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To ensure PV running at the optimal stale, and to reduce the operation cost of large - scale PV connected to grid, this paper established the model of PV array, discussed the characteristics of PV array, and proposed the improved voltage perturbation method, which can keep PV running stably at the optimal state. It is a method that at the same time adopts the coordinate control strategy, which uses power outer loop and current inner control, to realize the PV array optimal power output to grid. In the PSCAD, the simulation results show that the control strategy of grid - connected PV is effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the optimization problems of distribution generation (DG) in distribution network，proposed an index of active power loss，and established the mathematical multi - objective optimization planning model considering the cost of investment，the active loss of network and the quality of voltage. Meanwhile，the improved non - dominated sorting genetic algoritlim (NSGA - II ) was proposed to solve this model. In order to enhance the global search ability，the strategy of accumulative rank fitnes assignment was adopted in this paper. Finally，the model and algorithm were tested by IEEE 33 - node power system. The simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm can provide comprehensive and reasonable planning schemes，which is helpful to the practical application of engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk tea is a popular drink all over the world, which integrates two major materials of milk and tea, prevailing among young customers by constantly adding new color and taste materials and innovating in flavor and emotional expressions. However, the academic circle has paid less attention to the historical development and evolution of milk tea. Through a longitudinal review of the historical development of milk tea in China, this paper discusses the relationship between milk tea, ethnic integration and cultural exchanges, hoping to provide reference for the development of new tea drink related to milk tea in the modern times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to meet the reform in university's education, an experimental platform is set up towards the mechanic-electric-hydraulic control. It aims at improving the practical operation ability, experimental design ability and comprehensive application ability of students. This platform is based on the self-produced mechanic-electric-hydraulic controlling experimental device.Through this platform, students' writing instruction ability can be strengthened and their overall abilities can be improved. Students can grasp the preliminary method of scientific research, and form the basic professional norm and quality. In a word,a better teaching efficiency is achieved together with students' engineering consciousness and innovation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Astrocytes play an important role in the pathology of central nervous system diseases. The phenotypic and functional changes in astrocytes suggest that it may be an effective therapeutic target for central nervous system diseases. Our previous studies have confirmed that astragaloside can inhibit the lipopolysaccharide-induced astrocyte inflammatory response. Whether astragaloside can regulate the phenotype and function of astrocytes through Notch-1 and its downstream signaling pathway remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of astragaloside on astrocyte activation and inflammatory response induced by inflammation and its possible mechanism. METHODS: Cerebral cortex astrocytes derived from neonatal C57BL/6 mouse were cultured in vitro. CCK-8 assay was used to determine the optimum concentration of astragaloside and Notch active inhibitor DAPT. The astrocytes were divided into five groups: PBS group, lipopolysaccharide group, lipopolysaccharide + astragaloside group, lipopolysaccharide + DAPT group and lipopolysaccharide + DAPT + astragaloside group. The secretion level of inflammatory factors was detected by ELISA, and the level of nitric oxide was detected by Griess method. The astrocytes and splenic mononuclear cells were co-cultured in Transwell chamber to observe the migration of CD4T cells. The expression of astrocyte activation marker GFAP, A1 marker C3 and A2 marker S100A10 as well as Notch 1 and Jag-1 was detected by immunofluorescence staining. The expressions of CFB, C3, S100A10, PTX3, Notch-1, Jag-1, and Hes were detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) According to the results of CCK8 assay, the final concentration of astragaloside was selected as 25 μmol/L and the final concentration of DAPT was 50 μmol/L for follow-up experiments. (2) Compared with PBS group, interleukin-6, interleukin-12 and nitric oxide secretion levels in the lipopolysaccharide group were significantly increased (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the lipopolysaccharide group, interleukin-6 (all P < 0.05), interleukin-12 (P > 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.05) and nitric oxide (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01) secretion significantly reduced in the lipopolysaccharide + astragaloside group, lipopolysaccharide +DAPT group, lipopolysaccharide + DAPT + astragaloside group. (3) Compared with the PBS group, the expression of GFAP that is the marker of activated astrocytes and the migration of CD4 T cells were significantly increased in the lipopolysaccharide group (P < 0.01). Compared with the lipopolysaccharide group, astrocyte activation was significantly inhibited and CD4 T cell migration was significantly reduced in the lipopolysaccharide + astragaloside, lipopolysaccharide +DAPT, lipopolysaccharide + DAPT + astragaloside group (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01). (4) Compared with the PBS group, the expressions of A1 markers C3 and CFB in the lipopolysaccharide group were increased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), and the expressions of A2 markers S100A10 and PTX3 were decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). Compared with the lipopolysaccharide group, C3 (all P < 0.01) and CFB (both P < 0.05) were significantly reduced and S100A10 (all P < 0.01) and PTX3 (P < 0.05, P < 0.05 and P > 0.05) were increased in the lipopolysaccharide + astragaloside, lipopolysaccharide +DAPT, lipopolysaccharide + DAPT + astragaloside group. (5) Compared with the PBS group, the expressions of Jag-1, Notch-1 and Hes in the lipopolysaccharide group were significantly increased (all P < 0.01). Compared with the lipopolysaccharide group, the expressions of Jag-1 (all P < 0.01), Notch-1 (all P < 0.01) and Hes (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.01) were significantly reduced in the lipopolysaccharide + astragaloside, lipopolysaccharide +DAPT, lipopolysaccharide + DAPT + astragaloside group. (6) The results indicate that astragaloside can promote the transformation of astrocytes from A1 to A2 by regulating Notch-1 signaling pathway, reduce the secretion of inflammatory factors and the migration of CD4 T cells, and thus inhibit astrocyte activation and inflammatory response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the effects of probucol combined with atorvastatin calcium in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction (ACI), with the aim of providing a therapeutic reference for ACI. Methods Data of ACI patients hospitalized within 24 h of symptom onset at Chongqing Emergency Medical Center from January 2018 to September 2023 were retrospectively collected. Patients included in the study met specific criteria, which included receiving lipid-regulating therapy with atorvastatin calcium (20 mg, qn) monotherapy or combined with probucol (0.5 mg, bid) for a treatment duration exceeding 3 months. Patients were divided into the combined treatment group and the control group according to whether probucol was combined or not. The study compared differences in neurological function (measured by the NIHSS), neurological outcome (measured by the mRS), life ability [measured by the Barthel index], and lipid levels (including TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C) between the two groups. Results A total of 102 patients were enrolled in the study, including 56 in the combined treatment group and 46 in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in baseline data between the two groups. The NIHSS scores and lipid levels in both groups at 14 days posttreatment, as well as the lipid levels after 3 months of treatment, showed significant improvement compared to baseline controls (P<0.001). After 14 days of treatment, the NIHSS score (P=0.031), TC (P=0.005) and LDL-C (P=0.044) levels of the combined treatment group were lower than those of the control group, while the Barthel index score (P=0.004) was higher than that of the control group. The difference was statistically significant. After 3 months of treatment, the mRS score (P<0.001), TC (P<0.001), TG (P=0.002) and LDL-C (P<0.001) levels of the combined treatment group were lower than those of the control group, while the Barthel index score (P<0.001) was higher than that of the control group. The difference was statistically significant. The recurrence rate of cerebral infarction during the 3 months follow-up period was 0 in the combined treatment group and 2.17% in the control group. The difference was not statistically significant (P= 0.268). Conclusions The combination of probucol and atorvastatin calcium in treating patients in the acute phase of ACI demonstrated superior clinical efficacy compared to atorvastatin calcium alone. This combination effectively reduced lipid levels and improved neurological function and ability to live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Current studies have confirmed that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides can promote nerve regeneration in neurodegeneration-related diseases. The occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction, but the role of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on the regulation of apoptosis and mitochondrial function in neurodegenerative diseases is not yet clarified. OBJECTIVE: To explore the regulatory effects and mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in H2O2- induced SH-SY5Y cells. METHODS: SH-SY5Y cells were divided into three groups: control group, H2O2 group, and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group. Cells in the control group were normally cultured. Cells in the H2O2 group were treated with 300 μmol/L H2O2 for 24 hours. In the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group, the intervention with 300 μg/L Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides was conducted first for 1-2 hours, followed by the addition of 300 μmol/L H2O2 for 24 hours. The mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 kit. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining kit. The activities of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase were detected by malondialdehyde test kit and superoxide dismutase test kit, respectively. The apoptosis and expression of mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins were detected by immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group, the mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly reduced, as well as apoptotic rate and malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased in the H2O2 group (P < 0.05). After treatment with Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, the membrane potential and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly increased, and apoptotic rate and malondialdehyde levels were significantly reduced compared with the H2O2 group (P < 0.05). (2) The expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Caspase-3 were significantly increased, but the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in the H2O2 group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the H2O2 group, the levels of Bax and Caspase-3 were significantly decreased, but the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly increased in the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group (P < 0.05). (3) Compared with the control group, the expression of mitochondrial splitting proteins Fis1 and p-Drp1 was significantly increased, but the expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2 was decreased in the H2O2 group (P < 0.05). Compared with the H2O2 group, Fis1 and p-Drp1 expression was significantly reduced, but the expression levels of OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2 were significantly increased in the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group (P < 0.05). (4) The above results confirm that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides can attenuate H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore mechanism of Fasudil reducing Aβ1-42 induced BV2 cell injury based on NLRP3 inflamma‑ some. Methods: BV2 cells were divided into: normal control group, Aβ stimulation group, Aβ +Fasudil intervention group, Aβ + MCC950 (NLRP3 inhibitor) intervention group. Cell morphology was observed under microscope. Cell activity was determined of by CCK8. NO release was measured by Griess. NLRP3, caspase 1 and IL-18 expressions were detected by immunofluorescence staining. NLRP3, ASC, caspase 1, IL-1β and IL-18 expressions were detected by Western blot. Results: Compared with normal control group, BV2 cells in Aβ stimulation group were activated and showed amoeba-like shape, cell activity was decreased, NO production was increased, NLRP3, ASC, caspase 1, IL-1β and IL-18 expressions were increased. Fasudil intervention and MCC950 intervention inhibited cell injury induced by Aβ1-42 in which BV2 cell morphology tended to be normal, cell activity was increased, while produc‑ tion of NO was reduced, and NLRP3, ASC, caspase 1, IL-1β and IL-18 expressions were down-regulated, there was no significant difference between Fasudil intervention group and MCC950 intervention group. Conclusion: Fasudil may alleviate Aβ1-42 induced BV2 cell injury and inflammatory reaction by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: High tibial osteotomy results in massive blood loss during the perioperative period. Tranexamic acid can effectively reduce perioperative blood loss. However, the method of tranexamic acid application has not been unified. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and safety of different methods of tranexamic acid on perioperative blood loss in the high tibial osteotomy. METHODS: A total of 160 patients who underwent primary unilateral high tibial osteotomy in the Binzhou Medical University Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021, including 69 males and 91 females, were randomly divided into four groups (n=40 per group). Among them, 40 patients were given an intravenous infusion of saline containing 2 g tranexamic acid 10 minutes before tourniquet release (venous group); 40 patients were given an intravenous infusion of 1 g tranexamic acid and 1 g tranexamic acid was injected through a drainage tube after the closure of the incision (combined group); 40 patients were given 2 g tranexamic acid infusion into drainage tube after the closure of the incision (perfusion group); an additional 40 patients were given an intravenous infusion of the same amount of normal saline (blank group). The general information was compared among the four groups of patients. The hemoglobin, hematocrit, intraoperative blood loss, drainage volume, blood transfusion rate, incision complication, and the incidence of deep vein thrombosis were recorded on days 1, 3 and 5 after operation in the four groups. The total blood loss and hidden blood loss were calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) There was no statistically significant difference in general information among the four groups. (2) No significant difference was found in intraoperative blood loss among the four groups. (3) The maximum decreased values of hemoglobin and hematocrit on days 1, 3 and 5 after operation, drainage volume, total blood loss and hidden blood loss were all ranked as the combined group < venous group < perfusion group < blank group. (4) The postoperative blood transfusion rate of the blank group was significantly higher than that of the other three groups, and there was no significant difference in the postoperative blood transfusion rate among the combined group, the venous group and the perfusion group. (5) There was no significant difference in the incidence of venous thrombosis and incision complications among the four groups. (6) It is indicated that the application of tranexamic acid in high tibial osteotomy can reduce perioperative bleeding and postoperative blood transfusion rate, and the effect of intravenous infusion combined with drainage tube perfusion is better, which does not increase the incidence of venous thrombosis and incision complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In the initial stage of multiple sclerosis, central immune cells activate and release a large number of inflammatory factors, causing white matter demyelination and even involving gray matter neurons. The equilibrium of differentiation between different subsets of CD4+ T cells plays an important role in the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The previous results of the research group showed that the active ingredient astragalus glycoprotein in astragalus can regulate the immune response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice, and whether it has a regulatory effect on the differentiation of T cell subsets has not been determined. OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic effects and immune regulatory mechanisms of astragaloside IV on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into the normal control group, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model group, and astragaloside IV treatment group (n=8 per group). Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides 35-55 were used for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model induction in the last two groups. On day 10 to 28 after immunization, the astragaloside IV treatment group was treated with 40 mg/kg per day astragaloside IV intragastrically. Body weight and clinical scores of mice in each group were recorded from the immunization day to the 28th day. On the 28th day after immunization, the mouse spinal cord was taken and made into frozen sections for hematoxylin-eosin staining and Lux fast blue staining to observe pathological changes in the spinal cord. Percentage of splenic T cell subsets was detected using flow cytometry. Western blot assay was used to determine the protein expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-17 and interleukin-6 in the spinal cord. Levels of interferon-γ, interleukin-17, interleukin-6 and interleukin-4 in supernatants of cultured splenocytes were determined by ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model group, astragaloside IV could reduce the degree of weight loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice (P < 0.05), ameliorate clinical symptoms (P < 0.05), inhibit the infiltration of inflammatory cells and alleviate myelin loss (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model group, astragaloside IV could inhibit the proportion of CD4+ T cell subsets expressing interferon-γ (P < 0.001) and interleukin-17 (P < 0.001), but increase percentages of CD4+ interleukin-10+ (P < 0.001) and CD4+ transforming growth factor-β+ (P < 0.01) T cell subsets. (3) Astragaloside IV could inhibit the expression of interferon-γ (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), interleukin-17 (P < 0.05, P < 0.05), and interleukin-6 (P < 0.05, P < 0.05) in the spinal cord and spleen, and up-regulate the expression of interleukin-4 (P < 0.01) in spleen. (4) These findings confirm that astragaloside IV alleviates clinical symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice, which may be related to regulating the splenic T cell subsets, therefore, inhibiting the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the center and reducing the demyelination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effects of DNAzymes targeting B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) on the radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity in rectal cancer cells SW837. Methods Rectal cancer cells SW837 were cultured in vitro, and were treated with X-rays or 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) at different doses for 48 h. Cell viab山ty was detected by MTT. The 8 Gy X-ray and 20 mg/L 5-FU with the highest proliferation inh伽tion rate were used for further study. The SW837 cells were randomly divided into 6 groups. The cells in the transfection control, transfection radiation, and transfection chemotherapy groups were all transfected with DNAzyme DT882, while cells in the control, control radiation, and control chemotherapy groups were not transfected. At 48 h after transfection, cells in the transfection radiation and control radiation groups were irradiated at 8 Gy; cells in the transfection chemotherapy and control chemotherapy groups were treated with 20 mg/L 5-FU for 48 h; cells in the control and transfection control groups were not treated. Real-time PCR and Westem blotting were used to examine Bcl-xL expression at mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis. Results Bcl-xL expression at mRNA and protein levels were in the following order: control group> control radiation, control chemotherapy groups > transfection control group > transfection radiation and transfection chemotherapy groups; the apoptosis rate: control group (3. 41 %土1.22%) < control radiation group (26. 16%土3.60%), control chemotherapy group (29. 17%土4.29%) < transfection control group (28. 72%土3.07 %) < transfection radiation (55. 58% 士6. 16%) and transfection chemotherapy (58. 15% 土7. 39%) groups (P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01). No significant difference was found between the control radiation and control chemotherapy, or between the transfection radiation and transfection chemotherapy groups (both P > 0. 05). Conclusion DNAzyme DT882 targeting Bcl-xLenhances radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity in colorectal cancer cells SW837 through down-regulating Bcl-xL expression [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have shown that nerve growth inhibitory factor (Nogo-A) can activate Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) by binding to its downstream molecules, thereby exerting an inhibitory effect on nerve axon growth, which is closely related to the accumulation of β-amyloid protein in Alzheimer’s disease. Pre-laboratory work has demonstrated that eriodictyol improves cognitive dysfunction in 5×FAD mice, but its modulation of the Nogo-A/ NgR/ROCK2 signaling pathway has not been clarified. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of eriodictyol on cognitive function in 5×FAD mice via the Nogo-A/NgR/ROCK2 signaling pathway. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice, 8 months old, were randomized into wild group and wild triodictyol-treated group, while 8-month-old male 5×FAD mice were divided into model group and eriodictyol-treated group, with eight animals in each group. Starting from 33 weeks of age, the wild eriodictyol-treated group and the eriodictyol-treated group were injected intraperitoneally with 10 μL/g eriodictyol daily, and the wild and model groups were injected with the same volume of saline for 2 months. Behavioral assays such as Morris water maze and Y-maze tests were performed, and the expression of β-amyloid 1-42, Nogo-A, NgR, p75NTR, Lingo1, ROCK2, p-ROCK2 and other related target proteins in brain were detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry after testing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Behavioral assay results showed that the spatial memory ability and novelty exploration ability were decreased in the model group compared with the wild group and the wild eriodictyol-treated group, while these abilities were improved in the eriodictyol-treated group compared with the model group. Immunohistochemistry and western blot results showed that the expression of β-amyloid 1-42, Nogo-A and its receptors such as NgR, p75NTR and Lingo-1 were increased in the model group compared with the wild group and the wild eriodictyol-treated group, and were all down-regulated in the eriodictyol-treated group compared with the model group. The expression of Rho kinase-related proteins ROCK2 and p-ROCK2 was increased in the model group compared with the wild group and wild eriodictyol-treated group, but was down-regulated in the eriodictyol-treated group compared with the model group. These findings suggest that eriodictyol treatment ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in 5×FAD mice, which is associated with inhibition of the Nogo-A/ NgR/ROCK2 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To investigate the effect of astragaloside IV （AST IV） on cognition and pathology in Alzheimer disease （AD） mouse model, and to explore its underlying possible mechanism. METHODS: The APP/PS1 transgenic mice were randomly classified into AD+AST IV and AD groups, and C57BL/6 wild-type （WT） mice were used as control group（ WT group）. The mice were treated by intragastric administration for 2 months. Morris water maze and Ymaze tests were performed to evaluate the spatial cognitive function of the mice. Nissl staining was used to detect the number and morphology of neurons, while immunofluorescence staining was used to detect neuronal nuclear antigen （NeuN） and amyloid β-protein （Aβ） levels. The expression levels of neurite outgrowth inhibitor A （NogoA）, Nogo-66 receptor （NgR）, p75 neurotrophin receptor （p75NTR）, leucine rich repeat and immunoglobin-like domain-containing protein-1 （LINGO-1）, cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）, and protein kinase A （PKA） in the whole brain were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Treatment with AST IV significantly improved cognitive function in APP/PS1 mice, and enhanced learning, memory and exploration abilities. Compared with WT mice, APP/PS1 mice exhibited increased Aβ deposition in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus （P<0. 01）, significant loss of Nissl bodies （P<0. 05 or P<0. 01）, and decreased number of neurons （P<0. 05）. However, AST IV treatment significantly reduced Aβ deposition （P<0. 05） and the loss of Nissl bodies（ P<0. 05）, and increased the number of neurons（ P<0. 05）. Compared with WT mice, the expression levels of NogoA, NgR, p75NTR and LINGO-1 in the whole brain tissue of APP/PS1 mice were significantly increased （P<0. 05 or P<0. 01）, whereas those of cAMP and PKA were significantly decreased （P<0. 05 or P<0. 01）. However, AST IV treatment significantly inhibited the expression of NogoA, NgR, p75NTR and LINGO-1 （P<0. 05 or P<0. 01）, and increased the expression of cAMP and PKA（ P<0. 05）. CONCLUSION: Treatment with AST IV reduced Aβ deposition and neuronal damage in the brains of APP/PS1 mice by inhibiting the expression of NogoA and NgR/p75NTR/LINGO-1 receptor complex and up-regulating the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Abnormal mitochondrial dynamics is closely related to oxidative stress after affecting neurodegenerative diseases. Our previous studies have shown that eriodictyol can reduce nerve injury in Alzheimer’s disease, but whether it has a regulatory effect on mitochondrial dynamics is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of eriodictyol on SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). METHODS: SH-SY5Y cells were divided into three groups: PBS control group, H2O2 (250 μmol/L) group, and H2O2 (250 μmol/L) plus eriodictyol (10 μmol/L) treatment group (eriodictyol group). The intervention was performed for 24 hours. The kits were utilized to observe the level of malondialdehyde and the activity of superoxide dismutase. Cell morphology was observed under the microscope. TUNEL staining was used to observe the apoptosis. JC-1 staining was used to observe mitochondrial membrane potential. The expression levels of apoptotic proteins and mitochondrial fusion and fission protein-related proteins were detected by immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) A significant decrease of malondialdehyde levels and a significant increase of superoxide dismutase activity were found in eriodictyol treated group, when compared with the H2O2 group. (2) Compared with the PBS control group, the H2O2 group showed decreased cell density, cytosolic hypertrophy, increased apoptosis, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased Bcl-2 expression, and increased Bax expression. Compared with the H2O2 group, above indexes were significantly improved in the eriodictyol group. (3) Compared with PBS control group, the expression levels of mitochondrial fission-related proteins dynamin-related protein 1 (p-DRP1) and mitochondrial fission protein 1 (FIS1) were elevated and the expression levels of mitochondrial fusion-related proteins optic atrophic protein 1 (OPA1) and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) were decreased in the H2O2 group. Compared with the H2O2 group, eriodictyol treatment decreased the expression levels of p-DRP1 and FIS1 and increased the expression of OPA1 and Mfn2. (4) The results indicate that eriodictyol can inhibit H2O2-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by regulating mitochondrial dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development, and sulfate transporter (SULTR) plays key roles in sulfate (SO42-) uptake and transport in higher plants. In this study, 10 SULTR genes (CsaSULTR1;1～CsaSULTR4;1) were identified in cucumber. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SULTRs from cucumber and Arabidopsis could be divided into four groups (GROUP 1～4). Most CsaSULTR genes contained 9～12 introns, and closely related members shared similar gene structures. Promoter analysis revealed that CsaSULTR genes may be involved in responses to hormones and environmental stress. Expression profiling analysis by RNA-seq indicated that CsaSULTR genes have distinct expression patterns in different tissues, and some of them had significantly changed expression in response to downy mildew infection. Our results provide a better understanding for further functional analysis of CsSULTR genes in cucumber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the efficient exploitation of coalbed methane resources as the object,the mechanism and experiment on the formation of hydro-fracture system were investigated by the analysis of energy release rate of the fracture tip,the numerical analysis of the fracture tip yield fields and the experiments of fracturing through the interface of large-size coal-rock combination specimens,according to the characteristics of high storage,low permeability and difficult to form fracture in the coal seam in China.The results indicate that the plastic yield area of the fracture tip of the coal is larger than that of sandy mudstone under the same stress condition.The released strain energy of the fracture tip per unit length in the sandy mudstone could make 10.69 to 25.53 times area or length of fracture in the coal mass under the ideal conditions.It is convenient for the fracture propagation and the formation of the fracture system.In the numerical analysis,the maximum concentrated stress (7.05×105) of the crack tip of the sandy mudstone in the XX orientation is about 3.56 times of that of the coal (1.98×105) when the critical pressure is reached.In the process of hydraulic fracturing from the hard sandy mudstone into the coal mass,the complex fracture system was formed on the coal-rock combination.The penetration,diversion or offset occur at the interface between the coal and the rock under the influence of the interfacial cohesive force.The diversion or offset leading to the fracture patterns complex,will improve the fracture system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]