in the HbA1c fraction by dynamic capillary isoelectric focusing before and after incubation in a low pH buffer. A capillary glucose (Clinic‐BG) was measured at clinic visit. Mean blood glucose (MBG) was calculated from the last 30 days of the patient's glucose meter data. The influence of race on L‐HbA1c was assessed in a multiple variable regression model adjusted for Clinic‐BG. Results: The groups were similar for age and duration of diabetes. L‐HbA1c was correlated with Clinic‐BG, MBG, and HbA1c. The mean levels of L‐HbA1c, HbA1c, MBG, but not Clinic‐BG were higher in AA patients compared to EA. After adjustment for Clinic‐BG, L‐HbA1c was still higher in AA (2.8 ± 0.7% AA vs 2.1 ± 0.7% EA, P < .0001). Conclusions: L‐HbA1c is correlated with Clinic‐BG. At any given level of Clinic‐BG, AA patients have higher levels of L‐HbA1c than EA. This preliminary study suggests that early factors prior to the formation of stable HbA1c may contribute to the observed glucose‐independent racial disparity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to integrate the available data published on odontogenic myxoma (OM) into a comprehensive analysis of its clinical/radiological features. Electronic search undertaken in January/2018, looking for publications reporting cases of OM. A total of 377 publications were included. We identified 1,692 lesions, and 695 were used for the analysis of recurrence. There is a predominance of OMs in females and in mandibles. OMs usually present with bone expansion, asymptomatic cortical perforation, and a multilocular appearance. Lesion location (maxilla/mandible), bone expansion, cortical bone perforation, locular radiological appearance, tooth resorption, odontogenic epithelial rests, or angular septa are not associated with recurrence. While curettage (31.3%) showed the highest recurrence rate, marginal resection (1.3%) and segmental resection (3.1%) showed the lowest values. Enucleation + peripheral osteotomy (6.7%) showed better results than enucleation (13.1%) or enucleation + curettage (12.7%). In comparison with unilocular lesions, multilocular ones were significantly more prevalent in mandibles, more often presented expansion and cortical bone perforation, had larger mean size, and were more often treated by segmental resection. Conservative surgical procedures are associated with higher probability of recurrence of OM. Taking into consideration the recurrence rate and morbidity associated with different surgical treatments, tumor enucleation followed by peripheral osteotomy should be considered as the first therapeutic choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To review the clinical and radiographic features of the available data published on adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) with special emphasis on the comparison of its variants.Methods: An electronic search was undertaken in July 2018. Eligibility criteria included publications having enough clinical/radiological/histological information to confirm the diagnosis.Results: A total of 436 publications reporting 1558 cases were included, of which 739 follicular, 247 extrafollicular, and 30 peripheral AOTs. Impacted canine is associated with follicular AOTs in almost 70% of the cases. AOTs were more prevalent in females, in the second decade of life, in maxillae, in anterior region of the jaws, and most are asymptomatic, with a considerable number of lesions presenting cortical bone perforation. Most of the lesions were treated by enucleation. Some cases of recurrence were reported in the literature, but only one was well documented. No difference was found when comparing the clinical/radiological features of the follicular, extrafollicular, and peripheral variants.Conclusions: Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor variants do not show distinctive clinical radiological features. Recurrence of AOT is very rare, which justify its conservative management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Black youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have higher HbA1c than whites. To understand HbA1c differences, we examined the relationship of psycho-social factors and glucose testing with HbA1c.Methods: Glucose tests per day (BGs/d) and mean blood glucose (MBG) were calculated from meter data of youth self-identified as black (n = 33) or white (n = 53) with T1D. HbA1c, family income, insurance status, concentrated disadvantage (CDI), psychological depression (DSC), mother educational attainment (MEA), and insulin delivery method (IDM) data was were analyzed.Results: Black patients had significantly higher HbA1c, MBG and disadvantage measures compared to whites. BGs/d correlated with HbA1c, MBG, age and CDI. Race (p < 0.0158), age (p < 0.0001) and IDM (p < 0.0036) accounted for 50% of the variability (R2 = 0.5, p < 0.0001) in BGs/d. Regardless of age, black patients had lower BGs/d than whites. MBG (p < 0.0001) and BGs/d (p < 0.0001) accounted for 61% of the variance in HbA1c (p < 0.0001).Conclusions: BGs/d is easily assessed and closely associated with HbA1c racial disparity. BGs/d is intricately linked with greater social disadvantage. Innovative management approaches are needed to overcome obstacles to optimal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment effect estimates from a regression discontinuity design (RDD) have high internal validity. However, the arguments that support the design apply to a subpopulation that is narrower and usually different from the population of substantive interest in evaluation research. The disconnect between RDD population and the evaluation population of interest suggests that RDD evaluations lack external validity. New methodological research offer strategies for studying and sometimes improving external validity in RDDs. This article examines four techniques: comparative RDD, covariate matching RDD, treatment effect derivatives, and statistical tests for local selection bias. The goal of the article is to help evaluators understand the logic, assumptions, data requirements, and reach of the new methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes three case studies from an outpatient intercultural therapeutic program founded and run by Yaqui health professionals and traditional healers to serve members of the Yaqui tribe residing in Sonora, Mexico. This pilot therapeutic program has been designed specifically for Indigenous individuals, incorporating the ceremonial use of naturally derived psychedelics in addressing substance use disorders and other mental health issues. The program employs a community-based approach, integrating various traditional Indigenous healing practices like the sweatlodge (temazcal), medicinal plant preparations, and the ritualistic use of selected psychedelics from natural sources (such as ayahuasca, peyote, and secretions from Incilius alvarius). These approaches are complemented by culturally attuned group and individual psychotherapy sessions, as well as group sports, community meals, collaborative construction efforts for a permanent clinical infrastructure, and cultural engagements such as art, crafts, and collective music. To evaluate the program's efficacy, safety, and cultural implications, an ongoing observational study is being conducted by an international team of researchers. The preliminary results demonstrate therapeutic progress and improved psychometric outcomes observed in the three case studies presented, indicating promise for this intercultural therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Head and neck soft tissue sarcomas are a group of rare heterogeneous tumours arising from embryonic mesoderm. They comprise <1% of all head and neck malignancies and 5-15% of all sarcomas with most head and neck sarcomas arising from soft tissues. Although rare, they are associated with both high recurrence and mortality rates. We review the current management of head and neck soft tissue sarcomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To integrate the available data published on peripheral calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour (CCOT) and peripheral dentinogenic ghost cell tumour (DGCT) into a comprehensive analysis of its clinical and radiologic features.Methods: An electronic search was undertaken in May, 2016. Eligibility criteria included publications reporting cases of peripheral CCOTs/DGCTs having enough clinical, radiological and histological information to confirm a definite diagnosis. Demographic data, lesion site and size, treatment approach and recurrence were analyzed.Results: Hundred and thirty-eight lesions were found (65 publications), and 117 lesions (63 publications) with enough information were analyzed (55 CCOTs, 50 DGCTs, 12 unknown). Mean age of patients was 51.3 ± 23.4 (min-max, 1-92), with higher mean age for the DGCTs variant. The lesions were more prevalent in the mandible, anterior region of the jaws, and in the second, sixth and eighth decades, with an equal sexual distribution. About 20% of all lesions showed signs of erosion of the underlying bone, with a higher rate for DGCTs. The mean lesion size was 1.3 ± 0.8 (min-max, 0.4-3.0). Time of follow-up was informed for 37 lesions, with a mean ± SD of 30.2 ± 21.0 months (min-max, 6-84). Almost all lesions were treated by conservative surgery; only three recurrences were reported.Conclusions: Peripheral CCOTs/DGCTs are rare lesions. Most of the lesions were treated by simple excision with or without curettage of the underlying bone. As the recurrence rate is very low, a conservative approach seems to be enough for the great majority of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through interviews with migrants and migrant aid-workers at a shelter in the border town of Nogales, Mexico, we examine how undocumented migrants are seeking, acquiring, understanding, and using information prior to, and during, migration across the United States–Mexico border. Our study examines migrants' perceptions of humanitarian service and the use of so-called “border disturbance technologies” by activists to help prevent the death of migrants in the desert, finding that migrants appreciate water-caching efforts but generally distrust technologies they feel could subject them to surveillance by border agents. Exploratory in nature and based on a small sample, our findings are not necessarily representative of the broader population, but provide rich evidence of the prevalence of word-of-mouth information seeking and use of cell phones over other information technologies, and explore the ambivalent nature of information technology use in the vulnerable setting of life at the border. In particular, we find that mobile phones help migrants meet their communication needs, but also increase their exposure to crime and abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft tissue tumours (STT) are a heterogeneous group of benign, malignant, and intermediate/borderline mesenchymal tumours. In the oral and maxillofacial region, less than 3% of all lesions correspond to benign STT and <1% are sarcomas. Overlapping microscopic features may lead to quite challenging diagnostic processes. Translocations and fusion genes are frequent, and type‐specific genetic alterations are detected in these tumours. The detection of such alterations by classic cytogenetic, FISH, RT‐PCR or NGS can help to define the diagnosis. This narrative review aims to review fusion genes reported for STT that affect the oral cavity and their use in diagnostic molecular pathology. Basic concepts regarding mechanisms of fusion genes formation are presented to clarify this information for surgical pathologists. The chromosomal rearrangements and fusion genes of adipocytic, fibroblastic and myofibroblastic, vascular, pericytic, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, chondro‐osseous, and uncertain origin STT are summarised. The advance in molecular pathology techniques has led not only to a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of STT, but also to the development of helpful diagnostic tools. Therefore, it is important for the oral and head and neck pathologists to familiarise with the signature rearrangements and fusion genes for each tumour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Higher levels of HbA1c, independent of blood glucose levels, have been described in Blacks compared to Whites patients with established diabetes. The goal of this study was to determine if glucose-independent racial disparity in HbA1C is evident at diabetes onset.Research Design and Methods: We conducted a retrospective single-center chart review of 189 youth with new onset Type 1 diabetes (T1D) 60 % Whites and 40 % Blacks. HbA1c, glucose and other biochemistry measures were obtained at presentation in the Emergency Department before initiation of any therapy. HbA1c levels were adjusted for presenting glucose, self-identified race, age, gender, hematocrit, and RDW-CV.Results: Blacks with T1D had statistically significant higher unadjusted HbA1c (11.9 ± 1.9 vs 11.04 ± 2.0 %, p = 0.004), initial glucose (530.6 ± 230.4 vs 442 ± 211.3 mg/dL, p = 0.0075) and lower pHs (7.28 ± 0.15 vs 7.33 ± 0.12, p = 0.02) compared to white patients. Least squares means of HbA1c remained higher in Black patients even after statistical adjustment for presenting glucose, age, gender, RDW-CV, and pH. In a multiple variable model (R2 = 0.38, p < 0.0001) c-peptide was influenced by HCO3 (p = 0.0035), gender (p = 0.0092), BMI (p < 0.0001), but not race or glucose.Conclusions: HbA1c at initial presentation of T1D is higher in young Black patients compared to Whites even after adjustment for glucose, age, gender, and RDW-CV. This racial disparity is consistent with other studies in individuals without diabetes and patients with long-standing diabetes under treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surgical treatment of some odontogenic tumors often leads to tooth and maxillary bone loss as well as to facial deformity. Therefore, the identification of genes involved in the pathogenesis of odontogenic tumors may result in alternative molecular therapies. The PRKAR1A gene displays a loss of protein expression as well as somatic mutations in odontogenic myxomas, an odontogenic ectomesenchymal neoplasm. We used a combination of quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, and direct sequencing of all PRKAR1A exons to assess if this gene is altered in mixed odontogenic tumors. Thirteen tumors were included in the study: six ameloblastic fibromas, four ameloblastic fibro-odontomas, one ameloblastic fibrodentinoma, and two ameloblastic fibrosarcomas. The epithelial components of the tumors were separated from the mesenchymal by laser microdissection in most of the cases. We also searched for odontogenic pathology in Prkar1a+/- mice. PRKAR1A mRNA/protein expression was decreased in the benign mixed odontogenic tumors in association with LOH at markers around the PRKAR1A gene. We also detected a missense and two synonymous mutations along with two 50-UTR and four intronic mutations in mixed odontogenic tumors. Prkar1a+/- mice did not show evidence of odontogenic tumor formation, which indicates that additional genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of such tumors, at least in rodents. We conclude that the PRKAR1A gene and its locus are altered in mixed odontogenic tumors. PRKAR1A expression is decreased in a subset of tumors but not in all, and Prkar1a+/- mice do not show abnormalities, which indicates that additional genes play a role in this tumor's pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical Key Message: We present a case of recurring ameloblastoma in soft tissue, for which we have estimated the growth rate of the lesion. This information could help clinicians to establish follow‐up protocols for the early diagnosis of recurrent ameloblastomas. In the present paper, we present a case of recurring ameloblastoma in soft tissue, for which we have estimated the growth rate of the lesion. The area of the whole resected specimen was measured using the ImageJ guide for complex object area. After dividing the area of the recurrent tumor by the number of years during the follow‐up, we found that the lesion growth rate was 5.3 cm2 per year. Although further studies are still necessary in the literature to assess the growth rate of ameloblastoma, the present report shows a different methodology to estimate it. This information could help clinicians to establish follow‐up protocols for the early diagnosis of recurrent ameloblastomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, people who do not have computers or the Internet go to public-access computing (PAC) venues such as libraries, telecenters and Internet cafes. What is the nature, scope and impact of the services offered by these PAC venues? Funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, a mixed-methods investigation of libraries, telecenters and cybercafés in 25 developing countries around the world shows that there is a strong ecosystem of PAC venues in developing countries, and that users are shifting away from libraries in favor of commercially driven Internet cafes that provide good customer service and support to meet their information needs. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the benefits of using public-access computers indicates that while users enjoy faster and cheaper access to more sources of information, PAC venues appear to be used more for building and maintaining users' social networks, personal relations and entertainment, and less for education, health, e-government or e-commerce activities. We discuss the success factors that emerge in the study, the implications of the choices in public-access venues to use information and communication technologies (ICT) in developing countries and the focus on personal relations as a critical information need for underserved populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of all the benefits public access to computers (PAC) offer users, the most valued by users are having more information for stronger relationships, better learning, and effective transactions. This article analyzes the most salient benefit, more information for stronger relationships with friends and family. Results of a qualitative study among users of libraries, telecenters, and cybercafés in Colombia, South America, show that social media and personal relationships can also have an important community and sociopolitical dimension. By fostering a sense of belonging and connectedness to community and to a larger world, PAC usage often leads to feelings of empowerment and development of social capital, two intangible factors that are critical for community development. This study used a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys and interviews in five regions of the country, to uncover the benefits of PAC for underserved communities. Its findings contribute new insight about the impact of information and communication technologies on community development and social inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We describe a case of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) associated with odontoma occurring in the posterior mandible of a 32-year-old man. Although calcifications are commonly found in the AOT, the presence of rudimentary dental structures is a very rare phenomenon. Cases with similar aspects have been described as ameloblastic dentinoma, ameloblastic odontoma, adenoameloblastic odontoma and AOT associated with odontoma. After a careful analysis of the literature we describe the clinical aspects of this tumor. Further case reports and surveys of odontogenic tumors are necessary to define whether AOT associated with odontoma is a variant of AOT or a distinct clinicopathologic condition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Study objective: The objective of this study is to determine if the peritoneal fluid culture results in the ascites patient being evaluated for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in the Emergency Department (ED) are used by the inpatient physician to appropriately alter empiric antibiotic treatment. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of all ascitic fluid samples sent from the ED between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2004. Exclusion criteria included peritoneal fluid samples sent from peritoneal dialysis patients and those undergoing diagnostic peritoneal lavage for trauma. Medical records were examined to determine culture results, initial antibiotic choices, and subsequent changes in antibiotics by the inpatient physician in response to the culture results. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of cases in which ED peritoneal fluid culture results caused inpatient physicians to appropriately change antibiotic coverage. Results: There were 201 ascitic fluid samples, of which 7 (3.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4%–7.0%) had a pathogen identified. Of these, only 1 (0.5%; 95% CI .01%–2.4%) resulted in an appropriate change in empiric antibiotic therapy. Although there were additional opportunities for appropriately using the culture results to change the antibiotic coverage in 2 (1%; 95% CI 0.1%–3.6%) patients, coverage was not changed. In fact, it was changed inappropriately in these 2 patients, and in an additional patient on appropriate empiric therapy. Conclusions: The yield from ascitic fluid cultures was low, and when positive, did not appropriately change management according to microbiologic criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that mediate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by degrading or repressing target messenger RNAs (mRNA). They are about 22 nucleotides in length and regulate mRNA translation by base pairing to partially complementary sites, predominantly in the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of mRNA. In this review, we discuss miRNA biogenesis and function, together with its possible involvement in oral cancer. Despite its great importance in normal cell development and diseases, a small number of studies have attempted to investigate miRNA in oral cancer. Overexpression of oncogenic miRNA may reduce protein products of tumor-suppressor genes. On the other hand, loss of tumor-suppressor miRNA expression may cause elevated levels of oncogenic protein. One or both of these alterations could represent new targets for cancer diagnosis and treatment in the future. Many researchers have focused on genetic and epigenetic alterations in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. The emergence of miRNA knowledge, and its potential interactive action with such alterations, therefore creates a new understanding of cell transformation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective. Antibiotic administration has become part of the standard of care for patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM). Yet, the natural history of intrauterine infection/inflammation during antibiotic therapy remains largely unknown. This study was conducted to determine if antibiotic administration to the mother eradicates intra-amniotic infection and/or reduces the frequency of intra-amniotic inflammation, a risk factor for impending preterm labor/delivery and adverse neonatal outcome. Methods. A subset of patients with preterm PROM admitted to our institution underwent amniocenteses before and after antibiotic administration in order to guide clinical management. Amniotic fluid analysis consisted of a Gram stain, culture for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria as well as genital mycoplasmas, and amniotic fluid white blood cell (WBC) count. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) was defined as a positive amniotic fluid culture. Intra-amniotic inflammation was defined as an amniotic fluid WBC count ≥100/mm³. Patients were given antibiotics and steroids after the 24th week of gestation. Antibiotic treatment consisted of ampicillin and erythromycin for 7 days for patients without evidence of intra-amniotic inflammation or MIAC, and ceftriaxone, clindamycin and erythromycin for 10–14 days for those with intra-amniotic inflammation or MIAC. Results. Forty-six patients with preterm PROM whose first amniocentesis was performed between 18 and 32 weeks (median 27.4 weeks) were included in the study. The overall prevalence of intra-amniotic inflammation in the first amniocentesis was 39% (18/46). Seven had a positive amniotic fluid culture for microorganisms. At the time of the second amniocentesis, six of the seven patients with a positive amniotic fluid culture had microorganisms. Of 18 patients with intra-amniotic inflammation at admission, only three showed no evidence of inflammation after antibiotic treatment. Among patients with no evidence of intra-amniotic inflammation at admission, 32% (9/28) developed inflammation despite therapy. Five of these nine patients had positive amniotic fluid cultures. Conclusions. (1) Antibiotic administration (ceftriaxone, clindamycin, and erythromycin) rarely eradicates intra-amniotic infection in patients with preterm PROM; (2) intra-amniotic inflammation developed in one-third of patients who did not have inflammation at admission, despite antibiotic administration; (3) a sub-group of patients with documented inflammation of the amniotic cavity demonstrated a decrease in the intensity of the inflammatory process after antibiotic administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is related to tobacco use and alcohol consumption and the individual susceptibility for development of this tumor has been associated with xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes polymorphisms. Glutathione S-transferase Theta-1 (GSTT1) is a phase II metabolic enzyme that catalyzes detoxification reactions of carcinogenic compounds. A genetic polymorphism of the GSTT1 gene is characterized by a complete gene deletion and consequent absence of the enzyme. The null genotype (gene deleted) of GSTT1 has a decreased capacity in detoxifying carcinogens present in tobacco smoke, leading the formation of DNA-adducts and DNA damage. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between GSTT1 polymorphism and risk for OSCC development in a Brazilian population. We investigated the GSTT1 polymorphism in 87 patients with OSCC and 81 age-sex matched controls. The genotypes were studied by PCR-based methods. Individuals homozygous for the wild type GSTT1 (+/+) and heterozygous (+/0) were grouped together. The prevalence of GSTT1 deficiency (null) was significantly higher in the group with OSSC patients with oral cancer of the floor of the mouth. The results suggest that GSTT1 polymorphism increases the risk for OSCC development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Central giant cell lesion (CGCL) is a reactive lesion of the jaws with an associated inflammatory infiltrate. Since cell circulation allows for intense communication between different compartments in the body, we investigated whether the CGCL would lead to phenotypic and/or functional changes in circulating leukocytes.We obtained lymphocytes and monocytes from CGCL patients and control subjects, to evaluate cytokine and adhesion molecule expression using flow cytometry.Our results revealed that CD4+ T cells and CD14+ monocytes from CGCL express elevated levels of CD11a and CD11b, respectively, when compared with controls. The frequencies of CD4+ T cells expressing interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and the frequencies of CD4+ and CD14+ cells expressing interleukin (IL)-10 were increased in CGCL group, when compared with controls.Our data indicate that, although CGCL is a localized lesion, the patients show systemic functional alterations in circulating leukocytes, suggesting their role in the inflammatory pathogenesis of CGCL.J Oral Pathol Med(2005)34: 312–7 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although higher levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and blood pressure precede the development of nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes (T1DM), the relationship between glycemic control and cardiovascular factors early in the course of diabetes is not clear. We conducted a retrospective study from clinic data for a 1-year period in 148 children with T1DM aged 12.5±4.4 years who had average diabetes duration of 4.5±3.3 years. The influence of HbA1c and reported insulin dose on blood pressure and heart rate were analyzed in multivariate linear regression models, statistically adjusted for the effect of race, sex, age, body mass index, and duration of diabetes. There was a significant positive correlation of mean HbA1c with mean diastolic blood pressure (P<.025) and mean heart rate (P<.0004). Higher diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were associated with higher HbA1c. Increased insulin doses were also associated with increased diastolic blood pressure (P<.009) and heart rate (P<.013). Insulin dose and HbA1c were also significantly correlated (P<.001). There was no correlation between mean HbA1c and mean systolic blood pressure. Increased levels of HbA1c and insulin dose are associated with increased diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Although within the normal range, early increases of diastolic blood pressure and heart may indicate early cardiovascular changes in response to diabetes and potentially contribute to a greater proclivity for later development of nephropathy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Discusses results of a study demonstrating the response of inotropic hearts in selenium-deficient mice. Reduced beta-adrenoreceptor-inotropic cardiac response to isoproterenol or norepinephrine; Increased expression and activity of nitric oxide synthase in mice fed diets with adequate selenium.

This study tested the hypothesis that there are consistent individual differences in the relationship between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and mean blood glucose (MBG) levels in individuals with similar preceding blood glucose levels. Blood glucose data were collected for up to 2.3 years by 128 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. HbA1c values were date-matched with MBG levels calculated from an average of 85 self-monitored blood glucose measurements collected in the previous 30 days. There was significant linear correlation between MBG and HbA1c (HbA1c=0.027×MBG+5.8, n=682, r=.71, P<.0001) but also wide variability in the population HbA1c response to MBG. We calculated a hemoglobin glycation index (HGI=observed HbA1c−predicted HbA1c) to quantify the magnitude and direction of the difference between each patient''s set of observed and predicted HbA1c results. Likelihood ratio tests and t statistics showed that mean HGI were significantly different among individuals, and that 29% of the patients had HbA1c levels that were statistically significantly higher or lower than predicted by the regression equation. The observed individual differences in the relationship between MBG and HbA1c were not related to erythrocyte age and there was no evidence of analytical artifact. We interpret these results as possible evidence of high and low hemoglobin glycation phenotypes within the population. We conclude that MBG and HbA1c are not necessarily interchangeable estimates of glycemic control and that hemoglobin glycation phenotype may be important for the clinical assessment of diabetic patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Conclusion. These data suggest that eradication of H pylori infection in patients with type 1 diabetes might be associated with better control of glycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1 In this study we have determined the different signalling pathways involved in adenosine A[sub 1]receptor (A[sub 1]-receptor)-dependent inhibition of contractility in rat isolated atria. 2 N-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) stimulation of A[sub 1]-receptor exerts: negative inotropic response, inositol phosphates accumulation, stimulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic GMP. 3 Inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC), calcium/calmodulin, NOS and guanylate cyclase shifted the dose-response curve of CPA on contractility to the right. Those inhibitors also attenuated the A[sub 1]-receptor-dependent increase in cyclic GMP and activation of NOS. 4 These results suggest that CPA activation of A[sub 1]-receptors exerts a negative inotropic effect associated with increased production of nitric oxide and cyclic GMP. The mechanism appears to occur secondarily to stimulation of phosphoinositide turnover via PLC activation. This, in turn, triggers cascade reactions involving calcium/calmodulin and PKC, leading to activation of NOS and soluble guanylate cyclase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the role Internet plays in Latin America and the social implications of Internet's growth in the region. Adoption of telecommunications policies that focus on deregulation and privatization of state monopolicies; Increased business-to-business transactions and electronic commerce; Transformation of the educational system; Venue for political activism.

The article describes the case of a 14 year old female presented to rheumatology clinic with diffuse intermittent musculoskeletal pain that lasted for 4 months with the pains affecting her bilateral shoulders and legs, neck and back. She was diagnosed with Hashimoto thyroididtis following an endocrine evaluation by a pediatric endocrinologist. Treatment for juvenile fibromyalgia centers on a psychological approach that combines cognitive behavior therapy with low-intensity exercises.

Targeted therapy has the potential to be used in the neoadjuvant setting for odontogenic tumors, reducing the morbidities associated with major surgery. In this regard, the aim of this study was to summarize the current evidence on the different forms of targeted therapy, effectiveness, and drawbacks of this course of treatment. Four databases were searched electronically without regard to publication date or language. Grey literature searches and manual searches were also undertaken. Publications with sufficient clinical data on targeted therapy for odontogenic tumors were required to meet the criteria for eligibility. The analysis of the data was descriptive. A total of 15 papers comprising 17 cases (15 ameloblastomas and 2 ameloblastic carcinomas) were included. Numerous mutations were found, with BRAF V600E being most common. Dabrafenib was the most utilized drug in targeted therapy. Except for one case, the treatment reduced the size of the lesion (16/17 cases), showing promise. Most of the adverse events recorded were mild, such as skin issues, voice changes, abnormal hair texture, dry eyes, and systemic symptoms (e.g., fatigue, joint pain, and nausea). It is possible to reach the conclusion that targeted therapy for ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma may be a useful treatment strategy, based on the findings of the included studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusion Ameloblastoma is a locally destructive benign odontogenic tumor. While the neoplastic cells of conventional ameloblastoma can infiltrate the connective tissue and bone, in unicystic ameloblastoma the epithelium is encapsulated. The mechanisms driving ameloblastoma's bone resorption remains unclear.RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) was performed in a discovery cohort of conventional ameloblastoma, and pathway enrichment analysis was carried out. mRNA levels of MMP13, a gene associated with bone resorption, were assessed using RT‐qPCR in a larger cohort of conventional ameloblastoma and in unicystic ameloblastoma. Zymogram gels and the immunoexpression profile of collagenase 3 (encoded by MMP13 gene) were evaluated as well.Enriched pathways related to bone mineralization and upregulation of MMP13 were observed in ameloblastomas. Collagenolytic activity of collagenase 3 was detected in the tumor lysates. Collagenase 3 immunopositivity was observed in ameloblastomatous epithelium infiltrating the fibrous capsule of unicystic ameloblastoma. At the tumor–bone interface, collagenase 3 expression was detected in stromal cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes.The results indicate a potential involvement of MMP13 in ameloblastoma‐related bone resorption and progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SMA actuators are a group of lightweight actuators that offer advantages over conventional technology and allow for simple and compact solutions to the increasing demand for electrical actuation. In particular, an increasing number of SMA torsional actuator applications have been published recently due to their ability to supply rotational motion under load, resulting in advantages such as module simplification and the reduction of overall product weight. This paper presents the conceptual design, operating principle, experimental characterization and working performance of torsional actuators applicable in active rudder in aeronautics. The proposed application comprises a pair of SMA torsion springs, which bi-directionally actuate the actuator by Joule heating and natural cooling. The experimental results confirm the functionality of the torsion springs actuated device and show the rotation angle of the developed active rudder was about 30° at a heating current of 5 A. After the design and experiment, one of their chief drawbacks is their relatively slow operating speed in rudder positioning, but this can be improved by control strategy and small modifications to the actuator mechanism described in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Whole‐exome sequencing (WES) analysis of an expansive case florid cemento‐osseus dysplasia were reported for the first time. Also, the new potential candidate genes were reported to expand our knowledge about their molecular pathogenesis. We report a case of expansive florid cemento‐osseus dysplasia in a 32‐year‐old female patient who presented an expansive tumoral lesion in the anterior mandible. As florid cemento‐osseus dysplasia have only been molecularly investigated using targeted‐sequencing, fragments of the lesion were collected and subjected to molecular investigation using WES to assess somatic mutations as well as copy number alterations. No gains and losses of chromosomal arms or segments longer than 1 Mb were detected. Our findings revealed a pathogenic stopgain variant at the KIF5C gene, a stoploss variant at MAPK10, and missense SNV at COL6A2 at DCDC1, suggesting potential candidate genes associated with florid cemento‐osseus dysplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]