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Background: World food production has significantly increased, largely attributed to advancements in breeding methods pioneered in previous decades. These advancements can be categorized into three major eras—the pre-Green Revolution era, the Green Revolution era, and the post-Green Revolution era—which we call the Gene Revolution. The pre-Green Revolution era was characterized by the utilization of mutation breeding and forward genetics approaches. Main body: The Green Revolution (1950s–1980s) brought about major improvements in crop breeding, irrigation, and fertilizer use, leading to a substantial rise in food production and reduced rural poverty. However, the focus was primarily on yield, with less focus on nutritional quality. After the Green Revolution, the production of wheat and rice rapidly increased from 0.4–2 metric tonnes per hectare to 2–4 metric tonnes per hectare due to government initiatives. Nevertheless, the cultivation of other food crops, including indigenous rice varieties and millet, has decreased. In the Gene Revolution era, while advanced genome editing technologies such as CRISPR‒Cas9 and TALENs have enhanced the nutritional content and climate resilience of crops, there has also been a renewed focus on reviving indigenous crops. Conclusion: This review discusses methods to bring these orphan nutria crops back into cultivation and emphasizes the importance of passing this knowledge to future generations, ensuring their place in sustainable agriculture and food and nutritional security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban sprawl usually expands in regularized and natural forms, and the character of an urban sprawl is found complex and unclear. Therefore, it becomes necessary to distinguish the character of an urban sprawl for sustainability in all aspects. In this paper, we have identified the proximity factors by which we could distinguish between both forms, i.e., regularized and natural expansion. We performed buffer analysis to calculate the areas covered by each land-use land-cover class in each buffer separately. Then, Shannon's entropy index was calculated for each buffer zone and dataset. Geomatics tools were used to analyze the historical datasets, which included land-use land-cover maps, population density maps, and proximity maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circularly polarized designs of square microstrip antennas employing U-slot are presented in a 2400 MHz frequency spectrum. Design with a U-slot employing unequal lengths or the corner truncated patch with equal length U-slot yields axial ratio bandwidths of 3.84% and 2.2%, respectively. Against the conventional offset feed patches or the truncated corner square patches, the proposed designs decrease the frequency and patch size by 10% and 22%, respectively. Reduction in the frequency and patch area, while employing the U-slot is not being discussed in the reported papers on the circularly polarized designs, and hence it is the new contribution in the present study. The U-slot cut configurations exhibit a radiation pattern in the broadside with a gain of larger than 6 dBi across the complete reflection coefficient bandwidth. To obtain a wideband and circular polarized response using a single patch, a reconfigurable design of a corner truncated square patch employed with a U-slot is presented. A design methodology is presented based on the resonant length formulation to obtain reconfigurable U-slot cut design as per specific band start frequency in wideband response or center frequency in the axial ratio bandwidth in the circular polarized antenna. This helps to design these configurations for the specific frequency band. Simulated results in the proposed design are verified using the measurements that reflect a close agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs Geomatics techniques, including Remote Sensing (RS) for satellite dataset acquisition and Geographic Information System (GIS) for analysing Land-use Land-cover (LULC) patterns, to assess the nature of urban sprawl. Central to this analysis are the proximity to the Central Business District (CBD) and major roads. The research utilises low- and high-density measures to distinguish the varying characteristics of urban sprawl, allowing for the prioritisation of sustainable objectives across different city zones. The study applies Shannon’s Entropy Index (SEI) and Fractal Dimensions (FD) analysis to the years 1991 and 2021, focusing on CBD and major roads proximity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varying sectoral angle wideband designs of slot cut sectoral microstrip antenna are proposed. Amongst all, slot cut 120° sectoral patch yields maximum bandwidth of 924 MHz (61.44%) with broadside pattern and peak gain of 8.1 dBi. Against equivalent circular and 90° sectoral patch, the proposed design gives 20% and 10% increase in the bandwidth, respectively. Design methodology to realise similar antenna as per the specific frequency is presented that yields similar response. Simulated results have been experimentally verified, which show close agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circularly polarized gap-coupled variations of square microstrip antennas using U-slot are proposed in 2400 MHz frequency spectrum for WLAN and Bluetooth applications. Design with patches gap-coupled along the two coordinate axes provides the optimum results. It yields axial ratio bandwidth of 376 MHz (15.8%) with a maximum broadside gain of above 10 dBi. Design methodology based on the resonant length formulation is proposed that helps in designing similar antennas in other frequency bands. Measurements have been carried out to validate the simulated results that show close agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-resonator wideband designs of Semi-Circular microstrip antennas using narrow annular sectoral patches are proposed. The parasitic patches utilize the empty space around the fed patch, thus do not increase the antenna size by a large amount. Amongst various proposed designs, the gap-coupled design of slot-cut semi-circular patches along with narrow sectoral patches yields maximum bandwidth of greater than 900 MHz (>60%) with a peak broadside gain of 7.7 dBi. Against equivalent CMSA, it offers a 20% increase in bandwidth with only a 14.3% increase in the patch area. A resonant length formulation and subsequent design methodology are presented that is useful for re-designing similar antennae in the given frequency range as per specific application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers often use daylight and glare analysis to measure visual comfort for daytime inside a built space. However, residential environments include both built and unbuilt spaces. Recently, unbuilt open spaces like courts are gaining equal importance in architectural designs. The literature review revealed very little research on visual comfort analysis in these intermediate open spaces. Therefore, this study proposes a method to analyze visual comfort in identified intermediate open-to-sky courts of clustered residential development. First, by conducting the point-in-time analysis, the study compares field measurements against simulation results to validate the software's ability to simulate accurate daylight and glare values in these courts. Later, the study analyses visual comfort in identified courts by conducting an annual glare analysis using the calibrated simulation model. The outcome confirms the use of annual and point-in-time glare analysis for visual comfort analysis in courts of residential areas. The results exhibited visually uncomfortable views at the corresponding time. Additionally, simulation experiments highlight the importance of such spaces' shape, size, and orientation in visual comfort analysis. These outcomes will help future visual comfort research of intermediate open spaces in low to mid-rise residential environments with tropical climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proximity‐fed compact wideband rectangular and circular microstrip antennas by employing H‐shape, C‐shape, and W‐shape ground plane profiles are proposed. Optimum results are obtained in rectangular microstrip antenna using H‐shape ground plane. Against the conventional ground plane, it gives 16% bandwidth improvement, supported by 17.29% and 31% reduction in resonant mode frequency and patch area, respectively. The proposed design exhibits a broadside pattern with a gain of 6.1 dBi and can find applications in GSM 900 band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations of U-slot and pair of rectangular slots (E-shape) cut rectangular and square microstrip antenna are reported for the circularly polarized response. In the reported literature, details about the functioning of the two designs in terms of the resonant modes present, with a comparison amongst them, are not discussed. This paper provides a detailed review-based study to explain the functioning of the resonant slot-cut circular polarized microstrip antenna in terms of the resonant modes present. This study reveals that TM11 mode in an E-shape microstrip antenna and degenerated TM10 modes in a U-slot design yield the circularly polarized response. Amongst the two, U-slot cut design offers stable gain characteristics across the axial ratio bandwidth and offers a dual-band frequency response. A design methodology based on the resonant length formulation is presented that helps in realizing both the circularly polarized configurations as per the given frequency of interest. Thus, the present work provides a detailed review-based study about the functioning of resonant slot-cut microstrip antenna and its design methodology, which is not discussed in the reported literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wideband design of coaxially fed U-slot cut patch is a widely reported configuration. It yields a bandwidth of 20–25% on a substrate thickness of 0.06–0.07 λg. In all the reported designs, narrower U-slot has been used as it yields required impedance matching to achieve the wideband response. In this paper, initially a detailed study is presented to explain the effects of employing wider U-slot in the rectangular patch to achieve the wider bandwidth. A further modified design of U-slot cut rectangular microstrip antenna is presented, to achieve the impedance matching using a wider U-slot. The modifications in the U-slot cut patch yield optimum possible impedance around the patch TM10 resonant mode that optimizes the loop position inside VSWR = 2 circle, to achieve the maximum bandwidth. Variations using different values of the vertical U-slot lengths have been investigated. In all those variations, impedance bandwidth in the range of 26–30% is achieved in the 950 MHz frequency band, which is 5% higher when compared with narrow U-slot designs. Furthermore, a pair of rectangular slot-cut design of modified U-slot cut antenna is presented, which yields further 5% increment in the bandwidth. Similar designs with circular patch are also proposed which yield more than 5% increase in the bandwidth. In addition to the bandwidth increment, the proposed designs yield nearly 20% reduction in the patch copper area. Proposed antennas yield a broadside radiation pattern with a peak gain of 9 dBi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective communication between teachers and students is vital for successful learning, but outdoor noise can disrupt classroom acoustics and hinder this process. Despite growing research on classroom acoustics, gaps remain in understanding how factors like environmental noise, building design, and classroom acoustics interact to affect learning environments. This scoping review aims to systematically synthesize existing literature on the transmission of outdoor noise into classrooms. It explores the sources and factors that contribute to noise transmission, examines how the classroom acoustic properties that influence the impact of transmitted noise on occupants, and reviews effective mitigation strategies. The review analysed 33 peer-reviewed papers from 2003 to 2023, retrieved from Web of Science and Science Direct using the keywords Classroom acoustics AND Outdoor noise. Included studies that met criteria such as focusing on outdoor noise in mainstream classrooms and being published in English peer-reviewed journals. Traffic, aircraft, and railway noise were identified as major sources, with traffic peaking in the morning and afternoon. Building design, façade insulation, and ventilation influenced noise transmission exacerbated by proximity to noise sources. Poor acoustic properties like high reverberation time reduce speech clarity and increase background noise, affecting students' cognitive performance and teachers' vocal health. Mitigating strategies for noise include improved façade insulation, noise barriers, and window placement. This review also identifies gaps in current research, particularly regarding the combined effects of architectural elements such as building shape, height, and façade ratio. Future studies should explore how these factors interact to develop more effective noise management strategies in school. Implementing these strategies will enhance classroom acoustics, benefiting its occupants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wideband and circular polarized designs of rectangular microstrip antennas employing offset positions of the U-slot and rectangular slot are presented. Query ID="Q1" Text="'EXTC' expand" An inter-spacing between the patch TM10, TM11 and TM02 resonant modes is optimized due to the presence of two offset slots that yields a wideband response with the presence of circular polarized bandwidth towards the higher frequencies, thus providing separate regions for the two responses. In 900 MHz spectrum, the proposed design yields maximum impedance bandwidth of 298 MHz (32.07%) with an axial ratio bandwidth of 13 MHz (1.26%). The proposed designs exhibit pattern maximum in the broadside direction with a gain of larger than 6 dBi. Simulated results have been verified using the experimentation, which shows close agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has a very prominent traditional board game culture, which is evident through numerous game boards and game pieces that are surviving. The spectrum of game board variations documented displays its association with the rich culture of crafts in India. Apart from these sets, there are ample examples of game board graffiti's present in various public spaces, temples being one of the most prominent of them. Many scholars, just to name a few, I. Finkel, R.K Bhattacharya, and L.K. Soni (published in 2011); Vasantha (2003); Fritz and Gibson (2007); Rogersdotter (2015), have documented and/or commented on these appearances of game boards in spaces. Most of these documentations are from the region of Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh. There are game board surveys from the states of Punjab (Gupta, 1926), Gujarat (Soni and Bagchi, 2011), Marwad (Samanta, 2011), Haryana (Sinha and Bishwas, 2011). Nevertheless, for some reason, there is very little work on board games in the state of Maharashtra. Though the literary documentation of sedentary games of Maharashtra is found in a book by 'Anant Babaji Deodhar' named 'Marāṭhī Khēḷān̄cē Pustaka' published in 1905; which mainly is anthropological documentation. It does not touch upon the references of this game information. Sāripata (chausar), pat Songtyā (asta chima) existed in the Marathi household until the earlier generation (Pre WWII) in form of cloth boards and wooden pieces. However, it does not show its appearance as game board graffiti's in spaces in the post-Yadav period (14th century). Few games like mancala, Indian hunt games do show their presence in graffitis but seldom in literature. Literary pieces of evidence of regional literature remain untraced. No specific research has happened in literature in this era in the context to board games and thus the paper tries to throw light on evidence of board game mentions in medieval Marathi language literature. During the same time, the game board graffiti's shows its existence in Karnataka, Rajasthan until the 17th century. So what happened to the board game culture in Maharashtra? Where did the games go? Did it acquire a different form? The paper tries to inquire about the presence/absence of board games in the 13th - 17th century Marathi literature and architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified design of triangular-shaped microstrip antenna is proposed for circular polarized response which yields an axial ratio bandwidth of 68 MHz (∼5%) in the L-band. Furthermore, its electromagnetically coupled stacked design is presented, which yields enhanced impedance and axial ratio bandwidth of more than 1100 (∼70%) and 90 MHz (>7%), respectively. A single and stacked antenna offers a broadside pattern with a peak gain of 9 dBi. As a part of the design procedure, resonant length formulation at patch modes is presented. This serves as a guideline in the re-designing of similar antenna in a given frequency spectrum. Theoretical results have been verified experimentally with a good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: To obtain the polarization agility in wireless applications, the dual polarized wideband or multi‐band antennas are required. In this paper, modified designs of square microstrip antenna by employing overlap offset parasitic patches are proposed for the dual polarized wideband and multi‐band response. Due to the optimum spacing in between the fundamental TM1045 and TM01135 modes along with TM11 mode, on a total substrate thickness of 0.075λg, the proposed design yields bandwidth of more than 550 MHz (>50%), exhibiting the dual polarized characteristics. A similar design is presented on a thinner suspended substrate. Here, on the substrate thickness of 0.035λg, it yields impedance matching at higher order TM20 mode, which along with TM1045, TM01135, and TM11 modes exhibits triple band response. An impedance bandwidth of 3.4%, 17%, and 4.7% is realized in the three bands with a broadside gain of more than 6 dBi. The proposed design satisfies the requirements of GSM 810/GSM900/LTE applications. In each design, simulated results have been experimentally verified that show close agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wideband designs of proximity fed isosceles triangular microstrip antennas gap‐coupled with pairs of sectoral patches are proposed. Bandwidth enhancement is due to the gap‐coupling between the fundamental modes of the fed and parasitic patches, which are placed in an empty area around the fed patch. Amongst all the variations, 80° isosceles triangular microstrip antenna gap‐coupled with three pairs of sectoral patches yields maximum bandwidth of around 800 MHz (~55%) with a peak gain of 9 dBi. Furthermore, the resonance frequency formulation against varying angles in isosceles triangular microstrip antenna and subsequent design methodology is presented. This is useful in re‐designing the similar wideband design for any angle in the isosceles triangular patch and at the specific fundamental mode frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wideband designs of a coaxially fed pair of slot cut square, circular, and equilateral triangular microstrip antennas employing the H-shaped or Bow-tie shaped ground plane profile are presented on an electrically thinner substrate (ht ~ 0.04λg). The modified ground plane yields an optimum impedance matching for the response inside VSWR = 2 circle that gives a wider bandwidth. Among all the slot cut regular shaped microstrip antennas, an optimum response in terms of the bandwidth and gain against the substrate thickness reduction is achieved in E-shaped square microstrip antennas backed by the Bow-tie shaped ground plane. Against the thicker substrate design (ht ~ 0.07λg), it yields bandwidth increment by > 10% and reduction in the substrate thickness by 0.03λg, with a peak broadside gain of 6.2 dBi. An experimental validation is carried out in all the proposed configurations that show close matching with the simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-band microstrip antennas have been commonly realized by using techniques of stub or slot. In these designs, knowledge about correct positioning of stub or slot and their effects on patch resonant modes in terms of their frequency and impedance variation is needed. In this paper, with reference to a variation of slot cut circular microstrip antenna, a detailed study that provides an insight into functioning of multi-band dual polarized antenna is presented. The slots degenerate patch first two resonant modes into dual orthogonal modes to give multiple frequency response with dual polarization. The resonant length formulations at modified degenerated circular patch modes are presented. The frequencies calculated using them match closely with the simulated frequencies. For gain enhancement, air suspended design of slot cut antenna is presented which gives broadside gain of 1.5 to 6 dBi across multiple frequencies. Thus, the present work explains the functioning of multi-band antenna in terms of patch modes and will serve as a tutorial for analyzing similar multi-band dual polarized configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel gap‐coupled variations of rectangular and circular microstrip antennas backed by rectangular slot cut ground plane are proposed. The slot on the ground plane below each of the patch, reduces the resonance frequency of the fundamental mode, thereby giving wideband response at the reduced frequency. With reference to the gap‐coupled design at reduced frequency using the conventional ground plane, a slot cut ground plane design yields a reduction in the total patch area with higher BW and comparable gain values. On thinner Taconic substrate (h < 0.02λg), using rectangular and circular patches, the optimum result is obtained with parasitic patches gap‐coupled along the two diagonal axis. In the rectangular patch design, bandwidth of 148 MHz (6.04%), peak gain of 9 dBi, for patch size reduction of 33.33% is achieved, whereas using the circular patches, these values are, 138 MHz (5.48%), 9.2 dBi and 38.4%, respectively. In all the proposed gap‐coupled designs, for the maximum possible frequency reduction, BW and gain realized is higher as compared with the gap‐coupled design with a normal ground plane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual polarized triple frequency wideband design of circular microstrip antenna using the combination of slots and stub is proposed. This triple wideband response is explored by using a thinner substrate in the air suspended configuration that enables the input impedance matching at various higher order resonant modes together with the fundamental mode. Amongst different variations, modifications in terms of the slots and stubs degenerates and optimizes the spacing in between the fundamental and higher order modes, which leads to dual polarized wideband response. On air suspended FR4 substrate with thickness of 0.055λg, optimized single patch configuration yields dual polarized triple wideband response at 856, 1177, and 1783 MHz respectively giving frequency ratio of 1:1.37:2.0. It yields impedance bandwidth of 8.4%, 11.5%, and 11.4% at the three frequencies with respective broadside gain of 7.4, 6.5, and 3.5 dBi. The proposed configuration yields frequency and polarization agility satisfying the requirements of GSM850/navigation satellite/GSM 1800 applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FAN1 encodes a DNA repair nuclease. Genetic deficiencies, copy number variants, and single nucleotide variants of FAN1 have been linked to karyomegalic interstitial nephritis, 15q13.3 microdeletion/microduplication syndrome (autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy), cancer, and most recently repeat expansion diseases. For seven CAG repeat expansion diseases (Huntington's disease (HD) and certain spinocerebellar ataxias), modification of age of onset is linked to variants of specific DNA repair proteins. FAN1 variants are the strongest modifiers. Non-coding disease-delaying FAN1 variants and coding disease-hastening variants (p.R507H and p.R377W) are known, where the former may lead to increased FAN1 levels and the latter have unknown effects upon FAN1 functions. Current thoughts are that ongoing repeat expansions in disease-vulnerable tissues, as individuals age, promote disease onset. Fan1 is required to suppress against high levels of ongoing somatic CAG and CGG repeat expansions in tissues of HD and FMR1 transgenic mice respectively, in addition to participating in DNA interstrand crosslink repair. FAN1 is also a modifier of autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. Coupled with the association of these diseases with repeat expansions, this suggests a common mechanism, by which FAN1 modifies repeat diseases. Yet how any of the FAN1 variants modify disease is unknown. Here, we review FAN1 variants, associated clinical effects, protein structure, and the enzyme's attributed functional roles. We highlight how variants may alter its activities in DNA damage response and/or repeat instability. A thorough awareness of the FAN1 gene and FAN1 protein functions will reveal if and how it may be targeted for clinical benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wideband Compact designs of circular microstrip antennas by employing modified ground plane profile are proposed. Ground plane slots reduces patch fundamental mode frequency and Bow-tie shape of the same yields wider bandwidth on thinner substrate, thus achieving wider bandwidth with a smaller antenna volume. Optimum results are achieved using three rectangular slots cut Bow-tie shape ground plane. Against the conventional ground plane design, modified ground plane antenna yields 25% bandwidth increment, 0.03λ g reduction in substrate thickness, 35.12% reduction in the resonance frequency, 66% reduction in the patch area with a broadside peak gain of 5.5 dBi. Reported wideband configurations do not provide bandwidth enhancement with a patch size reduction, and thus this is the novelty in the proposed work. Simulated results are have been experimentally verified that shows close agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internal admittance matrix elements that are needed during the Method of Moments analysis of a longitudinal slot in a rectangular waveguide have been evaluated by considering the slot images in waveguide walls. The contribution from all the sources (real and virtual) has been evaluated by adopting the technique of Fast Matrix Generation (FMG). The contribution from all the image terms has finally been evaluated using a simple closed-form expression and a rapidly converging series. This leads to a faster, intuitive and more efficient analysis. The results calculated using this simple method are shown to be in excellent agreement with measured results and with other theoretical results. This method is useful in the efficient design of waveguide fed slot arrays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel design of a P‐shape microstrip antenna is proposed. The stub in the P‐shape patch modifies the frequency and resonant mode distributions at second‐order TM20 mode which along with TM10 and TM01 modes yields dual‐polarised triple‐frequency response, showing 1−1.5% of impedance bandwidth (BW) at each frequency. To enhance the gain, air‐suspended designs for the P‐shape patch are proposed. It yields the broadside gain of 1.5−5 dBi across three frequencies. Enhancement in BW of the P‐shape patch is obtained by using its gap‐coupled variations leading to 69‐ or 96‐shape configurations. On a thinner substrate, these gap‐coupled antennas give BW of 3−5% across three frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With reaction timescales equal to or shorter than the circulation time, the ideal mixing assumption typically does not hold for large scale bioreactors. As a consequence large scale gradients in extra-cellular conditions such as the substrate concentration exist, which may significantly impact the metabolism of micro-organisms and thereby the process performance. The influence of extra-cellular variations on the organism can be tested using so-called scale-down simulators, laboratory scale setups where deliberate, controlled fluctuations are imposed in the extra-cellular environment. The major challenge associated with this scale-down philosophy is to design a scale-down simulator that resembles the extra-cellular environment of the industrial process. Previously, Euler-Lagrange CFD was explored to investigate the large scale environment from the microbial point of view (Haringa et al., 2016a), collecting statistics of the frequency and magnitude of environmental fluctuations that can serve as a basis for scale-down design. In this work, we apply this methodology to a validated CFD simulation of a 22 m 3 aerated fermentation of S. cerevisiae , and devise possible scale-down strategies based on this CFD data, both with fluctuating feed profiles and multiple compartments. All designs are deemed feasible within the limitations of current scale-down equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broadband microstrip antenna using variations of U-slot has been widely reported. However, in most of the reported work, an in-depth explanation about the mode introduced by U-slot and procedure to design U-slot cut antennas at any given frequency is not explained. In this paper, first an extensive analysis to study the broadband response in symmetrical and a new configuration of asymmetrical U-slot cut rectangular microstrip antennas is presented. The U-slot tunes higher-order orthogonal mode resonance frequency of the patch with respect to fundamental mode to realise wider bandwidth. Further formulation in resonant length at modified patch modes in symmetrical U-slot cut antenna is proposed. Frequencies calculated using these formulations show closer agreement with simulated and measured results. Using proposed formulations, a procedure to design U-slot cut antenna at different frequencies over 800-4000 MHz range which shows broadband response is explained. Thus, the proposed work gives an insight into the functioning of widely used U-slot cut antennas and the formulations will be helpful for designing at any given frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slot cut variations of shorted sectoral microstrip antennas are proposed which yields bandwidth of more than 900 MHz (>75%). Formulation in resonant length at modified shorted patch modes is presented. Frequencies calculated using them show close agreement with simulated results. Using proposed formulations, procedure to design slot cut shorted sectoral antennas at different frequency is presented, which gives wideband response. Thus, proposed work gives guidelines to design shorted compact antennas at any given frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel designs of modified rectangular shape printed monopole antenna for Ultra wide band response are proposed, which gives bandwidth across 1GHz-10 GHz range. Further two variations of rectangular shape patches to realize tunable notch characteristics, are also presented. They yield tunable notch characteristics in two different frequency bands. Proposed antennas give broadside radiation pattern with peak gain of 2 dBi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A novel design of broadband CPW-fed star shape patch antenna backed by rectangular ring ground plane is proposed. The star shape patch realized by combining two triangular shape patches, yields bandwidth of more than 5 GHz (>130%). Over the bandwidth, proposed antenna shows broadside radiation pattern with a peak gain of 3 dBi. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2443-2450, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA replication is a complex phenomenon that requires the concerted action of several enzymes, together with their protein and non-protein cofactors. In the nucleus, the two DNA strands are duplicated by two completely independent methods due to their anti-parallel orientation and the restrictive nature of DNA polymerases that allow DNA synthesis in the 5 ' –3 ' direction only. In this review, we focus on the proteins that are involved in the more complex and discontinuous process of lagging strand DNA synthesis by the formation of small DNA fragments called Okazaki fragments which are later sealed to form a continuous strand of DNA. We try and connect all the protein-protein interactions important for lagging strand synthesis in the S-phase of the cell cycle, describe the dynamics of these interactions and go on to discuss the post-translational modifications that affect them. We also look at how mutations in any of the players of the lagging strand synthesis can cause genomic instability leading to cancer and discuss if any of the players may be targeted for cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Analysis and design of broadband 90° Sectoral microstrip antenna derived from 270° Sectoral patch is proposed. The formulation in resonant length at its fundamental mode and procedure to design 90° patch at different frequencies is presented. The proposed 90° patch yields higher bandwidth with better radiation pattern characteristics as compared to equivalent circular, 270° Sectoral, rectangular and their slot cut variations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:927-932, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignolytic enzymes have great biotechnological value in biopulping, biobleaching, and bioremediation. Manganese peroxidase (EC 1:11:1:13) and lignin peroxidase (EC 1:11:1:14) are extracellular and hem-containing peroxidases that catalyze H2O2-dependent oxidation of lignin. Because of their ability to catalyse oxidation of a wide range of organic compounds and even some inorganic compounds, they got tremendous industrial importance. In this study, 3D structure of lignin and manganese peroxidase has been predicted on the basis of homology modeling using Swiss PDB workspace. The physicochemical properties like molecular weight, isoelectric point, Grand average of hydropathy, instability and aliphatic index of the target enzymes were performed using Protparam. The predicted secondary structure of MnP has 18 helices and 6 strands, while LiP has 20 helices and 4 strands. Generated 3D structure was visualized in Pymol. The generated model for MnP and LiP has Z-score Qmean of 0.01 and -0.71, respectively. The predicted models were validated through Ramachandran Plot, which indicated that 96.1 and 95.5% of the residues are in most favored regions for MnP and LiP respectively. The quality of predicted models were assessed and confirmed by VERIFY 3D, PROCHECK and ERRAT. The modeled structure of MnP and LiP were submitted to the Protein Model Database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we combined experimentation with mathematical modeling to unravel the in vivo kinetic properties of the enzymes and transporters of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway in a high yielding Penicillium chrysogenum strain. The experiment consisted of a step response experiment with the side chain precursor phenyl acetic acid (PAA) in a glucose-limited chemostat. The metabolite data showed that in the absence of PAA all penicillin pathway enzymes were expressed, leading to the production of a significant amount of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6APA) as end product. After the stepwise perturbation with PAA, the pathway produced PenG within seconds. From the extra- and intracellular metabolite measurements, hypotheses for the secretion mechanisms of penicillin pathway metabolites were derived. A dynamic model of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway was then constructed that included the formation and transport over the cytoplasmic membrane of pathway intermediates, PAA and the product penicillin-G (PenG). The model parameters and changes in the enzyme levels of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway under in vivo conditions were simultaneously estimated using experimental data obtained at three different timescales (seconds, minutes, hours). The model was applied to determine changes in the penicillin pathway enzymes in time, calculate fluxes and analyze the flux control of the pathway. This led to a reassessment of the in vivo behavior of the pathway enzymes and in particular Acyl-CoA:Isopenicillin N Acyltransferase (AT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slot cut compact shorted 60° sectoral microstrip antenna and its complementary configuration are proposed. The slot optimises the spacing between higher order TM1/4,1 and fundamental TM1/4,0 modes to yield broadband response. On air substrate of thickness 0.105l0, shorted 60° sectoral patch antenna yields a bandwidth (BW) (VSWR ≤ 2) of more than 600 MHz (821-1428 MHz, ~54%), whereas its complementary configuration yields BW of more than 480 MHz (655-1142 MHz, >50%). The proposed antennas show a broadside radiation pattern with a gain of more than 3 dBi over the complete BW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since last few decades the uncontrolled use of plastics for various purposes such as packaging, transportation, industry and agriculture in rural as well as urban areas, has elevated serious issue of plastic waste disposal and its pollution. The efficient decomposition of plastic bags takes about 1000 years. Plastic causes pollution and global warming not only because of increase in the problem of waste disposal and land filling but also release CO2 and dioxins due to burning. Commonly used methods for plastic disposal were proved to be inadequate for effective plastic waste management, and hence there is growing concern for use of efficient microorganisms meant for biodegradation of non-degradable synthetic polymer. The biodegradable polymers are designed to degrade fast by microbes due their ability to degrade the most of the organic and inorganic materials, including lignin, starch, cellulose and hemicelluloses. The present review discusses the current status, mechanisms of biodegradation of plastics, techniques for characterizing degraded plastics and factors affecting their biodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broadband gap-coupled array configuration of proximity fed rectangular microstrip antenna with half E-shaped microstrip antennas are proposed. The rectangular slot in half E-shaped patch reduces the orthogonal TM mode resonance frequency of equivalent rectangular patch and along with TM modes of fed and parasitic rectangular patches, yields broader bandwidth of more than 470 MHz (>45%). An improvement in radiation pattern and gain characteristics over the bandwidth is obtained by gap-coupling half E-shaped patches along all the edges of proximity fed rectangular patch, which yields bandwidth of nearly 510 MHz (∼49%). Further to enhance the gain, a gap-coupled 3 × 3 array configuration of half E-shaped patches with proximity fed rectangular microstrip antenna is proposed. The gap-coupled array configuration yields bandwidth of more than 530 MHz (>50%) with broadside radiation pattern and peak gain of 11 dBi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Various gap-coupled array configurations of ring microstrip antennas and rectangular slot cut ring microstrip antennas with proximity fed slot cut ring microstrip antenna for larger bandwidth and gain are proposed. The rectangular slot in ring patch reduces its orthogonal TM01 and TM02 mode resonance frequencies and along with TM10 modes of fed and parasitic ring patches, yields broadband response. The gap-coupled configuration with ring patch and slot cut ring patch yields bandwidth of nearly 430MHz with broadside radiation pattern and peak gain of more than 9dBi. By gap-coupling ring patches along all the edges of proximity fed pair of slot cut ring patch, a 3×3 ring microstrip antenna array is realized. It yields bandwidth of more than 460MHz with peak gain of more than 10dBi. To further improve upon the bandwidth, a 3×3 array of ring patches in which rectangular slot is first cut on the edges of ring patch which are gap-coupled along x-axis and further cut inside the patches which are gap-coupled along x and diagonal axes, is proposed. Both of these configurations yield bandwidth of more than 500MHz (>45%) with a peak gain of around 10dBi. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Broadband microstrip antenna (MSA) is realised by cutting the slot at an appropriate position inside the patch. The bandwidth (BW) of the rectangular MSA (RMSA) has been increased by cutting an L-shaped slot inside the patch and it gives a BW of more than 550 MHz (>25%). The reported antenna has a peak gain of 9 dBi which reduces to less than 4 dBi towards the higher frequencies of BW. In this article, an analysis to study the broadband response of the L-shaped slot-cut RMSA is presented. Through the analysis, it was observed that the slot does not introduce any mode but modifies the orthogonal and higher-order TM11and TM20mode resonance frequencies of the patch and along with the TM01mode realises broader BW. Since TM11mode is dominant towards the higher frequencies of the BW, the cross-polarisation levels increases, which reduces the antenna gain to less than 4 dBi. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Microstrip Reflectarrays (MRAs) are typically excited using the horn antenna. In this paper, a different microstrip antenna feed to excite MRA, which is having patches of variable size, is proposed. Three different configurations namely, 2 × 2, five elements arranged in two orthogonal axes, and 3 × 3 element MRAs have been investigated to prove the concept. These configurations were first simulated using IE3D software, followed by their experimental verifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broadband and dual-band rectangular microstrip antenna is realized by cutting pair of toothbrush-shaped or step slots along the non-radiating edges of the patch. The toothbrush-shaped slot is said to introduce TMd0 mode in between the TM10 and TM20 modes of the rectangular patch and realizes broadband response. In step slot cut configuration, the slot introduces a mode near the TM10 mode resonance frequency of the patch and realizes dual frequencies. In this paper, a detail analysis to study the effect of slots on the broadband and dual-band response in these rectangular microstrip antennas (RMSAs) is presented. It was observed that the slot does not introduce any mode but modifies the resonance frequency of higher order orthogonal mode and realizes broadband and dual-band response. The slot alters the direction of surface currents at higher order mode and gives similar radiation pattern characteristics over the broader bandwidth and at the dual frequencies. In broadband RMSA, a formulation of resonant length at modified TM02 mode is proposed. The frequency calculated using the same closely agrees with the simulated result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual-band microstrip antennas (MSAs) are realized by placing the stub on the edges of the patch or by cutting a slot at an appropriate position inside the patch. The multiband MSAs are realized by using the combination of the slot and stub. In this paper, by cutting a rectangular slot on the radiating edge and half U-slot on the nonradiating edge of a rectangular MSA, a dual- and triple-band rectangular MSA are proposed. These slots are of nearly quarter wave in length and by changing their lengths, tuning of the frequencies is realized. Also, the multiport network models for these multiband MSAs are proposed, which helps in understanding the mode distributions at slot and patch frequencies. To realize the higher gain, the suspended configurations of these multiband antennas are also proposed. A good agreement is obtained between the simulated, multiport network model, and measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broadband proximity-fed rectangular microstrip antenna (RMSA) is proposed. The proximity-fed antenna has larger bandwidth (BW) and is simpler in design when compared with L-probe-fed RMSA. Further, the BW of proximity-fed antenna is increased by using multiresonator or slot cut configurations. The proposed antennas give a BW of more than 300 MHz (>30%) with broadside radiation pattern with peak gain of 8.5 dBi. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:294-300, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25723 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The chemoselective hydrogenation of acetylacetone to 4-hydroxypentan-2-one over immobilized ruthenium phenanthroline metal complexes in amino functionalized MCM-41 in biphasic aqueous reaction medium was investigated. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, TEM, surface analysis, FT-IR and UV–vis to understand the morphology, complex geometry, and XPS such that the oxidation state of the metal complex inside the MCM-41 framework could be understood. The use of water as a solvent, not only gives high activity and selectivity for hydrogenation of acetylacetone, but also gives a path for an environmentally safer process. The optimizations of ligand, metal to ligand ratio, the choice of solvent and other reaction parameters were studied in detail. The heterogeneous catalytic system gave a higher degree of chemoselectivity (99%) towards 4-hydroxypentan-2-one as compared to homogeneous catalyst when hydrogenation was carried out using water as a solvent. The immobilized ruthenium–phenanthroline complex was easily separated and reused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A highly chemoselective and green heterogeneous catalytic system of immobilized Ru(II)–phenanthroline complexes on amino functionalised MCM-41 material for the chemoselective hydrogenation of unsaturated ketones to unsaturated alcohols is demonstrated using water as a solvent. The XRD and FTIR spectra show the highly ordered hexagonal nature of the MCM-41, even after encapsulation of the ruthenium complex. The complex retains its configuration after anchoring, as was confirmed by FTIR and UV–Vis analysis. The detailed reaction parametric effect was studied for the hydrogenation of 3-methylpent-3-en-2-one to achieve complete conversion up to >99% chemoselectivity of 3-methylpent-3-en-2-ol. The anchored heterogeneous catalysts were recycled effectively and reused five times with marginal changes in activity and selectivity. The use of water as a solvent not only afforded high activity for the hydrogenation reaction compared to organic solvents, but also afforded a green process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The discovery of fullerenes has opened up new studies in shaped carbon materials. In particular the discovery that carbon atoms in fullerenes showed curved sp2 bonding also led to the discovery of single walled carbon nanotubes and a re-investigation of carbon fibers and tubes. The area of shaped carbon materials has since been dominated by studies of carbon nanotubes. The discovery has, however, also impacted on the well known spherical carbons exemplified by carbon blacks. Over the last two decades this has led to a resurgence of interest in solid carbon spheres as well as core–shell spheres and hollow carbon spheres. In this review, developments in the synthesis, doping and functionalization of spherical carbon materials (but not fullerenes) are highlighted. The chemical and physical properties as well as the uses of the spheres are also described. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article describes the case of a female child with Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) who received anesthesia for treatment. It discusses the characteristics of MWS, the patient's medical history, the symptoms presented by the patient, results of her medical examinations, and the anesthetic challenges in MWS.

Ru(Phen)2Cl2 [Phen = Phenanthroline] anchored in organo-functionalized MCM-41 [Ru(Phen)2Cl-NH-MCM-41] efficiently catalyzes highly chemoselective hydrogenation of diketones to ketols (Sel. ∼99%) under environmentally benign tri-phasic (solid–liquid–liquid) reaction condition in aqueous medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Configurations with slotted rectangular microstrip antennas using rectangular slot and half U-slot cut inside the patch for multi-band operation are proposed. Also, the multi-port network models for these multi-band rectangular microstrip antennas are proposed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2757–2761, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22880 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approximate equations to calculate the resonant length of various compact rectangular microstrip antennas like, C-shaped, H-shaped, and rectangular ring microstrip antenna, are proposed. The error in the calculated resonance frequency is <5%. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 498–501, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22161 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]