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Aims: This study aims to replicate Przybylski and Weinstein (Psychol Sci 28(2):204–215, 2017), using a large population cohort to examine the validity of the proposed Goldilocks Hypothesis, which states that moderate digital media engagement may be beneficial and that both high and low usage may have a negative relationship with mental wellbeing. Methods: Using the GUI98 cohort, we used separate weekday and weekend time-based categorical variables indicating time spent online, playing video games, watching TV/films as well as a frequency variable indicating multiscreening, and their associations with SDQ internalizing and externalizing symptoms using linear and quadratic regression parameters. We followed procedures for confounder adjustments outlined in Przybylski and Weinstein (Psychol Sci 28(2):204–215, 2017). Results: As hypothesized by the Goldilocks Hypothesis, time spent online watching TV/films at the weekend and multiscreening all had curvilinear relationships with internalizing and externalizing symptoms with significantly higher symptoms for no time as well as for higher exposures. internalizing and externalizing symptoms increased with time spent playing video games. Conclusions: This brief report supports the Goldilocks Hypothesis, that suggests that moderate use of digital technology is not intrinsically harmful and may instead be beneficial, even necessary in a world becoming ever more increasingly reliant on digital media (Przybylski and Weinstein in Psychol Sci 28(2):204–215, 2017). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: By 2025, adult obesity prevalence is projected to increase in 44 of 53 of European-region countries. Childhood obesity tracks directly onto adult obesity, and children of low socioeconomic position families are at disproportionately higher risk of being obese compared with their more affluent peers. A previous review of research from developed countries identified factors mediating this relationship. This systematic review updates and extends those findings specifically within the context of Ireland and the United Kingdom.Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to summarise peer-reviewed research completed in Ireland and the United Kingdom between 2011-2021 examining mediators of socioeconomic differentials in adiposity outcomes for youth.Design: An electronic search of four databases, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and EBSCOhost was conducted. Quantitative studies, published in the English language, examining mediators of socioeconomic differentials in adiposity outcomes in youth, and conducted in Ireland and the United Kingdom between 2011-2021 were included. An appraisal of study quality was completed. The systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Results: Following screening, a total of 23 papers were eligible for inclusion. Results indicate socioeconomic differentials for Ireland and the United Kingdom follow similar patterns to other developed countries and have similar mediating factors including early life and parent-level factors. However, this review identified additional factors that mediate the relationship, namely access to green space and favorable neighborhood conditions. Identifying these factors present further opportunities for potential interventions and confirm the requirement for tailored and appropriate research and interventions for Ireland and the United Kingdom.Conclusion: This review identified several modifiable factors that should be considered when planning interventions aimed at reducing socioeconomic differentials in adiposity among youth in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Support was found for interventions to be made as early as possible in an at-risk child's life, with the prenatal and preschool periods considered the most efficacious. Results were equivocal about the role of physical activity in the risk of childhood overweight and obesity. While multi-country analyses provide excellent overviews, country- or area-specific research may produce more nuanced, and potentially more powerful findings, which can help better inform policy responses and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the developmental course of all health issues associated with preterm birth is important from an individual, clinical and public health point-of-view. Both the number of preterm births and proportion of survivors have increased steadily in recent years. The UK Millennium Cohort Study ( n = 18,818) was used to examine the association of gestational age with maternal ratings of general health and behavior problems at ages 5 and 11 years using binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses. The association between mothers' ratings of general health and behavior problems was relatively weak at each time point. Children rated as being in poor general health remained constant over time (4.0 % at age 5, 3.8 % at age 11), but children rated as having behavioral problems increased by almost 100 % (5.6 % at 5; 10.5 % at 11). A gradient of increasing risk with decreasing gestational age was observed for a composite health measure (general health problems and/or behavior problems) at age 5, amplified at age 11 and was strongest for those with chronic problems (poor health at both age 5 and age 11). This association was found to be compounded by child sex, maternal characteristics at birth (education, employment, marital status) and duration of breast feeding. Integrated support to at-risk families initiated during, or soon after pregnancy, may prevent chronic problems and might potentially reduce long term health costs for both the individual and health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have identified the effects of prematurity on the neonate’s physical health, however few studies have explored the effects of prematurity on both the physical and mental health of the child as they develop. Secondary analysis of data from the Millennium Cohort Study, a longitudinal study of infants (n = 18 818, born 2000–2002 in the United Kingdom) was performed. Effects of gestational age at birth on health outcomes at 5 years were measured using parental rating of their children’s general health and severity of behavior problems. The association between parent’s general health ratings and behavior problem ratings was low: 86% of those reporting serious behavior problems (5% of the sample, n = 764) rated their child as being in excellent, very good, or good health. Still, a gradient of increasing risk of poorer outcome with decreasing gestational age was observed for a composite health measure (poor/fair health and/or serious behavior problems), suggesting an association with prematurity for this composite assessment of health status. The greatest contribution to the childhood composite health measure at 5 years was for children born at 32–36 weeks gestation: population attributable fractions for having poor outcomes was 3.4% (Bonferroni-adjusted 95% confidence interval 1.1%–6.2%), compared to 1% (0.2–2.3) for birth at less than 32 weeks. Results suggest that preterm children, by school entry, are not only at high risk of physical health problems, but also of behavioral health problems. The recognition of, and response to comprehensive health and well-being outcomes related to prematurity are important in order to correctly plan and deliver adequate paediatric health services and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses how the food variety guideline in the `Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans' handbook presents background information on the food guidance system in the United States. Basis for the recommended food pyramid guideline; Methods to assess total diet; Strategies for the improvement of food guidance and methods to assess the total diet.

Identifies the key issues in helping consumers understand and use the mandated food label which effective food label education programs must address. Typology of label readers; Fallacy of information dissemination; Stages of the information processing model.

Discusses issues of concern regarding the US Agriculture Department's Food Guide Pyramid and other food guidance systems. Development of the Food Guide Pyramid by the US Agriculture Department; Philosophical guidelines behind the development of food guidance systems; Conceptual framework for food-based dietary guidance.

Background: Emigration of domestically-trained health professionals is widespread, including in Ireland which has the highest rate of medical graduates in the OECD. Ireland's failure to retain graduates necessitates high levels of international recruitment. This study aimed to identify factors associated with recently graduated doctors' intention to migrate, focusing on their work experiences during the mandatory post-graduation year, their wellbeing, and their perceptions of postgraduate training in Ireland.Methods: A baseline survey was administered online to all final year students in Ireland's six medical schools. A subsequent sweep surveyed those who consented to follow-up (n = 483) during the final month of first year of practice.Results: Of the 232 respondents (48% response rate), 210 (94%) were Irish passport holders. Of these, only 36% intended to remain in Ireland after their internship, 57% intended to leave but return later, and 7% intended to leave permanently. A strong predictor of intention was study pathway: 60% of Graduate Entry Medicine (GEM) graduates and 25% of Direct Entry Medicine (DEM) graduates intended to remain in Ireland. Equal proportions intended to leave permanently (8% DEM, 6% GEM). Being a GEM graduate significantly reduced the likelihood of leaving to return (relative risk ratio (RRR) 0.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.11-0.39), p < 0.001). When adjusted for study pathway, a negative experience as an intern increased the likelihood of leaving to return (RRR 1.16 CI (1.00-1.34), p = 0.043) and leaving permanently (1.54 (1.15-2.04), p = 0.003). Similarly, experience of callousness was associated with leaving to return (1.23 (1.03-1.46), p = 0.023) and leaving permanently (1.77 (1.24-2.53), p = 0.002), as was burnout with leaving permanently (1.57 (1.08-2.27), p = 0.017). Those planning to specialise in Medicine versus General Practice were more likely to leave and return (3.01 (1.09-8.34), p = 0.034). Those with negative perceptions of training in Ireland were more likely to leave and return (1.16 (1.01-1.34), p = 0.037); a positive perception reduced the likelihood of leaving permanently (0.50 (0.26-0.94), p = 0.032).Conclusions: Increasing GEM training places might improve Ireland's retention of domestically-trained doctors, reducing reliance on non-EU-trained doctors. However, improvements in the working experiences, perceptions of training, and protection of wellbeing are essential for retaining this highly sought-after and geographically mobile cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the impact of digital media usage on psychiatric symptoms in an adolescent population utilizing a longitudinal cohort design. Using two waves of the GUI child cohort, age 13 (N = 7527) and age 17/18 (N = 6126), we used latent class analysis (LCA) to create latent groups centred around self-reported time spent online, and the self-reported behaviours children engaged with online. At both waves, the 4 class latent model suited best. We used the different symptoms scales of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ), self-reported, at age 17 as our outcome variable. Using linear regression analysis, we then examined the associations between our latent class model and psychiatric symptoms, using moderate usage as our reference group, with adjustments being made for baseline psychiatric symptoms, maternal education and pre-diagnosed mental disorder. For females, placement in the high usage group at 13 was associated with increased internalizing symptoms, whereas placement in the high usage group at 17 was associated with an increase in all symptoms. For males, placement in the high usage group at 17 was associated with increased emotional symptoms, and placement in the "low usage & behaviour engagement"group, a group showing low reported time online and low engagement in our measured online behaviours at 17, was associated with an increase in all symptoms. Finally for both sexes, placement in the "moderate usage, entertainment only" group at age 13, (a group reporting no school-based online engagement), was associated with increases in all symptoms except emotional symptoms. High digital media usage is associated with increased psychiatric symptoms in both males and females, with moderate usage associated with positive effects on symptoms compared to both our high usage, and low usage groups. • Using latent class modelling, this paper attempted to combine both time based and behavioural based digital meida useage into a single exposure and examine its associations with psychiatric symptoms. • Longitudnal assocations between age 13 digital media engagment and age 17 psychiatric symtoms show, for females, increased internalizing symptoms if placed in the "high usage" group, and for both genders, increases in widespread symptoms if placed in the "exclude education" group, a group indicitave of no behavioural engagament with education materials online. • Cross Sectionally, while adjusting for multiple confounders including age 13 usage and age 9 psychiatric symptoms, we found that placement in the "high usage" group was associated with widespread symptoms increases for females and internalizing symptom increases for males. Additionally, placment in the "low time and behaviour" group, was asociated with widespread symptom increases for males only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]