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To be effective, a biocontrol agent must survive and persist in the same habitat as the target species and reduce target population growth. When multiple biocontrol agents are used against a single invasive species, they may each perform better under a subset of the habitat in which the target lives. This complementarity allows for a more consistent level of control and a higher resilience to environmental variability. Two species that feed on the same plant tissues would compete, but niche partitioning in the native range may be replicated when both species are introduced to the invasive range. When biocontrol agents are released, they may self‐sort to perform best in their respective niches. We hypothesized that two biocontrol agents—Scotch broom seed beetle, Bruchidius villosus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Scotch broom seed weevil, Exapion fuscirostre (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Brentidae)—that both feed on seeds of the invasive legume Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius L. Link (Fabaceae), would be impacted differently by different weather conditions and plant traits, and would show different success rates at field sites with different conditions. We used a 5‐year study to reveal that the two biocontrol agents are not uniformly distributed in the field and that weather and plant factors influence their success. We confirmed that weather conditions of the previous year influenced biocontrol agent attack rate and found that weather patterns at a field site may predict the impact of each biocontrol agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study tested hand warmers as oxygen scavengers for controlling insect pests in hermetic storage by accelerating oxygen depletion. Using one, two, or four hand warmers, this study found that only four hand warmers effectively reduced oxygen below 1% and maintained it for up to 168 h. Insect mortality increased with more hand warmers and extended storage duration, achieving 100% mortality after 5 and 8 days for four and two hand warmers, respectively. Hand warmer treatments did not affect the moisture content or germination rates of cowpea seeds. Hand warmers effectively accelerate oxygen depletion, leading to high insect mortality and progeny suppression, without impacting grain quality. Accelerating oxygen depletion during hermetic storage can minimize pest damage and preserve product quality. This study evaluated the effectiveness of hand warmers in accelerating hypoxia to control insect pests inside hermetic containers. We used one, two, or four hand warmers to deplete oxygen in a 4-gallon hermetic jar with 4 kg of cowpea and cowpea bruchids, alongside a non-hermetic control with cowpea bruchids and no hand warmers. Oxygen levels, insect mortality, egg counts, seed moisture content, and germination rates were monitored over 2, 5, or 8 days of storage. Only the four hand warmers treatment reduced oxygen levels below 1% within 12 h and maintained them for up to 168 h. The other treatments did not achieve this level. Insect mortality was higher with more hand warmers and extended storage duration, reaching 100% after 5 and 8 days with four and two hand warmers, respectively. Similarly, increased hand warmers and extended storage durations reduced egg counts and adult emergence. The treatments did not affect the moisture content or germination rates of the stored cowpea seeds. Hand warmers proved effective in accelerating hypoxia during hermetic storage, resulting in high insect mortality and reduced reproduction, without compromising grain quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) is a major storage insect pest that reduces cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) yield and seed quality, making it unsafe for consumption. This study seeks to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance to cowpea bruchids. A total of 120 F2 lines from a cross between MU9 (susceptible) and WC42 (resistant) were genotyped with 2753 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. The F2:3 seeds were screened for resistance to cowpea bruchids using a no‐choice experiment. Significant differences were observed among the F2:3 lines for bruchid‐resistance traits, except on oviposition. The Dobie susceptibility index scale grouped the F2:3 lines from moderately resistant to highly susceptible, hence no highly resistant line was identified in this study. Ten QTL for resistance to bruchids were identified on chromosomes Vu02, Vu03, Vu04, Vu06, Vu08, Vu09, and Vu11. Two major QTLs were identified and mapped: on Vu06 for median development period (MDP6.1MW, R2 = 25.9%) and a co‐localized QTL region on Vu09 for number of adult bruchid emergence (NEI9.1MW, R2 = 28.6%), number of eggs per 10 seeds (NE9.1MW, R2 = 18.8%), average number of exit holes on seeds (ANH9.1MW, R2 = 19.6%), and seed weight (R2 = 15.6%–16.3%), respectively. Therefore, markers linked to the QTL identified in this study including MDP6.1MW, NEI9.1MW, and ANH9.1MW can be validated for marker‐assisted selection to fasten breeding for resistance to bruchid in cowpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acanthoscelides aureomicans (Pic, 1930) is transferred to the Sennius genus. In addition, it is presented as a description of the species, which illustrates the male habitus and its genitalia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bruchid beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) is one of the devastating field carry over storage pest causing a huge crop loss, especially in greengram. The pre-breeding lines were developed by crossing between a cultivated variety, VBN (Gg) 2 and Vigna radiata var. sublobata, a progenitor species of greengram used as a resistant parent against bruchid. Methods: A total of 53 stabilized inter sub-specific lines along with parents were screened for bruchid resistance by ‘no choice’ method with two replications. Screening parameters were recorded for all the 53 lines and were statistically analysed. Damage assessment was carried out and the three resistant lines obtained during initial screening was further confirmed. Result: The low seed damage per cent was observed in three lines viz., GGISC-2 (18.00), GGISC-21 (20.00) and GGISC-49 (14.00). The susceptibility index was 0.048, 0.049 and 0.048 in GGISC-2, GGISC-21 and GGISC-49, respectively and hence, classified as bruchid resistant. Delayed adult emergence, uneven adult emergence, prolonged developmental period, small and malformed adults were the other parameters observed in resistant lines. The three resistant lines identified could be further utilized in the breeding programmes for the development of bruchid resistant varieties in greengram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A morphological study is carried out on the taxonomic characters of the species of the genus Bruchidius Schilsky, 1905, grouped in the bimaculatus subgeneric group, present in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Balearic Islands, and the Canary Islands. The morphological characters and their value as a discriminating criterion of the species of the group are analyzed, as well as the concordant and discordant aspects of the known trophic biology of the different species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted on the biochemical basis of resistibility and susceptibility of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) and Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) against twenty-five different genotypes of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Results revealed that C. maculatus and C. chinensis were most susceptible to mungbean genotypes except for two cultivars, 174No.302 and PLU-1050. From biochemical analysis, it has been concluded that the total protein, carbohydrates and lipids had a non-significant and positive relation with development parameters in all the mungbean genotypes. The results showed that genotypes 174No.302 and PLU-1050 were highly resistant to the bruchids and had high levels of flavonoids, phenol and tannin. These anti-nutritional factors negatively affected the growth, development period and adult emergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulse crops are crucial for human nutrition not only because of their rich source of proteins but also for their dietary fibres, complex carbohydrates, resistant starch, vitamin complex and minerals. Pulse crops include mungbean, urdbean, redgram, bengalgram, adzuki bean and cowpea which are agriculturally and economically important crops in tropical and subtropical regions. Bruchid beetles, [Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)] and [C. maculatus (F.)] are the most serious insect pests of Vigna crops especially during storage. Infestation starts in the field and carried to storage godowns, where sometimes it causes total destruction of the seeds within six months. The damage is caused by the grubs, which feed on the entire grain contents leaving only the shell behind. The seeds thus loss its viability and they are rendered unfit for human consumption. Use of resistant cultivars is the best way to manage the bruchids. Hence, the resistant accessions can be effectively used as promising donors for developing bruchid resistant varieties which would ensure food security by reducing postharvest losses under storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damage caused by the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) is the major constraint to cowpea grain production in most cowpea producing countries. The activity of fenugreek essential oil was evaluated against the one-week-old adults of C. maculatus which exhibited good activity with an LC50 value of 195.44 ppm. Two gamma radiation doses were chosen (50 and 100Gy) to study their combined effects with the LC75, LC50, LC25 and LC10 values of fenugreek essential oil on the mortality of C. maculatus adults. The weevils were subjected to gamma radiation then exposed to vapors of the volatile oils and mortality was recorded daily for four days. It was observed that mortality increased as a result of the combined effect of the two agents. Mortality percentages were 93.33, 81.66, 68.33, and 51.66% when one-week-old adults of C. maculatus were irradiated with 100Gy and exposed to LC75, LC50, LC25 and LC10 values of fenugreek essential oil, respectively, 96 h post-treatment. The irradiated weevils with 50Gy showed 85, 71, 60, and 45% mortality, respectively, 96 h post-treatment. The integration of fenugreek essential oil and gamma radiation is a safe, effective and affordable control method against cowpea weevils and they are promising to be the main components of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs of this weevil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice straw, a byproduct of harvesting rice, must be disposed of by farmers in a variety of ways, including burning, which is hazardous for the environment. To address this issue, the straw needs to be utilized and turned into valuable products. One such product is nano-silica (SNPs), which will be synthesized and investigated in our study as a safe alternative to chemical insecticides. Rice straw-derived SNPs were synthesized using the Sol–Gel method. The contact toxicity of SNPs on Callosobruchus maculatus, a major pest of cowpea seeds, has been assessed. The size of synthesized SNPs was determined by transmission electron microscopy to be ~ 4 nm. The SNPs estimated LC50 on C. maculatus adults was 88.170 ppm after 48h exposure. By raising the tested concentration, SNPs treatment increased the mortality%, which reached 100% at 200 ppm exposures. Additionally, SNPs at LC50 treatment decreased adult longevity and the average number of emerged adults. The findings also verified that SNPs had no phytotoxic effects on the cowpea seeds germination. Rather, their application improved seed germination efficacy. This study proposed that rice straw can be utilized to manufacture highly efficient SNPs which can be efficiently employed to preserve stored grains from C. maculatus infestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. is a primary pest of stored chickpea which causes 50-60 per cent loss in seed weight and 45.5-66.3 per cent loss in protein content of the seeds and injudicious and indiscriminate use of hazardous synthetic chemicals for preventing storage losses in chickpea may lead to human and animal health issues due to residual hazards. Therefore, the biorational management of the pulse beetle in stored chickpea has been undertaken keeping biology in mind will prevent the loss as well as protect human health hazard. Methodos: The experiments on various non-chemical biorational approaches like effect of elevated levels of CO2 and application of nano particles which control the test insect effectively but have less toxicity to non-target organisms and the environment were studied in the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during 2018-2021. Result: The results showed that elevated levels of CO2 at 60 and 80 per cent for 150 and 30 minutes respectively resulted in cent per cent mortality of the bruchids. Among the nano particles, nano silica and nano zinc applied @1000 ppm and 750 ppm realized the highest mortality of the bruchids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We record for the first time from the Galapagos Islands the species Eupelmus pulchriceps (Cameron, 1904) as well as the genus Horismenus Walker, 1843 with its species Horismenus dennoi Hansson, Kenyon & Benrey, 2019, all of them Hymenoptera parasitoids of seed beetles in the genus Acanthoscelides Schilsky, 1905. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is a serious pest of stored chickpea seed and distributed worldwide. Synthetic insecticides and fumigants are random practices against this pest but with serious drawbacks. The larval-pupal parasitoid Dinarmus basalis Rondani (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) has been successfully used to control C. chinensis as an alternative. Hosts (C. chinensis) were cultured in the laboratory in confined conditions (30 ± 1 °C and 80 ± 10% RH) till (12–15 days) to get optimal size for parasitism. The bio-control efficacy was studied at 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C with three parasitoid density pairs i.e. 2, 4 and 6. The number of emerged parasitoids, parasitism and suppression rates were studied. The parasitism and suppression rate of the parasitoid increased with increasing temperature and parasitoid densities except 35 °C. The highest parasitism (98.55%) and suppression (98.43%) by D. basalis on C. chinensis populations were observed at 30 °C with six pairs of the released parasitoids. Conversely, the lowest parasitism (77.34%) and suppression (74.35%) were observed for two pair parasitoid densities at 25 °C. Therefore, 30 °C temperature and maximum D. basalis density have potential to suppress C. chinensis populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A morphological study is carried out on the taxonomic characters of the species of the genus Bruchidius Schilsky, 1905, grouped in the foveolatus subgeneric group, present in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Balearic Islands, and the Canary Islands. The morphological characters and their value as a discriminating criterion of the species of the group are analyzed, as well as the concordant and discordant aspects of the known trophic biology of the different species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean seeds [Vigna radiata (L.)] are easily damaged by insects during storage, and essential oils (EOs) have proved effective for controlling insect infestation. This research study assessed the bioactivity of EO from Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). The chemical composition of EO was analysed by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). All experiments were conducted following a completely randomised design (CRD) with four replications of the residual contact and seed dressing bioassays. Results indicated that J. sambac EO contained 35 compounds (97.587%), with the main component 3-hexen-1-ol benzoate. Residual contact toxicity LC50 values of this EO on adult C. maculatus at 24, 48, and 72 h were 5.01, 4.00, and 3.13 µL/mL, respectively. J. sambac EO at 8 µL/L showed the highest residual contact efficacy against C. maculatus, killing up to 100% in 72 hours. The highest concentration of J. sambac EO (1 mL/kg) gave optimal protection against C. maculatus within 4 and 5 days with 100% mortality. This concentration showed 100% inhibition of adult F1 progeny emergence, with no seed damage and weight loss of V. radiata L. after 30 days of exposure, and not significantly different from 0.8 mL/kg. Results indicated that J. sambac EO effectively prevented C. maculatus infestation and it could be used as an alternative to commercial chemical insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus is the most serious pests in stored legumes in majority of tropical countries. Attention has been given to the possible use of plant products or plant dry powders as promising alternatives to synthetic insecticides in controlling insect pests of stored products. Present study seven plant species evaluated for their bio activity to pulse beetle. Methods: Laboratory studies were conducted at Department of Crop Protection, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Valavachanur, Thiruvannamalai district to study the effect of various plant powders tested against, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) infesting stored black gram. The experiments were conducted two sets, first experiment (insecticidal action) and second on ovipoistion, egg hatchability, adult emergence and seed weight loss. Result: The Piper nigrum 2 per cent seed powder was found to be significantly the best compared to other treatments and caused 100 per cent mortality at one day after treatment. At seven days after treatment, Azadirachta indica (87.77%), Coccinia indica (80.50%), Abutilon indicum (73.50%), Acalypa indica (73.33%) and whereas untreated control recorded only 36.66 per cent mortality was recorded. Piper nigrum was significantly superior than all other treatments in complete inhibiting the oviposition, adult emergence and seed weight loss showed in P. nigrum 2 per cent seed powder treated black gram seeds as compared to untreated control higher numbers eggs laid (107 eggs), adult beetle emergence (90 adults) and seeds weight loss (34.26%) at 30 DAT, (39.22%) at 45 DAT and (45.28%) at 60 DAT. Different concentration of P. nigrum seed powder experiment results concluded that all the four doses (0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00%) highly effective against C. macultus viz., mortality, oviposition adult emergence and seed weight losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was undertaken in 110 mung bean genotypes in alpha lattice design in two replications to estimate the correlation coefficients, direct and indirect effects of various yield contributing traits on grain yield for 18 quantitative traits and nine screening traits against bruchids. The correlation coefficient analysis revealed that single plant yield showed high significant positive correlation with number of pods per plant, followed by number of clusters per plant and hundred seed weight. Path analysis showed that days to 50 per cent flowering and number of pods per plant showed high positive direct effect on single plant yield. The bruchid bioassay resulted in the identification of 12 genotypes with complete resistance to bruchids and all the characters showed high significant positive correlation with each other except for number of eggs laid. Hence, the resistant genotypes identified in this study can be used in resistance breeding programme for bruchids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, is an important food and forage legume worldwide. The cowpea weevil is a major cowpea pest that causes damage both in the field and during storage. This study investigated the effects of some foliar treatments, including three foliar fertilizers (Ca, K, B) and two growth regulators (mepiquat chloride (MC) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on the cowpea yield and its components. Furthermore, evaluating the susceptibility and resistance of cowpea seeds resulting from the previous treatments against the C. maculatus insect. The results showed that all foliar sprays had significant effects on yield and its components in both seasons compared with the control. The highest yield was achieved by CPPU treatment, followed by K treatment, and the lowest yield was achieved by MC treatment. The results of the free-choice and no-choice tests revealed that cowpea seeds treated with MC treatment were the most susceptible to C. maculatus attack. At the same time, cowpea seeds treated with K and CPPU treatments showed their resistance to infestation by the same insect. Foliar application of K and CPPU treatments could be used in integrated pest management programs to reduce the risk of pesticides to human health and increase crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Callosobruchus chinensis (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is one of the major insect pests of Phaseolus vulgaris L. grains, commonly known as rajma seeds, in Europe and Asia including India. Infestations of these insects destroy majority of legume seeds including rajma which causes a great economic loss. Hence, a proper sustainable pest management measures are necessary for storage of rajma seeds. For this, the study aims to identify and quantify the n-alkane profile from the surface waxes of rajma seeds and their role as olfactory cue in C. chinensis. Individual synthetic alkane followed by the synthetic blends mimicking rajma seed surface wax n-alkanes as olfactory cue was also evaluated. Methods: Collected rajma seeds were solvent extracted to isolate surface waxes. The extract then fractioned by thin-layer chromatography and followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses to purify, quantify and identify n-alkanes. Result: Rajma seeds' surface waxes analysis revealed 18 n-alkanes between n-C15 and n-C33. The predominant alkanes were noctacosane and n-hexadecane. n-Octadecane was the least abundant alkane in seeds. Total alkane content was 3502.67±12.82μg from 100 g (number 200 ± 5.13) seeds. Adult female C. chinensis elicited attraction towards the surface wax alkanes at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 seed(s) equivalent of rajma seed(s) in the Y-tube olfactometer bioassay, but the highest attraction was observed at 6 seeds equivalent. Hence, a synthetic alkane blend resembling of 6 seeds equivalent, present in seeds' surface wax alkane or a combination of nine (which elicited positive response) synthetic alkane blend resembling 6 seeds equivalent could be used as lures in developing baited trap in insect pest management programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is a vital pulse crop having a colossal nutritionary and gastronomic significance. The bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus is recognised as the most heinous storage pest of leguminous crops that causes drastic economic loss. Crop breeders may use the nutritional and antinutritional traits of seeds to successfully combat storage pests. Methods: The present investigation has been framed to compare the degree of seed damage and weight loss with the biochemical parameters, viz., starch, sugar, protein, phenol, tannin and alpha-amylase inhibitor, of mungbean seeds from parental and selected lines of F5 populations for bruchid resistance. Result: The resistant parent, V2802BG and seven F5 families (BSR-GG-1-49-2, BSR-GG-1-49-5, BSR-GG-1-56-5, BSR-GG-1-170-5, BSR-GG-1-198-2, BSR-GG-1-198-3, BSR-GG-1-160-1) were completely resistant to bruchid infestation with no seed damage. One of the probable reasons for the stunted development of Callosobruchus maculatus might be the high level of phenol. Seed weight loss and damage by bruchids were shown to be positively correlated with high levels of protein, starch and sugar; however, alphaamylase inhibitors and tannins did not reach statistical significance at the 5% level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on the taxonomic characters that have been used to discriminate the different species of the genus Bruchidius included in the unicolor group, represented in the Iberian-Balearic and Canary Islands fauna, is carried out. The taxonomic and biological heterogeneity of the species included in this group is discussed and some criteria are provided for characterization according this heterogeneity. The morphological analysis concludes with the low taxonomic value of its characters to differentiate the species, requiring the use of a set of characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stored legumes suffer both quality and quantity deterioration due to infestation by bruchids. Recently, plant essential oils (EOs) are recognized as safer substitutes to manage these pests by alleviating the concerns of residue and resistance problem of synthetic grain protectants. Insecticidal, sub-lethal and residual effects of Pogostemon cablin Benth, Mentha arvensis L., Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats., Pelargonium graveolens L. and Acorus calamus L. EOs were investigated against Callosobruchus analis (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). In contact toxicity, LC50 values ranged from 0.040 to 0.362 µl/cm2, being lowest for P. cablin. Cymbopogon martinii, P. graveolens and A. calamus EOs had strong repellent property (> 83%), while M. arvensis and P. cablin demonstrated moderate repellency (41–67%) at sub-lethal concentrations. Sub-lethal exposure reduced the oviposition (5.96–100%) and inhibited progeny emergence (21.22–100%) in dose-dependent manner. Acorus calamus EO showed potent oviposition deterrency and progeny emergence was totally abolished. EOs exhibited moderate to high residual activity, where M. arvensis and A. calamus treated seeds were completely protected (0% damage) for 70- and 84-days post-treatment. Results indicated the promising potential of five EOs to be used as bioactive ingredients for developing grain protectants to prevent post-harvest deterioration of legumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In laboratory study, we identified the biochemical components of resistance to bruchid (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) in 15-pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) genotypes. The bruchids cause substantial losses to the pigeonpea grains in storage as well under field conditions. The antinutritional constituents (Trypsin, cysteine and amylase inhibitors) of pigeonpea played major role in inhibiting the growth and development of C. chinensis. The maximum mean developmental period and minimum adult bruchid weight were observed in the wild pigeonpea genotype ICPW 68 (34.10 days and 4.98 mg respectively), followed by ICPL 20186 (32.4 days and 5.09 mg) and ENT 11 (32.31 days and 5.21 mg) respectively. The highest protease inhibition activity was observed in pH range of 4 to 7, which acts as an anti-metabolite to C. chinensis indicating the relative resistance. The anti-nutritional factors, developmental period and adult weight of bruchids were negatively correlated. The studies revealed that biochemical components in pigeonpea play an important role in resistance to C. chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In India, cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is a minor pulse and is cultivated mainly in arid and semi arid tracts. Cowpea grains are often completely destroyed by bruchids both quantitatively and qualitatively making them unfit for planting, marketing and human consumption. Therefore, development and use of tolerant/resistant cowpea cultivars offer a simple, cheap and attractive way for reducing bruchids damage. Hence, the present study was aimed to identify new sources of insect resistant traits against Callosobruchus chinensis in cowpea germplasm so as to incorporate them in cowpea crop improvement programmes to evolve resistant or tolerant varieties against bruchids. Methods: Twenty seven cowpea genotypes were evaluated for resistance or susceptibility to pulse beetle, C. chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) using no-choice artificial conditions. Various parameters viz., oviposition, adult emergence/20 seeds, percent adult emergence, mean developmental period, per cent seed weight loss and growth index were determined for each genotype. Result: Significant differences were observed among cowpea accessions in terms of growth index (GI) of bruchid. Based on GI, one accession (IC 257844) was found moderately resistant (MR). Although, cowpea accessions showed variation in physical seed characters viz., seed coat colour, shape, seed length, seed width, seed thickness and 100 seed weight, they could not exert significant influence on any of the insect biological characters. Based on the study, it was demonstrated that IC 257844 (categorized as moderately resistant) could be used as potential donor for the development of bruchid tolerant cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important source of protein and income for smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. But recently, it has faced challenges due to a storage pest, the Adzuki bean beetle, Callosobruchus Chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). The response of 80 field pea genotypes managed under different soil fertility levels was evaluated under no-choice conditions for this pest infestation in the laboratory with a randomized complete block design with three replications at two locations during 2017/18. Except for thousand seed weight and percentage of seed coat weight of seeds, combined ANOVA at the two locations showed a highly significant difference (p = 0.01) for the following traits: number of eggs, date of adult emergency, number of adults, adult recovery, mean number of holes per seed, percentage of seed damage and susceptibility index. However, all traits values showed highly significant variations among genotypes. When genotypes were grown with neither rhizobium nor phosphorus, rhizobium only, and rhizobium and phosphorus, the lowest and highest values ranges of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were observed for trait susceptibility index and thousand seed weight. Except for the percentage of seed weight loss, percentage of seed coat, thousand seed weight, and number of holes per seed, PCV was consistently higher than the corresponding GCV for more traits at each fertility level. We found moderate to high genetic advance as a percentage of mean and high heritability coupled with high genetic advance over percent mean for the traits thousand seed weight and proportion of seed coat weight across all fertility levels. Small-seeded field pea, Pisum var. abyssinicum genotypes fpcoll-1/07, fpcoll-2/07, fpcoll-21/07 and fpcoll-43/07 were moderately resistant, while the levels of the pea variety Adi were consistently more susceptible to Adzuki bean beetle than the other genotypes at all fertility levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung bean is highly susceptible to insect attack during storage. Hermetic storage is an effective technique to control insect damage. This study investigated the potential of the hermetic SuperGrain bag (SGB) for controlling bruchids during storage. The dry samples were packed in SGB infested with adult bruchids (SGB-I), SGB natural field infested (SGB-N), woven polypropylene bags (WPP-I and WPP-N) and kept at room temperature for 180 days. Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations were measured at 15 days intervals. Moisture content, infestation level, seed damage and weight loss were determined at 60 days intervals. Seed colour, hardness, crude protein and fat contents were analysed before and after storage. The O2 level decreased to 10.09%, whereas the CO2 level increased to 8.87% in both SGB-I and SGB-N treatments. The moisture content of mung bean was maintained as onset storage in both SGB-N and SGB-I treatments, whereas reduced in WPP-N (9.26% db) and WPP-I (9.21% db). In SGB treatments, no significant bruchids were detected, but they increased drastically in WPP-N (52 ± 9) and WPP-I (377 ± 14). Seed damage (2–3%) and weight loss (0.8–1.0%) were recorded in both SGB-N and SGB-I. Conversely, seed damage reached 26.67 and 54.17%, corresponding to weight losses of 12.33 and 20.82% in WPP-N and WPP-I, respectively. Seed colour, hardness, crude protein and fat contents in SGBs showed no significant changes than in the WPP bags. The study illustrated that the SGB is an efficient hermetic device in protecting mung beans against bruchids attacks compared to the WPP bags. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pea landraces may hold genetic variation that can be exploitable in breeding/selecting new cultivars. In a small-seeded pea landrace, four phenotypes were distinguished according to testa (green, non-spotted and green, spotted) and hilum colour (white, black). The four phenotypes were tested for two growing seasons in the field for pod (seeds/pod) and seed traits (1000-seed weight, toughness, total phenols and tannins, testa colour, protein and carbon concentration, C/N ratio, bruchid infection). Significant differences were found for testa colour parameters, phenolic, tannin and carbon concentration and bruchid tolerance. The larger-seeded, spotted peas had darker testa and more phenols, while white-hilumed peas had lighter testa and more tannins. The spotted, black-hilumed phenotype, with the highest carbon concentration and C/N ratio was the most tolerant to bruchids. However, grouping the phenotypes, neither spotted nor black-hilumed ones showed to be more tolerant compared with their counterparts. Concluding, our results showed that phenotyping variation in seeds of a pea landrace revealed variation in seed traits, which could be exploitable. Since testa and hilum colour were associated with specific seed traits, they could, alone or in combination, be used as biomarkers of seed quality traits in pea. Testing of larger number of phenotypes is needed to solidify our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulse beetle is the most harmful pest attacking stored grains and affecting quality and marketability. Continuous use of chemical-based pesticides against pulse beetle led to the development of insecticidal resistance; essential oils (EOs) can be an effective natural alternative against this pest. The main objective was to study the chemical composition of seven EOs viz., Acorus calamus, Hedychium spicatum, Lavandula angustifolia, Juniperus recurva, Juniperus communis, Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichiana, their insecticidal and enzyme inhibition activities against pulse beetle. The primary compounds present in these EOs were cis-asarone, 1,8-cineole, linalyl isobutyrate, 2-β-pinene, camphene, α-dehydro-ar-himachalene and camphene. A. calamus oil showed promising fumigant toxicity to Callosobruchus maculatus and C. chinensis (LC50 = 1357.86 and 1379.54 µL/L, respectively). A combination of A. calamus + L. angustifolia was effective against C. maculatus and C. chinensis (LC50 = 108.58 and 92.18 µL/L, respectively). All the combinations of EOs showed synergistic activity. In the repellency study, A. calamus showed more repellence to C. maculatus and C. chinensis (RC50 = 53.98 and 118.91 µL/L, respectively). A. calamus and L. angustifolia oil at 2500, 5000 and 10,000 µL/L significantly inhibited the AChE and GST enzymes in C. maculatus and C. chinensis after 24 and 48 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the effect of extracts of three spices in control of Callosobruchus subinnotatus (Pic). The experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD). Ginger, scent leaf and curry leaf were obtained and screened for phytochemical and proximate composition using standard laboratory techniques. The Bambara nut was subjected to three treatments (To, T1, T2 and T3) which were replicated 4 times. To was used as control while the rest were treated with the spices. Results from the study showed that the highest mortality rate was recorded on 100g of Ginger extract having percentage mortality of 93.33% (T3). It was followed by scent leaf with a mortality rate of 43.33% (T1). The result also showed that Ginger powder extract gave the lower mean number of holes (41) and with lower weight loss of 4.9% of nuts amongst the extracts used. Bambara nuts that were not treated with plant spice extracts (To) gave the highest mean number of holes or punctures (211) and the highest weight loss 25.5% of nuts. Conclusion of this study is that the plant extracts were effective at controlling Callosobruchus subinnotatus, though at varying degrees. These biopesticides are part of humans and animals food, often are used as ethno-medicines, and are more environmentally friendly being biodegradable, so all these things recommend to be used in the detriment of chemical pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of traditional method of storage of cowpea grains and seeds for the control of the Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). The storage method consists of packing grains and seeds, mixed with threshing residue, in hermetically sealed polyethylene bottles or barrels. In the experiment, four treatments were evaluated: (i.) Perforated flask containing grains, (ii.) Non-perforated flask containing grains, (iii.) Perforated flask containing a mixture of grains and threshing residues and (iv.) Non-perforated bottle containing a mixture of grains and threshing residues, the latter representing the traditional method (control). For each treatment, 4 replicates were used. For each pot, 20 adult individuals of the insect-pest were inserted. After induced infestation, the pots were stored in a place protected from rain and sun, simulating the reality of farmers' storage. At 35 and 70 days after the induced infestation, the following variables were counted for each pot: number of live insects, number of dead insects, number of holes caused by insects in the grains and percentage of grains attacked. The use of threshing residue was not efficient for the control. On the other hand, the absence of gas exchange in the pot decreased the multiplication of the insect pest, indicating the importance of using hermetic barrels ourvacuum packaging for storage and commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is an important pest of stored soybean grains. It is imperative to screen out the prevailing genotypes of Beninese soybean cropping systems in order to find out the resistant ones against C. maculatus infestations. The effect of seven grain physical traits (testa thickness, colour, texture, hardness, length, breadth, and 100-grain mass) on the susceptibility of eight soybean varieties to C. maculatus were evaluated in the laboratory. The correlations and contributions of the studied traits were evaluated using correlation path coefficient analysis. The tested soybean varieties showed a variation in physical seed characteristics. A differential susceptibility of soybean varieties to C. maculatus was observed, with the white seeded variety Whéwhé having longest and largest grains was the most susceptible. Based on the Dobie susceptibility index, the Yovoton variety was proved to be resistant to C. maculatus attacks. While, Kecheke, Houeton, Adjaton and Vovoh varieties were classified as moderately resistant to C. maculatus. The correlation analysis indicated that 100-seed weight had significant positive correlation with F1 progeny (r = 0.439), seed consumption (r = 0.467), number of eggs laid (r = 0.295) and susceptibility index (r = 0.453). Path coefficient analysis showed that each seed physical character and its interactions with the others characters influenced soybean grains susceptibility to C. maculatus. Soybean seed thickness showed the higher direct positive effect on soybean susceptibility to C. maculatus indicating that breeding should be done based on this trait to improve soybean seed resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Painteria leptophylla (DC) Britton y Rose is a rarely studied plant used in ecological restoration of arid and semi-arid zones. Its seeds are consumed by beetles of the Bruchidae family. Species that feed on the seeds were identified, the percentage of seed predation calculated during the pre-dispersal and post-dispersal stages, 2 months and a year after being collected, and germination of healthy and damaged seeds was evaluated. Merobruchus politus Kingsolver damaged 43.2% and Stator limbatus (Horn) 31.5% during pre-dispersal. Predation during post seed dispersal was 51.6% by M. politus and 50.6% by S. limbatus. Average percentage of predation 1 year after the seeds were collected was 51.6% by M. politus and 79.7% by S. limbatus. Thirty-seven percent of seeds without damage germinated and 60% were damaged by S. limbatus, with 16.6% of seeds with one emergence hole germinating and only 7% for M. politus. The percentage of predation by M. politus was greater in pre-dispersal of seeds, which might be because the species is univoltine. Thirty-seven percent of seeds without apparent insect damage germinated compared to seeds with a hole caused by S. limbatus. The greater percentage (60%) of germination, might be because damage by S. limbatus increased permeability and germination. Only 7% of seeds damaged by M. politus germinated because the larger size of the insect consumed most of the seed embryo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is an important pest of stored soybean grains. It is imperative to screen out the prevailing genotypes of Beninese soybean cropping systems in order to find out the resistant ones against C. maculatus infestations. The effect of seven grain physical traits (testa thickness, colour, texture, hardness, length, breadth, and 100-grain mass) on the susceptibility of eight soybean varieties to C. maculatus were evaluated in the laboratory. The correlations and contributions of the studied traits were evaluated using correlation path coefficient analysis. The tested soybean varieties showed a variation in physical seed characteristics. A differential susceptibility of soybean varieties to C. maculatus was observed, with the white seeded variety Whéwhé having longest and largest grains was the most susceptible. Based on the Dobie susceptibility index, the Yovoton variety was proved to be resistant to C. maculatus attacks. While, Kecheke, Houeton, Adjaton and Vovoh varieties were classified as moderately resistant to C. maculatus. The correlation analysis indicated that 100-seed weight had significant positive correlation with F1 progeny (r = 0.439), seed consumption (r = 0.467), number of eggs laid (r = 0.295) and susceptibility index (r = 0.453). Path coefficient analysis showed that each seed physical character and its interactions with the others characters influenced soybean grains susceptibility to C. maculatus. Soybean seed thickness showed the higher direct positive effect on soybean susceptibility to C. maculatus indicating that breeding should be done based on this trait to improve soybean seed resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed and illustrated description of Bruchidius misellus (Boheman, 1833), is offered, being a poorly known species, which has always been considered as a variety of other species of the unicolor group, but currently there is scientific consensus in considering it as a good species, with distribution restricted to a few countries of the Western Mediterranean, including those of the Iberian Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on the taxonomic characters that have been used to discriminate the different species of the genus Bruchidius included in the varius group, represented in the Iberian-Balearic and Canary Islands fauna, is carried out. The taxonomic and biological heterogeneity of the species included in this group is discussed and some criteria are provided for characterization according to this heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callosobruchus maculatus is one of the most important pests of cowpea in storage causing severe economic damage to the grain. This study investigated the efficacies of three plant materials (Azadirachta indica, Calotropis procera and Chromolaena odorata) leaves against the cowpea weevil. Concentrations of 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5g of the plant powders were used on 10g of grains with 10 adult weevils in each and a Control (untreated) in triplicates. The results showed significant (P< 0.05) negatively effects of the plant materials on the survival of C. maculatus at the highest concentration. In all trails, mean daily mortality in adult C. maculatus were significantly(p<0.05) increased. All plant powder type were effective but concentration-dependent, with C. procera recording significantly (P < 0.05) higher mortality at the various concentrations while C. odorata, elicited the least mean daily mortality. The lowest LD50 (0.63g) was obtained with C. procera. These plants materials were found to also affect the egg-laying capacity of C. maculatus. Treatment with C. odorata recorded significantly(P<0.05) higher number of eggs laid at all concentrations, though the egg-laying capacity was also concentration-dependent; whereas C. procera recorded the least number of eggs laid. All the three plants powders tested demonstrated significant insecticidal potency on stored cowpea weevils, with C. procera and C. odorata showing significantly higher and lower insecticidal potentials respectively. These findings will help in solving problem associated with food security especially with respect to stored produce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean is one of the most important grain legumes with high-quality dietary protein in India as well in many other Asian countries. But the crop is severely affected by bruchids (Callosobruchus spp.) from field to storage condition. These storage pests not only affect the yield but also reduce the market value and quality of the crops. The chemical method of bruchid management is not economical and environmentally unsafe. So, the host-plant resistance to bruchids would be the best alternative and most sustainable way to control the bruchid. A very limited number of wild accessions and cultivated genotypes are available for the transfer of bruchid resistance gene through conventional breeding. Thus, insights into the molecular mechanism of resistance will help to find out the resistance genes/QTLs easily with the support of available genome sequence and that can be introgressed to the cultivated varieties through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) approach. Therefore, in this review, we focused on QTL mapping, identification of novel QTLs, marker assisted-selection, genomics and transcriptomics study by using advanced molecular tools which will be very helpful for genomic-assisted breeding in mungbean for bruchid resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate fumigant toxicity of Datura metel extracts on Callosobruchus maculatus. Datura metel leaf powder was extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, chloroform and methanol and tested at 50, 100 and 150 µl concentrations. Adult mortality, oviposition detterent, infestation, tolerance, weight loss and seed germination were calculated and analysed using statistical tool (ANOVA). At 24 h of exposure, ethyl acetate had the highest significant mortality (50.75% and 89.67%, respectively) with the least LC50 (0.03 µl) recorded at 72 h. Per cent egg hatchability was highest, in control (93.33%), lowest in ethyl acetate (8.33%) at 150 µl concentration and had highest reduction in adult emergence at 50 (55.38%), 100 (86.67%) and 150 µl (93.33%), respectively. There were 100% tolerance in the control and 63.60–75.55% tolerance at 150 µl, in treated dishes resulting in significantly (p < 0.05) highest weight loss (17.14%) compared to treated grains. The percentage seed germination of treated grains was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control. Ethyl acetate proved to be the most effective and analysed by GC–MS. Phytol (22.57%), 2-Isopropyl-5-methylphenol (thymol) (15.98%), Cyclohexanol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, (1α,2β,5α)- (10.47%), 6,10,14-Trimethy-2-pentadecanone (7.32%) and 4, 8-Dimethyl-3,8-dien-2-one (4.82%) were identified as the main bioactive constituents. Datura metel ethyl acetate extract exerted good toxicity on C. maculatus and can be used as biofumigant to protect cowpea against infestation and seed damage to reduce the hazards related to the use of synthetic insecticides. Further research work is suggested to evaluate the effect of the extract on the insect biochemical activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the evaluation of the insecticidal potential of Citrus limonum, C. sinensis, C. paradisi and C. aurantium as bioinsecticides to reduce the damage caused by the pest Acanthoscelides obtectus on white bean crops. The toxicity of essential oils extracted from 04 species of Citrus was tested under laboratory conditions at 30°C and 70% RH by three modes of action contact, inhalation and repulsion on the A. obtectus adults longevity. The results obtained for the parameter studied indicate that the essential oils extracted from C. limonum, C. sinensis and C. paradisi exert a more or less significant toxicity towards the insect pest for all the tests carried out, however the oil extracted from C. aurantium is the most effective since the A. obtectus longevity decreases from the lowest dose of 2pl and is 100% at 6pl. Regarding the inhalation test, the fumigation effect is very important from the lowest doses achieved with C. aurantium essential oil, on the other hand the other oils have only shown significant effectiveness at the highest doses. The results of the repellency test revealed that C. aurantium essential oil is the most repellant compared to the other essential oils tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we evaluated the toxicity of Datura metel on susceptibility and reproductive capability of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Datura metel leaves powder was extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetone and methanol using Soxhlet apparatus and tested at 50, 100 and 150 µl/20 g cowpea seeds corresponding to 2.5, 5 and 7.5 µl/g. Mortality of C. maculatus, percentage reduction of eggs laid, egg hatchability, reduction in adult emergence, infestation, tolerance and weight loss were calculated at a different time of exposure. The lowest LD50 (0.202 µl) recorded was with ethyl acetate extract at 96 h of exposure, followed by methanol extract (9.45 µl) at 72 h of exposure. The mortality rate after 96 h exposure was ethyl acetate > methanol > acetone > hexane > chloroform. At 2.5 and 5 µl/g, methanol extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced percent egg laid (59.92% and 59.31% respectively). Ethyl acetate extract of D. metel resulted in the lowest percentage of egg hatchability at 2.5 µl/g (15.0%), 100 µl (22.63%) and 7.5 µl/g (23.89%). Percent reduction in adult emergence was highest in methanol extract treated grains at 5 µl/g (89.33%) and 7.5 µl/g (91.67%). While, percent tolerance was lowest in ethyl acetate treated grains at 2.5 µl/g (72.80%) and 7.5 µl/g 58.67%) respectively. The lowest percentage weight loss in 7.5 µl/g was 2.50% (chloroform), followed by methanol (2.57%) and ethyl acetate (2.87%) with no significant difference (p > 0.05) among used solvents. D. metel proved effective against C. maculatus infestation and enhanced storability of cowpea grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung bean is vulnerable to bruchids (Callosobruchus spp.), resulting in low quality and losses worldwide. Developing resistant cultivars is the most effective, economical, and eco-friendly way to protect mung bean seeds from the damage of bruchids. Previously, we identified two gene loci that are tightly linked with bruchid resistance, which makes new cultivar development possible using molecular assisted selection (MAS). In the present study, marker-assisted backcross (MABC) breeding was employed to introgress the bruchid resistance gene VrPGIP2 locus from the donor parent V2802 into a popular cultivar, Kamphaeng Saen 1. Markers VrBR-SSR013 and DMB-SSR158 were used for foreground selection, and phenotypic selection was used for background selection. Three advanced inbred lines (R67-11, R67-22, and R92-15) carrying the resistance gene VrPGIP2 were developed from the BC3F6 population. Further analysis showed that the line R67-22 performed best; it was highly resistant to bruchids and showed excellent agronomic traits in the field. Therefore, R67-22 could be further evaluated in large-scale trials for release as a variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge about biology of seed beetles (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) is scarce or non-existent in the vast majority of species of no economic interest. Data on trophic biology are confusing, mixing host species with refuge species. In recent years, an effort has been made to understand the biology of these insects, based on in vivo information. In this article we present observations on the trophic and reproductive biology of six species of the genus Bruchidius, made in the course of these studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important legume which is consumed globally for protein intake, particularly in Asian states. It is a well-known source of dietary fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins. The cowpea grains are stored after harvest and used till the next harvest. However, the grains are infested by storage pests, primarily Callosobruchus maculatus. Hence, effective management strategies are needed to protect the stored grains form the pests. This study assessed the efficacy of some edible oils in suppressing C. maculatus infestation in stored cowpea grains. Four different botanical oils (i.e., mustard, neem, poppy, and pumpkin) at four different concentrations (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ml per 100 g grain) were included in the study. A control treatment without any botanical oil was also included for comparison. The relevant concentrations of botanical oils were poured into plastic containers containing 100 g cowpea grains and ten C. maculatus adults were released. The jars were sealed and placed at room temperature. Data relating to mortality, oviposition, F1 adult emergence, and seed weight loss were recorded. The tested botanical oils and their concentrations significantly affected mortality after one day. Mortality after 2nd and 3rd days remained unaffected by botanical oils and their different concentrations. The highest mortality was recorded in neem oil-treated grains followed by poppy, pumpkin, and mustard oils. Increased oviposition rate was observed in the grains treated with mustard and pumpkin oils, while those treated with neem and poppy oil recorded decreased oviposition. The control treatment had increased oviposition rate compared to tested botanical oils. All botanical oils significantly inhibited egg laying percentage. The highest germination was recorded for the grains treated with mustard oil followed by pumpkin, poppy, and neem oils, respectively. The lowest germination was recorded for control treatment. Significant differences were noted for C. maculatus repellency among botanical oils. No emergence of adults (F1 progeny) was recorded in all tested botanical oils; thus, F1 progeny was inhibited by 100%. Weight loss, damage percentage, and holes in the grains were not recorded since F1 progeny did not emerge. It is concluded that tested botanical oils are promising and could be utilized to control C. maculatus in cowpea grains during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus is the major postharvest insect pest of cowpea seeds in storage. This had led to huge losses and quality deterioration of stored cowpea seeds that serve as poor man's meat in lieu of expensive meat source in developing countries. This research was carried out to evaluate the bioefficacy of rice husk, maize cob, groundnut, and cowpea pods against C. maculatus in the laboratory. Adult insect mortality, eggs laid, adult emergence, damaged seeds, weight loss and beetle perforation index (BPI) were evaluated. Phytochemicals of the wastes were investigated. Results: The result showed that the agricultural wastes contained alkaloids (1.56–2.77 mg/g), saponin (1.51–3.38 mg/g), phytate (7.00–17.76 mg/g), oxalate (0.32–1.13 mg/g). All agricultural wastes showed a high mortality effect on C. maculatus, and their effects increased as the exposure time and concentration/ dosage increased. Beetle mortality was highest in cowpea pod with 80% mortality for powder after 3 and 4 days when applied at 0.5 g/20 g cowpea seed. This showed that cowpea pod powder has the greatest insecticidal activity while the least was observed in maize cob powder (73.33%). Fewer adults emerged with maize cob having the least emergence when applied at 0.2–0.5 g dosage. Extracts of all agricultural wastes tested against C. maculatus were able to affect 70–100% mortality after 4 days of application at concentration 0.5 ml with cowpea pod extract causing 100% mortality of beetle after 4 days of application. The calculated lethal dose (LD50 and LD90) and concentrations (LC50 and LC90) of wastes powders and extracts cowpea pod was observed to have the lowest lethal dose while maize cob wastes were the highest across all period of exposure. Conclusion: Base on the results obtained, cowpea pod waste was the most toxic in biocontrol of C. maculatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus maidenii and Eucalyptus cinerea essential oils of were extracted by the drive technique with water vapor and analyzed by means of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The results reveal that the monoterpene compounds are the majority (57.69 and 51.28%) compared to sesquiterpenes (37.14 and 23.07%), and the 1.8- cineole is the most represented (70, 89 and 71.93%), respectively for E. cinerea. and E. maidenii. In fumigation tests, after 24 hours of exposure, with a dose of 12.5µl/l, E. cinerea and E. maidenii caused 100% adult mortality in Sitophylus oryzae. The same mortality rate was achieved at a dose of 25µl/l, with adults of Callosobruchus maculatus. The adults of S. oryzae are more sensitive to E. cinerea and E. maidenii with respectively, LD50 = 8.45 µl/l and 8.95 µl/l, LD95 = 10.45µl/l and 11.62 µl/l, compared to C. maculatus, with LD50 = 11.75 µl/l and 12.35 µl/l, and LD95 = 26.90 µl/l and 19.07µl/l for, respectively, E. cinerea and E. maidenii essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out to compare cowpea storage characteristics using different storage medium, under different weather conditions. Several technologies reputedly attribute losses of stored cowpea grain to bruchid beetles. Comparison of these different postharvest storage methods can provide the basis for deciding which performs best in terms of weight loss, pest infestation and nutritive losses. Proximate analysis was carried out before, during and after storage with two month intervals, over four months of storage in three storage media: a seed gene bank, modified anthill rhombus, and a covered container (the control). Temperature, humidity, and weight values (for moisture content analysis) were taken during the storage period. Results showed that the cowpea seed sample, stored in the AC section of the seed gene bank, proved to be more tolerant to pest infestation compared to seed samples, stored in the Modified anthill rhombus, and seed samples, stored under ambient conditions. The cowpea seeds weight recorded reduction after infestation, which also was significant when compared to the non-infested seeds in the seed gene bank. Proximate analysis of cowpea seeds after infestation showed a decrease in the value of carbohydrate content and protein, while crude fibre, moisture, fat and total ash recorded increased. Further research should be carried out on cowpea storage under different weather conditions, with and without insecticide, and using more media such as jute bags, etc. There should also be an extension of the storage period more than the four months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Bruchidae: Coleoptera), commonly known as Cowpea weevil or Cowpea seed beetle is a pest of stored grain that attacks legumes in the field and stored conditions. An investigation was conducted for screening the developmental preference of Callosobruchus maculatus in different legumes. Five different legumes were used with three replications in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The grains of legumes were obtained from the local market of Dera Ghazi Khan. Two pairs of adult (C. maculatus) were inoculated in 20 g seeds of different legumes. Statistics on egg count, egg-laying preference percentage, hatching percentage, incubation period, larval + pupal period, total developmental period (from egg to adult), male and female population, total adult emergence, No. of holes in seeds and seeds weight loss percentage was recorded. The outcomes of this study represented that red kidney bean grains (22.54%) contained more egg-laying preference for C. maculatus as compared to other tested legumes while desi chickpea grains (14.53%) had a lesser ovipositional preference. Minimum growth period was recorded on mung bean (22.66 days), followed by cowpea (24.33 days), kabuli chickpea (27 days) and desi chickpea (30.33 days). But there was (0.0 days) no growth of C. maculatus on red kidney bean grains. In short, smooth seed coat and well-filled seeds were most preferred by C. maculatus for egg-laying, short developmental time, maximum adult emergence and increased holed seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit and seed predators determine plant populations dynamics and community structure of tropical forests. Its impact can have drastic consequences on the development of plants and their ability to reproduce. Among the main causes of damage to fruits, and seeds, Coleoptera of the Curculionidae and Bruchidae families and other groups of beetles stand out. The research was carried out in the Metropolitan Natural Park (PNM), considered as the "lung of the City of Panama" which has deciduous trees that reach up to 36 m in height and an average annual temperature of 28° C. The work consisted of collecting samples of fruits and seeds of all plant species encountered in the fruiting condition in the park from August 2015 to July 2016. Additionally, flower buds of Anacardium excelsum L. attacked by two species of Anthonomus Germar, 1817 were also included in the analyses. A total of 797 beetles were collected from 3091 samples (seeds, fruits, flower buds) reared at environmental conditions. The Curculionidae and Bruchidae families presented the highest abundance of individuals and species richness. One species of Hypothenemus Westwood, 1836 (Scolytinae), was the most abundant within the Curculionidae family and in the Bruchidae family one species of Acanthoscelides Schilsky, 1905. Tree species such as Oenocarpus mapora H. Karst. 1857 and Guazuma ulmifolia Lam presented higher predation of their fruits or seeds. On average only 5% of dissected seeds were predated across 32 host plant species. In total, 31 genera of beetles were reared from flower buds, seeds, and fruits of 17 plant species. Host-specificity was moderated, with 47% of flower bud, fruit and seed predator genera associated with just one plant species. Sixty one percent of the coleopterans were collected in the dry season (December to March). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the diversity and the population dynamics of insects attacking seed stocks of Acacia macrostachya, an indigenous legume tree whose seeds constitute an important food source for rural and urban populations in Burkina Faso. For this purpose, six thousand four hundred and two seeds were collected from newly harvested dry pods in spontaneous vegetation around the research station of Saria, while 50kg of naturally infested seeds of A. macrostachya were purchased from nearby markets. To assess pest diversity and initial infestation, seeds collected from pods were divided into 3 batches of 2134 seeds, each batch representing a replication. Insect emergence in the laboratory was monitored for 45 days. The population dynamics of the pests was studied by incubating the seeds purchased on the market in 4 batches of 12.5kg each in polypropylene bags, which were kept under laboratory conditions and monitored for 8 months. Insects emerged from the samples included Coleoptera from three (3) families: Bruchidae (the most abundant), Tenebrionidae and Silvanidae, and Hymenoptera from four (4) families: Eulophidae, Pteromalidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae. The initial seed infestation rate of the newly harvested pods was 50.67% with 47.14% caused by Bruchidius silaceus, 2.70% by Caryedon furcatus and 0.83% by Bruchidius sp. The most abundant species observed during the two first months of storage of the seeds obtained from the market was B. silaceus, but it disappeared from the stocks after March. Conversely, Caryedon furcatus populations remained steady and increased in February. Among the secondary pests observed, Oryzaephilus mercator was the most important. The initial seed perforation rate and weight loss were 16% and 2.8%, respectively, and increased to 35% and 7% after eight months of storage. The hymenopteran Eupelmus sp. was the most abundant parasitoid observed in storage. Our study allowed us to assess the diversity of A. macrostachya seed pests and their natural enemies. These results will contribute to a better understanding of their population dynamics and hence provide cues for further studies towards effective control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bruchids are a major storage pest of common bean. Genetic resistance is a suitable method to avoid grain losses during storage. The objective of the study was to introgress the arcelin‐based resistance locus into selected advanced breeding line and to validate the molecular marker BRU_00261. A total of 208 progeny F4 families were phenotyped using a randomized complete block design, with three replications. Highly significant differences (P <.001) among the entries, parents and offspring were recorded for almost all traits. There was no significant difference between the two parents in the number of eggs laid. The progenies were grouped as highly resistant (34.3%), resistant (11.9%), moderately resistant (21.4%) and susceptible (32.4%). The levels of broad sense heritability ranged from 68.5%–93.9% for all the traits. Eighty‐three most resistant lines and the parental lines were genotyped with the marker BRU_00261 (snpPV0007). The marker segregation deviated significantly from the expected independent segregation towards a strong enrichment for the resistant marker in the selected families. This marker will be useful for selecting promising materials in early generations and phenotypic confirmation of positive lines in later generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]