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To explore the potential macroscopic tissue effects of select remote biopsy tools to common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), carcasses were darted and their traumatic effects on the anatomy in target and non-target areas of the body were described. In total, 87 samples were collected (target area, n = 19; non-target area, n = 68) within standardized grid partitions from five carcasses of sub-adult to adult age classes with a range of body condition scores. We broadly classified impacts penetrating completely through the blubber into muscle or deeper internal tissues as over-penetrations (n = 51/87, 59%). For samples collected in the defined target area, there was a low number of over-penetrations (n = 5/51; 10%). However, for samples collected in the defined, non-target areas, a much higher number of over-penetrations occurred (n = 45/51 88%). A visual examination of some samples indicated that sample length and appearance may not be reliable guides to assess the penetration depth of the wounds. These preliminary results suggest samples collected in non-targeted areas could pose much higher risk to the individual. We encourage other researchers considering the use of remote biopsy tools to conduct similar assessments prior to field sampling to better understand the potential consequences of misplaced samples with a view towards continually improving remote biopsy tools and techniques for the benefit of cetacean welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the telestroke technology and clinical risk factors in a dysplipidemic ischemic stroke population and neurologic outcomes is not fully understood. This issue was investigated in this study. We analyzed retrospective data collected from a regional stroke registry to identify demographic and clinical risk factors in patients with improving (NIHSS ​≤ ​7) or worsening (NIHSS ​> ​7) neurologic outcome in dyslipidemic ischemic stroke population. We used logistic multivariate models to identify independent predictors of improving or worsening outcome based on dyslipidemia disease status in ischemic stroke patients. In the adjusted analysis for dyslipidemic ischemic stroke population, cholesterol reducer use (odd ratio; [OR] ​= ​0.393, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.176–0.879, P ​= ​0.023) and direct admission (OR ​= ​0.435, 95% CI, 0.199–0.953, P ​= ​0.037) were more likely to be associated with neurologic improvement and no clinical or demographic factors were associated with poor neurologic outcome in dyslipidemic ischemic stroke patients treated in the telestroke network. For the ischemic stroke population without dyslipidemia, increasing age (OR ​= ​1.070, 95% CI, 1.031–1.109, P ​< ​0.001), coronary artery disease (OR ​= ​3.633, 95% CI, 1.307–10.099, P ​= ​0.013), history of drug or alcohol abuse (OR ​= ​6.548, 95% CI, 1.106–38.777, P ​= ​0.038), and improvement in ambulatory outcome (OR ​= ​2.880, 95% CI, 1.183–7.010, P ​= ​0.020) were associated with worsening neurological functions, while being Caucasian (OR ​= ​0.294, 95% CI, 0.098–0.882, P ​= ​0.029) was associated with improving neurologic functions. Demographic and clinical risk factors among the dysplipidemic ischemic stroke population in the telestroke network were not associated with worsening neurologic functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jacobian matrix of a dynamical system describes its response to perturbations. Conversely, one can estimate the Jacobian matrix by carefully monitoring how the system responds to environmental noise. We present a closed-form analytical solution for the calculation of a system's Jacobian from a time series. Being able to access the Jacobian enables a broad range of mathematical analyses by which deeper insights into the system can be gained. Here we consider in particular the computation of the leading Jacobian eigenvalue as an early warning signal for critical transitions. To illustrate this approach, we apply it to ecological meta-foodweb models, which are strongly nonlinear dynamical multi-layer networks. Our analysis shows that accurate results can be obtained, although the data demand of the method is still high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine whether a school-based program that allows middle school students to actively take responsibility of their learning can act as an effective intervention to promote stroke awareness and healthy lifestyle. Methods: Middle school students in grades 6, 7, and 8 (ages 11–14) were divided into small groups and participated in a series of interactive learning activities, centered on motivating middle school kids to learn and recognize signs and symptoms of stroke and to learn healthy lifestyle choices. Results: A total of 127 sixth, 113 seventh, and 98 eighth grade students participated in the intervention program. ANOVA found a significant difference in the baseline knowledge of all stroke and healthy life parameters evaluated in the pre-and post-intervention between the 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significant change in the performance (P < 0.001) from pre to the post-intervention for all grade levels. Conclusions: A school-based intervention program that allows middle school students to actively learn how to recognize the signs of a stroke and to identify healthy lifestyle choices can significantly change knowledge from baseline and act as an effective tool to promote stroke and healthy lifestyle education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The benefits of a special stroke care unit (SSCU) over a non-specialized stroke care unit (NSSCU) is well documented in the literature. However, there are concerns that the benefits seen in the SSCU do not consider clinical risk factors that affect thrombolysis therapy. Method Retrospective data were collected from a stroke registry between January 1, 2010–June 30, 2016. Univariate analysis determined differences in exclusion criteria between the SSCU and NSSCU, while multivariable binary logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables. Result Of the 1,446 acute ischemic stroke patients eligible for rtPA, 34.0% of patients were admitted to the NSSCU, while 58.02% were admitted to the SSCU. For patients excluded from receiving rtPA in the SSCU: age >80 (OR = 1.024–1.037, p = <0.001), altered level of consciousness (OR = 1.551–2.363, p = 0.041), risk of mortality (OR = 1.090–1.166, p = 0.012), previous stroke (OR = 1.638–2.338, p = 0.007) were the exclusion criteria from rtPA. In the NSSCU, age >80 (OR = 1.026–1.046, p = 0.012), history of atrial fibrillation (OR = 2.494–4.629, p = 0.004), diabetes (OR = 2.377–5.576, p = 0.047) and previous stroke (OR = 2.782–4.785, p = <0.001) were associated with exclusion from rtPA. Conclusion More patients are likely to be excluded from rtPA in the NSSCU if they present with history of atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and in the SSCU if they present with altered level of consciousness and are at risk of mortality. Improvement in the management of baseline clinical risk factors would improve thrombolysis use for better patient outcomes in specialized and non specialized stroke units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The treatment outcomes in the use of rt-PA have been reported. Some studies reported worse outcome in women than men, while others presented opposing data. Using data from a hospital-based stroke registry, we investigated evidence of gender difference and determined exclusion criteria in a stroke population with incidence of hypertension. Method In a stroke population of women and men with incident of hypertension from a stroke registry, demographics and clinical factors were compared. Univariate analysis was used to determine gender differences, while multivariable models adjusted for demographic and clinical variables. Results Among the 669 stroke patients with incident of hypertension that were excluded from rt-PA treatment, 362 were female and 307 were male. Female patients with increasing age (OR = 0.956–0.984, P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.095–0.559, P = 0.001), higher NIH stroke scale score (OR = 1.019–1.090, P = 0.002), previous stroke (OR = 0.337–0.850, P = 0.008), diabetes medication (OR = 1.200–7.724, P = 0.019), and INR (OR = 0.033–0.597, P = 0.008) are more likely to be excluded. Male patients with a history of a previous stroke (OR = 0.265–0.704, P = 0.001), risk of mortality (OR = 0.803–0.950, P = 0.002), higher NIH stroke scale score(OR = 1.101–1.276, P < 0.001), cholesterol reducing medication (OR = 1.191–2.910, P = 0.006), weakness at presentation(OR = 1.207–4.421, P = 0.011), and INR (OR = 0.016–0.243, P < 0.001) are more likely to be excluded. Conclusion Women have a worse outcome than men in an untreated acute ischemic stroke population, but when treated, women have a better treatment outcome compared to men. In a hypertensive stroke population, the clinical variables for the exclusion criteria for women and men are significantly different, even after adjustment for confounding variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A transsplenic access for the catheterization of the portal venous system to treat a portal vein thrombosis and/or stenosis entails the risk of intra-abdominal or intrasplenic bleeding complications and has to be seen as an approach of last resort. This is one of few reported cases in the literature where a transsplenic puncture tract was successfully embolized using an Amplatzer® vascular plug 4 (8 mm; St. Jude Medical). Case presentation: This is the case report of a 58 years old Caucasian male patient who had received right sided extended hemihepatectomy with partial resection of the portal vein due to hilar cholangiocarcinoma three years ago. The patient suffered from portal hypertension with difficult controllable bleeding of esophageal varices due to chronically progressive thrombosis of the portal vein caused by chronic anastomosis stenosis of the reconstructed left portal vein branch (confirmed in a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination 6 months after the portal vein reconstruction). A transsplenic access (6 French) was chosen to allow recanalization of the portal vein, stent-angioplasty of the anastomosis and coiling of the gastric varices. The transsplenic tract was successfully embolized with an Amplatzer® Vascular Plug 4 and gelfoam pledgets. Conclusion: Amplatzer® Vascular plugs in combination with gelatin sponges can be used to efficiently and precisely seal transsplenic puncture sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a simple model for generation cycles, which are oscillations with a period of one or a few generation times of the species. The model is formulated in terms of a single delay-differential equation for the population density of an adult stage, with recruitment to the adult stage depending on the intensity of competition during the juvenile phase. This model is a simplified version of a group of models proposed by Gurney and Nisbet, who were the first to distinguish between single-generation cycles and delayed-feedback cycles. According to these authors, the two oscillation types are caused by different mechanisms and have periods in different intervals, which are one to two generation times for single-generation cycles and two to four generation times for delayed-feedback cycles. By abolishing the strict coupling between the maturation time and the time delay between competition and its effect on the population dynamics, we find that single-generation cycles and delayed-feedback cycles occur in the same model version, with a gradual transition between the two as the model parameters are varied over a sufficiently large range. Furthermore, cycle periods are not bounded to lie within single octaves. This implies that a clear distinction between different types of generation cycles is not possible. Cycles of all periods and even chaos can be generated by varying the parameters that determine the time during which individuals from different cohorts compete with each other. This suggests that life-cycle features in the juvenile stage and during the transition to the adult stage are important determinants of the dynamics of density limited populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tegument proteins pp150 and pUL96 function at a late step in cytomegalovirus (CMV) maturation. Here, we show that pp150 interacts directly with pUL96; however, the N-terminal region of pp150 and the C-terminal region of pUL96, which are critical for these proteins to function, are not required for this interaction. Moreover, the largely dispensable C-terminal region of pp150 is critical for pp150-pUL96 interaction. To further study the role of pUL96, several point and clustered mutations were engineered into the CMV Towne bacterial artificial chromosome (Towne-BAC) genome, replacing the conserved negatively charged C-terminal residues of pUL96. Although individual point mutations (E122A, D124A, and D125A) reduced virus growth slightly, the clustered mutations of 122EVDDAV127 significantly reduced virus growth, produced small syncytial plaque phenotypes, and impacted a late stage of virus maturation. When the UL96 C-terminal alanine conversion mutant (B6-BAC) virus was serially passaged in cell culture, it gained a plaque size comparable to that of Towne-BAC, displayed an altered restriction fragment length pattern, and replicated with increased growth kinetics. Whole-genome sequencing of this passaged virus (UL96P10) and the similarly passaged Towne-BAC virus revealed major differences only in the RNA4.9 and UL96 regions. When one of the mutations in the UL96 coding region was engineered into the B6-BAC virus, it significantly increased the plaque size and rescued the virus growth rate. Thus, accumulation of compensatory mutations only in UL96 in this revertant and the specific involvement of functionally dispensable regions of pp150 in the pUL96-pp150 interaction point toward a role for pUL96 in virus maturation that does not depend upon pp150. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients suffering from acute type A aortic dissection undergo replacement of the ascending aorta, the proximal hemiarch or complete aortic arch, depending on the extent of the individual pathology. In a subset of these treated patients, secondary pathologies of the distal anastomosis or the remaining distal part of the aorta occur. The treatment of these pathologies is challenging, requiring major surgical re-do procedures with aortic arch replacement under extracorporeal circulation and hypothermic circulatory arrest. Methods: We report our experience of five patients with complex aortic pathologies after previous aortic surgery treated with a single stage re-do hybrid procedure, consisting of bypass grafting of the supraaortic branches offpump, stent graft placement for endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) and surgical debranching of the aortic arch. Results: In all patients the surgical vascular grafts and stent grafts were deployed successfully, there were no intraoperative deaths. Four out of five patients were discharged from hospital in good clinical condition. One patient died postoperatively due to cardiac tamponade. In one patient a type I endoleak persisted leading to occlusion of a bypass branch requiring surgical revision at one year after debranching. Conclusion: We discuss the prerequisites, all steps and potential pitfalls of this hybrid aortic arch replacement. The current procedure avoids cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest, which may benefit early patient outcome; however, patient and device selection plays a key role for immediate success and midterm outcomes. In addition, precise procedural planning and development of customized stents may help to develop this procedure into a true alternative for conventional aortic arch replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To evaluate training induced metabolic changes noninvasively with 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) for measuring muscle fibre type adaptation. Methods. Eleven volunteers underwent a 24-week training, consisting of speed-strength, endurance, and detraining (each 8 weeks). Prior to and following each training period, needle biopsies and 31P-MRS of the resting gastrocnemius muscle were performed. Fibre type distribution was analyzed histologically and tested for correlation with the ratios of high energy phosphates ([PCr]/[Pi], [PCr]/[βATP] and [PCr + Pi]/[βATP]). The correlation between the changes of the 31P-MRS parameters during training and the resulting changes in fibre composition were also analysed. Results. We observed an increased type-II-fibre proportion after speed-strength and detraining. After endurance training the percentage of fast-twitch fibres was reduced. The progression of the [PCr]/[Pi]-ratio was similar to that of the fast-twitch fibres during the training. We found a correlation between the type-II-fibre proportion and [PCr]/[Pi] (r = 0.70, P < 0.01) or [PCr]/[βATP] (r = 0.69, P < 0.01); the correlations between its changes (delta) and the fibre-shift were significant as well (delta[PCr]/[Pi] r = 0.66, delta[PCr]/[βATP] r = 0.55, P < 0.01). Conclusion. Shifts in fibre type composition and high energy phosphate metabolite content covary in human gastrocnemius muscle. Therefore 31P-MRS might be a feasible method for noninvasive monitoring of exercise-induced fibre type transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Next to IGCC and oxyfuel technology amine scrubbing is one possible process pursued for industrial-scale CO2 capture from power plant flue gases. Aqueous solutions of Monoethanolamine (MEA) are commonly used for the existing amine scrubbing processes because of their high reaction kinetics during CO2 absorption. However, the required energy demand for regeneration of the MEA solution is comparably high, requiring improvements in process technology and solvent development. Within this work the results from lab-scale experimental research on the CO2 absorption from flue gases using differently concentrated aqueous solutions of MEA and Triethylenetetramine (TETA) are presented and discussed. The amine content of the solutions was varied in order to show the influence of concentration on CO2 loading, cyclic capacity and limitations within physical parameters. The equilibrium CO2 loading of the concentrated amine solutions was obtained at temperatures from 30 to 95°C using synthetic flue gas with different CO2 concentrations of up to 15vol% CO2. From these results the cyclic capacities of the different solutions are calculated and discussed with focus on the influence of the amine concentration. Furthermore MEA and TETA will be compared on molar and mass basis specifying the significance of TETA as polyamine and its advantages regarding the scrubbing process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: The study investigated the long-term clinical impact of sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) in comparison with bare-metal stents (BMS) in treatment of focal infrapopliteal lesions. Background: There is evidence that SES reduce the risk of restenosis after percutaneous infrapopliteal artery revascularization. No data from randomized trials are available concerning the clinical impact of this finding during long-term follow-up. Methods: The study extended the follow-up period of a prospective, randomized, multicenter, double-blind trial comparing polymer-free SES with placebo-coated BMS in the treatment of focal infrapopliteal de novo lesions. The main study endpoint was the event-free survival rate defined as freedom from target limb amputation, target vessel revascularization, myocardial infarction, and death. Secondary endpoints include amputation rates, target vessel revascularization, and changes in Rutherford-Becker class. Results: The trial included 161 patients. The mean target lesion length was 31 ± 9 mm. Thirty-five (23.3%) patients died during a mean follow-up period of 1,016 ± 132 days. The event-free survival rate was 65.8% in the SES group and 44.6% in the BMS group (log-rank p = 0.02). Amputation rates were 2.6% and 12.2% (p = 0.03), and target vessel revascularization rates were 9.2% and 20% (p = 0.06), respectively. The median (interquartile range) improvement in Rutherford-Becker class was –2 (–3 to –1) in the SES group and –1 (–2 to 0) in the BMS group, respectively (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Long-term event-free survival, amputation rates, and changes in Rutherford-Becker class after treatment of focal infrapopliteal lesions are significantly improved with SES in comparison with BMS. (YUKON-Drug-Eluting Stent Below the Knee - Randomised Double-Blind Study [YUKON-BTX]; NCT00664963) [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A series of laboratory scale experiments were conducted in an FGD-batch reactor. A synthetic flue gas was produced and directed through a CaCO3 suspension contained in a glass reactor vessel. The suspension temperature was set at 54°C through a water bath. In order to observe the distribution of mercury species in the system, solid, liquid and gaseous samples were taken and analysed. For gaseous mercury determination, continuous measurements were carried out, up and downstream the reactor. Furthermore, the concentration of chlorine in the scrubber solution of the system was varied from 0 to 62g/l under different oxidative conditions. In a first approach, a concentration drop of elemental mercury coming out of the system was observed. The latter occurs only when high concentrations of Cl− are present, combined with a high O2 availability in the scrubber. It was also observed that mercury species distribution in the different phases varies, depending on the available chemical form of chlorine and oxygen concentration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Post-combustion is considered among the different options for CO2 capture as the most mature available technology. All major components of the CO2 absorption/desorption process are commercially available but at a smaller scale, and they are not integrated and optimized for the application in power plants. Therefore, it is still to be demonstrated that this process is a viable option for the capture of CO2 at power plants. The amine scrubbing process with standard solvents is highly energy demanding due to solvent regeneration and CO2 compression. This is a significant energy sink for the power plant and efficiency can be reduced up to 16%-points. In order to minimise the energy penalty, complete integration and optimization of the capture and the power plant processes are necessary. Simulations of the power plant cycle and the amine scrubbing system have been performed with specialized software. The results of the integration are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a well-established alternative to open surgery. The presented case underwent endovascular therapy of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with the anatomical prerequisite of a horseshoe kidney. We describe the technique used, including the embolization of aortic side branches, to avoid endoleaks, and the management of thrombotic complications during follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study design:Experimental, prospective, blinded, animal study.Objectives:Subtotal transection models in rodents are widely used in spinal cord injury (SCI) research. In this model, we investigate the effect of the dorso-ventral incision depth (ID) of the spinal cord on functional locomotor outcome using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scale. We introduce the minimal incision depth (ID[min]) and the average lesion depth (ID[mean]) as reliable, fast and easily available predictive parameters for intrinsic locomotor function.Setting:Tuebingen, Germany.Methods:Dorsal over-hemisection at the level of T8 was performed in male Lewis rats. Functional outcome 4 weeks after SCI and histological analysis of the lesion were studied and correlated in 36 animals. Animals reaching weight support >/=9) were considered as having reached functional recovery. Data analysis was performed in linear (ordinary least squares; OLS) and nonlinear (logistic) regression models for correlation of histological parameters and functional outcome.Results:BBB scores revealed a strong correlation with IDmean and IDmin, showing a higher value in predicting functional outcome for the latter parameter. Based on logistic regression analysis, animals with an IDmin of 69% would have a 95% probability of reaching weight support.Conclusion:These results demonstrate that histological analysis is crucial when functional outcome parameters are used in the dorsal over-hemisection SCI model. A simple and feasible histological evaluation can reliably predict spontaneous functional locomotor recovery in dorsal transection models and could provide a simple tool to identify treatment effects of new experimental therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study design:Experimental, prospective, blinded, animal study.Objectives:Subtotal transection models in rodents are widely used in spinal cord injury (SCI) research. In this model, we investigate the effect of the dorso-ventral incision depth (ID) of the spinal cord on functional locomotor outcome using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scale. We introduce the minimal incision depth (IDmin) and the average lesion depth (IDmean) as reliable, fast and easily available predictive parameters for intrinsic locomotor function.Setting:Tuebingen, Germany.Methods:Dorsal over-hemisection at the level of T8 was performed in male Lewis rats. Functional outcome 4 weeks after SCI and histological analysis of the lesion were studied and correlated in 36 animals. Animals reaching weight support (BBB9) were considered as having reached functional recovery. Data analysis was performed in linear (ordinary least squares; OLS) and nonlinear (logistic) regression models for correlation of histological parameters and functional outcome.Results:BBB scores revealed a strong correlation with IDmean and IDmin, showing a higher value in predicting functional outcome for the latter parameter. Based on logistic regression analysis, animals with an IDmin of 69% would have a 95% probability of reaching weight support.Conclusion:These results demonstrate that histological analysis is crucial when functional outcome parameters are used in the dorsal over-hemisection SCI model. A simple and feasible histological evaluation can reliably predict spontaneous functional locomotor recovery in dorsal transection models and could provide a simple tool to identify treatment effects of new experimental therapeutic approaches.Spinal Cord (2006) 44, 605–613. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3101894; published online 3 January 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study that assesses the effects of abruptly intensified physical training on variations of heart rate (HRV) and blood pressure (BRV) as well as baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) of overtrained athletes. Abruptly intensified physical training results in an altered autonomic cardiovascular activity towards parasympathetic inhibition. The influence of physical training on autonomic cardiovascular control is discussed. Furthermore, HRV and BRS analyses can be use as markers both for the detection and prevention of overtraining in athletes.

A modified particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS), based on the original design of Weber et al. (2001), is presented. The principal modification in this design is that collected liquid sample is delivered to vials held on a rotating carousel as opposed to an on-line analytical detector. A model is developed to predict aerosol mass concentrations measured by a PILS based on operating parameters and characteristics of the sampled aerosol. A backward model predicts the concentrations of the sampled aerosol based on operating parameters and concentrations measured by the PILS. Both models, which consider plumbing transmission efficiencies, droplet growth, mixing effects, and volatilization losses, predict mass concentrations that are consistent with laboratory tests for step changes in concentration. The average collection efficiency for species (Na + , K + , SO 4 2- , Cl - , NO 3 - ) from a variety of aerosols compared to simultaneous measurements with a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) exceeded 96% except for NH 4 + (88%); NH 4 + is theoretically shown to be the most vulnerable to volatilization, followed by Cl - and then NO 3 - , with greater losses caused by increasing droplet pH and temperature. The characterization tests highlight the importance of reducing NH 4 + volatilization by keeping a stable tip temperature of 100°C at the point where steam and ambient air mix in the condensation chamber. Maintaining a stable tip temperature also avoids fluctuations in supersaturations that lead to increased deposition losses of larger droplets. Sample data from the 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT) field campaign are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Detailed pathophysiological findings of secondary damage phenomena after spinal cord injury (SCI) as well as the identification of inhibitory and neurotrophic proteins have yielded a plethora of experimental therapeutic approaches. Main targets are (i) to minimize secondary damage progression (neuroprotection), (ii) to foster axon conduction (neurorestoration) and (iii) to supply a permissive environment to promote axonal sprouting (neuroregenerative therapies). Pre-clinical studies have raised hope in functional recovery through the antagonism of growth inhibitors, application of growth factors, cell transplantation, and vaccination strategies. To date, even though based on successful pre-clinical animal studies, results of clinical trials are characterized by dampened effects attributable to difficulties in the study design (patient heterogeneity) and species differences. A combination of complementary therapeutic strategies might be considered pre-requisite for future synergistic approaches. Here, we line out pre-clinical interventions resulting in improved functional neurological outcome after spinal cord injury and track them on their intended way to bedside. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The rapid degradation of ribonucleic acids (RNA) by ubiquitous ribonucleases limits the efficacy of new therapies based on RNA molecules. Therefore, our aim was to characterize the natural ribonuclease activities on the skin and in blood plasma i.e. at sites where many drugs in development are applied. On the skin surfaces of Homo sapiens and Mus musculus we observed dominant pyrimidine-specific ribonuclease activity. This activity is not prevented by a cap structure at the 5′-end of messenger RNA (mRNA) and is not primarily of a 5′- or 3′-exonuclease type. Moreover, the ribonuclease activity on the skin or in blood plasma is not inhibited by chemical modifications introduced at the 2′OH group of cytidine or uridine residues. It is, however, inhibited by the ribonuclease inhibitor RNasin® although not by the ribonuclease inhibitor SUPERase. In™. The application of our findings in the field of medical science may result in an improved efficiency of RNA-based therapies that are currently in development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Physical activity leads to changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary hormonal system. However, acute and long-term adaptations have not yet been precisely characterized. In this study, the changes of the hormonal system as a result of marathon training and running a marathon were examined. In particular, we focused on adaptations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, regarding the activation or inactivation of cortisol to cortisone by the 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase system (11β-HSD). Design Patient measurements: 8 healthy women and 11 healthy men volunteered for this study. Blood samples, 24-h urine and a dexamethasone suppression test were analysed for metabolic and hormonal parameters at five different dates 12 weeks around a marathon. Results Cortisol and ACTH values decreased significantly 2 days after the marathon, whereas the activity of the whole body 11β-HSD-1 was up-regulated. An increased suppression of cortisol levels was observed in the dexamethasone suppression test after 6 weeks of reduced training levels. Ghrelin was elevated 2 days after the marathon. Only minor changes in the other hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal axes could be observed. However, the free androgen index increased significantly after 6 weeks of reduced training. Conclusions The HPA system appeared to become chronically activated by continuous physical training and therefore less sensitive to the dexamethasone suppression test. The acute stress of the marathon led to a central exhaustion of the HPA system with a paracrine counteraction by the activation of the 11β-HSD system. Changes in the other hypothalamic-pituitary hormonal axes were the result of long-term differences in training levels and were not altered by the marathon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of amorphous and microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si) for thin film transistors and related applications requires large area, high-deposition rate plasma reactors. Increasing the excitation frequency into the VHF range has demonstrated higher productivity of deposition and etch systems. However, the use of VHF for large area systems leads to some problems. For example, the uniformity of the deposition decreases due to generation of standing and evanescent waves on the electrode surface. This paper demonstrates the deposition of μc-Si films on large area substrates employing a new linear plasma source (line source) with multipoint power feeding in combination with a continuous deposition on moving substrates. By using a source of 550 mm in length and an excitation frequency of 81.36 MHz, deposition rates up to 4 μm h−1 for μc-Si and film thickness inhomogeneities of less than ±5% were achieved. Experimental results and electronic properties of μc-Si films deposited with the new method will be discussed in relation to the deposition parameters and the process conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Examines the L-glucitol catabolism in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Ac or Pseudomonas sp. Conversion of polyol L-glucitol to D-sorbose; Isomerization of D-tagatose ot D-galactose; Oxidation of D-galactose to D-galactonate.

Part II. Features a study that conducted laboratory experiments to test a proposed method for estimating the critical supersaturation of quasi-monodisperse dry particles from hygroscopic growth measurements at relative humidities. Experimental approach; Results and discussion; Conclusions.

Part I. Features a study which proposed a technique to directly relate particle size and chemical composition to its critical supersaturation by performing hygrographic growth measurements at relative humidities. Mathematical regression of a modified form of the Kohler equation; Chemical parameters; Conclusions.

The article examines the impact of electoral reform in New Zealand's political party system after the 1999 general election. According to the author, the 1999 general election confirms that there is no future for center parties as long as there is no relevant second policy dimension that helps shape party competition. However, the Labour party shows a strong position that is reflected in the distribution of bargaining power in 1999, while the National party follows in the second place. The mechanics of the New Zealand party system remain unchanged in relation with the coalition bargaining that formed the minority coalition government.

Has the first MMP election in New Zealand in 1996 led to a new party system? We argue that the post-reform party system has changed its format while its mechanics remain virtually unchanged because the underlying competition logic stays bipolar. The fundamental variable that decides if this is a correct description is the existence of a permanent and genuine centre party. In order to assess the potential for establishing such a party we look at three aspects: (1) Based on an expert survey we find that the dimensionality of the party system and party positions have not changed dramatically. This leaves little scope for a change to multipolar party competition. (2) Applying a range of formal coalition theories shows that those theories based on the size principle are particularly successful in predicting the actual outcome of the coalition formation. We argue that the office-seeking motivation plays an important role with those actors located in the centre of the party system. (3) As to the characteristics of the ‘new’ parties in the system, we interpret these parties as ‘Schumpeterian’ political entrepreneurs who instead of being genuine centre parties strategically place themselves in the centre in order to enhance their bargaining power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shows that S-layer homology (SLH) domains are needed to anchor both the S-layer protein and the exocellular xylanase XynA from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes EM1 to the cell wall. Deglycosylation of the S-layer protein; DNA sequencing results.

Determines the time course of the effect of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake and glucose extraction in skeletal muscle and the effect of perfusion on these parameters. Slowed down insulin stimulation of glucose uptake by insulin-mediated vasodilation; Impaired insulin-mediated vasodilation as a reason behind insulin resistance in hypertensives.

Examines the effect of perfusion rate on the time course of insulin-mediated skeletal muscle glucose uptake by systemic euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps in a group of lean, insulin-sensitive subjects. Augmentation of the maximal rate of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake; Impairment of insulin-mediated vasodilation in patients with hypertension.

Examines the relationship between insulin action, vascular resistance and insulin sensitivity among obese and lean individuals. Measurements of glucose uptake in whole body and leg muscle under basal and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic conditions; Systemic and leg vascular resistance; Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and leg blood flow measurements.

Presents a letter to the editor about acute spinal cord injury.

Fair allocation of funding in multi-centre clinical studies is challenging. Models commonly used in Germany - the case fees (“fixed-rate model”, FRM) and up-front staffing and consumables (“up-front allocation model”, UFAM) lack transparency and fail to suitably accommodate variations in centre performance. We developed a performance-based reimbursement model (PBRM) with automated calculation of conducted activities and applied it to the cohorts of the National Pandemic Cohort Network (NAPKON) within the Network of University Medicine (NUM). The study protocol activities, which were derived from data management systems, underwent validation through standardized quality checks by multiple stakeholders. The PBRM output (first funding period) was compared among centres and cohorts, and the cost-efficiency of the models was evaluated. Cases per centre varied from one to 164. The mean case reimbursement differed among the cohorts (1173.21€ [95% CI 645.68–1700.73] to 3863.43€ [95% CI 1468.89–6257.96]) and centres and mostly fell short of the expected amount. Model comparisons revealed higher cost-efficiency of the PBRM compared to FRM and UFAM, especially for low recruitment outliers. In conclusion, we have developed a reimbursement model that is transparent, accurate, and flexible. In multi-centre collaborations where heterogeneity between centres is expected, a PBRM could be used as a model to address performance discrepancies. Trial registration: ; ; . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study diffusion-driven pattern formation in networks of networks, a class of multilayer systems, where different layers have the same topology, but different internal dynamics. Agents are assumed to disperse within a layer by undergoing random walks, while they can be created or destroyed by reactions between or within a layer. We show that the stability of homogeneous steady states can be analyzed with a master stability function approach that reveals a deep analogy between pattern formation in networks and pattern formation in continuous space. For illustration, we consider a generalized model of ecological meta-food webs. This fairly complex model describes the dispersal of many different species across a region consisting of a network of individual habitats while subject to realistic, nonlinear predator-prey interactions. In this example, the method reveals the intricate dependence of the dynamics on the spatial structure. The ability of the proposed approach to deal with this fairly complex system highlights it as a promising tool for ecology and other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocytic processes are critical for cellular entry of several viruses; however, the role of endocytosis in cellular trafficking of viruses beyond virus entry is only partially understood. Here, we utilized two laboratory strains (AD169 and Towne) of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which are known to use cell membrane fusion rather than endocytosis to enter fibroblasts, in order to study a post-entry role of endocytosis in HCMV life cycle. Upon pharmacological inhibition of dynamin-2 or clathrin terminal domain (TD) ligand association, these strains entered the cells successfully based on the expression of immediate early viral protein. However, both the inhibitors significantly reduced the growth rates and final virus yields of viruses without inhibiting the expression of early to late viral proteins. Clathrin accumulated in the cytoplasmic virus assembly compartment (vAC) of infected cells co-localizing with virus tegument protein pp150 and the formation of vAC was compromised upon endocytic inhibition. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of infected cells treated with endocytosis inhibitors showed intact nuclear stages of nucleocapsid assembly but the cytoplasmic virus maturation was greatly compromised. Thus, the data presented here implicate endocytic pathways in HCMV maturation and egress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the influence of dual antiplatelet therapy vs. aspirin alone on local platelet activation and clinical endpoints in patients with PAD treated with endovascular therapy.Methods: Patients received either 500 mg aspirin and 300 mg clopidogrel before intervention followed by a daily dose of 100 mg aspirin and 75 mg clopidogrel for 6 months, or the same doses of aspirin plus placebo instead of clopidogrel. Primary endpoints were local concentrations of platelet activation markers β-thromboglobulin and CD40L, and the rate of patient's resistant to clopidogrel. Secondary endpoints included the clinical development 6 months after the intervention.Results: Eighty patients, 40 in each group, were enrolled. The median peri-interventional concentration of β-TG was 224.5 vs. 365.5 (P = 0.03) in the clopidogrel and placebo group. The concentration of CD40L was 127 and 206.5 (P = 0.05). Thirty per cent of patients who had received clopidogrel were resistant. Two clopidogrel and eight placebo patients required TLR (P = 0.04). The clopidogrel patients who needed revascularisation were both resistant to clopidogrel. Minor bleeding complications occurred in one clopidogrel and two placebo patients.Conclusion: Dual antiplatetet therapy reduces peri-interventional platelet activation and improves functional outcome without higher bleeding complications. An individual tailored dual antiplatelet therapy seems desirable for endovascularly treated patients with PAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to an image article "Yttrium-90 TOF PET scan demonstrates highresolution biodistribution after liver selective internal radiotherapy," by R. Lhommel published in the earlier issue of the periodical.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article on pet insurance, that was published in the November 2007 issue.

An increased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content, as quantified by (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS), is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity. At present, it is unclear which factors determine IMCL formation and how rapidly IMCL accumulation can be induced. We therefore studied the impact of hyperinsulinemia and elevated circulating nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels on IMCL formation and insulin sensitivity. We further evaluated the influence of a high-fat diet on IMCL storage. In the infusion protocol, 12 healthy male subjects underwent a 6-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamp with concomitant infusion of Intralipid plus heparin. IMCL was quantified by (1)H-MRS in soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle at baseline and then every hour. IMCL levels started to increase significantly after 2 h, reaching a maximum of 120.8 +/- 3.4% (SOL) and 164.2 +/- 13.8% (TA) of baseline after 6 h (both P < 0.05). In parallel, the glucose infusion rate (GIR) decreased progressively, reaching a minimum of 60.4 +/- 5.4% of baseline after 6 h. Over time, the GIR was strongly correlated with IMCL in TA (r = -0.98, P < or = 0.003) and SOL muscle (r = -0.97, P < or = 0.005). In the diet protocol, 12 male subjects ingested both a high-fat and low-fat diet for 3 days each. Before and after completion of each diet, IMCL levels and insulin sensitivity were assessed. After the high-fat diet, IMCL levels increased significantly in TA muscle (to 148.0 +/- 16.9% of baseline; P = 0.005), but not in SOL muscle (to 114.4 +/- 8.2% of baseline; NS). Insulin sensitivity decreased to 83.3 +/- 5.6% of baseline (P = 0.033). There were no significant changes in insulin sensitivity or IMCL levels after the low-fat diet. The effects of the high-fat diet showed greater interindividual variation than those of the infusion protocol. The data from the lipid infusion protocol suggest a functional relationship between IMCL levels and insulin sensitivity. Similar effects could be induced by a high-fat diet, thereby underlining the physiological relevance of these observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A response by Casey Brechtel to a letter to the editor about his article "Comments on effects of pet insurance on the veterinary profession" in issue 232 is presented.

Abstract: A systematic study of the behavior of different SCR-DeNO x catalysts – commercial ones and newly developed ones – was performed with the aim of developing new SCR-DeNO x catalysts with a high mercury oxidation rate. Besides the increase of mercury oxidation rate, also the SO2–SO3-conversion could be influenced if the catalyst’s composition is modified. The focus of this study is to gain a greater insight into the SO2–SO3-conversion at copper impregnated catalysts and to evaluate the DeNO x -performance change due to catalyst impregnation by this metal oxide. Data is presented, which shows the catalyst’s SO2–SO3-conversion measured by the controlled condensation method at variable operating conditions. Temperature was varied between 250 and 420°C and the linear velocity between 0.3 and 1.5m/s. In addition, the concentration dependency and the influence of water content were studied. Depending on the operating conditions and the bulk composition, copper impregnated catalysts show higher SO2–SO3-conversion rates compared to the commercial reference one. An exponential dependency of the SO2–SO3-conversion rate on the temperature and a non-linear dependency on the residence time was shown. Within this study, the potential for reducing the SO2–SO3-conversion was identified. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Amine-based post combustion CO2 capture is considered as one of the most advanced technologies to be implemented in new and existing coal-fired power plants for CCS. Although it has proven technically viable, it has not been installed on a large-scale application yet. The main drawback of the process is the high energy requirement for the regeneration of the amine solution. Values around 4MJ/kg of CO2 for the standard MEA-based process have been reported. The heat duty must be supplied by means of low-pressure steam from the power plant, which causes a decrease in the power plant net efficiency of up to 13%-points. Therefore, improvements in process technology and solvent development are important to reduce the penalty in the power plant efficiency. Results from lab-scale research on the absorption and desorption of MEA and DEA at different concentrations are presented and discussed. Absorption and desorption capacities, as well as the regeneration of the CO2-loaded solutions in a stripper column and the influence of different operating parameters have been experimentally investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]