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Hemodialysis in patients with the diabetes-associated end-stage renal disease requires continuous blood glucose management. This is because glucose levels are very susceptible to change for diabetic patients while undergoing hemodialysis. So, in the hemodialysis membrane application, a glucose sensor is needed. The purpose of this study was to synthesized a glucose sensor named Molecularly Imprinted Membrane (MIM – Glucose) to determine the ability of polyeugenol in transporting glucose molecules. MIM - Glucose based on polyeugenol was crosslinked with Polyethylene glycol diethyl ether (PEGDE), and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) was added. Transport glucose by MIM-glucose was compared with Non-imprinted Membrane (NIM) in PBS solution with pH 7,4. MIM-Glucose was varied with a membrane thickness of 0,23; 0,43; 1,03 mm. Glucose levels were determined by the 3-5 dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. Characterization carried out in this study was Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX). MIM-Glucose with a membrane thickness of 0,23 mm showed the best performance in transporting glucose in comparison to NIM. The membrane with a thickness of 0.23 mm can transport 26.6% glucose in 24 hours. Those results are also supported by evaluating the porosity of MIM-Glucose which is better than NIM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the body of patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM), there is a lack of insulin because the body cannot transfer glucose into the cells causing blood sugar (glucose) cannot be converted into glycogen so that the level of glucose in the blood rises. Indonesia is a country that has various types of plants, one of which is cloves which contain 80-90% eugenol. Eugenol is an organic compound having three functional groups, namely allyl, hydroxy, and methoxy groups, which are very selectively used as mixed membrane materials. Molecularly Imprinted Membrane (MIM) transport offers glucose selective transport technology flat as a candidate for hemodialysis membranes. MIM-Glucose has better effectiveness and selectivity for glucose than NIM (Non-Imprinted Membrane). The results obtained from the synthesis of eugenol into polyeugenol (PE) were 99%. Analysis of contacting PE with 7500 ppm glucose using FTIR where there is an increase in the intensity of the OH group at a wavenumber of 3537 cm-1 which indicates contact has occurred when it is used to bind to polysulfone and PEG 6000 the intensity of the OH group becomes very decreased in MIM-Glucose and NIM. MIM transport and selectivity are affected by pore size, porosity, hydrophilicity, glucose concentration in the feed phase. Transport and glucose selectivity using MIM is better than NIM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The membrane particles was prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polymer IIP with weight ratios of 1: 2 and 1: 1 using different adsorbent templates and casting thickness. The permeability of membrane towards Fe(III) and also mecanism of transport were studied. The selectivity of the membrane for Fe(III) was studied by performing adsorption experiments also with Cr(III) separately. In this study, the preparation of Ionic Imprinted Polymer (IIP) membrane particles for selective transport of Fe (III) had been done using polyeugenol as functional polymer. Polyeugenol was then imprinted with Fe (III) and then crosslinked with PEGDE under alkaline condition to produce polyeugenol-Fe-PEGDE polymer aggregates. The agrregates was then crushed and sieved using mesh size of 80 and the powder was then used to prepare the membrane particles by mixing it with PVA (Mr 125,000) solution in 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent. The membrane was obtained after casting at a speed of 25 m/s and soaking in NaOH solution overnight. The membrane sheet was then cut and Fe(III) was removed by acid to produce IIP membrane particles. Analysis of the membrane and its constituent was done by XRD, SEM and size selectivity test. Experimental results showed the transport of Fe(III) was faster with the decrease of membrane thickness, while the higher concentration of template ion correlates with higher Fe(III) being transported. However, the transport of Fe(III) was slower for higher concentration of PVA in the membrane. IImparticles works through retarded permeation mechanism, where Fe(III) was bind to the active side of IIP. The active side of IIP membrane was dominated by the -OH groups. The selectivity of all IIP membranes was confirmed as they were all unable to transport Cr (III), while NIP (Non-imprinted Polymer) membrane was able transport Cr (III). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconia-pillared bentonite was prepared using pillarization-impregnation method and its application as catalytic hydrocracking palm oil to biofuel have been conducted. Ni-loaded/ Zirconia-pillared bentonite catalysts were synthesized by combining these three treatments were also prepared. The characteristics of catalyst, including Ni metal content and porosity, were evaluated. The analysis of catalyst showed that the surface area of 168 m2/g with an average pore diameter of 3.06 nm and a pore volume of 0.402 cm3/g was obtained. The experimental catalytic cracking test was conducted using 10 g of oil and 0.1 g of catalyst. The well catalytic performance of the Ni-loaded/ Zirconia-pillared bentonite is made through pillarization first process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrate is the strongest oxidizer containing iron in the +6 (Fe (VI)) oxidation state which has an oxidation function in water and liquid waste. This study demonstrated the synthesis of ferrate from electrolysis at extreme pH, with several optimization conditions for the degradation of methylene blue. The electrolysis was conducted in NaOH 14M electrolyte using used iron and zinc plates as anode and cathode electrodes, respectively, The result obtained in this study was the formation of ferrate solution with marked changes to a deep purple color which showed the oxidation of Fe(III) to Fe(VI). The maximum wavelength of ferrate obtained was 505 nm and the maximum wavelength of methylene blue was 663 nm. The results for degradation of methylene blue by ferrate were obtained the degradation at optimum pH of 8, dose of 1.16 mg ferrate, time of 70 min with degradation of 82.3, 88.7 and 91.4%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]