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Tuberculosis (TB) and chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection can be prevented with treatment and vaccination, respectively. We reviewed epidemiology and guidelines for TB and CHB to inform strategies for reducing United States (U.S.) burden of both infections. Non-U.S.-born, compared to U.S.-born, persons have a 15-, 6-, and 8-fold higher TB incidence and latent TB infection (LTBI) and CHB prevalence, respectively; all infections disproportionately impact non-U.S.-born Asians. TB and CHB each are associated with ~ 10% mortality that results in 7- and 14-years per life lost, respectively. LTBI and CHB have significant gaps in their care cascade as 40% of LTBI and 20% of CHB patients are diagnosed, and 20% of LTBI and CHB diagnosed patients receive treatment. Reducing TB and CHB burden will require healthcare provider-, system-, and policy-level interventions, and increased funding and collaboration between public health departments and healthcare systems. Institutional Review Board Statement: Since this review article did not include primary data on patients and only focused on reviewing published data, approval by an institutional review board was not needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection can increase the risk of liver decompensation and death in patients with underlying chronic liver disease (CLD), prevalence of HEV in this cohort is not well reported. Using data from the 2011–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we aim to evaluate seroprevalence of HEV IgG among adults with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV). HEV IgG seroprevalence between groups was evaluated with chi‐square testing, and adjusted multivariate logistic regression models evaluated for predictors of seropositivity for HEV IgG. Seroprevalence of HEV IgG was 6.58% in ALD, 8.66% in HCV, 8.81% in NAFLD and 19.86% in HBV. We observed increasing HEV IgG seroprevalence over time in our study period, and in 2015–2018, seroprevalence was highest among the individuals with HCV (10.00%) and HBV (30.30%). Older age and being born outside of the United States were associated with seropositivity for HEV IgG in ALD, NAFLD, HBV, and for HCV, older age and being at or below poverty level were associated with seroprevalence for HEV IgG. In conclusion, we observed a relatively high prevalence of HEV among adults with CLD. These data highlight the need for greater awareness and education about the role of HEV in patients with underlying CLD, improving HEV test diagnostics, and revisiting the discussion about the potential role of HEV vaccines in CLD patients who are at higher risk of decompensation and death from acute HEV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background/Aims Methods Results Conclusion With polarizing income disparities, this study investigated the prevalence and trends of liver disease in a U.S. population‐based sample based on income‐to‐poverty ratio (IPR).This cross‐sectional study analysed survey data from the 1999–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with highest (HIG), middle‐income (MIG), and lowest income (LIG) groups defined as IPR ≤ 1, 1 < IPR <5, and IPR ≥ 5, respectively.We analysed 59,204 adult participants with 48.2% male, 39.7% aged 18–39, 36.2% 40–59, and 24.1% ≥60 years. The weighted prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV), B (HBV) infection, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol‐associated liver disease (ALD), and advanced fibrosis in LIG were 3.9% (n = 276), 7.4% (n = 527), 33.2% (n = 714), 5.2% (n = 401), and 9.0% (n = 694), respectively, compared to lower rates for HIG: 1.0% (n = 82), 3.2% (n = 263), 29.6% (n = 798), 3.9% (n = 354), and 5.0% (n = 638). After adjusting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, education, and birthplace, HIG had the lowest odds of having any liver disease [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.67, p < 0.0001], with similar findings for specific conditions including HCV, HBV, and advanced fibrosis (aOR 0.24, 0.52, and 0.64, all p < 0.0001, respectively). While viraemic HCV prevalence decreased over time for HIG, there were no changes for MIG nor LIG. Similarly, NAFLD prevalence was stable for HIG but increased for MIG and LIG.LIG and MIG in the United States have higher liver disease burdens than HIG, with increasing NAFLD prevalence and lack of decline in current HCV infection prevalence over time as opposed to declining or stable trend in HIG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely antiviral therapy is critical in chronic hepatitis B cirrhosis to prevent further liver complications. Among a national cohort of US Veterans with chronic hepatitis B cirrhosis, only 52% were initiated on antiviral therapy; treatment was significantly lower among patients of non-Asian ethnicity, high-risk alcohol use, and in rural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A leading cause of mortality in fatty liver disease is cardiovascular disease. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is new terminology that classifies fatty liver due to metabolic dysfunction attributable to obesity and associated complications. We evaluated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk and statin use in adults with MAFLD. This was a retrospective study of the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Adults with MAFLD were identified using established criteria: presence of hepatic steatosis (US Fatty Liver Index>30) plus ≥1 of the following: 1) body mass index >25 kg/m2 in non-Asians or >23 kg/m2 in Asians, 2) diabetes mellitus, and 3) ≥2 metabolic risk factors. Cardiovascular disease risk was estimated using the validated 10-year ASCVD risk score. Statin use was assessed in intermediate and high 10-year ASCVD risk groups. Prevalence of MAFLD was 34.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33.9%-35.8%), comprising 54.4% males, 27.9% aged 65 years and older, and 38.2% non-Hispanic white. Among adults with MAFLD, 23.3% and 23.0% had intermediate and high 10-year ASCVD risk, respectively. Compared with females, males were more likely to have high 10-year ASCVD risk (28.7% vs 16.1%, adjusted odds ratio 5.24, 95% CI, 3.87-7.10, P <.01). In intermediate and high ASCVD risk groups, overall statin use was 48.3% (95% CI, 46.1-51.3). Over 46% of adults with MAFLD had intermediate or high 10-year ASCVD risk. Statin use was underutilized at 48.3% in those meeting statin criteria. These findings are alarming given the high cardiovascular disease risk and low statin use in this cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The impact of obesity on survival following liver transplantation is unclear, and existing studies report conflicting results. Our current study aims to further delineate the impact of obesity using population-based registry data from the USA. Methods: All US adult liver transplant recipients from 2003 to 2012 were evaluated using the United Network for Organ Sharing registry. The impact of obesity on survival following liver transplantation was further stratified into class I obesity [body mass index (BMI) 30.0-34.9 kg/m], class II obesity (BMI 35.0-39.9 kg/m), and class III obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m) and evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Overall, 57,255 patients with chronic liver disease underwent liver transplantation, among which 32.9 % had BMI ≥ 30 kg/m. While patients in all obesity classes had similar survival to patients with BMI 18.0-24.9 kg/m, the presence of concurrent diabetes mellitus resulted in significantly lower post-transplant survival. After multivariate regression, post-transplant survival in patients with class II obesity (HR 0.97; 95 % CI 0.89-1.05) or class III obesity (HR 0.99; 95 % CI 0.90-1.09) was not significantly lower than patients with BMI 18.0-24.9 kg/m, but diabetes mellitus was independently associated with lower post-transplant survival (HR 1.29; 95 % CI 1.21-1.36). Conclusion: In conclusion, obesity alone was not associated with lower post-transplant survival. However, DM, either alone or comorbid with obesity, is associated with significantly greater post-transplant mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies on mostly veterans found the majority of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients were not treated. Little information exists on a broad-based population.Aims: To determine the national trend of ambulatory visits with a diagnosis of hepatitis C and the prescription of antiviral therapy associated with such visits.Methods: Retrospective analysis of national cross-sectional databases, the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) encompassing all ambulatory visits from 2000 to 2006.Results: During the study period, 16.5 million visits (0.21% of all visits) carried a diagnosis of hepatitis C and the number initially increased. Characteristics of the hepatitis C patients were: 65% male; 71% white, 22% black; 69% >or=45 years old. Overall, 47% had private insurance, 24% had Medicaid, and 12% had Medicare. Only 9.1% of these patients were prescribed antiviral treatment for CHC. There was no significant difference between those who received treatment and those who did not in terms of age, gender, race, and insurance status. HIV infection, mood, substance-use disorders, and anemia were more common in the CHC group.Conclusions: Less than 10% of the ambulatory visits for hepatitis C were associated with a prescription for antiviral therapy, independent of demographic and insurance status. Purposes of the clinic visits were different in the CHC group compared to the general population. The reason for the low treatment rate is not clear but deserves further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of an 84-year-old man who had adenovirus-induced acute liver failure. It is noted that he was diagnosed with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma associated with a biclonal gammopathy 13 years prior. After several observations, the patient's immunohistochemistry revealed numerous hepatocytes staining positive for adenovirus. Cidofovir, a nucleoside analog, is regarded as the best in vitro activity against adenovirus.

OBJECTIVES: The natural history of chronic hepatitis C and treatment response are different between blacks and Caucasians, but little comparable data is available about Latinos. METHODS: A cross-sectional secondary analysis to investigate differences between 421 anti-HCV-positive, treatment-naïve, HCV-viremic Latinos and 2,510 Caucasians in 24 VA medical centers enrolled in a prospective study. RESULTS: Latinos were infected at a younger age and were less likely to have blood contact during combat, surgery, and needle stick injury, but were more frequently HIV coinfected (20.4% vs 3.9%, p < 0.0001) and prior HAV infection (39.9% vs 26.4%, p= 0.0001). Latinos were more likely to be treatment candidates, but less likely to actually initiate treatment. Liver histology (123 Latinos, 743 Caucasians) showed no difference in fibrosis or fibrosis rate, but steatosis (54.7% vs 43.2%, p= 0.038) was more common in Latinos. Eighty-eight Latinos and 481 Caucasians were subsequently treated with interferon-ribavirin: body mass index (BMI), duration of infection, baseline tests, liver histology and genotype distribution were similar. Compared with Caucasians, Latinos discontinued treatment prematurely more often (39.8% vs 28.9%, p= 0.043) and tended to have lower sustained virological response (SVR) rates (14.8% vs 22.5%, p= 0.10). Multivariate analysis found Latino race and history of recent alcohol use to be associated with early treatment discontinuation, whereas genotype and viral load but not ethnicity to be associated with SVR. CONCLUSIONS: Latinos were infected younger, more frequently HIV coinfected, more likely to meet criteria for antiviral therapy yet less likely to initiate treatment and had a trend toward lower SVR rates than Caucasians, but not in severity of liver disease. Latino ethnicity was associated with early discontinuation but not as an independent predictor of SVR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Study Objective: To evaluate the survival of patients with advanced liver disease to determine if known exposure to general anesthesia within a 5-year period has a measurable effect on mortality. Design: Retrospective survival analysis of male veterans with advanced liver disease. Setting: Tertiary referral VA Medical Center and university-affiliated teaching hospital. Measurements: One hundred twenty-seven patients with a history of alcoholic cirrhosis and documented hepatitis C infection and stable platelet counts were identified and then divided into 3 groups. The 5-year survival rates in all 3 groups were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Main Results: Ninety patients had marked thrombocytopenia (&#60;100000/mm3). Their survival rates with and without known exposure to general anesthesia were compared with those of control subjects with alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis C infection but with platelet counts greater than 100000/mm3. The 5-year survival rate of 57% in the group that received general anesthesia was comparable to the 58% rate observed in the group without this exposure. Both groups'' rates were statistically lower than the 5-year survival rate of 77% in the group with advanced liver disease but without thrombocytopenia. Conclusion: Comparably high mortality rates were observed in patients with advanced liver disease with or without exposure to general anesthesia. Higher survival rates were noted in patients with advanced liver disease who were not thrombocytopenic. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of psychiatric comorbidities among veterans with chronic hepatitis C.METHODS:Depression, anxiety sensitivity, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and alcohol use were assessed using standardized questionnaires in 120 consecutive veterans with chronic hepatitis C referred to the Liver Clinic.RESULTS:Using well-established scoring criteria of the questionnaires, clinically significant levels of depression (44.2%), anxiety (38.1%), post-traumatic stress disorder (20.8%), and alcohol-related problems (26.7%) were observed. The majority of patients had a clinically significant score for at least one questionnaire, whereas 37.2% had significant scores in two or more questionnaires. Positive correlations were found between post-traumatic symptoms and depressive symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and alcohol use problems. Depressive symptoms were also correlated with anxiety. Responses to the questionnaires, in general, correlated poorly with psychiatric histories documented in the medical record. Overall, 79 (65.8%) patients had one or more possible contraindications to antiviral therapy: coexisting unstable psychiatric disorders and/or recent substance use was found in 73.4% of these patients.CONCLUSIONS:Psychiatric comorbidities were very common among veterans with chronic hepatitis C and correlated poorly with diagnoses documented in the medical record. We recommend a multidisciplinary approach that includes psychological assessment using standardized questionnaires in the evaluation of these patients for antiviral therapy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT: Early recognition and prompt intervention are the most crucial steps in the management of gallstone-induced biliary disease. Many conditions can mimic the presentation of gallstone-induced complications. Therefore, participation of a clinically astute physician is essential in evaluating symptoms and interpreting diagnostic data in patients with symptomatic gallstones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substance use disorders are prevalent among people with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and adversely affect HCV management. Addressing this comorbidity is paramount as more effective HCV treatment options emerge. Existing screening tools and treatment options for addressing the spectrum of substance use disorders have the potential to improve HCV treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Hepatic steatosis is highly prevalent in people living with HIV. It remains unclear whether HIV in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is associated with greater risks of liver disease progression and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aim to evaluate the impact of HIV infection on risks of liver and CVD outcomes among US Veterans with MASLD. METHODS: Using national Veterans Administration data from 2010 to 2022, we created a propensity score-matched cohort of MASLD patients with vs without HIV. Primary outcomes were incidence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among patients with vs without HIV and patients with MASLD-HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) vs not on ART. Secondary outcomes included incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events and overall survival. RESULTS: The propensity-matched cohort included 920 MASLD patients with HIV and 920 MASLD patients without HIV and was similar in demographics and comorbidities. Compared with MASLD patients without HIV, incidences of cirrhosis and HCC were similar among MASLD with HIV. Compared with MASLD patients without HIV, incidence of major adverse cardiovascular event was higher among MASLD patients with HIV (5.18 vs 4.48 per 100 person-years, P = 0.03). Overall 5-year survival was significantly lower among MASLD patients with HIV and even lower among those not on ART. DISCUSSION: Among US Veterans with MASLD, concurrent HIV infection, and particularly not being on ART, is associated with greater risks of CVD and decreased overall survival. No differences in risks of cirrhosis or HCC were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Advances in hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapies have improved morbidity and mortality, but global disparities in viral hepatitis outcomes remain. We evaluate global trends in the impact of HBV and HCV on disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs). Methods: Using data from the 2010–2019 Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD), overall all‐cause DALYs for patients with acute HBV or HCV, HBV‐ or HCV‐related cirrhosis, and HBV‐ or HCV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was calculated as the sum of years of life lost because of premature death and years lived with disability. DALYs were presented as age‐standardized rates per 100 000 population stratified by age and sex. Results: From 2010 to 2019, the overall global impact of HBV on DALYs per 100 000 decreased from 27.6 to 20.9 for acute HBV and 168.6 to 129.8 for HBV‐related cirrhosis but remained stable for HBV‐related HCC. The impact of HCV on DALYs per 100 000 decreased from 5.23 to 3.3 for acute HCV, 159.2 to 146.2 for HCV‐related cirrhosis, and 37.5 to 34.9 for HCV‐related HCC. We observed significant differences in the impact of HBV and HCV on DALYs when stratified by world regions. Conclusion: Decreases in HBV and HCV DALYs from 2010 to 2019 were observed. Disparities in DALY improvements across world regions suggest unequal access to viral hepatitis care and treatment. Achieving goals of viral hepatitis elimination will require enhanced prevention efforts and funding for high‐burden regions and regions that have not had substantial reductions in DALYs because of HBV and HCV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) contribute to significant healthcare burden globally. We aim to provide an updated and comprehensive analysis of global trends in the incidence and mortality of HBV and HCV related acute infections, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Estimates of annual cause‐specific disease incidence and mortality for HBV and HCV were analysed using the 2010–2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study database. Three distinct disease states were evaluated: acute infections, cirrhosis and HCC. Age‐standardized disease incidence and mortality were presented per 100,000 population and stratified by age, sex, year and 21 world regions. From 2010 to 2019, overall incidence of acute HBV declined by 19.3% (95% CI 4.1–32.0, p <.05) and HBV cirrhosis declined by 15.0% (95% CI 9.8–20.7, p <.05). Incidence of HCV cirrhosis increased by 5.6% (95% CI 0.3–10.2, p <.05) and HCV HCC remained stable. Incidence of acute HCV declined until 2015, after which it began increasing. From 2010 to 2019, overall mortality for HBV cirrhosis and HCV cirrhosis declined, whereas mortality for acute infections and HCC remained stable. Major differences in HBV and HCV incidence and mortality trends were observed when stratified by world regions. In conclusion, while our analyses of global trends in HBV and HCV incidence and mortality demonstrate encouraging trends, disparities in disease epidemiology were observed across world regions. These observations will identify regions and populations where greater focus and resources are needed to continue progressing towards viral hepatitis elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Adverse outcomes of cirrhosis remain a top priority. Aims: We examined the distribution of cirrhosis causes, HCC incidence and mortality and related changes over time in a nationwide U.S. cohort. Methods: A retrospective study of a national sample of commercially insured patients with cirrhosis from Optum's de‐identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database (CDM). Results: A total of 628,743 cirrhosis cases were identified with 45% having NAFLD, 19.5% HCV, and 16.3% ALD. African Americans had the highest rate of decompensation (60.6%), while Asians had the highest rate of HCC (2.4%), both p < 0.001. African Americans more frequently had HCV (28.4%) while Hispanic/Latinos more frequently had NAFLD (49.2%, p < 0.001). Patients in the 2014–2021 cohort were significantly older (63.0 ± 12.8 vs. 57.0 ± 14.3), less frequently decompensated (54.5% vs. 58.3%) but more frequently had HCC (1.7% vs. 0.6%) and NAFLD (46.5% vs. 44.2%), all p < 0.001. The overall annual incidence of HCC was 0.76% (95% CI: 0.75–0.77) with a 5‐year cumulative incidence of 4.03% (95% CI: 3.98–4.09), with significant variation by sex, race/ethnicity, and cirrhosis aetiology. The overall median years of survival were 11.4 (95% CI: 11.3–11.5) with a 5‐year cumulative survival of 73.4% (95% CI: 73.3%–73.6%), also with significant disparities in similar subgroups (lowest in cryptogenic cirrhosis and worse in 2014–2021 vs. 2003–2013). The 2014–2021 period was independently associated with worse survival (aHR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08–1.20). Conclusions: HCC incidence and survival vary by aetiology among patients with cirrhosis, with cryptogenic cirrhosis having the lowest survival and lower survival in the more recent time period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of concurrent fatty liver (FL) on response to antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients has not been well characterized. We aimed to systematically review and analyse antiviral treatment response in CHB patients with and without FL. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases from inception to 31 May 2023 for relevant studies. Biochemical response (BR), complete viral suppression (CVS) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion in CHB patients with FL (CHB‐FL) and without FL (non‐FL CHB) were compared. In an initial pool of 2101 citations, a total of 10 studies involving 2108 patients were included. After 12 weeks of treatment, CHB‐FL patients as compared with non‐FL CHB patients had lower BR rate (48.37% [108/227] vs. 72.98% [126/174], p =.04) but similar trend for CVS (36.86% [80/227] vs. 68.81% [114/174], p =.05) and similar rates of HBeAg seroconversion (6.59% [7/103] vs. 7.40% [7/110], p =.89). However, at week 48, there were no statistically significant differences between CHB‐FL and non‐FL CHB patients in any of the outcomes, including BR (60.03% [213/471] vs. 69.37% [314/717], p =.67), CVS (65.63% [459/746] vs. 73.81% [743/1132], p =.27) and HBeAg seroconversion (10.01% [30/275] vs. 14.06% [65/453], p =.58) with similar findings for week 96. BR rate was lower in CHB‐FL patients after 12 weeks of antiviral treatment. However, after a longer follow‐up of either 48 or 96 weeks, no statistically significant differences were observed in BR, CVS or HBeAg seroconversion rates between CHB patients with and without FL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Current US guidelines recommend risk‐based testing for hepatitis delta virus (HDV) in persons with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). While there is debate as to whether a risk‐based or universal testing approach is most effective, limited data exist on universal HDV testing programs in the United States. We performed a 1‐year pilot study evaluating the outcomes of a universal HDV testing approach among US veterans with CHB. All consecutive adults with CHB receiving care at hepatology clinics at a single‐centre Veterans Affairs Health System from 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2023 were prospectively tested for anti‐HDV antibody (anti‐HDV). Patients who were anti‐HDV Ab‐positive were subsequently tested for HDV RNA. Comparison of HDV testing between groups utilised chi‐square testing. A total of 91 consecutive CHB patients (90.0% male, mean age 60.9 ± 14.1 years, 73.9% Asian, 26.1% non‐Asia, 16.5% cirrhosis and 17.1% with active or past history of drug use) had anti‐HDV ordered. Overall, 76.9% (n = 70) completed anti‐HDV testing; 4.3% (n = 3) were positive. HDV RNA testing was ordered in all three patients; two patients completed HDV RNA testing and one had detectable HDV RNA. No significant differences in completion of anti‐HDV testing was observed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, cirrhosis status or drug use history. Among a single‐centre prospective cohort study piloting a universal HDV testing approach, one patient with viremic HDV was identified. Implementing true reflex testing of all CHB patients with anti‐HDV, followed by automated HDV RNA testing for anti‐HDV‐positive patients would improve the HDV testing cascade and timely diagnosis of HDV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite national guidelines emphasizing the importance of vaccination or documenting immunity to hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus for patients with chronic liver disease, the success of adhering to these recommendations is suboptimal. We aim to evaluate the prevalence of vaccination or documented reactivity to hepatitis A antibody and hepatitis B surface antibody among US adults with chronic liver disease.Methods: Using 2011-2018 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey data, adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C were evaluated to determine prevalence of vaccination (self-reported completion) and hepatitis A antibody reactivity or hepatitis B surface antibody reactivity.Results: Overall prevalence of vaccination or hepatitis A antibody reactivity was lowest among individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (60.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 57.9-63.6) and alcoholic liver disease (61.8%; 95% CI, 59.0-64.6), and highest among individuals with hepatitis B (82.9%; 95% CI, 76.8-89.0). Prevalence of vaccination or hepatitis B surface antibody reactivity was much lower: 38.6% (95% CI, 35.7-41.4) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 40.7% (95% CI, 34.4-47.0) in chronic hepatitis C virus, and 47.1% (95% CI, 44.3-49.9) in alcoholic liver disease.Conclusion: Among US adults with chronic liver disease, prevalence of vaccination or documented reactivity to hepatitis A antibody and hepatitis B surface antibody was alarmingly low. These observations are particularly concerning given that underlying chronic liver disease increases risks of severe liver injury and decompensation from acute hepatitis A or hepatitis B infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is common and is associated with rising morbidity and mortality in the UK. Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Aims: To determine the association between baseline cardiovascular risk factors with fatty liver index, and to investigate the association between fatty liver index and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the UK.Methods: This study is a population-based retrospective cohort study using the UK Biobank database.Results: The mean fatty liver index in the study cohort was 44.9, and 33.7% met the criteria for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Fatty liver index was significantly associated with a wide range of cardiovascular risk factors at baseline. During a mean follow-up of 7.86 years, the combined incidence of cardiovascular disease was 6.92 per 1000-person years at risk. We found significant association between fatty liver index and incident cardiovascular disease in the fully adjusted model. We found significant association between fatty liver index and incident cardiovascular disease in subgroups stratified by BMI as well as subgroups with fatty liver index < 30, < 60, and ≥ 60.Conclusions: Fatty liver index not only predicts NAFLD diagnosis, but also indicates baseline and future development of cardiovascular disease on long-term follow-up across weight categories and fatty liver index spectrum. These findings can inform clinicians and other stakeholders on cardiovascular disease management and preventive efforts. Patients with high fatty liver index should be counseled on the increased future risk of developing cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Introduction: Given the global rise in obesity‐related metabolic diseases, the upper limit of normal (ULN) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in individuals with and without metabolic diseases may have changed. We performed a meta‐analysis combined with bootstrap modelling to estimate the ALT ULN levels for individuals with and without metabolic diseases. Methods and Results: Two separate searches of the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were performed, one to identify healthy individuals which yielded 12 articles (349,367 individuals); another to include those with potential metabolic diseases but without known liver disease which yielded 35 articles (232,388 individuals). We estimated the mean ALT using a random‐effects mixed model and the ULN level (95th‐percentile value) via a bootstrap model with 10,000 resamples. In individuals without metabolic diseases and known liver disease, the ALT ULN levels were 32 U/L overall; 36 U/L in males and 28 U/L in females. In analyses that included individuals with metabolic diseases, the ALT ULN levels were 40 U/L among the overweight/obese (29 U/L if normal weight) and 36 U/L among those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (33 U/L if no T2DM). On meta‐regression of study‐level factors, body mass index (coefficient 1.49, 95% CI 0.11–2.86, p = 0.03), high‐density lipoprotein (coefficient −0.47, 95% CI −0.85‐(−0.08), p = 0.02) and triglycerides (coefficient 0.19, 95% CI 0.12–0.25, p < 0.0001) correlated with ALT. Conclusion: We provide expected ranges of ALT ULN levels for individuals without known liver disease without metabolic diseases and those with or without T2DM and/or are normal weight or overweight/obese. These data may have implications for clinical care and screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The cost‐effectiveness to screen hepatic fibrosis in at‐risk population as recommended by several professional societies has been limited. This study aimed to investigate the cost‐effectiveness of this screening strategy in the expanded at‐risk population recently proposed by several societies. Methods: A combined model of the decision tree and Markov models was developed to compare expected costs, quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) between screening and no screening groups. The model included liver disease‐related health states and cardiovascular disease (CVD) states as a base‐case analysis. Screening strategy consisted of fibrosis‐4 index (FIB‐4) followed by vibration‐controlled transient elastography (VCTE) and intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) as a treatment for diagnosed patients. Results: Cost‐effectiveness analysis showed that screening the at‐risk population entailed $298 incremental costs and an additional 0.0199 QALY per patient compared to no screening (ICER $14 949/QALY). Screening was cost‐effective based on the implicit ICER threshold of $25 000/QALY in Korea. When the effects of ILI on CVD and extrahepatic malignancy were incorporated into the cost‐effectiveness model, the ICER decreased by 0.85 times from the base‐case analysis (ICER $12 749/QALY). In contrast, when only the effects of liver disease were considered in the model, excluding cardiovascular disease effects, ICER increased from the baseline case analysis to $16 305. Even when replacing with medical costs in Japan and U.S., it remained cost‐effective with the estimate below the countries' ICER threshold. Conclusions: Our study provides compelling evidence supporting the cost‐effectiveness of FIB‐4‐based screening the at‐risk population for advanced hepatic fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic began, telemedicine use has transformed healthcare delivery. Yet there is concern that telemedicine may widen care disparities for vulnerable populations, and patient experience data are limited. Aims: We aimed to assess patient satisfaction with hepatology-related telemedicine (telehepatology) for delivery of fatty liver disease (FLD) care in a safety-net healthcare system. Methods: Adult patients with FLD were surveyed regarding satisfaction with telehepatology. Clinical, demographic, resources, and social determinants of health (SDoH) data were collected to identify factors associated with satisfaction through multivariable modeling. Results: From June 2020 to March 2022, 220 participants were enrolled: the median age was 52 years, 37% were men, and 68% were Hispanic. One hundred nineteen (54%) had prior telehepatology experience. Overall, satisfaction was high; 70% reported being somewhat or very satisfied. On univariate analysis, Hispanic ethnicity (versus non-Hispanic, OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.1–0.9, p = 0.03) and limited access to personal cellphone/internet (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.04–0.6, p = 0.01) were associated with lower satisfaction. On multivariable logistic regression modeling adjusted for pandemic duration, age, sex, severity of liver disease, and coexisting liver disease, Hispanic ethnicity and lack of personal cellphone/internet remained independently associated with lower telehepatology satisfaction (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07–0.9, p = 0.03 and OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.04–0.9, p = 0.04, respectively). The association remained statistically significant after inclusion of various SDoH in the multivariable model. Conclusions: Satisfaction with telehepatology among FLD patients in a safety-net clinical setting was high overall. However, Hispanic ethnicity and lack of personal cellphone/internet were independently associated with lower telehepatology satisfaction. A better understanding of patients' experience with telehepatology is needed to identify reasons for dissatisfaction, and in-person visits should remain an option for patients to ensure equitable care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Since the inception of the interferon‐free direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, guidelines as to who should receive this potentially curative treatment have evolved. Treatment with DAAs is now considered for all patients except for those considered moribund. Aim: To determine the DAA treatment rate for patients with HCV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: This was a retrospective study from January 2015 to March 2021 of a national sample of privately insured patients with HCV‐related HCC using Optum's Clinformatics® Data Mart (CDM) Database – a large, de‐identified, adjudicated claims database. Results: We identified 3922 patients with HCV‐related HCC: 922 (23.5%) received DAA. Compared to untreated patients, DAA‐treated patients were younger (65.2 ± 7.5 vs. 66.4 ± 7.5 years, p < 0.001), more frequently saw a gastroenterology/infectious disease (GI/ID) physician (41.2% vs. 34.2%), and had decompensated cirrhosis (56% vs. 53%, p = 0.001). In multivariable analysis, younger age (HR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.99, p < 0.001), GI/ID care (HR: 3.06, 95% CI: 2.13–4.51, p < 0.001), and having cirrhosis (compensated: HR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.18–2.21, p = 0.003; decompensated: HR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.07–1.98, p = 0.02) were associated with receiving DAA treatment, but not sex, race, or ethnicity. DAA‐treated patients had significantly higher 5‐year survival than untreated patients (47.2% vs. 35.2%, p < 0.001). Following adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and HCC treatment, receiving DAA treatment was associated with lower mortality (aHR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.53–0.69, p < 0.001). Conclusion: DAA treatment remains underutilised in insured patients with HCV‐related HCC; fewer than one in four patients received treatment. Seeing a specialist and having decompensated cirrhosis were predictors for DAA treatment; additional efforts are needed to increase awareness of HCV treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of effective medical therapies for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) leads to continued disease progression to end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplantation (LT). Few studies have specifically evaluated whether ethnic disparities in LT outcomes exist among adults awaiting LT. We aimed to evaluate ethnicity-specific differences in LT outcomes among adults with PSC in the US. We retrospectively evaluated US adults (aged ≥ 18 years) with PSC without hepatocellular carcinoma listed for LT using the 2005–2017 United Network for Organ Sharing database. Ethnicity-specific differences in overall waitlist survival and probability of receiving LT were evaluated using competing risks regression analyses and adjusted multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Overall survival after LT was evaluated with Kaplan-Meier methods and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Among 4046 patients with PSC listed for LT (69.2% men, 82.2% non-Hispanic white, 12.4% African American, 3.9% Hispanic, 1.6% Asian), significantly higher risk of waitlist death was men vs. women (Standardized hazard ratio (SHR) = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.05–2.12, P = 0.025), but no ethnicity-specific differences were observed. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics had significantly lower probability of receiving LT (SHR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54–0.98, P = 0.035). Among patients with PSC and end-stage liver disease who underwent LT, African Americans had significantly higher risk of post-LT death compared with non-Hispanic whites (SHR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.21–2.32, P = 0.002). Among a large cohort of US adults with PSC awaiting LT, significant ethnicity-specific disparities in LT outcomes were observed. Lower probability of LT in Hispanics and significantly higher risk of post-LT death in African Americans were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing. We aimed to estimate the pooled global NAFLD incidence. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of adults without NAFLD at baseline to evaluate the global incidence of ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD. A total of 63 eligible studies (1,201,807 persons) were analyzed. Studies were from Mainland China/Hong Kong (n = 26), South Korea (n = 22), Japan (n = 14), other (n = 2, Sri Lanka, Israel); 63.8% were clinical center studies; median study year 2000 to 2016; 87% were good quality. Among the 1,201,807 persons at risk, 242,568 persons developed NAFLD, with an incidence rate of 4,612.8 (95% CI 3,931.5-5,294.2) per 100,000 person-years and no statistically significant differences by study sample size (p = 0.90) or study setting (p = 0.055). Males had higher incidence vs. females (5,943.8 vs. 3,671.7, p = 0.0013). Both the obese (vs. non-obese) and the overweight/obese groups (vs. normal weight) were about threefold more likely to develop NAFLD (8,669.6 vs. 2,963.9 and 8,416.6 vs. 3,358.2, respectively) (both p < 0.0001). Smokers had higher incidence than non-smokers (8,043.2 vs. 4,689.7, p = 0.046). By meta-regression, adjusting for study year, study setting, and study location, study period of 2010 or after and study setting were associated with increased incidence (p = 0.010 and p = 0.055, respectively). By country, China had a higher NAFLD incidence compared to non-China regions (p = 0.012) and Japan a lower incidence compared to non-Japan regions (p = 0.005). NAFLD incidence is increasing with a current estimate of 4,613 new cases per 100,000 person-years. Males and overweight/obese individuals had significantly higher incidence rates compared to females and those of normal weight. Public health interventions for prevention of NAFLD are needed with a special emphasis on males, overweight/obese individuals, and higher risk regions. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately 30% of people worldwide and appears to be increasing, but data to estimate the incidence rate are limited. In this meta-analytic study of over 1.2 million people, we estimated an incidence rate of NAFLD of 46.13 per 1,000 person-years with significant differences by sex, BMI, geography, and time-period. As treatment options for NAFLD remain limited, prevention of NAFLD should remain the focus of public health strategies. Studies such as these can help policy makers in determining which and whether their interventions are impactful. [Display omitted] • Global NAFLD incidence was found to be 4,613 per 100,000 person-years. • NAFLD incidence was higher in men and in those who were overweight or obese. • Incidence rate has increased more than 3-fold between 2000 and 2015. • Among countries with available data, the NAFLD incidence rate was highest in Mainland China and lowest in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Global data on the treatment rate with direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) are sparse. We aimed to evaluate the CHC treatment rate and barriers to treatment in the DAA era. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane from inception to 5 August 2021, for relevant articles. Patients treated with DAAs without interferon (IFN) therapy were categorized as IFN‐free DAAs. Patients receiving DAA with IFN or unclear IFN status were categorized as DAA/IFN. Results: We identified and analysed data from 146 studies (1 760 352 CHC patients). DAA/IFN treatment rate was 16.0% (95% CI: 9.9–23.3, 49 studies, 886 535 patients). IFN‐free DAA treatment rate was 52.3% (95% CI: 46.2–58.4, 123 studies, 1 276 754 patients): 45.4% in North America, 64.2% in South America (1 study), 90.4% in Africa (most data from Egypt), 54.4% in Europe, 60.7% in Australia and 60.5% in Asia, (p <.0001); 49% with hepatitis B co‐infection and 32.3% with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Treatment was not a priority in 22.8% of patients in Europe and 16.7% in Australia, compared to only 4.8% in North America and 2.1% in Asia (p <.0001). Poor adherence to clinical follow‐up was the cause of no treatment in 74.7% of patients in Australia, 37.0% in North America, 7.9% in Europe and 14.3% in Asia (p <.0001). Conclusion: Though a marked improvement from IFN/DAA, the treatment rate with IFN‐free DAA remains suboptimal (52.3% overall, 32.3% in HCC patients). Non‐adherence to clinical follow‐up and lack of disease awareness were treatment barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights raised concerning the growing burden of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in liver transplantation. Topics discussed include increase in obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus which are two major risk factors for non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) and NASH; European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) aiming for analyzing in liver transplantation for NASH throughout 174 transplant centres; and highlights the Hepatologists and the liver transplant community to face NASH.

Summary: Background: Advanced practice providers (APP) may be able to play a role in improving the linkage to care in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but data are limited. Aim: To compare management of patients with CHB under APP‐assisted versus physician‐only care Methods: This retrospective analysis identified patients with CHB infection from Optum's de‐identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database (2003–2021) using ICD‐9/ICD‐10 codes. We compared the proportion of patients with CHB who had adequate evaluation for treatment (defined as ALT, HBV DNA, ± HBeAg), and the proportion of treatment‐eligible patients with CHB who received treatment between APP versus physician‐only care. Results: We included 42,140 eligible patients (mean age: 51.9 ± 15.1; 56.1% male). Overall, 34.3% received APP care with increasing utilisation over time. Compared to physician‐only care, patients who also received APP care were more likely to have viral co‐infection, and more likely to have been seen by a specialist (72.1%). Overall, 62.8% and 56.2% of treatment‐eligible patients based on AASLD and EASL guidelines, respectively, received treatment. APP care patients were more likely to be treated (AASLD adjusted HR: 1.18, 95%CI: 1.03–1.34; EASL adjusted HR:1.24, 95%CI: 1.09–1.41) after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, viral dual infection, baseline cirrhosis/liver cancer, number of HBV DNA and alanine aminotransferase measurements, and physician provider type. Conclusion: Treatment‐eligible patients with CHB receiving APP care were more likely to receive antiviral therapy. APP care may help to expand the pool of providers for patients with CHB, and to improve current suboptimal treatment rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate hepatitis delta virus (HDV) testing patterns among US adults with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS: HDV testing was evaluated among CHB patients using Quest Diagnostics (2016–2020) and Veterans Affairs (2010–2020) data. RESULTS: Among 157,333 CHB patients (Quest), 6.7% received HDV testing, among which 2.2% were positive. HDV testing was higher in male patients, younger individuals, and patients with advanced liver disease. Among 12,002 CHB patients (Veterans Affairs), 19.7% received HDV testing, among which 3.1% were positive. HDV testing was higher in younger individuals and Asians. DISCUSSION: Low HDV testing was observed among 2 large US cohorts of adults with CHB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: NAFLD is increasing in children. Aims: To determine the recent trend and forecast the future global prevalence of paediatric NAFLD Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane library databases from inception to 1 May 2021 for studies of children and adolescents (≤21 years) with NAFLD. Obesity was defined with weight at ≥95th percentile and overweight as 85th to <95th percentile as per the Center for Disease Control BMI‐for‐age percentile cut‐offs. Results: From 3350 titles and abstracts, we included 74 studies (276,091 participants) from 20 countries/regions. We included 14 studies in the general NAFLD prevalence analysis, yielding an overall prevalence of 7.40% (95% CI: 4.17–12.81) regardless of the diagnostic method, and 8.77% (95% CI: 3.86–18.72) by ultrasound. Among continents with more than one study, the prevalence of NAFLD was 8.53% (95% CI: 5.71–12.55) for North America, 7.01% (95% CI: 3.51–13.53) for Asia, and 1.65% (95% CI: 0.97–2.80) for Europe. NAFLD prevalence regardless of the diagnostic method was 52.49% (95% CI: 46.23–58.68, 9159 participants) and 39.17% (95% CI: 30.65–48.42, 5371 participants) among obese and overweight/obese participants, respectively. For the general population, trend analysis from 2000 to 2017 indicates an increasing global prevalence of paediatric NAFLD from 4.62% to 9.02% at a yearly increase of 0.26%, whereas forecast analysis predicts a prevalence of 30.7% by 2040. Conclusion: The prevalence of paediatric NAFLD varies by region and is 52.49% overall among the obese population and 7.40% in the general population. It is predicted to reach 30.7% by 2040. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of progressive hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Despite the availability of effective direct-acting antivirals, patients often have significant hepatic fibrosis at the time of diagnosis due to delay in diagnosis and comorbidities which promote fibrogenesis. Thus, antifibrotic agents represent an attractive adjunctive therapy. Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY), a traditional Chinese medicine botanical formulation, has been used as an antifibrotic agent in chronic HBV infection. Our aim was to assess FZHY in patients with HCV infection and active viremia. Method. We randomized 118 patients with active viremia from 8 liver centers in the U.S. to receive oral FZHY (n = 59) or placebo (n = 59) for 48 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by histopathologic changes at the end of therapy. A subset of biopsies was further analyzed using qFibrosis to detect subtle changes in fibrosis in different zones of the hepatic lobules. Results. FZHY was well tolerated and safe. Patients with baseline Ishak fibrosis stages F3 and F4 had better response rates to FZHY than patients with baseline F0–F2 (p = 0.03). qFibrosis zonal analysis showed significant improvement in fibrosis in all zones in patients with regression of the fibrosis stage. Conclusions. FZHY produced antifibrotic effects in patients with baseline Ishak F3 and F4 fibrosis stages. Reduction in fibrosis severity was zonal and correlated with the severity of inflammation. Based on its tolerability, safety, and efficacy, FZHY should be further investigated as a therapy in chronic liver diseases because of its dual anti-inflammatory and antiibrotic properties. Lay Summary. This is the first US-based, multicenter and placebo-controlled clinical trial that shows statistically significant reduction in fibrosis in patients with active HCV using an antifibrotic botanical formula. This has important implications as there is an immediate need for effective antifibrotic agents in treating many chronic diseases including NASH that lead to scarring of the liver. With artificial intelligence-based methodology, qFibrosis, we may provide a more reliable way to assess the FZHY as a therapy in chronic liver diseases because of its dual anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is traditionally treated in the outpatient setting. Despite the excellent tolerability, shortened treatment duration, and high cure rates of newer direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), many vulnerable patients remain untreated due to issues with linkage to care. Aims: This study sought to reframe and establish the hospital admission as a unique opportunity to initiate antiviral treatment for patients with CHC, particularly those with psychosocial or linkage to care issues. Methods: Patients with untreated CHC were identified either on the Psychiatry or Med/Surg wards at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS). If found to be appropriate for treatment initiation, patients were started on antivirals during their hospitalization and followed closely while inpatient and after discharge to assess for sustained virologic response (SVR), treatment tolerability, and treatment completion. Results: Overall, 36% (23) of potential treatment candidates were initiated on DAA treatment during their hospitalization. Of these patients, 91.3% had documented treatment completion with an intention-to-treat and modified intention-to-treat SVR rate of 91.3% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: We establish the hospital admission as a valuable opportunity for HCV treatment initiation, yielding excellent treatment outcomes in those who would not otherwise be treated and achieved a modified intention-to-treat response rate of 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Most individuals infected with the hepatitis C have not received antiviral treatment, with mental health and substance abuse problems being the primary barrier. Interventions have been developed to address these barriers among HCV patients considered “high-risk” for antiviral treatment. We present the design and methods of a prospective, randomized controlled multisite trial being conducted in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. The study employed a parallel design and the three study sites randomized a total of 364 VA patients with HCV to either Integrated Care (IC) or Usual Care (UC). The IC intervention consisted of a mental health provider (MHP) performing a) brief interventions to address risk factors; b) collaborative consultation with the HCV treatment clinicians; and c) case management prior to and during antiviral treatment. Clinical outcomes were abstracted from patient medical records and self-report questionnaires were completed at baseline, 4-months, 16-months, and 22-months after enrollment. The primary outcome of the study was sustained viral response (SVR). Secondary clinical outcomes were HCV treatment initiation and completion rates. Other secondary outcomes included substance use, depression, PTSD symptoms, quality of life, healthcare satisfaction, and healthcare utilization. The Integrated Care intervention has the potential to transform HCV antiviral treatment by increasing the number of HCV-infected individuals that can be successfully treated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

OBJECTIVES:Prevention of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) through vaccination is endorsed by all major professional societies. This study was conducted to determine adherence to the recently adopted physician performance measure on HAV and HBV vaccination.METHODS:This was a retrospective study. Hepatitis A and B serology data and immunization records between 2000 and 2007 from CHC patients with detectable hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA were analyzed.RESULTS:A total of 2,968 CHC patients were included in the study. Of these, 2,143 patients (72%) were tested for susceptibility to HAV, of which 53% had immunity. Of the non-immune patients, 746 (74%) were vaccinated as well as an additional 218 without prior testing. For HBV, 2,303 patients (78%) were tested for immunity and 782 (34%) were immune. Of the susceptible patients, 1,086 (71%) were vaccinated as well as an additional 197 patients without prior testing. The overall vaccination performance measure adherence rate was 71% for HAV, 70% for HBV, and 62% for both HAV and HBV. Random review of 176 charts found the major reasons for non-adherence were missed opportunity (41%), change of health care system (31%), and documented vaccination outside our health care system (22%).CONCLUSIONS:Our study found a high and improved adherence to the recommendations, but missed opportunity was still the main reason of non-adherence. This study also supported the strategy of selective vaccination in the veteran population.Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:1961–1967; doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.252; published online 2 June 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of HBV-associated liver complications is reduced by antiviral therapy. However, prior studies using local institutional cohorts have suggested that evaluation and treatment are suboptimal. We aimed to determine the proportion of patients with chronic HBV infection who received adequate evaluation, were treatment eligible, and received antiviral treatment using a large, nationwide cohort. This retrospective analysis utilized claims data of approximately 73 million enrollees across the US from Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database, 2003-2019. Adults observed for ≥6 months before and after an index diagnosis of chronic HBV infection were identified via ICD-9/ICD-10 codes, with the diagnosis confirmed by positive HBsAg, HBeAg or HBV DNA PCR. We included 12,608 eligible patients in the study analysis (mean age 45.7 years, 52.1% male, 54.6% Asian, 18.1% Caucasian, 10.5% African American). About half of the cohort (n = 6,559, 52.3%) did not have a complete laboratory evaluation (defined as having HBeAg, HBV DNA, and ALT tests) and only 72.4% (n = 9,129) had an "adequate" evaluation (at least HBV DNA and ALT) during the entire study period. Of those with an adequate evaluation, 11.2% were treatment eligible by AASLD criteria and 13.9% by EASL criteria; 60.4% of AASLD eligible patients and 54.3% of EASL eligible patients received treatment within 12 months from becoming eligible. Half of patients with chronic HBV infection in the US with private insurance did not have a complete laboratory assessment. Over one-third of treatment-eligible patients did not receive antiviral therapy. Patients who visited a specialist had a higher chance of receiving adequate evaluation and treatment. Urgent intervention is needed to identify and address the barriers to optimal care. In this study, we used a national database that includes laboratory data in addition to medical and pharmacy claims data to assess the current real-world management of chronic HBV infection in the US. Among the 12,608 patients with chronic HBV infection included in our study, 52.3% never had a complete laboratory evaluation and only 73% had an adequate evaluation. Among those who were treatment eligible according to major society guidelines, only 60.4% and 54.3% received treatment within 12 months, respectively. [Display omitted] • We determined the proportion of patients with chronic HBV infection who received adequate evaluation and treatment (if eligible). • Among 12,608 patients with chronic HBV infection, 52.3% did not have a complete evaluation and only 73% had an adequate evaluation. • In the 9,129 patients who had an adequate evaluation, 11.2% and 13.9% were treatment eligible by AASLD or EASL criteria, respectively. • Among those who were treatment eligible by AASLD or EASL criteria, only 60.4% and 54.3% received treatment within 12 months, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Intrahepatic lymphocytes are believed to be directly involved in the immunopathogenesis of chronic liver diseases. Little is known about the trafficking of lymphocytes into the liver and their role in chronic hepatitis C infection. Methods. The expression of 4 chemokine receptors and an activation marker on multiple lymphocyte subsets in paired liver biopsy and peripheral blood specimens from 23 patients with chronic hepatitis C infection were analyzed by a 6-color flow-cytometric assay. Results. CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR6 were expressed on intrahepatic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, NK cells, and B cells at significantly higher frequencies than on peripheral lymphocyte subsets. The expression of these receptors and the activation marker CD38 tended to increase with the severity of liver inflammation. This increase was significant for several intrahepatic lymphocytes subsets. Correlations in expression differed among pairs of these extralymphoid homing receptors on the intrahepatic T cells. Conclusions. The homing program for intrahepatic lymphocytes involves multiple extralymphoid chemokine receptors that are regulated by >1 pathway. The expression of homing receptors on intrahepatic lymphocytes is associated with the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C disease. These preliminary results indicate that confirmational studies with larger sample sizes are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: As the prevalence of hepatitis steatosis (HS) increases, the prevalence of HS among those with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) may also be increasing but data on the effect of HS on CHB disease progression are lacking. Aims: To determine the prevalence of HS in CHB and associated factors, prevalence of fibrosis and its association with HS. Methods: Two researchers independently searched the literature and extracted data. We included full‐length original articles of adults with CHB that evaluated. Prevalence estimates were pooled using a random‐effects model. Associations between HS and fibrosis were assessed by pooled odds ratios (ORs) or mean differences (MD). Results: Of the 2821 records screened, 54 eligible studies (28 648 patients) were analysed. The pooled prevalence of HS in CHB was 32.8% (95% CI, 28.9‐37.0) with higher prevalence in men and obese patients. Older age, male sex and metabolic factors were associated with HS while an inverse association was observed between HS and HBeAg (OR 0.82, 95% CI, 0.75‐0.91) and HBV DNA levels (MD −0.38, 95% CI −1.16‐−0.42). The pooled prevalence of significant fibrosis (≥F2 or ≥F3) was similar between patients with CHB with or without HS (40.1% vs 42.22%, P = 0.68). HS was not significantly associated with fibrosis (pooled OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.54‐1.39, 20 studies, 6232 patients). Conclusions: Approximately 30% of patients with CHB had HS, which was positively associated with male sex, diabetes and metabolic factors, and was negatively associated with HBeAg and HBV DNA. HS was not significantly associated with increased fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior studies seeking evidence of viral replication in peripheral lymphocytes of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients have yielded conflicting results. This study sought to quantitatively determine whether a permissive HCV cell interaction could be detected in leukocytes from infected patients. Peripheral leukocytes from chronically infected patients were purified and were tested for HCV RNA. The results show that virus load is highest in B cells. Other subsets of peripheral leukocytes consistently had very low levels of viral RNA or were negative. Negative-strand HCV was found only in hepatocytes. To determine whether HCV replication could be induced by activation, B cells from HCV-infected patients were stimulated in vitro. No HCV replicating in peripheral leukocytes was detected by a highly sensitive assay. If HCV replication occurs in the leukocyte subsets analyzed here, it is at extremely low levels or occurs under alternate physiological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major causes of liver disease in adults. However, data for children and adolescents are limited. Our study aimed to characterize the prevalence, trend, and risk factors of infection of HBV and HCV and possible NAFLD for this population. METHODS: We analyzed 6,647 children and adolescents (aged 6–21 years) from the 1999–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. RESULTS: Among individuals aged 6–21 years, HBV prevalence decreased after 2011, from 0.72% in 1999–2004 and 0.85% in 2005–2010 to 0.27% in 2011–2016 (P < 0.001), whereas HCV prevalence increased to 0.26% in 2011–2016 after an initial decline from 0.15% in 1999–2004 to 0.02% in 2005–2010 (P = 0.01). Possible NAFLD prevalence also increased by approximately 40% in individuals aged 12–21 years, from 8.54% in 1999–2004 to 10.1% in 2005–2010 and then 11.8% in 2011–2016 (P = 0.033), with most possible NAFLD individuals being male, being obese, or having higher glucose, fasting insulin, hemoglobin A1c, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, liver enzymes, lipids, and uric acid (all P < 0.01). On multivariate logistic regression, hypertension (odds ratio 4.79, 95% confidence interval 1.44–15.9) and dyslipidemia (odds ratio 11.6, 95% confidence interval 5.65–23.9) increased risk for possible NAFLD but not income:poverty ratio, hours spent on computer use, or added sugars. DISCUSSION: Although HBV prevalence has decreased in recent years among US children and adolescents, HCV and possible NAFLD have increased. Public health efforts must seek further understanding of the driving factors of this increase so that age-appropriate interventions can be developed and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regular monitoring/surveillance for liver complications is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Recommendations from professional societies are available but adherence is not well studied, especially outside of academic centers. We aimed to determine the frequencies and factors associated with laboratory monitoring, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and esophageal varices (EV) surveillance in patients with cirrhosis. We identified 82,427 patients with cirrhosis (43,280 compensated and 39,147 decompensated) from the Truven Health MarketScan Research Database®, 2007–2016. We calculated the proportion of patients with cirrhosis with various frequencies of procedures/testing: laboratory (complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, and prothrombin time), HCC and EV surveillance. We also used multivariable logistic regression to determine factors associated with having procedures. The proportions of patients undergoing HCC surveillance (8.78%), laboratory testing (29.72%) at least every 6–12 months, or EV surveillance (10.6%) at least every 1–2 years were suboptimal. The majority did not have HCC (45.4%) or EV (80.3%) surveillance during the entire study period. On multivariable regression, age 41–55 (vs. <41) years, preferred provider organization (vs. health maintenance organization) insurance plan, specialist care (vs. primary care and other specialties), diagnosis between 2013–2016 (vs. 2007–2009), decompensated (vs. compensated) cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (vs. viral hepatitis), and higher Charlson comorbidity index were associated with significantly higher odds of undergoing procedures/testing every 6–12 months and EV surveillance every 1–2 years. Despite modest improvements in more recent years, routine monitoring and surveillance for patients with cirrhosis is suboptimal. Further efforts including provider awareness, patient education, and system/incentive-based quality improvement measures are urgently needed. Patients with cirrhosis should undergo health monitoring for liver complications to achieve early detection and treatment. In a large nationwide cohort of 82,427 patients with cirrhosis in the United States, we found a low rate of adherence (well less than half) to routine blood test monitoring and surveillance for liver cancer and esophageal varices (swollen blood vessels in the abdomen that could lead to fatal bleeding). Adherence has increased in the recent years, but much more improvement is needed. [Display omitted] • Adherence to monitoring/surveillance for liver complications was assessed in patients with cirrhosis. • Adherence rates for HCC surveillance (8.78%), laboratory testing (29.72%) and EV surveillance (10.6%) were disappointing. • Adherence rates did improve in more recent years. • Age, insurance plan, being followed up by specialist, severity of cirrhosis, and comorbidities were linked to adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies, mostly small and single center, have shown gaps in the evaluation and monitoring of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection. We aimed to examine the rates and predictors of adherence to guidelines for CHB care in a large nationwide cohort. METHODS: Weidentified adult patients withCHBinfection from the Truven MarketScan databases of commercially insured and Medicare patients with private insurance supplement (2007-2014) using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. The initial evaluation cohort had at least 6 months follow-up, whereas at least 12 months was required for the long-term monitoring cohort. RESULTS: We analyzed 55,317 eligible patients with CHB infection: mean age 46 6 12 years, 58% men, and 14.8% with cirrhosis. Over a mean follow-up of 3.262.3 years, 55.8% had specialist (gastroenterology or infectious diseases) visits. For initial evaluation, 59% of patients received both alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA tests, whereas only 33% had ALT, HBV DNA, and hepatitis B e antigen tests, with higher frequencies among patients with specialist visits. For longterm monitoring, only 25% had both ALT and HBV DNA tests performed annually. Among patients at higher risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (patients with cirrhosis, male patients without cirrhosis older than 40 years, and female patients without cirrhosis older than 50), less than 40% underwent annual hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance, with25%never receiving surveillance during the study period. Predictors of optimal initial evaluation and long-term monitoring were compensated cirrhosis (odds ratio: 1.60 and 1.47, respectively) and specialist visits (odds ratio: 1.86 and 1.31, respectively) (both P < 0.001). DISCUSSION: In this large cohort of patients with CHB infection with private insurance or Medicare with private insurance supplement, we observed poor adherence to the recommended initial evaluation and longterm monitoring. Among the predictors of adherence were specialist visits. Further efforts are needed to identify barriers and improve access to care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection differs between Asians and non‐Asians, but little is known regarding the effect of ethnicity on outcomes of HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aim to characterize the presentation and survival outcomes in Asian and non‐Asian patients with HBV‐related HCC. Methods: We analyzed the baseline characteristics and long‐term survival of 613 Asian and 410 non‐Asian patients with HBV‐related HCC from three US and one Spanish centre. Results: Overall, non‐Asian patients were more likely to have HIV or hepatitis C co‐infection, cirrhosis, decompensated liver disease and advanced BCLC stage (all P ≤.04). Compared with Asians, non‐Asians were more likely to be listed for transplantation (P <.0001) and undergo HCC treatment with curative intent (P =.003). Propensity‐score matching on HCC diagnosis year, gender and age was performed to balance the two groups for survival analysis and yielded 370 pairs of patients. There was no significant difference in survival overall (P =.43) and among patients with cirrhosis (P =.57). Among patients without cirrhosis, non‐Asians had poorer 5‐year survival compared with Asians (37.6% vs 53.7%, P =.01), and was associated with poorer survival after adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, alcohol, co‐infections, diagnosis date, antiviral therapy, BCLC stage and HCC treatment (adjusted HR 2.01 [95% CI 1.07‐3.74], P =.03). Conclusion: Among HBV‐related HCC patients, non‐Asians presented with more advanced BCLC stage compared to Asians. Non‐Asian ethnicity was independently associated with twice the risk of mortality among patients without cirrhosis, but not among those with cirrhosis. Additional studies are needed to clarify this disparity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]