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Agronomic bio-fortification remains a crucial focus area for enhancing wheat productivity and quality while alleviating environmental pressures. Micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), persist among the Indian population, especially affecting women. These deficiencies can be effectively addressed through agronomic bio-fortification of wheat grains. To tackle this issue, a comprehensive multilocation (4) field experiment was conducted, incorporating four high-yielding wheat cultivars (HD-3226, HI-1544, DBW-187, and PBW-1-Zn) alongside six foliar fertilizer applications (Control, 2% S, 2% N, 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O, 1% KCl, and combined treatments) during 2021-22 and 2022-23 utilizing a split-plot design with three replications. Analysis over the years revealed that significant impacts of location and cultivar on yield and its attributes, and Fe, Zn, and protein content of grains. Warmer locations like Hisar exhibited higher yields primarily due to significantly increased earheads/m2 and grains number/m2 compared to other locations. Moreover, Fe content in wheat grains was notably higher in Gurdaspur followed by Hisar, surpassing Ludhiana. Notably, cultivar DBW-187 outperformed others with a 14.75% higher grain yield than the least yielding cultivar, HI-1544. PBW-1-Zn exhibited the highest grain Fe and Zn content among the cultivars studied. The interaction between cultivar and location significantly influenced all yield parameters and grain Fe content. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 (0.5%) during stem elongation and milk stages resulted in significantly higher grain Zn content compared to applications of KCl (1.0%), N (2.0%), and S (2.0%) alone, with an increase of 9.9% over no spray. In conclusion, the selection of appropriate cultivars tailored to specific regions, coupled with strategic agronomic bio-fortification approaches, is imperative for enhancing wheat productivity and grain quality, thereby ensuring nutritional security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A burgeoning population, food shortage, less affordability of essential nutrients, and pandemic are the foremost global challenges for lower-to middle-income nations. Lack of proper availability of crucial nutrients leads to hidden hunger, which has become a serious threat under the current scenario and difficult situation for global policymakers, nutritionists, and public health scientists. Minerals (iron, zinc, iodine, and Selenium) and Vitamin A malnutrition are major food-related primary health problems among populations of both developed and developing countries. Vegetables offer an economical and sustainable opportunity to provide micronutrients. They are rich in minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds and thus play a key role in diversifying diets and securing nutritional security. Usually, the availability of most micronutrients in the edible parts of the plants is lower than required. Therefore, scaling up the nutritional profile of vegetable crops through biofortification can enhance their nourishment power. Biofortification can be achieved through mineral fertilization, breeding, and biotechnological approaches. Several crops have been fortified through the soil and foliar application of fertilizers, thus providing benefits for a limited period. Therefore, breeding for nutrient-rich cultivars using conventional or biotechnological techniques seems to be the most effective strategy to reduce malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the responses of two wheat varieties, Alvand (Zn-inefficient) and Pishtaz (Zn-efficient), to various zinc (Zn) fertilization methods to determine optimal strategies for enhancing wheat growth and grain quality. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of various Zn fertilization strategies, including foliar applications of Zn sulfate and Zn-EDTA with and without urea, as well as synthetic Zn amino acid complexes, along with soil applications of Zn sulfate, on the yield and nutritional quality of grains in these two contrasting wheat varieties. The results revealed that wheat varieties responded differently to Zn treatments. While Alvand showed a promising trend of elevated grain yield with foliar zinc sulfate application, Pishtaz exhibited a stronger response to foliar treatments like Zn-Met and Zn-EDTA + urea. Yield components as 1000-grain weight and spike weight, were significantly influenced by Zn fertilization. Foliar application of zinc sulfate + urea enhanced 1000-grain weight in Alvand, whereas Zn-EDTA + urea substantially increased spike weight in Pishtaz. Soil application of zinc sulfate was found to be as an effective method to enhance grain Zn content. Furthermore, the Zn concentrations in flour, straw, bran, and roots elucidated the complex patterns of Zn distribution among various plant tissues. Soil applications were particularly effective in increasing Zn levels in flour and bran, while foliar treatments influenced Zn content in straw and roots. Overall, this research highlights the importance of Zn fertilization strategies for different wheat varieties biofortification. These findings can provide practical implications for sustainable wheat production, addressing Zn deficiency challenges, and advancing food security worldwide. Further exploration into the underlying mechanisms of these responses is encouraged to refine Zn management practices for wheat cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of genetic biodiversity for micronutrients is crucial for breeding high-quality crops and addressing the negative impacts of mineral deficiencies. The objectives of this research were to assess genetic variation and the relationship between grain Fe and Zn levels and agronomic traits in a diverse collection of wheat varieties. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the correlation between microsatellite markers (SSR) and micronutrient quantities. A total of 42 genotypes (Iranian commercial cultivars, landraces, and Afghan and Swiss varieties) were evaluated over a two-year period. Fe and Zn levels were measured using two semi quantitative staining assays and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) facility. Semi-quantitative staining methods and AAS showed high correlations for micronutrient contents. Landraces exhibited higher Fe (63.79 mg/kg) and Zn (44.76 mg/kg) but lower grain yield compared with commercial cultivars. Heritability estimates ranged 53%-79.43%, suggesting that genetic variance played a higher contribution in the phenotypic variation of traits than environmental factors. Notably, Fe content displayed significant correlations with days to maturity. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) revealed that Zn content was correlated with four agronomic traits. Evaluation of genetic diversity using SSR markers demonstrated high genetic variation among the genotypes tested. The analysis of polymorphism information content (PIC) indicated that SSR primers had an average PIC of 0.75, with the Xgwm192 primer exhibiting higher PIC than others. Several SSR markers revealed association with micronutrient content that can be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs aimed at selection of high micronutrient genotypes. In conclusion, the findings underscored the substantial genetic diversity present in micronutrient levels among global wheat genotypes, the potential of landraces for micronutrients biofortification of wheat cultivars through cross hybridization, the utility of staining methods for screening high/low micronutrient genotypes, and use of microsatellite markers for marker-assisted breeding aiming to micronutrient improvement in breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron (Fe) deficiency in calcareous soils is a significant agricultural challenge, affecting crop productivity and nutritional quality. This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and evaluate Fe solubilizing rhizobacterial isolates from maize rhizosphere in calcareous soils as potential biofertilizers. Forty bacterial isolates coded as SG1, SG2, ..., SG40 were isolated and screened for siderophore production, with ten showing significant Fe solubilizing capabilities. These isolates were further assessed for phosphate solubilization and exopolysaccharides production. The selected bacterial isolates were also screened under axenic conditions for their ability to improve maize growth. The isolates SG8, SG13, SG24, SG30 and SG33 significantly enhanced growth parameters of maize. Notably, SG30 showed highest increment in shoot length (58%), root length (54%), root fresh and dry biomass (67% and 76%), SPAD value (67%), relative water contents (69%), root surface area (61%), and Fe concentration in shoots (79%) as compared to control. The biochemical characterization of these strains showed that all these strains have capability to solubilize insoluble phosphorus, produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and ammonia with catalase, urease and protease activity. Molecular identification through 16s rRNA gene sequencing confirmed high similarity (99.7–100%) of the selected isolates to various Bacillus species, including B. pyramidoids, B. firmicutes, and B. cereus. The study provides a strong base for developing eco-friendly, cost-effective biofertilizers to address Fe deficiency in crops and promote sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron and phosphorus deficiencies in alkaline soils threaten wheat by limiting nutrient availability due to their antagonistic relationship. This study tested if combining microbial incubation with foliar iron could synergistically improve wheat productivity and nutrition and mitigate deficiencies. A field experiment using a split plot design tested different iron and phosphate fertilization techniques. The main plots consisted of three iron application methods: foliar-applied iron (FL) at 2.5 kg ha−1, soil-applied iron (FS) at 5 kg ha−1, and no iron (F0). The subplots comprised four phosphate fertilizers: PSB + TSP (inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria + 100 kg ha−1 of triple superphosphate fertilizer), AMF + TSP (inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi + triple superphosphate), TSP alone, and no phosphorus (P0). Foliar iron application with AMF + TSP increased seed potassium and root length density by 16.3-17.9% and 22.1-25.8% more than PSB + TSP, respectively. Under FS conditions, AMF + TSP exhibited 28.5-29.1% lower magnesium and 23.9-28.4% higher zinc seed concentrations compared to PSB + TSP, as well as higher levels of soluble proteins and lower concentrations of chlorophyll. There was no difference in grain yield between PSB + TSP and AMF + TSP for any of the iron treatments. Combining AMF + TSP and foliar iron application resulted in the highest grain yield, desirable seed nutrient content (particularly zinc, iron (>100 mg kg−1), and magnesium (>18 mg kg−1), improved root biomass, chlorophyll, and soluble proteins compared to PSB + TSP and TSP alone. This combination of microbial inoculation with foliar iron application is an effective strategy for mitigating the antagonism between iron and phosphorus and improving both crop productivity and nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium in its organic form (such as selenoproteins) is involved in human metabolism, acting as an antioxidant and reducing inflammatory biomarkers associated with overweight and obesity. Nevertheless, their functionality depends on the selenium intake and individuals' physiological status. The adequate intake of this nutrient has been revised for health experts, and slight adjustments to the Daily Intake Reference Values occurred to avoid toxicity or deficiency and to exert beneficial effects in specific biomarkers such as glutathione peroxidase activity and SELENOP concentration. However, there is a gap in understanding the metabolic effects of selenocompounds in subjects or experimental models with obesity, but promising results have been documented to be included as a coadjutant in this disease treatment. In this sense, many strategies have been developed worldwide to produce Se-enriched foods and supplements containing selenocompounds to increase the accessibility for consumers. In this review, the effects of Se and selenocompounds on the central overweight and obesity biomarkers in different experimental models are addressed. Likewise, the most recent strategies for selenium enrichment in agricultural products and the main trends in selenium-enriched foods and supplements on the global market are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of high carotenoid germplasm is crucial to assist breeders in provitamin-A biofortification of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench). High-performance liquid chromatography is the gold standard for carotenoid quantification, however, it is not feasible for large scale phenotyping due to its high cost and low throughput. In this study, we tested the feasibility of using grain color as a high-throughput method of carotenoid biofortification breeding. We hypothesized that visual, color-based selection can be an effective strategy to identify high-carotenoid accessions. Yellow grain had significantly higher carotenoid content than red, brown, and white grain. The degree of yellowness could distinguish the presence or absence of carotenoids, but could not distinguish carotenoid concentrations within yellow-only accessions. The degree of luminosity of the grain, however, was able to better predict carotenoid concentrations within yellow-only accessions. Genome-wide association studies identified significant marker-trait associations for qualitative and quantitative grain color traits and carotenoid concentrations near carotenoid pathway genes—ZEP, PDS, CYP97A, NCED, CCD, and LycE—three of which were common between grain color and carotenoid traits. These findings suggest that using grain color as a method for screening germplasm may be an effective high-throughput selection tool for prebreeding and early-stage breeding in carotenoid biofortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTrace elements are essential for human growth, development, and vital plant physiological and metabolic processes. Micronutrients play a crucial role in both human and plant biological systems. Iron and zinc deficiencies remain some of the most prevalent and serious public health issues impacting vulnerable populations worldwide. Pulses, which constitute a cornerstone of plant-based protein intake and are predominantly grown in South Asia and Africa, can be further enriched with essential nutrients using diverse biofortification techniques. These techniques encompass (i) agronomic strategies, (ii) conventional breeding methodologies, and (iii) genetic engineering techniques. Future breeding and biotechnological approaches aim to enhance bioavailability and diminish antinutrient elements by intervening in pathways or creating low phytate mutant lines. Over the past few years, numerous biofortified food crops have been released, including pulses such as common beans and lentils introduced by HarvestPlus in developing countries. This review discusses various methods utilized in biofortification concerning mineral uptake and transport in pulses. It also addresses future challenges associated with biofortifying pulse crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDietary deficiencies of micronutrients are a fast expanding public health issue that is estimated to have a significant influence on the global population. Due to the detrimental effects on human health, iron (Fe)- and zinc (Zn)-deficits in food systems are among the most common micronutrient deficiencies. The people, whose diets are primarily plant-based may suffer from Fe/Zn-deficiency because of reduced accumulation of those elements in edible crop produce. The tendency to accumulate these two nutrients is higher in roots and leaves than in other plant parts like fruits, seeds, or grains. Therefore, compared to main cereal food crops, leafy vegetables, and root crops are suggested as superior targets to boost dietary Fe and Zn intake. Furthermore, one of the main components of a plant-based diet for a healthy lifestyle is vegetables, which offer the necessary quantities of dietary fiber, vitamins, antioxidants, and other important minerals. Agronomic biofortification is regarded as a sustainable agronomic intervention that enhances the bioavailability of vital nutrients in the crop edible portions without sacrificing yield amount. The strategy is the most practical and affordable to implement in a variety of already cultivated crops/cultivars to alleviate hidden hunger through delivering micronutrient-dense food crops. In light of this, the review examines the advancements concerning the understanding of agronomic biofortification techniques for vegetables to attain Fe and Zn nutritional security in food systems and proposes future directions for agronomic biofortifcation interventions to address Fe- and Zn-deficiencies which are predicted to worsen as the world’s population grows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThere is need to enhance the nutritional quality of lentil for ameliorating nutrient deficiencies in people especially vegetarians. The study was carried out to investigate the effect of soil application of zinc (Zn) and foliar application of Zn and nitrogen [(N) through urea] on grain yield and enrichment of grain with Zn in lentil. The field experiments were conducted at two locations Ludhiana and Faridkot, India. The experiment was consisted of eleven treatments (control, soil application of 25 kg ha−1 ZnSO4 at sowing time, foliar spray of sole 0.5% ZnSO4 or 2% urea and combined foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 + 2% urea at flowering, pod formation, and flowering + pod formation stages). The foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 + 2% urea spray at flowering + pod formation stages significantly improved the grain yield, Zn and iron (Fe) concentration at maturity in stover and grain (whole as well as split) of lentil and protein content in stover and grain. The combined application of ZnSO4 (0.5%) + urea (2%) at flowering + pod formation stages can be done to improve not only the grain yield (on an average 29.5%) but also the Zn (49.7%) and Fe (17.4%) concentration in lentil grain, which, can help in ameliorating malnutrition in human population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agronomic biofortification with iron (Fe) in tomatoes has emerged as a promising strategy to combat global iron deficiency. Iron is essential for human health and plays a critical role in the growth and development of crops. This study aimed to determine the optimal dose of Fe for tomato biofortification and assess its impact on its growth, yield and quality attributes, particularly the fruit’s Fe content. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using tomato hybrids Sandal and Sahel, applying Fe foliar treatments at concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 6 and 9 mM Fe per plant. The results demonstrated that foliar application of 6 mM Fe significantly enhanced the tomato’s growth, yield and quality, while markedly increasing the fruit’s Fe content to 30.07 and 34.1 mg kg−1 in Sandal and Sahel hybrids, respectively. These values were substantially higher than those of the control treatment with Fe contents of 14.77 and 15.0 mg kg−1, respectively. However, higher doses of Fe (> 6 mM Fe per plant) showed adverse effects on growth, yield, and quality. Foliar application of iron proved an effective and economical solution, readily integrated into commercial tomato production, offering farmers a practical method to produce Fe-biofortified tomatoes and combat iron deficiency-linked malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant vacuolar transporters, particularly CAX (Cation/H+ Exchangers) responsible for Ca2+/H+ exchange on the vacuole tonoplast, play a central role in governing cellular pH, ion balance, nutrient storage, metal accumulation, and stress responses. Furthermore, CAX variants have been employed to enhance the calcium content of crops, contributing to biofortification efforts. Recent research has uncovered the broader significance of these transporters in plant signal transduction and element partitioning. The use of genetically encoded Ca2+ sensors has begun to highlight the crucial role of CAX isoforms in generating cytosolic Ca2+ signals, underscoring their function as pivotal hubs in diverse environmental and developmental signalling networks. Interestingly, it has been observed that the loss of CAX function can be advantageous in specific stress conditions, both for biotic and abiotic stressors. Determining the optimal timing and approach for modulating the expression of CAX is a critical concern. In the future, strategically manipulating the temporal loss of CAX function in agriculturally important crops holds promise to bolster plant immunity, enhance cold tolerance, and fortify resilience against one of agriculture's most significant challenges, namely flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of spent coffee grounds (SCG) into hydrochars has been the subject of extensive research in recent years, aimed at evaluating their potential for biofortifying foods and mitigating the plant toxicity linked to SCG. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical characterization and the impact of incorporating both activated (ASCG and AH160) and functionalized SCG (ASCG-Zn), as well as SCG-derived hydrochars (AH160-Zn), on cucumber yield and plant zinc content. The following physicochemical properties were analyzed: specific surface area, pH and electrical conductivity, polyphenols, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The by-products activated and functionalized with zinc were applied to cucumber crops grown in a greenhouse across multiple harvests. The activation of both SCG and H160 reduced the specific surface area of the particles. However, when these by-products were functionalized, their Zn content increased significantly, up to 7400 ppm. Concerning polyphenol content, the activated products showed levels ranging from 3.5 to 4.9 mg GAE/g. Regarding cumulative production, the treatments that showed the highest yields were the by-products activated and functionalized with Zn reaching 25 kg. Incorporating these by-products notably raised the Zn content in cucumbers, reaching 0.1 mg Zn per 100 g of fresh weight. The activated by-products demonstrated the highest Zn utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities and are widely used for medical purposes and in nutrition. Numerous bioactive metabolites are responsible for these activities. Their distribution and biological effects differ depending on the fungal species and their chemical composition. Biofortification is a sustainable process that aims to improve the nutritional profile of food crops, as most of them are low in key nutrients. This review aims to delve into the process of fungal biofortification and review the most commonly used elements and species. Through biofortification, it is possible to combat hidden hunger, which affects as many as 2 billion people worldwide. "Hidden hunger" is a phenomenon in which the organism lacks the minerals and vitamins needed for development, growth, and good overall health. Mushrooms are increasingly being considered for biofortification due to their ability to accumulate various elements (both micro- and macroelements). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Results Conclusion During the processing of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) several residues are obtained, which are mostly disposed of in landfills. There is an urgent need for a comprehensive waste management strategy for these residues. This study evaluates the potential of SCGs as a biofertilizer by assessing their effects on lettuce leaves and the release of antioxidants following in vitro digestion and fermentation.Lettuce plants were grown with different amounts of SCGs (0–150 g kg−1) in the substrate. High SCG concentrations in the soil generated lighter colored tissues, a decrease in the green color, less root development, and lower dry weight of leaves (P < 0.05). The SCG levels also affected the release of antioxidants by the final product. This effect was more pronounced in the digested fraction: applying the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method, the addition of SCGs from 10 g kg−1 to 125 g kg−1 increased the amount of antioxidant from 43.88 ± 4.81 to 105.96 ± 29.09 μmol Trolox g−1 of dry weight (P < 0.05). The Indigo Carmine Reducing Capacity (ICRED) method also showed a similar trend, but in this case the highest value was obtained with 150 g kg−1 of SCGs (16.41 ± 3.93 mmol catechin g−1 of dry weight) (P < 0.05). Moreover, in the fermented fraction a significant increase in the antioxidant released was found with low levels of SCG(P<0.05), while lettuces fertilized with intermediate amounts of SCGs (25 and 50 g kg−1) presented the highest amount of insoluble antioxidant (P < 0.05).A compromise should be found in order to achieve a product with a high antioxidant capacity and an acceptable visual quality. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Rice grains typically contain relatively high levels of toxic arsenic (As) but low levels of essential micronutrients. Biofortification of essential micronutrients while decreasing As accumulation in rice would benefit human nutrition and health. We generated transgenic rice expressing a gain‐of‐function mutant allele astol1 driven by the OsGPX1 promoter. astol1 encodes a plastid‐localized O‐acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OAS‐TL) with Ser189Asn substitution (OsASTOL1S189N), which enhances cysteine biosynthesis by forming an indissociable cysteine synthase complex with its partner serine acetyltransferase (SAT). The effects on growth, As tolerance, and nutrient and As accumulation in rice grain were evaluated in hydroponic, pot and field experiments. The expression of OsASTOL1S189N in pOsGPX1::astol1 transgenic lines enhanced SAT activity, sulphate uptake, biosynthesis of cysteine, glutathione, phytochelatins and nicotianamine, and enhanced tolerance to As. The expression of OsASTOL1S189N decreased As accumulation while increased the accumulation of multiple macronutrients (especially sulphur, nitrogen and potassium) and micronutrients (especially zinc and selenium) in rice grain in a pot experiment and two field experiments, and had little effect on plant growth and grain yield. Our study provides a new strategy to genetically engineer rice to biofortify multiple essential nutrients, reducing As accumulation in rice grain and enhancing As tolerance simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unknown whether soil microbiota and soil bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of selenium hyperaccumulator plants can affect selenium absorption by selenium non-hyperaccumulator plants. Here, we used pot experiments and split root experiments to investigate the role of soil microbiota and isolated rhizosphere bacteria from a selenium hyperaccumulator plant (Cardamine violifolia) in affecting selenium absorption by a selenium non-hyperaccumulator plant (Brassica napus), combining root metabolism analysis, microbiome profiling, strain isolation and its selenium absorption functional validation. We found that soil microbiota of Cardamine violifolia significantly increased the root selenium content by 31.8% and regulated root exudation by Brassica napus. Additionally, the application of upregulated long-chain organic acids + amino acids, long-chain organic acids + short-chain organic acids, ethanolamine, and 2-ketobutyric acid increased the selenium contents in the roots of Brassica napus by 69.6%, 38.4%, 81.2%, and 48.8%, respectively. Further investigation revealed that dominant bacteria were significantly enriched in the rhizosphere of C. violifolia compared to B. napus. After that, we isolated the rhizosphere bacteria of Cardamine violifolia and observed that Bacillus sp.-2, Chryseobacterium sp., and Pseudomonas sp., as well as their combined communities, significantly improved selenium absorption in Brassica napus. Moreover, the combined bacterial communities significantly regulated specific-root metabolism, enhanced rhizosphere soil available selenium content, promoted root development, increased expression levels of genes encoding selenium transporter in root. These findings provide insights into utilizing rhizosphere bacteria of selenium hyperaccumulator plants to increase selenium absorption by non-hyperaccumulator plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iron (Fe) deficiency affects 30–50% of the world's population. Genetic biofortification of staple crops is a promising strategy for improving human nutrition, but the number of effective precision breeding targets for Fe biofortification is small. Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are cis-regulatory elements within the 5' leader sequence (LS) of genes that generally repress translation of the main open reading frame (mORF). Results: We aligned publicly available rice (Oryza sativa L.) ribo-seq datasets and transcriptomes to identify putative uORFs within important Fe homeostasis genes. A dual luciferase assay (DLA) was used to determine whether these uORFs cause repression of mORF translation and pinpoint LS regions that can be mutated for mORF derepression. A translationally repressive uORF region was identified in two positive regulators of the Fe-deficiency response: IDEF1 and IDEF2. The IDEF2-uORF peptide was highly conserved among monocots and a mutation series in the 5' LS of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) TaIDEF2-A1 gene demonstrated variable mORF derepression. Conclusions: Together these results reveal a possible regulatory mechanism by which IDEF2 transcription factors modulate the Fe deficiency response in monocots, and highlight novel precision breeding targets to improve crop nutrition and abiotic stress tolerance. Highlight: We searched for translationally repressive uORFs within Fe homeostasis genes to find precision breeding targets for improved crop nutrition and discovered uORFs in IDEF1 and IDEF2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium (Ca) is a vital nutrient essential for structural development and signal transmission in both plants and animals. In humans, inadequate calcium intake has been correlated with various diseases, including osteoporosis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and cancer. In areas where plants serve as a main dietary source, calcium intake is significantly lower than the recommended adequate intake, notably in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Exploring the connections between calcium consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer has significant implications for public health, given that these two conditions are the primary contributors to global mortality. This study conducted a systematic review of existing literature to assess the evidence regarding calcium intake and its effect on blood pressure control, stroke prevention, and the controversial association with myocardial infarction. Furthermore, the preventive effect of calcium intake on tumor development, particularly in cancer prevention, was discussed. The study explores the potential of agronomic biofortification as a key strategy to enhance plant‐based dietary calcium density and improve human health. By advocating for the incorporation of calcium‐rich plants and plant‐derived products, alongside appropriate calcium supplementation, the study emphasizes the economic and practical benefits of plants as a calcium source. This approach is aligned with global dietary patterns and socioeconomic disparities. The review also highlights the need for further research to better understand the mechanisms through which agronomic biofortification can increase dietary calcium intake and reduce the risks of CVD and cancer associated with calcium deficiency. Ultimately, this study aims to deepen our understanding of the complex relationship between calcium intake and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Biofortification of green leafy vegetables with pro‐vitamin A carotenoids, such as β‐carotene, has remained challenging to date. Here, we combined two strategies to achieve this goal. One of them involves producing β‐carotene in the cytosol of leaf cells to avoid the negative impacts on photosynthesis derived from changing the balance of carotenoids and chlorophylls in chloroplasts. The second approach involves the conversion of chloroplasts into non‐photosynthetic, carotenoid‐overaccumulating chromoplasts in leaves agroinfiltrated or infected with constructs encoding the bacterial phytoene synthase crtB, leaving other non‐engineered leaves of the plant to sustain normal growth. A combination of these two strategies, referred to as strategy C (for cytosolic production) and strategy P (for plastid conversion mediated by crtB), resulted in a 5‐fold increase in the amount of β‐carotene in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Following several attempts to further improve β‐carotene leaf contents by metabolic engineering, hormone treatments and genetic screenings, it was found that promoting the proliferation of plastoglobules with increased light‐intensity treatments not only improved β‐carotene accumulation but it also resulted in a much higher bioaccessibility. The combination of strategies C and P together with a more intense light treatment increased the levels of accessible β‐carotene 30‐fold compared to controls. We further demonstrated that stimulating plastoglobule proliferation with strategy P, but also with a higher‐light treatment alone, also improved β‐carotene contents and bioaccessibility in edible lettuce (Lactuca sativa) leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agronomy biofortification is an important crop management strategy to enhance concentrations of micronutrients in edible portions. The availability of micronutrients for plant uptake is reduced by the high salinity, pH, and lime of soils. Hence, this study aimed to determine the most appropriate time and the best ratio of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) consumption during the wheat growth stages in a saline and calcareous soil. The experiment consisted of two factors with four levels; 0, 30, 60, and 120 kg Zn ha−1 as Zn0, Zn1, Zn2, and Zn3 respectively, and 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 kg Fe ha−1 as Fe0, Fe1, Fe2, and Fe3 respectively, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed that the interaction effects of Fe and Zn fertilizers application were significant on the wheat yield indices and concentration of Fe and Zn in wheat shoots and grain. The simultaneous application of 120 kg Zn ha−1 and 5 kg Fe ha−1 caused significant improvement (p < 0.05) in thousand kernel weight (9.1%) and subsequently grain yield (23.4%) compared to the control treatment. The Zn concentration in the wheat shoot during tillering (37.0–58.2 mg Zn kg−1) was higher than the other two growth stages (elongation (29.2–40.8 mg Zn kg−1) and booting (20.0–31.0 mg Zn kg−1)). While the highest Fe concentration in wheat shoots was observed at the stem elongation stage (98.5–268.8 mg Fe kg−1), then the booting stage (91.0–150.8 mg Fe kg−1) and finally the least absorption was at the tillering (80.0–120.0 mg Fe kg−1). Because of the high calcium carbonate, salinity and Zn- deficient soil of the experimental site, the Zn concentration in wheat grain was obtained in a range of 3 to 19 mg kg−1. The results clarified that the fertilizer application of 30 kg Zn ha−1 and 2.5 kg Fe ha−1 can be proportionally and simultaneously increased the concentration of Fe and Zn in wheat grain by 100%. Therefore, the soil application of 30 kg Zn and 2.5 kg Fe per hectare proposed for improvement in quantitative (619 kg ha−1 increase in wheat grain yield) and qualities (100% increase in grain Zn and Fe concentration and 8% increase in thousand kernel weight) indices of wheat yield in calcareous and saline soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBiofortification (increasing the micronutrient content of food before harvest) has been successfully used to nutritionally improve staple foods in low- and middle-income countries. This approach could also help address micronutrient shortfalls in at-risk populations in high-income countries (HICs), however, the potential of biofortification interventions in this context is not well understood. The aim of this scoping review is to assess the nature and extent of available research evidence on biofortified foods in relation to human consumption in HICs. Literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, WoS, ProQuest, CINAHL, AGRIS and Epistemonikos. Forty-six peer-reviewed articles were included. Most research was conducted in the USA (n = 15) and Italy (n = 11), on cereal crops (n = 14) and vegetables (n = 11), and on selenium (n = 12) and provitamin A (n = 11). Seven research domains were identified in the literature: bioavailability (n = 17); nutrient stability (n = 11); opinions and attitudes (n = 9); functionality (n = 9); sensory properties (n = 2); safety (n = 1); and modeling (n = 1). Evidence from HICs in each domain is limited. There is a need for more research particularly in areas sensitive to the cultural and socio-economic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The leguminous chickpea is a good source of protein, but its yield potential is frequently constrained by biotic stresses, primarily Helicoverpa armigera, a major havoc for cultivation of the crop. To develop host plant resistance for minimizing the losses due to the pod borer, five kabuli parents with desired traits for pod borer tolerance were crossed in diallel mating design to produce 10 crosses which were analysed for traits related to pod borer and nutrition. Based on correlation studies, trichome density was found positively correlated with phenol content, but both the traits were negatively associated with number of damaged seeds. Therefore, the tolerant genotypes were identified on the basis of phenol content, trichome density, number of damaged seeds and field rating. Among parents ICC 12197 was found superior in terms of yield and borer tolerance features with an intermediate pest resistance susceptible rating in addition to higher Fe content. However, significant sca effects for higher phenol content and seed yield in ICC 11764 × ICC 14190 were recorded with reduced number of damaged seeds in addition to higher Fe and Zn content. It was observed that the specific combination involved good and poor combiners for each trait. The same cross also showed significant standard heterosis in desirable direction for phenol content, trichome density, number of damaged seeds and seed yield. Additionally, the ratio of σ2 GCA to σ2 SCA revealed nonadditive gene action in controlling the expression of phenol content, trichome density, number of damaged seeds and Fe and Zn content. Thus, breeder may focus efforts on desirable cross utilizing selection in further segregating generations for higher phenol content, trichome density and Fe and Zn content in addition to yield‐related traits while lesser number of damaged seeds per plant to concentrate for development of pod borer resilient high yielding kabuli genotypes to combat micronutrient deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to assess the genetic parameters and divergence in 38 rice genotypes for important yield and grain quality traits. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) exceeded genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits taken for the study, while high heritability was recorded for all the traits, except kernel length to breadth ratio and grain iron content. The trait number of grains per panicle exhibited high heritability (91.00%) and high genetic advance as a percentage of mean suggesting simple selection may be followed to improve the traits. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into seven clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters VII and IV (537.17). Five genotypes excelled in grain yield, ten genotypes for grain zinc content and one genotype for grain iron content over the check variety Rajendra Bhagwati. Despite high variability in grain zinc and iron content, no genotype surpassed the check variety for all three crucial attributes i.e. grain yield, grain zinc and iron content. The experimental material’s variability for grain nutrient status suggests their potential use in biofortification programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-priming is an emerging application of nanotechnology in agriculture intending to increase crop yield and nutritional quality while reducing fertilizer applications. This study aimed to investigate the effects of seed priming with citrate-coated CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) suspensions (10, 20, and 40 mg NPs L−1) on the life cycle of the Phaseolus vulgaris L. OTI cultivar and evaluate the technology costs. The effect of nano-priming was assessed in the germination, flowering, and harvest stages. Unprimed and hydro-primed seeds were negative and positive controls, respectively. Nano-priming with CoFe2O4 NPs had no effect neither on the germination nor on plant nutrition (in the flowering stage) of OTI beans compared to unprimed and hydro-primed seeds. In contrast, nitrogenase activity (343.3 ± 1.1 µmol h−1 plant−1 of C2H4) was detected in the plants from the 40 mg kg−1 nano-primed seeds. The K concentration of progeny seeds from nano-priming with 10, 20, and 40 mg NPs L−1 increased significantly by 3%, 16%, and 13% compared to the control seeds. The Zn concentration in the seeds from nano-priming with 10 mg NPs L−1 was 27% higher than in the control and 28% higher than in the hydro-primed seeds. When nano-priming with 40 mg NPs L−1, the Zn concentration was 5% and 6% higher than the control and hydro-primed seeds. The calculated cost of nano-priming seeds per ha ranged from 121 to 143 USD. In this regard, nano-priming of bean seeds with citrate-coated CoFe2O4 NPs could be a low-cost approach to achieve nutritional security and agricultural sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backround: Buffaloes contributes heavily to the livestock sector of India and buffaloes are preferred for milk production in India due to their efficiency and better nutrients in milk. Major part of their diet constitute roughage which is usually wheat straw in north-western region of India. WB 2 is a biofortified wheat variety with high zinc and iron levels in its grain, has been developed by ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research in Karnal, Haryana. This study aimed at comparing the benefits of substituting conventional straw with WB 2 straw. Methods: The present experiment was conducted on 12 Murrah buffaloes, divided into two groups i.e., Control (T0) and Treatment (T1) based on body weight, parity and previous milk record. Feeding continued for a period of 90 days as per ICAR (2013) feeding standard. The wheat straw, oats fodder and concentrate mixture was fed in the ratio 50:15:35 (on DM basis) in both the groups. However, in control group, conventional wheat straw was used and in the treatment group, biofortified wheat variety straw was utilized. Result: Non-significant differences (P>0.05) were observed when both the groups were compared for body weight and dry matter intake on fortnightly basis. Similarly, haematology was carried out on monthly basis and there were non-significant differences (P>0.05) between the two groups. Non-significant difference for plasma IgG1 was also recorded. The study reveals that the feeding of biofortified wheat variety (WB 2) straw had no impact on immunity of lactating Murrah buffaloes compared to conventional straw-based diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The action-to-reaction dynamics of next-generation nanofertilizers (NFs) towards field crops are currently being addressed in precision and sustainable agriculture. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) or their combination with hybrid nanoporous biosilica mixed with yeast (ZnSi-bio) for soybean plants' selected production and physiological indices in comparison to an NF-free control. The experiment was conducted at eco-friendly concentrations in Veľký Krtíš, Slovakia, a location within the Central European agronomical region. The ZnSi-bio variant had an improved number of pods, seed count, and yield, while the ZnO-NPs variant had an enhanced seed bulk density compared to the NF-free control, which had a greater effect on thousand-seed weight (TSW). Significant differences were found in the final quality components of soybeans with respect to phosphorus content without ZnO-NP biofortification. In the case of the ZnSi-bio variant, soybeans were biofortified with zinc. Both leaf-applied NFs markedly improved nutritional and energetic values for soybeans. NFs continued to positively affect seasonal physiology, such as the stomatal conductance (Ig) and crop water stress index (CWSI), compared to the control. The results suggest that the ZnO-NPs, especially when combined with hybrid biosilica and yeast, open new avenues for interdisciplinary research in agro-food science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) is a versatile dryland crop known for its high calcium (Ca) content. Estimating the variability for grain nutrients in diverse germplasm is important for developing biofortified cultivars. A finger millet diversity panel consisting of 310 accessions and four controls was evaluated in two rainy seasons at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India, to assess variability for grain nutrient content and its association with agronomic traits and identify promising accessions. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission electrometry was used to analyze grain nutrients content, and the protein content was estimated from the total nitrogen content of the finger millet grains using the sulfuric acid–selenium digestion method. Highly significant variability was found for all the grain nutrients and was significantly influenced by the genotype, environment, and their interactions. Grain nutrients showed a significant relationship between the 2 years (R2 = 0.06 for phosphorus to 0.60 for Ca, p ≥ 0.001). A nonsignificant correlation between grain yield and Ca was noticed among accessions within landraces, breeding lines, and accessions from Asia, while this correlation was significantly negative among accessions from Africa and in the entire set. The estimated percent daily values indicated that the consumption of 100 g of finger millet grains could potentially contribute to the recommended dietary allowance of up to 49% Ca, 52% magnesium, 23% protein, 23% iron, and 26% zinc. This study provides valuable insights into the variability in the finger millet germplasm, and identified grain nutrient dense accessions, that could be used in finger millet improvement to develop the biofortified cultivars. Core Ideas: Finger millet is a highly versatile dryland crop renowned for its remarkable calcium content.The study highlights significant variability in the grain nutrients content of finger millet germplasm.The promising nutrients dense accessions identified are a valuable resource for finger millet improvement.Consuming 100 g of finger millet grains could potentially contribute up to 49% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of calcium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of phosphorus and molybdenum treatment on macro and micronutrient biofortification in bean. The study sheds light on the individual and interactive effects of phosphorus and molybdenum on macro and micronutrient uptake and biofortification in Phaseolus vulgaris. Three levels of phosphorus and molybdenum were used in the experiment laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. Phosphorus and molybdenum treatment promoted nitrogen accumulation in both straw and seed. Nitrogen content increased with rising phosphorus doses in straw and seed over control by 42.3% and 7.4%, respectively. Moreover, phosphorus addition increased straw manganese content while molybdenum enhanced straw manganese. In addition, 4 g Mo kg-1/seed treatment boosted seed magnesium concentration over control by 28.2%, however, no phosphorus, potassium, copper, iron, and zinc in the plant materials, likely due to the sufficient levels of these nutrients in the soil composition of the experimental area. According to results, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, iron, zinc varied in straw and seed between 3.15-7.05% and 17.5-19.2%, 586-990 ppm and 1049-1355 ppm, 695- 2690 ppm and 1021-1727 ppm, 5839-11162 ppm and 559-1303 ppm, 690-1474 ppm and 348-1036 ppm, 25.3-38.3 ppm and 8.29-9.29 ppm, 8.6-16.9 ppm and 11.3-19.9 ppm, 469-927 ppm and 70.2-80.3 ppm, 6.5- 10.8 ppm and 17.9-23.3 ppm, respectively. Consequently, it has been determined that molybdenum supplementation is necessary along with phosphorus fertilization in areas where beans are grown, especially in acidic soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil contamination with chromium (Cr) is becoming a primary ecological and health concern, specifically in the Kasur and Sialkot regions of Pakistan. The main objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) (0, 25, 50, 100 mg L−1) and Fe NPs (0, 5, 10, 20 mg L−1) in red sails lettuce plants grown in Cr-contaminated soil. Our results showed that both ZnO and Fe NPs improved plant growth, and photosynthetic attributes by minimizing oxidative stress in lettuce plants through the stimulation of antioxidant enzyme activities. At ZnO NPs (100 mgL−1), dry weights of shoots and roots and fresh weights of shoots and roots were improved by 53%, 58%, 34%, and 45%, respectively, as compared to the respective control plants. The Fe NPs treatment (20 mgL−1) increased the dry weight of shoots and the roots and fresh weights of shoots and roots by 53%, 76%, 42%, and 70%, respectively. Application of both NPs reduced the oxidative stress caused by Cr, as evident by the findings of the current study, i.e., at the ZnO NPs (100 mgL−1) and Fe NPs (20 mgL−1), the EL declined by 32% and 44%, respectively, in comparison with respective control plants. Moreover, Fe and ZnO NPs enhanced the Fe and Zn contents in red sails lettuce plants. Application of ZnO NPs at 100 mg L−1 and Fe NPs at 20 mg L−1, improved the Zn and Fe contents in plant leaves by 86%, and 68%, respectively, as compared to the control plants. This showed that the exogenous application of these NPs helped in Zn and Fe fortification in plants. At similar of concenteration ZnO NPs, CAT and APX activities were improved by 52% and 53%, respectively. Similarly, the POD contents were improved by 17% and 45% at 5 and 10 mg/L of Fe NPs. Furthermore, ZnO and Fe NPs limited the Cr uptake by plants, and the concentration of Cr in the leaves of lettuce was under the threshold limit. The exogenous application of ZnO NPs (100 mg L−1) and Fe NPs (20 mg L−1) reduced the Cr uptake in the leaves of red sails lettuce by 57% and 51%, respectively. In conclusion, ZnO and Fe NPs could be used for the improvement of plant growth and biomass as well as nutrient fortification in stressed environments. These findings not only underscore the efficacy of nanoparticle-assisted phytoremediation but also highlight its broader implications for sustainable agriculture and environmental health. However, future studies on other crops with molecular-level investigations are recommended for the validation of the results. HIGHLIGHTS: ZnO and Fe NPs improved the growth and photosynthesis of red sails lettuce plants Both NPs enhanced antioxidants enzymes activities in stressed plants NPs mediated response reduced the oxidative stress and Cr uptake in red sails lettuce ZnO and Fe NPs resulted in Zn and Fe fortification, respectively, in red sails lettuce [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important staple crop, especially for resource-poor populations. Cassava-based diets are rich in calories but grossly deficient in essential mineral elements. A field study in southeastern Nigeria aimed at increasing yields and concentrations of bioavailable mineral elements in a β-carotene cassava variety, UMUCASS 38 (TMS 01/1371), through agronomic biofortification. A randomized complete block design experiment in triplicate, with foliar application of Zn (3.0 kg ha−1 Zn as ZnSO4), I (4.0 kg ha−1 I as KI), Se (0.25 kg ha−1 Se as Na2SeO3) and Zn + Se + I in combination at vegetative, tuber initiation and bulking stages of cassava. Results indicated neither phytotoxicity nor altered physical and chemical soil properties. Application of Zn or Zn + Se + I at the vegetative stage significantly increased cassava tuber yields. More Zn, Se, and I accumulated in fresh and processed cassava tuber products (gari, lafun), especially when Zn + Se + I was applied at tuber initiation stage. The combined application of Zn + Se + I consistently outperformed sole applications indicating a synergistic interaction effect between the three elements. It is concluded that in the Zn-deficient soils of southeast Nigeria, yield of cassava root tubers can be significantly increased by foliar application of Zn-containing fertilizer at the vegetative stage, but for optimal accumulation of elemental Zn, Se, and I, a combined Zn + Se + I fertilizer be applied at the tuber initiation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Carotenoids play essential roles in photosynthesis, photoprotection, and human health. Efforts to increase carotenoid content in several staple crops have been successful through both conventional selection and genetic engineering methods. Interestingly, in some cases, altering carotenoid content has had unexpected effects on other aspects of plant metabolism, impacting traits like sugar content, dry matter percentage, fatty acid content, stress tolerance, and phytohormone concentrations. Studies across several diverse crop species have identified negative correlations between carotenoid and starch contents, as well as positive correlations between carotenoids and soluble sugars. Collectively, these reports suggest a metabolic interaction between carotenoids and carbohydrates. We synthesize evidence pointing to four hypothesized mechanisms: (1) direct competition for precursors; (2) physical interactions in plastids; (3) influences of sugar or apocarotenoid signaling networks; and (4) nonmechanistic population or statistical sources of correlations. Though the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is well understood, the regulation and interactions of carotenoids, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues, remain unclear. This topic represents an underexplored interplay between primary and secondary metabolism where further research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is the second most important essential macronutrient after nitrogen for plant growth and development. Even though P is plentiful in soil, it is largely inaccessible to plants as it is strongly bound with metal ions and form insoluble metal-P complexes. Therefore, different agrochemicals are used to improve the P availability in soils and mitigate the plant need for sustainable growth and productivity of crops. However, those agrochemicals deteriorate ecosystem integrity and adversely affect the soil health. Consequently, there is a need for a more economical and ecologically beneficial P bio-fortification method by phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs). The characterization of phosphorus pools and the assessment of different microbial communities can help to improve our understanding of plant–microbe interaction and P availability. The objective of this study is to discuss the PSMs that facilitate P nutrition mechanisms, including the molecular aspects of P solubilization in soil, and to characterize their features that promote plant growth and development. We mainly focused on how PSMs constitute a fundamental resource for the release of P nutrient where described the several pathways of solubilization and mineralization. The use of PSMs is a viable resource for the future sustainable agriculture, mainly due to its application can helps to reduce the fertilizer dose of P and ultimately reduce the exploitation of fertilizer P and its resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is possible to boost nutrient accumulation in grain, enhance grain production, and enhance the soil's physical characteristics through the use of bio-fertilizers, zinc delivery methods, and organic and inorganic fertilizers integrated in a balanced manner. Often, zinc (Zn) is insufficient in soil due to a lack of organic matter additions to the soil. The world's food supply is secured by Zn, a crucial micro nutrient. The effect of different zinc application methods and integrated nutrient management methods were tested on wheat crops based on crop production, nutrient uptake, and soil physico-chemical characteristics. Three distinct bio fertilizers, namely Azotobacter, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and Zn solubilizing bacteria were used in the experiment. There was a significantly greater number of effective tillers m−2 to the tune of 385 and 388 tillers m−2 and DTPA exchangeable Zn in the final soil of about 0.70 mg/kg with the soil and foliar application of zinc compared with the other treatments. A variety of integrated nutrient management treatments increased crop productivity and soil physico-chemical parameters by increasing soil nutrient availability. The current study indicates that adding organic manure is essential to sustainably preserving soil quality and crop productivity. It should therefore be included in nutrient management plans for crops that require a lot of nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Low recovery of conventional fertilizers remains a significant bottleneck for maize production globally. In particular, with phosphate fertilization, zinc (Zn) is prone to precipitation in soil, reducing recovery of both phosphorus (P) and Zn by maize. RESULTS: The present study was designed to investigate the synergistic effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) and P on maize crop growth, yield, and nutrient uptake under ZnO seed coating and foliar application in a randomized complete block design. However, plants were subjected to two ZnO NPs levels (0.5 and 12 kg ha−1) amended with two P levels (45 and 90 kg ha−1). ZnO NPs, especially in the form of foliar application, with a P dose of 90 Kg ha−1 significantly (P < 0.05) improved maize crop growth, yield, and nutrient uptake compared with control. In comparison with the control group, plants grown in these conditions absorbed higher levels of Zn and P. Zn uptake rose to 16.34 g ha−1, 137.88 g ha−1, and 166.89 g ha−1 in roots, grains, and stover respectively, and P uptake increased to 0.80 mg kg−1, 10.066 mg kg−1, and 12.17 mg kg−1 respectively. Additionally, seed emergence rate, plant height, and cob length increased by up to 2%, 1177 cm2, and 3.3 cm respectively compared with control. Furthermore, Zn use efficiency was increased up to 38.55% in ZnO NPs foliar application. CONCLUSIONS: Application of ZnO NPs at 0.5 kg ha−1 in the form of foliar application with 90 kg ha−1 P dose produced a more pronounced increment in the parameters studied than ZnO NPs seed coating did. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Summary Pulse crops, including dry pea, lentil, and chickpea, are rich sources of protein, low digestible carbohydrates, and micronutrients. With the increasing demand for plant‐based protein with gluten‐free and allergen‐free foods, pulse crops have become of global importance for meeting the nutritional demand of growing populations. Breeding for nutritional quality is becoming a bottleneck for most breeding programs globally due to the cost of these available tools. Therefore, low‐cost, high‐throughput phenotyping tools will be a focus of interest for the selection of elite germplasm for cultivar development and gene identification for pulse cultivar development. This publication explains the emerging and future trends of phenotyping tools that are feasible for pulse breeding and improving nutritional quality.Precision agriculture tools based on spectroscopic and imaging techniques now contribute to high‐throughput phenotyping (HTP) pipelines for nutritional and agronomic traits to speed breeding and selection for cultivar development. Fourier transform mid‐infrared (FT‐MIR) spectroscopy has been a reliable HTP tool for macro nutritional traits in pulse crops. Hyperspectral, multispectral, and RGB (red‐green‐blue) imaging with unmanned aerial systems (UAVs) have been developed to measure agronomic traits for cereals, but these techniques have yet to be developed and validated for pulse crops. This review summarizes different phenotyping techniques applied to nutritional and agronomic traits for crop breeding and reviews applications of machine learning tools for optimizing HTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liposomal encapsulated phytogenics, such as liposomal hesperetin, are considered novel substitutes for antibiotics in the broiler industry owing to their improved nutritional and therapeutic properties. Therefore, our key goal was to investigate liposomal hesperetin impact on broiler growth performance, health, antioxidant status, tight junction proteins (TJP), and resistance against Listeria monocytogenes. Four broiler groups were fed 0, 150, 250, or 400 mg/kg of liposomal hesperetin-supplemented diets and experimentally infected with L. monocytogenes strain. Herein, liposomal hesperetin, especially at higher concentrations, augmented broilers FCR with upregulation of genes encoding TJP (occludin, JAM-2, MUC-2), and antioxidant attributes (GPX-1, SOD-1, CAT, HO-1, NQO1, COX2), which reflect enhancing health and welfare of broilers. Muscle antioxidant biomarkers were enhanced; meanwhile, muscle MDA, ROS, and H2O2 levels were reduced in response to 400 mg/kg of liposomal hesperetin. Liposomal hesperetin fortification reduced L. monocytogenes loads and expression levels of its virulence-related genes (flaA, hlyA, and ami). Remarkably, histopathological alterations in intestinal and brain tissues of L. monocytogenes-infected broilers were restored post-inclusion at higher levels of liposomal hesperetin, which reflects increase of the birds’ resistance to L. monocytogenes infection. Transcription levels of genes encoding cytokines/chemokines (MyD88, AVBD6, CCL20, IL-1β, IL-18), and autophagy (Bcl-2, LC3, AMPK, AKT, CHOP, Bip, p62, XBP1) were ameliorated following dietary liposomal hesperetin fortification, which suggests enhancement of the birds’ immunity and health. Collectively, our research recommends liposomal hesperetin application in broiler diets owing to its promoting impact on growth performance, antioxidant status, immunity, health, and welfare besides its antibacterial, and antivirulence characteristics to fight against L. monocytogenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice grain is widely consumed as a staple food, providing essential nutrition for households, particularly marginalized families. It plays a crucial role in ensuring food security, promoting human nutrition, supporting good health, and contributing to global food and nutritional security. Addressing the diverse quality demands of emerging diverse and climate-risked population dietary needs requires the development of a single variety of rice grain that can meet the various dietary and nutritional requirements. However, there is a lack of concrete definition for rice grain quality, making it challenging to cater to the different demands. The lack of sufficient genetic study and development in improving rice grain quality has resulted in widespread malnutrition, hidden hunger, and micronutrient deficiencies affecting a significant portion of the global population. Therefore, it is crucial to identify genetically evolved varieties with marked qualities that can help address these issues. Various factors account for the declining quality of rice grain and requires further study to improve their quality for healthier diets. We characterized rice grain quality using Lancastrians descriptor and a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic quality traits. Next, we examined various components of rice grain quality favored in the Asia–Pacific region. This includes preferences by different communities, rice industry stakeholders, and value chain actors. We also explored the biological aspects of rice grain quality in the region, as well as specific genetic improvements that have been made in these traits. Additionally, we evaluated the factors that can influence rice grain quality and discussed the future directions for ensuring food and nutritional security and meeting consumer demands for grain quality. We explored the diverse consumer bases and their varied preferences in Asian-Pacific countries including India, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Korea, Myanmar and Japan. The quality preferences encompassed a range of factors, including rice head recovery, grain shape, uniform size before cooking, gelatinization, chalkiness, texture, amylose content, aroma, red-coloration of grain, soft and shine when cooked, unbroken when cooked, gelatinization, less water required for cooking, gelatinization temperature (less cooking time), aged rice, firm and dry when cooked (gel consistency), extreme white, soft when chewed, easy-to-cook rice (parboiled rice), vitamins, and minerals. These preferences were evaluated across high, low, and medium categories. A comprehensive analysis is provided on the enhancement of grain quality traits, including brown rice recovery, recovery rate of milled rice, head rice recovery, as well as morphological traits such as grain length, grain width, grain length–width ratio, and grain chalkiness. We also explored the characteristics of amylose, gel consistency, gelatinization temperature, viscosity, as well as the nutritional qualities of rice grains such as starch, protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and bio-fortification potential. The various factors that impact the quality of rice grains, including pre-harvest, post-harvest, and genotype considerations were explored. Additionally, we discussed the future direction and genetic strategies to effectively tackle these challenges. These qualitative characteristics represent the fundamental focus of regional and national breeding strategies employed by different countries to meet consumer preference. Given the significance of rice as a staple food in Asia–Pacific countries, it is primarily consumed domestically, with only a small portion being exported internationally. All the important attributes must be clearly defined within specific parameters. It is crucial for geneticists and breeders to develop a rice variety that can meet the diverse demands of consumers worldwide by incorporating multiple desirable traits. Thus, the goal of addressing global food and nutritional security, and human healthy can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) seeds, recognized for their significant nutritional content, but limited by the presence of anti-nutritional phytate, display potential in terms of sprouting and biofortification with ZnO nanoparticles. This study aimed to investigate how ZnO NPs affect the nutritional aspects of mung bean seedlings, going beyond growth parameters, to examine soluble carbohydrates, free amino acids, and fatty acid levels, with the objective of advancing our understanding of NP-plant interactions and their nutritional consequences. Accordingly, the effect of ZnO NPs on mung bean seedlings was studied by germinating and growing the seeds in a growth medium with varying concentrations of ZnO NPs ranging from 10 to 160 ppm. Analysis of the nutritional composition of the seedlings revealed a significant increase in free amino acid and soluble sugar levels under ZnO NP treatments, with a peak at 160 ppm ZnO NPs concentration. The fatty acid composition also exhibited significant changes in response to ZnO NPs, with different fatty acids showing distinct responses. ZnO NPs generally had a positive influence on the production of nutritionally valuable omega-6 fatty acids, leading to the highest levels of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid in samples treated with 10 and 20 ppm of ZnO NPs. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlight the potential of ZnO nanoparticles to positively influence the nutritional composition of mung bean seedlings. These results contribute to our understanding of the intricate interactions between nanoparticles and plants, emphasizing the importance of further research in this area to fully understand the implications for agricultural and nutritional practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at the agriculture farm, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Birbhum, West Bengal, India during kharif (rainy) seasons (June-September) of 2016 and 2017 to study effect of zinc application on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of rice. The experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated thrice, consisting two main plot treatments i.e. crop establishment methods (CEMs) and seven sub-plot treatments (levels of zinc and methods of application). Two CEMs were direct seeded rice (DSR) and transplanted puddled rice (TPR) and seven levels of zinc and methods of application were namely control (Zn0), Seed coating of Zn @ 1250 mg kg-1 (Zn1), Seed coating of Zn @ 2500 mg kg-1 (Zn-2), Seed coating of Zn @ 3750 mg kg-1 (Zn3), two foliar sprays @ 1050 mg kg-1 (Zn4), three foliar spray @ 1050 mg kg-1 (Zn5), 2500 mg kg-1 seed coating+2-foliar spray @ 1050 mg kg-1 (Zn6). In respect of yield attribute and yield, Zn6 resulted significantly highest number of Panicle m-2 as well as number of filled grains panicle-1. Zn3 though recorded 5.7% more grain yield than Zn6 but later Zn6 resulted highest zinc concentration and uptake. Zn1 recorded highest zinc use indices. Zn1 resulted much highest Zn use efficiency than foliar application and combined application of seed coating and foliar spray. Correlation between Zn levels and Zn concentration in both grain and straw of rice was highly positive; very highly positive correlation was recorded with the Zn levels and Zn uptake by both grain and straw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is one of the human essential elements and the input of Se for its biofortification is common in rice production to meet the demand for Se in the population. Biological nano-selenium (nano-Se) is a new type of nanoscale microbial synthetic material. However, the effects of biological nano-Se on aromatic rice performance metrics, such as yield formation, grain quality parameters, and the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP, the key component of aromatic rice aroma), have rarely been reported. Therefore, this study conducted a field experiment with two cropping seasons and two aromatic rice genotypes to explore the effects of the foliar application of biological nano-Se on aromatic rice performance metrics. The results showed that the foliar application of biological nano-Se at 3–4 days before panicle differentiation or the heading stage increased the grain yield of aromatic rice. Dry matter accumulation and the leaf area index increased under Nano-Se application. Furthermore, the foliar application of Nano-Se at 3–4 days before panicle differentiation significantly enhanced the activity of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced malondialdehyde content. The foliar application of Nano-Se at the grain-filling stage also increased 2-AP content. In addition, nano-Se application substantially increased the grain Se content in aromatic rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is an essential trace element in the human body. However, its intake is generally low. Therefore, the production and utilisation of selenium-enriched foods is currently a research hotspot. In this study, the effects of low (0.2 mg·kg−1), medium (1.0 mg·kg−1), and high (5.0 mg·kg−1) concentrations of selenium on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice were investigated to develop selenium-enriched rice. High concentrations of selenium have been found to inhibit the growth, physiology, and biochemistry of rice, while low concentrations of selenium promote its growth. The height of mature rice plants exposed to high concentrations of selenium was reduced by 7.20% compared with the height of control rice. Selenium decreased the proline content of rice during the growth period except in mature rice treated with medium and high concentrations of selenium. Excluding high concentrations, selenium treatment increased the soluble sugar content of rice from the tillering to the mature stages. The peroxidase activity of rice at the heading stage treated with medium levels of selenium was significantly higher than that of the control rice, while the superoxide dismutase activity of rice exposed to selenium was significantly enhanced at the mature stage. The malondialdehyde levels of mature rice treated with medium and high levels of selenium were significantly lower than those of the control rice. The selenium content of each plant part was significantly correlated with the soil selenium level. An increase in the soil selenium level facilitated the production of selenium-enriched rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Carotenoids are indispensable to plants and critical components of the human diet. The carotenoid metabolic pathway is conserved across plant species, but our understanding of the genetic basis of carotenoid variation remains limited for the seeds of most cereal crops. To address this issue, we systematically performed linkage and association mapping for eight carotenoid traits using six recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. Single linkage mapping (SLM) and joint linkage mapping (JLM) identified 77 unique additive QTLs and 104 pairs of epistatic QTLs. Among these QTLs, we identified 22 overlapping hotspots of additive and epistatic loci, highlighting the important contributions of some QTLs to carotenoid levels through additive or epistatic mechanisms. A genome‐wide association study based on all RILs detected 244 candidate genes significantly associated with carotenoid traits, 23 of which were annotated as carotenoid pathway genes. Effect comparisons suggested that a small number of loci linked to pathway genes have substantial effects on carotenoid variation in our tested populations, but many loci not associated with pathway genes also make important contributions to carotenoid variation. We identified ZmPTOX as the causal gene for a QTL hotspot (Q10/JLM10/GWAS019); this gene encodes a putative plastid terminal oxidase that produces plastoquinone‐9 used by two enzymes in the carotenoid pathway. Natural variants in the promoter and second exon of ZmPTOX were found to alter carotenoid levels. This comprehensive assessment of the genetic mechanisms underlying carotenoid variation establishes a foundation for rewiring carotenoid metabolism and accumulation for efficient carotenoid biofortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review mainly focuses on the rice grain quality based on which rice varieties are distinguished into several quality classes like, physical quality, eating and cooking quality and nutritional quality. The rice breeding programme needs to focus on the development of nutrient-dense rice for value addition, helping in reducing malnutrition and Vitamin-A deficiency (VAD). There is enough scope to enhance the nutritional and cooking quality in small and medium grain rice germplasm by bringing them into the breeding programme through Fe and Zn and Vitamin-A biofortification, aided with molecular techniques. Many studies have been conducted to find out the quantitative trait locus (QTL) for enhancing the quality of grain. The QTL qBRR5 and qBRR3 are responsible for brown rice grain width and length found on chromosome 5 and on chromosome number 3, respectively and for head rice on chromosome number 1, 5, and 6. The QTLs present on chromosomes 3, 5, and 6 are responsible for head rice recovery, chalky appearance of rice grain as well as grain size and shape. The gene Wx, located on chromosome 6 linked with the QTL qAC6 regulate amylose content and gel consistency. The QTL SSIIa on chromosome 6, control both the amylopectin and gelatinization temperature. The QTLs for Fe and Zn content in rice grain are located on chromosome 2, 3, 8, 11 and 12. Development of “Golden rice” and innovations with Arabidopsis genes can significantly enhance β-carotene levels and address Vitamin-A deficiency, while RNAi techniques improve storage quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Dietary selenium (Se) deficiency, stemming from low Se concentrations in agricultural products, threatens human health. While Se‐containing fertilizers can enhance the Se content in crops, the key factors governing Se biofortification with Se fertilization remain unclear. RESULTS: This study constructed a global meta‐analysis dataset based on field experiments comprising 364 entries on Se content in agricultural products and 271 entries on their yield. Random forest models and mixed effects meta‐analyses revealed that plant types (i.e., cereals, vegetables, legumes, and forages) primarily influenced Se biofortification, with Se fertilization rates being the next significant factor. The random forest model, which included variables like plant types, Se fertilization rates, methods and types of Se application, initial soil conditions (including Se content, organic carbon content, and pH), soil types, mean annual precipitation, and temperature, explained 82.14% of the variation in Se content and 48.42% of the yield variation in agricultural products. For the same agricultural products, the increase in Se content decreased with higher rates of Se fertilization. The increase in Se content in their edible parts will be negligible for cereals, forages, legumes, and vegetable crops, when Se fertilization rates were 164, 103, 144, and 147 g Se ha−1, respectively. Conversely, while low Se fertilization rates enhanced yields, high rates led to a yield reduction, particularly in cereals. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the need for balanced and precise Se fertilization strategies to optimize Se biofortification benefits and minimize the risk of yield reduction. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study published in the Journal of Integrative Plant Biology explores the potential for fortifying foxtail millet with bioactive folates. The researchers found that by knocking out two genes, SiGFT1 and SiGFT2, in foxtail millet, the accumulation of bioactive folates increased significantly while levels of the bioinactive oxidation product MeFox decreased. This research provides a promising method for biofortifying cereal crops with folates, which are essential micronutrients for human health. The study suggests that consuming folate-fortified cereals could be particularly beneficial for pregnant women and the elderly in regions where dietary diversification is challenging. [Extracted from the article]

The deterioration of the quality of raw liquor caused by the low content of ethyl hexanoate in Nongxiangxing baijiu has become a pervasive problem in the baijiu industry. Therefore, this study attempted to increase the synthesis of ethyl hexanoate by microorganisms with high esterase activity to increase Zaopei fermentation. The results showed that biofortification was a feasible and important way to improve the quality of the raw liquor and increase the ethyl hexanoate content. Adding Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Millerozyma farinosa for biofortified fermentation disturbed the microbial community structure of Zaopei and increased the abundance of Wickerhamomyces, Saccharomyces, and Thermoascus. The contents of ethyl hexanoate, ethyl valerate, ethyl caprylate, and ethyl heptanoate also increased noticeably in baijiu. The results of E‐nose and sensory analysis tested and verified that the baijiu in the fortified group had better flavor characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assembly of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) cannot be separated from the direction of qualitative character development. This is based on the role of qualitative characters in determining nutritional content and market segments. Therefore, the analysis of qualitative characters in the F 4 multiple cross cayenne pepper population needs to be done in determining the direction of line development in the next generation. The purpose of this study was to identify the inheritance pattern of qualitative traits and genotype grouping from a population of F4 multiple cross lines. The research was conducted at the Experimental Field of Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. The study was designed with the concept of observation on 90 F4 multiple cross chili lines and three parental cultivars (Dewata F1, Bara and Ungara). Observations focused on 10 qualitative characters. The analysis showed that there are two types of diversity in this population, namely centralized diversity and distributed diversity. Centralized diversity consists of leaf color, book color, leaf shape, canopy density, stem color, fruit shape, and fruit tip shape. In contrast, characters that have a diverse distribution are crown color, young and old chili fruit color. The distribution results show three main groups, namely the Dewata -Bara group (27 genotypes), the Ungara group (16 genotypes) and the rest are groups outside of these two groups. Based on the whole study, the results of this evaluation are recommended as a consideration for the selection of F5 lines in supporting the direction of releasing chili cultivars from multiple cross. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the distribution characteristics of selenium (Se) in mountainous soil-crop systems and examine the threshold value of Se-rich soil, 275 soil samples and 153 associated crop samples (rice, maize, tea, nuts, konjac, mushrooms, buckwheat, and coffee) were collected in Ximeng County, a typical mountainous area in southwest China. The total Se, available Se, organic matter, pH, sampling point elevation, and crop Se content were analyzed to examine the distribution characteristics of soil Se and the ability of primary crops to enrich Se in Ximeng County. Random forest and multiple regression models were established to identify the factors influencing the available soil Se and the crop Se enrichment coefficient. Finally, the Se-rich soil threshold was examined based on the total Se, available Se, and Se content in primary crops (rice, maize, and tea). The results showed soil Se resource abundance in the study region, with high Se soil accounting for 64.72% of the entire area. The soil Se content displayed significant spatial autocorrelation. The average Se enrichment coefficient of the main cultivated crops included mushrooms > nuts > rice > coffee > tea > maize > buckwheat > konjac. The total Se content in the soil had the highest impact on the available Se content in the soil and the Se enrichment coefficient of crops. A Se-rich soil threshold of 0.3 mg·kg−1 was used for rice and maize, while that of tea was 0.4 mg·kg−1. This result provided a theoretical basis for developing and utilizing Se resources in mountainous soil in southwestern China and dividing the Se-rich soil threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]